Neoplasms - · PDF fileCopyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®. What is hormone therapy?...

Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Chapter 3

Neoplasms


Terminology Related to

Neoplasms and Tumors

• Neoplasm – New growth

• Tumor – Swelling or neoplasm

• Leukemia – Malignant disease of bone marrow

• Hematoma – Bruise or contusion


Classification of Neoplasms

• Cancer – General term for malignant tumor or neoplasm

• Classified according to: – Appearance and growth pattern

– Type of body tissue from which they arise





Appearance & Growth Patterns

• Benign

– Confined to local area

– Do not spread

– Commonly called tumors

– Usually harmless



Appearance & Growth Patterns

• Malignant

– Malignant means deadly

– Spreads to other areas by

• Invasion – spreading to surrounding tissue

• Metastasis – spread to distant areas

The following site explains how cancers are staged

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/detection/staging




Tissue of Origin

• Benign – Tissue + oma ex. lipoma

• Malignant – Carcinoma – epithelial or skin tissue

– Sarcoma – connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat)

– Lymphoma – lymphatic & blood

– Other – brain


Benign and Malignant Neoplasm Growth • Benign tumors

– Growth in particular area

• But not invasive or metastatic

– Encapsulated in capsule

– Easier to excise

– Limited growth potential

• Malignant tumors – Excessive, without regulation

– Without structure or function of normal cells

– Surface area not encapsulated

– Fast growing, outpace normal cells


Hyperplasias and Neoplasms

• Similarities: – Mean overgrowth of cells

• Causing increase in size of tissue

– Produce masses identified as hyperplasia or

neoplasm

• Differences: – Cause

– Extent of growth


Development of Malignant

Neoplasm

• Genetic mutation due to: – Radiation

– Viruses

– Carcinogens

• Cancer-causing agents

– Chemicals


Development of Malignant Neoplasm

• Carcinoma in situ – Atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue

• Have not invaded surrounding tissue

• Invasion of precancerous cells – Final stage of cancer development


Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer

• Carcinomas and epithelial tissue

neoplasms commonly spread

• Lymph nodes filter cancer cells

• Absence of lymph node involvement

favorable – Making surgical cure possible

• Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream


Grading and Staging of Cancer

• Grading – Determines degree of abnormality

• Staging – Considers degree of spread


The following is a government web site to help with understanding

how cancers are staged



Causes of Cancer

• For many cancers, cause is unknown

• Carcinogenesis progresses slowly – May start, stop, or be reversed but usually is a

continual progression

• Prevention and cure frequently depend on

finding initiating agents


Causes of Cancer

• Chemical carcinogens

• Hormones

• Radiation

• Viruses

• Genetic predisposition


Causes of Cancer

• Personal risk behaviors

– Diet

– Sexual behavior

– Alcohol use


Cancer Prevention • Preventive measures:

– Do not smoke

– Limit alcohol intake

– Protect skin from excessive sun exposure

– Refuse needless x-rays

– Avoid heavily polluted air

– Follow labels when using pesticides and chemicals

– Maintain healthy body weight

– Regular breast self-exams (women)

– Exercise regularly


Cancer Prevention

• Preventive measures (continued)

– Routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys

– Regular checkups by a physician

• Clinical breast examination for females

• Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for females

• Prostate examinations for males

• Rectal examinations for males and females


Frequency of Cancer

• A leading cause of death in United States

• Affects one in two males and one in three

females

• Affects people of all ages – Both male and female

• Most common: – Basal and squamous cell skin cancer


Frequency of Cancer

• Most common (excluding skin cancer):

– Lung

– Colon/Rectum

– Breast

– Prostate


Diagnosis of Cancer Warning Signs

• Change in bowel or bladder habits

• A sore that does not heal

• Unusual bleeding or discharge

• Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere

• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

• Obvious change in a wart or mole

• Nagging cough or hoarseness


Diagnosis of Cancer

• Prognosis best if treated early

• Routine screening is helpful

• May be found accidentally

• Once discovered, biopsy recommended


Signs and Symptoms of Cancer

• Pain

• Obstruction

• Hemorrhage

• Anemia

• Fracture

• Infection

• Cachexia


Treatment

• Options:

– Palliative

• Prevent pain and discomfort

– But does not seek to cure disease

– Preventive

• Prevent disease from starting


Cancer Treatment

• Surgery

• Chemotherapy

• Radiation

• Hormone Therapy the following sites provide more information

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breast-cancer-

treating-hormone-therapy

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/hormone-

therapy-prostate


What is hormone therapy?

Hormone therapy is a form of systemic therapy that works to add, block or remove

hormones from the body to slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. At Cancer

Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA), we use hormone therapy to fight various

forms of cancer alongside Integrative Oncology Services to combat side effects.

Hormones are known as the body’s chemical messengers and are produced in the

endocrine glands, which include glands such as the thyroid, pancreas, ovaries in

women and testicles in men. Hormones can encourage the growth of some cancers,

such as breast and prostate. But, in some cases, they can kill, slow or stop cancer

cells from growing.

Hormone therapy usually involves taking medications that prevent cancer cells from

getting the hormones they need to grow. In some cases, your doctor may surgically

remove the gland responsible for hormone production. Our physicians may use

hormone therapy in combination with other cancer treatments, such as

chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

http://www.cancercenter.com/breast-cancer/

http://www.cancercenter.com/prostate-cancer/

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