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Nervous System
Root Words
Neurons
Units of nervous system that transmits information in the form of electrochemical changes
Dendrites: Receive electrochemical signals
Dendrites: Receive electrochemical signals
Axons: Extensions that send information
Dendrites: Receive electrochemical signals
Axons: Extensions that send information
Synapse: The junction between two communicating neurons
Dendrites: Receive electrochemical signals
Axons: Extensions that send information
Synapse: The junction between two communicating neurons
Myelin Sheaths: Fatty coating around Axon that insulates and increases rate of transition
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consisting of Brain and Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) Consists of peripheral nerves that sends message back to CNS
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS) Consists of peripheral nerves that sends message back to CNS
2 parts:Somatic
Autonomic
Somatic Nervous System
Part of the PNS that is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movement
Somatic Nervous System
Part of the PNS that is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle movement
Exception: Reflexes
Autonomic Nervous SystemPart of the PNS that regulates the functions of internal organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines.
Autonomic Nervous SystemPart of the PNS that regulates the functions of internal organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines.
2 parts: Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous SystemPart of the Autonomic system that is responsible for “Fight or Flight”
Works by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and slows down unnecessary systems
Often animals will soil themselves when fighting or scared
Parasympathetic Nervous SystemPart of the Autonomic System that is responsible for “Rest and Digest”
Lowers blood pressure, heart rate and works to save energy
Multipolar Neurons
Contains many processes (dendrites) and only one axon. Found mostly in the brain and spinal cord
Bipolar NeuronsContains only two processes, one axon, one dendrite
Found in eyes, nose, ears
Unipolar NeuronsContains only one process.
Located just outside the brain or spinal cord.
Brain Teaser
A H I M N O T U V W
Which of the letters above does not belong with the rest?
N It is not a mirror-image of itself
Resting PotentialWhen a nerve cell is undisturbed, the membrane remains in a polarized state (Always negative inside)
Threshold Potential
Approximately -55 millivolts, a level, when reached, will result in an action potential, sending a neural signal.
Action PotentialSodium ions (NA +) and Potassium ions (K+) diffuse in and out of the neuron, creating a rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization.
Anatomy of the BrainCerebrum : largest
part of human brain
- Responsible for:
- Thought
- Language
- Senses
- Memory
- Voluntary movement
Anatomy of the BrainCerebellum : at base of
brain
-Responsible for:
- Muscle coordination
- Balance
- Posture
Anatomy of the BrainBrain Stem :
connects brain to spinal cord
-Responsible for:
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Heartbeat
- Blood pressure
Brain TeaserThere is a town where 5% of all the people living there
have unlisted phone numbers. If you selected 100 names at random from the town’s phone directory, on average, how many of these people would have unlisted phone numbers?
0 They would not be in the phone book if their number was unlisted
Problems of the Nervous System
Concussion
A temporary disturbance of the brain’s ability to function due to a hard blow to the head
Paralysis
A loss of sensation and movement of part of the body due to an injury of the spinal cord or brain
Parkinson’s Disease
The brain does not produce enough of the neurotransmitter that transmits messages from the brain to the muscles
Symptoms: tremors, rigid muscles, shuffling walk, and loss of facial expression
Red areas show where chemical is stored
Alzheimer’s Disease
A gradual shrinking of the neurons in the cerebrum
Symptoms: memory loss, emotional disturbances, inability to function on own, death
Epilepsy
Abnormal transmission of messages between the neurons in the brain
Symptoms: seizures