19 Novembre 2009
1
Hadrontherapy
An Overiew
Roberto Orecchia
Chair of Radiation Oncology at Milan University
Co-Scientific Director and Chief of Department
of Imaging and Radiological Science at IEO, Milan
Scientific Director at CNAO, Pavia
Jornadas Oncologicas Internationales
Madrid, 5 Junio 2014
Hadrons
“hadrons are made by quarks”
... Carbon ions =
6 protons + 6 neutrons
Atom
... Protons or
Neutrons
quark “u” or “d”
elettrons “e”
since 1993 …….
Hadrontherapy
Alternative:
heavy particles radiotherapy
particle therapy
neutrontherapy,
protontherapy
CIRT (Carbon Ion RT),
….
Protons
• Proposed by Wilson in 1946 (Radiology, 1946)
• Years ’50: first patients treated in Uppsala and Berkeley (Sweet W RS, NEJM, 1951)
• Years ’70: first patients treated in Russia and Japan
• In 1990 the first clinical centre at Loma Linda University (CA)
• First hospital-based
proton-therapy centre
• First patient: 1992
7m synchrotron
IBA
Mitsubishi
Hitachi
Varian
Protontherapy: a market exists …
Coming up: single room facility
250 MeV synchrocyclotron rotating around the patient
MEVION S250
Superconducting SC
Diameter 1.8 m
Carbon Ions
• First patients treated in 1975 at Bevalac,
Berkeley, CA, even ion properties were
well know since the beginning of years ‘50
• 2000 patients treated with helium ions and 500 with neon ions in 20 years (Sweet W RS,
NEJM, 1951)
• Since 1994 in Japan the first patient treated with carbon ions
The Hyogo ‘dual’ Centre
Mitsubishi: turn-key system
500 carbon patients
carbon
proton
29 m
linac
The Gunma University centre
R&D = NIRS + KEK + RIKEN
Construction: Mitsubishi
20 m
Protontherapy is booming
(www.ptcog.psi.ch)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
4540,000 patients
22 PT centers
Research centres
Hospitals
In the next years there will be about 15 centres opened.
Five will offer both proton and C-ion therapy
Dual System C12/P+:
Heidelberg (D) open
Pavia (I) open
Marburg (D) ????
Med Austron (A) October 2015
Etoile (F) ????
Europe
HIT ad
Heidelberg
Ion-
Sources
LINAC
Synchrotron
Treatment halls by
Siemens Medical
High Energy Beam Transport Line
Quality
Assurance
Gantry
Working Group
2003, 2008, 2009Estimated 15.000 new eligible patients
in Italy for protons
High priority
Chordoma
Chondrosarcoma
Eye Melanoma
Paediatric
solid tumors
Italy
Working Group
2003, 2008, 2009Estimated 7.000 patients with “radioresistant tumors” in
Italy
About 20% of these tumors
should be treated by ions
High priority
Italy
Head&Neck
adenocarcinoma
Soft tissue and bone
sarcomas
Prostate
Liver and Pancreas
CNAO (National Center for Oncological
Hadrontherapy) Syncrotron
P+ (60-250 MeV)
C-12 (400 MeV/n)
42 centres with protons
(USA 14, Europe 12, Japan 8, …..)
6 centres with carbon ions
(Japan 3, Europe 2, China 1)
3 dual centres (p+ C-12)
27 new centres planned
Some numbers …..
(www.ptcog.psi.ch, March 2014)
107,792 treated patients
(93,452 with p+, 10753 with C-12)
+ 46,000 in the past 5 years
≈ 10,000 patients per year
>20,000 treated with neutrons
Some numbers …..
(www.ptcog.psi.ch, March 2014)
Hadron Therapy:
A long debate
EBM ?
Cost ?
Radiosurgery Hadrontherapy
HadrontherapyIMRT
Physical Selectivity
- Inverted depth dose profile (Bragg peak)
- Defined penetration depth
- Less lateral scattering (1H ≠ C12)
- Reduction of integral dose
9 children primary CNS malignancies
Choclea:
average mean of 25 ± 4% of the prescribed dose from PRT; 75 ± 6% from photons
Temporal lobe:
40% of temporal lobe volume was completely excluded using protons; with photons 90% of the temporal lobe received 31% of the dose
Advantage of Protons
X-ray IMRT Proton
CTV 90% 90% 90%
Heart 18.2 17.4 0.1
Right lung 3.5 21.9 0.1
Esophagous 11.9 32.1 10.2
Stomach 3.7 20.6 0.1
Right kidney 3.3 29.8 0.1
Transvers colon 2.6 18.0 0.1
Protons in pediatric tumors
Protons
Photons
Integral Dose
3 times higher
for all
photon’s
techniques
Weber DC et al, Radiat Oncol, 2009; 4:34
Reference Institution Pts Histo-
logy
RT GTV Dose , mean
(CGE)
% LC F-up
(Months)
Hug et al,
1999
LLUMC 58 C (33)
CS (25)
X+p (9%): 0 to ≤15 mL
(12%): >15 to ≤25 mL
(79%): >25 Ml
71.9
(66.6-79.2)
3 yrs: 67 (C)
5 yrs: 59
33
(7-75)
5 yrs: 79 (CS)
Munzenrider
et al,
1999
MGH
290 C X+p NA 72
(70 – 75.6)
5 yrs: 73 (C)
41
(1-254 )
5 yrs: 98 (CS)229 CS
Igaki et al,
2004
Tsukuba 13 C X+p
(5)
P only
(8)
33.7 mL (3.3–88.4) Median 72.0
(63.0 -95.0)
3 yrs: 67.1 (C)
5 yrs: 46.0
69.3
(14.6-
123.4)
Noel et al,
2005
CPO 100 C X+p 23 cm3
(1 - 125 cm3)
Median 67.0
(60.0-71.0)
2 yrs: 86 (C)
4 yrs: 53
31
(0-87)
Noel et al, 2004 CPO 26 Cs X+p NA Median 67.0
(22-70)
3 yrs: 91 (CS) 34
(3-74)
Ares C et al,
2009
PSI 42 C (42)
CS (22)
p ≤25 mL
n=24 (C) , n= 15 (CS)
> 25 mL
n=18 (C) , n= 7 (CS)
73.5 for C
(67-74)
3yrs: 87 (C)
5yrs: 81
38
(14-92)
68.4 for CS
(63-74)
3 yrs: 94 (CS)
5 yrs: 94
PT in Skull Base Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas
5-y Local Control
Chordoma 59-81%
Chondrosarcoma 79-98%
Zenda S et al, IJROBP, 2011
The potential benefit of radiotherapy with protons in head and neck
cancer with respect to normal tissue sparing: a systematic review of
literature
TA van de Water et al, The Oncologist, 2011, 16: 366-377
Groningen & Maastricht, The Netherlands
• 14 in silico planning comparative (ISPC) studies
• Protons have the potential for a significantly lower normal tissue dose,
while keeping similar or better target coverage
• Probability of reducing >25% salivary flow with IMRT
is 22% , and with IMPT 9%
• Probability of reducing grade 2-4 swallowing dysfunction
is reduced by 8.8% with IMRT, and by 17.2% with IMPT
The results of these ISPC studies should be confirmed in properly designed clinical trials
10 – 20 keV/mm = 100 – 200 MeV/cm =
20 – 40 eV/(2 nm)
Biological Effectiveness (C12)
Up-regulated
oncogenes
Which tumors might
benefit of high LET
particles?
Radioresistant
for genetic alteration
Mutated tumor
suppresor genes
Dis-regulated
apoptosis
Radioresistant
for intratumoral
micromilieau
Deprivation
of oxigen
Up-regulated
defense system
High angiogenetic
potential
Radioresistant
for proliferation status
High content
of quiescent
cell clones
Slow
proliferation
activity
Carbon ion RT at NIRS
5 –year LC rate
Overall 68 %
MMM 75 %
ACC 73 %
Adenoca. 73 %
Papillary 61 %
Adenoca.
SCC 61 %
Sarcomas 24 % (with Max 64 GyE)
Mizoe J et al, Radiother Oncol, 2012
Bone and soft-tissue
sarcoma
70.4 GyE/16f./4 wksPre RT 5 years
Carbon ion RT at NIRS
Jingu K et al IJROBP, 2012
Carbon ion RT at NIRS
Author No. Tumor location Treatment modalities 5-year OS
Gilligan 28 Sinonasal Radiotherapy 18
Shibuya 28 Upper jaw Radiotherapy +/– surgery 25
Shah 74 Head and neck Surgery +/– radiotherapy 22
Chaudhry 41 Head and neck Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy 17
Lund 58 Sinonasal Surgery+/– postoperative radiotherapy+/
–chemotherapy (BCG, melphalan) 28
Pandey 60 Head and neck Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy 28*
Chang 163 Head and neck Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy 32
Patel 59 Sinonasal and oral Surgery +/– postoperative radiotherapy+/
–chemotherapy 35
Stern 42 Sinonasal and oral Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy+/
–immunotherapy 40
Guzzo 48 Head and neck Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy+/
–immunotherapy 21
Wada 31 Head and neck Surgery+/– radiotherapy+/– chemotherapy 33*
NIRS-1(9602) 100 Head and neck Carbon ion radiotherapy 36
NIRS-2(0007) 82 Head and neck Carbon ion radiotherapy+ chemotherapy 62
Malignant mucosal melanoma in head and neck
Hadron Therapy:
What is happenning
at CNAO?
Presented to:
- Italian Ministry of Health
- Lombardy Region
Main Tasks:
- Dosimetry characterisation
- Radiobiology characterisation
- Patient treatment
Proton Radiobiology
3 cell lines: HSG (human salivary gland tumour), T98G (human
glioblastoma), V79 (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast)
(16 energies)
Field10x10 cm2,
33x33 spots,
scanning step 3 mm
X-ray Patient Verification
System (PVS)
• 2 X-ray tubes (deployable) , 2
flat panels (deployable)
• Supporting structure rotation:
±180°
• Rotation and deployment
accuracy: ± 0.15mm, ± 0.1°
Patient Positioning System (PPS)
• Automatic couch or chair docking
• Absolute accuracy: ≈ 0.3 mm
3D Real-time IR Optical Tracking (OTS)• Real time reconstruction of spherical markers
and surfaces
• Sub-millimeter accuracy : peak 3D errors <0.5
mm
• 3D data flow @70 Hz
22 September 2011
Chondrosarcoma G2
Contouring with image fusion TC/RM
T1 post gadolinium
sequences in T2
Dose distribution
RBE value 1.1
Optical & X-ray tracking
systems
for set-up verification
44
Cell Survival vs Depth
Dose uniformity
Carbon Ion Radiobiology
Group Leader: Yoshiya Furusawa, NIRS, Chiba Carbon ions
Animals
Horizontal beam, direction ventral - dorsal
3 animals per field
Set-up
Comparison of RBE results
(CNAO vs GSI \ NIRS)
Prescription doses (GyE)(16 fractions, 4 fractions per week)
Indication
NIRS dose CNAO dose
Opposed ports Orthogonal ports Single port
q.e. q.e. q.e. MC
Cubes
Spheres Cubes Spheres Cubes Spheres
Head and neck non mesenchymal cancer
3.6 4.2 4.15 4.2 4.15 4.2 4.15 4.19
Skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma
3.8 4.35 4.3 4.35 4.3 4.35 4.3 4.33
Head and neck non mesenchymal cancer
4 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.45 4.5 4.45 4.47
Spinal chordoma and chondrosarcoma 4.2 4.65 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.64
Head and neck sarcoma 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.75
Bone and soft tissue sarcoma 4.4 4.8 4.75 4.8 4.75 4.8 4.75 4.78
NIRS – CNAO Collaboration
Fossati P et al, Dose prescription in carbon ion radiotherapy: a planning study to compare NIRS and LEM
approaches with a clinically-oriented strategy. Phys Med Biol, 2012
Local recurrence of adenoideocistic carcinoma involving
pterigopalatina fossae, orbital apex, right cavernous sinus
and medium skull
13 November 2012
• Carbon ion
• 12 fractions of 4.1 GyE each, 4 frs x week, 49.2 GyE total
• Boost with 4 additional fractions, same fractionation
• 3 fixed fields by IMPT
Dose distribution
Skin Toxicity
6 December 2012
End od the treatment
12 March 2013
Before After 8 months
Patients treated up to 31 December 2013
Protontherapy: 79 patients
mainly chordomas & condrosarcomas
conventional fractionation
Carbon Ion Therapy: 120 patients
Mainly sarcomas & salivary glands tumors
hypofractionation
Toxicity
G3 mucositis during and at the end:
8/153 (<2%, accepted up to 5%)
Intermediate/late:
2 cases G4 (visual loss)
One complete at 18 months(optic nerve in the field)
One complete at 3 months (progression of disease)
CE Label
Moving to clinical use ….
… At the end of December, the Ministry of Healthgave the full CE label for all the tumor site …..
… At the end of December, Lumbardy Region willgive the tarifs for the Public Health System
… Three different treatment modality:
- Boost (mixed field with X-rays): 12,000 E
- Stereotactic treatment (1 to 3 frs): 18,000 E
- Full cycle (indipendent from frs): 24,000 E
Protocollo Descrizione Protocollo Protoni o
Ioni
Carbonio
Frazioni Trattato In
trattamento
Trattati/in
trattamento
N° previsto
da protocollo
Mancanti per
certificazione
protocollo
Trattato In
trattamento
Trattati/in
trattament
o
CNAO 01/2011 V.2.0
Trattamento con protoni
(adroterapia) di cordomi e
condrosarcomi della base del cranio
P 35-37 30 0 30 30 0 1 8 9
CNAO 02/2011 V.1.0
Radioterapia mediante protoni
(adroterapia) dei cordomi e dei
condrosarcomi del rachide
P 35-37 13 1 14 20 6 0 0 0
CNAO 03/2011 V.2.0
Radioterapia mediante protoni
(adroterapia) dei meningiomi
intracranici
P 30-33 1 0 1 30 29 0 0 0
CNAO S4/2011/P Radioterapia mediante protoni
(adroterapia) dei tumori dell’encefalo P 22-30 0 0 0 40 40 0 0 0
CNAO 05/2011 V.1.0
Radioterapia mediante protoni
(adroterapia) delle recidive di
neoplasie del distretto cervico-cefalico
P n.a. 1 0 1 40 39 0 0 0
CNAO 06/2011 V.2.0
Boost di Radioterapia mediante
protoni (adroterapia) di neoplasie
localmente avanzate del distretto
cervico-cefalico
P 8-15 9 0 9 20 11 0 0 0
CNAO S7/2012/P Radioterapia mediante protoni
(adroterapia) dei gliobastomi P 37 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 0
CNAO S8/2012/P
Ritrattamento mediante radioterapia
con protoni (adroterapia) dei cordomi e
dei condrosarcomi del rachide recidivi
P n.a. 2 0 2 20 18 0 0 0
CNAO S9/2012/C
Radioterapia mediante ioni carbonio
(adroterapia) del carcinoma adenoideo
cistico delle ghiandole salivari
C 16 14 0 14 20 6 0 0 0
CNAO S10/2012/C
Ritrattamento mediante radioterapia
con ioni carbonio (adroterapia) degli
adenomi pleomorfi recidivi
C 16 2 0 2 30 28 0 0 0
CNAO S11/2012/C Reirradiation of ricurrent rectal cancer
using carbon ions C
dose
escalation 0 0 0 20 20 0 0 0
CNAO S12/2012/C Sarcomi (ossei e dei tessuti molli)
del distretto cervico-cefalico C 16 15 0 15 15 0 0 4 4
CNAO S13/2012/C Sarcomi (ossei e dei tessuti molli)
del tronco C 16 15 0 15 15 0 6 2 8
CNAO S14/2012/C Recidive di neoplasie del distretto
cervico-cefalico C 10-30 9 0 9 15 6 0 0 0
CNAO S15/2012/C Melanomi maligni delle mucose delle
prime vie aerodigestive C 16 2 1 3 15 12 0 0 0
CNAO S16/2012/C Carcinoma della prostata ad alto
rischio C 16 3 0 3 20 17 0 0 0
CNAO S17/2012/C Tumori primitivi e secondari dell'orbita C 16 0 1 1 15 14 0 0 0
CNAO S18/2013/C Tumori del pancreas C 12 0 0 0 15 15 0 0 0
CNAO S19/2013/C Neoplasie primitive maligne del fegato C 12 0 0 0 15 15 0 0 0
CNAO S20/2013/C
Ritrattamento mediante radioterapia
con ioni carbonio dei cordomi e dei
condrosarcomi del rachide recidivi
C 12-20 0 1 1 15 14 0 0 0
CNAO S21/2013/C Radioterapia mediante protoni del
melanoma oculare P 4 0 0 0 15 15 0 0 0
CNAO S22/2013/C
SINTART1. Approccio multidisciplinare
per tumori dei seni paranasali operabili
a prognosi sfavorevole: studio di fase II
di trattamento integrato
chemioterapico, chirurgico e
radioterapico (con protoni e/o ioni
pesanti) allo scopo di identificare un
approccio terapeutico più efficace e
con minor tossicità.
P/C n.a. 0 0 0 40 40 0 0 0
CNAO S23/2013/C
SINTART2. Approccio multidisciplinare
per la cura dei tumori dei seni
paranasali non operabili a prognosi
sfavorevole: studio di fase II di
trattamento integrato chemioterapico
e radioterapico (con protoni e/o ioni
pesanti) allo scopo di identificare un
approccio terapeutico più efficace e
con minor tossicità.
P/C n.a. 0 0 0 25 25 0 0 0
Pazienti in sperimentazione 116 4 120 7 14 21
16
Protoni 7
Ioni Carbonio 9
Pazienti in
sperimentazione
Pazienti post
sperimentazione
Pazienti compassionevoli in trattamento/trattati
Protons for chordoma
Dose
74 Gy
(RBE)
Sarcomas. Irradiation with C-12
H&N cancer. Re-irradiation with C-12
One year after
At CNAO 258 patients
(87 with p+, 168 with C-12, 3 mixed)
Sarcomas
Base of the skull
Salivary Glands
“Big Killers”
Children & Eye melanoma
Some numbers …..
UVEAL MELANOMA
• More than 12,000 patients treated
(MGH/HCL Boston, PSI Villingen, Nice & Orsay,
Clatterbridge)
• 5y-LC rate >95%
• Eye preservation >90%
• Visual acuity >45%
First patient
treated
with IMPT
ITALIAN NETWORK
CNAO
INTERNATIONAL
NETWORK Norway
French Italian Protocol
ENVISION
European NoVel Imaging Systems
for ION therapy
PARTNER
Particle Training Network
for
European Radiotherapy
Different endpoints,
not only in LC & S,
but in QoL and other
surrogate markers
Multicentric/
Multidisciplinary
ESTRO, EORTC, PTCOG,
National Societies
Some Issues for Innovative Studies
“Difficult” tumors,
not only for dose
distribution,
but for biology
Altered Fractionation
Hypofractionation
High Tech RT
vs Proton
vs Carbon
& Mixed beam
Molecular Imaging
& Biology driven
THANK YOU