NetCentric Warfare:Technology Driven Agility

Dawn MeyerriecksPrincipal Director, Global Information Grid Enterprise Services

(703)882-1000meyerrid@ncr.disa.mil

Current Operations Support : A Sample Operational Thread

““Freedom is not synonymous with an easy life.... There are many difficult things about freedom: It does not give you safety, it creates moral dilemmas for you; it requires self-discipline; it imposes great responsibilities; but such is the nature of Man and in such consists

his glory and salvation.”

Margaret Thatcher

Sample Mission Thread:Battle Damage Assessment to Target

LegendArmyNavy

Air ForceJoint

Commercial

Camp DohaQatar

DISN

Sigonella

Ali Al Salem

Norfolk

GWY

Langley

PSAB

MacDill

USAF RemoteOPNS

European Spt Site

GWY

ClientAppSvr

CJTF Deployed

Client

Networks @ Multiple Security Levels

INTERNET

DataSvr

ClientAppSvr

ClientCommSvr

C2 Reachback

DoD Intranet

KG

KG

KG

KG

KG

KGDataSvr

ClientAppSvr

ClientCommSvr

Intel Reachback

Intel Network

Logistics Reachback

AppSvr

DataSvr

DataSvr

Sensors

Shooter

DoD Secret Network

ClientAppSvr

JTF Deployed

Client

Personnel Reachback

AppSvr

DataSvr

AppSvr

FW

Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communication SystemJoint Intel Center

K-7 CP 2270 Fiber PP

OC3 Mux Fiber PP

SPACELINK

OC3 Mux

Pair Gain

Cooper PP

Cooper PP

Pair Gain

P800 10 MS

EchoCanceller

P Coder

Pair Gain

Pair Gain

PRC

K-7 SIPRNET Router

CP 2270K-19

NIPRNET Router

SL-100 (DSN)

CP 2270 EF 8650SCTE 5 MS

EF 8650SCTE 5 MS CX Patch KG-194 Patch P 800

RESPONSIBILITY USAF Tech Control Center

RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBILITY

SPACELINK Defense Information Systems Agency USN Tech Control Center

ATM

JWICS Enclave/

DIAC

JWICS Enclave

CX

CP2270

Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communication System

JOINTJOINT

NAVYDISA

AIR FORCE

K-7

P800 10 MS

Communications Relay Path

JWICS SIPR

Single Supporting Data Source

Service/JTF

National

MLDBR

CoCom

JTT

JTT

JTTJTT JTTJTT

NIMA(St. Louis)

JTT

GCCS

CENTCOM

MLDBR

West CoastBGs/ARGs/MEUs

EUCOMSOUTHCOM

CENTRIX(Coalition)

PACOM(JICPAC)

GCCS/GCCS

GCCSGCCSGCCS

GCCSGCCS

STRATCOM

SOCOMGCCS

GCCS

ARCENT(CFLCC)

NAVCENT(CFMCC)

CENTAF

BATTLEGROUP

GCCS/TBMCS

GCCS/TBMCS

GCCS/GCCS(ASAS)

GCCS-M/GCCS-M

GCCS-M/GCCS-M

IOS/IOS

GCCSclients

JTF-SWA(CFACC)

MARCENTSOCCENT(CFSOCC)

JSOC

JCS DIA

INSCOM NSANRO (Field Site)

GCCS/GCCS

GCCS/GCCS

GCCS/GCCS

GCCS/GCCS

GCCS

NIMA

GCCS

Common Operational Picture –Common Operational Picture – Real-Time Video, Integrated Imagery

UNCLASSIFIED

Common Operational Picture –Common Operational Picture –

Theater Ballistic Missile, Integrated Intelligence

Operation Iraqi Freedom Successes

First- All-Service and SOF, Red, Blue, & Intel fused picture.

First- Large-scale use of secure satellite phones in a combat environment.

First- Extensive coalition automated information sharing exchange.

First- Desktop collaboration tools used for joint C2.

First- Widespread use of VTC as a C2 system.

First- Ubiquitous use of commercial SATCOM to supplement military SATCOM.

First- Extensive coordinated use of UAVs.

First- Real time in-transit/asset visibility.

       

Operation Iraqi FreedomCommunications Trends

May2003

Vo

ice

DR

SN

Vo

ice

DR

SN

DA

TA

NIP

R/S

IPR

DA

TA

NIP

R/S

IPR

Vo

ice

DS

NV

oic

e D

SN

FIB

ER

OP

TIC

FIB

ER

OP

TIC

SA

TC

OM

SA

TC

OM

Sec

ure

VT

C

Sec

ure

VT

C

138 X138 X10 X10 X

6 X6 X 39 X39 X 22 X22 X17 X17 X

5 X5 X

305305MbpsMbps

1919MbpsMbps

44MbpsMbps

44 confper day

3200Mbps

130Mbps

750Kmin/day

19K19Kmin/daymin/day

2.12.1MbpsMbps

10.5Mbps

555Mbps

2 conf.2 conf.per dayper day

176176per mo.per mo.

3100+per mo.

Sep2001

Lo

gis

tics

Qu

erie

s

Lo

gis

tics

Qu

erie

s

ODS/OIF Comparisons

ODS

OIF

Kn

ow

led

ge

Sp

eed

Pre

cisi

on

Let

hal

ity

(A

ir 2

Gn

d O

PS

)

3200 ISRSortie Hours

RESULTS

1700 ISRSortie Hours

3X Info½ of the Hours

Footprint

7 Mos Buildup

<3 Mos Buildup

Footprint# Ships

Msn Achieve tSpeed of Mnvr

10 % PGMs~ 30 SOF Teams

70 % PGMs~ 100 SOF Teams

PrecisionDecisions

Collat DamRQD Ord

10 % Integ Ops4 Acft/Tgt

90 % Integ Ops1 Acft/4 Tgt

EconomyOf Force

Heavy OrdRqmts

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

J F M A M J J A S O N D J0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

Jan Fe b M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov De c Jan

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

CAT 1 = Root or Admin level intrusionCAT 2 = User level intrusion

Global CND Event Metrics(Category 3 and 6)Source: JCD As of 01 February 04

Global CND Event Metrics(Category 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7)Source: JCD As of 01 February 04

Source: JCDAs of 01 February 04

Intrusion Trends(Category 1 and 2)

Detected “Events”(DOD Unclassified Network “NIPRNet”)

As of 01 February 04Source: JCD

Leading CNDSecurity Indicators

W32.Slammer

CAT 3 – Unsuccessful Attempted AccessCAT 6 – Unauthorized Probe

Cat 1 – Unauthorized AccessCat 2 – Unauthorized User AccessCat 4 – Denial of ServiceCat 5 – Poor Security PracticeCat 7 – Malicious Logic

Blaster and Welchia

2002

TOTALS

CAT 1 - 126

CAT 2 -188

2003

TOTALS CAT 1 - 152CAT 2 - 142

225 559 730 780

5,844

22,144 23,662

40,076

46,057 46,684

5,540

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 01/04

• Current Enterprise-Wide Infrastructure Approaches Are Aging• Good News: 27 Releases of Global Command and Control

Since 9/11• Bad News: Insufficiently Scalable, Flexible, Technologically

Dated

• Current Web Services, Enterprise Application Integration, Service-Oriented Architectures Hold Promise• Good News: Early Enterprise Efforts Indicate Certain Aspects

of Technology are Sufficiently Mature for Broad Application• Bad News: Lots of Maturation Still Required – Both for the

Federal Enterprise to Use and for the Commercial Technology Itself

Why We’re Here Today:The Challenge

The Future

“…possibly the single-most transforming thing in our forces will not be a weapons system, but a set of a set of

interconnectionsinterconnections and a substantially enhanced capability because of that awarenessawareness.”

-- Defense Secretary Rumsfeld

To Counter the Asymmetric Threat:Agile NetCentric Warfare

- Transform Federal Intranets into Service Oriented Architectures

- Publish all information as early and as widely as possible

- Empower Users to pull whatever they want whenever they want

- Distribute Product Management to specialized Communities but

- Clearly identify Information Producers to the Enterprise

- Exploit Market Mechanisms

Visibility Supply & Demand

Agility ROI Metrics

“Boundaryless Information Flow”

Scale: Several Million Users; Tens of Thousands of Information Services

Keys to Agility

1st - Comprehensive, accurate, shared Situation Awareness to enable self-synchronization

2nd - Mobility and “Composability” to rapidly reconfigure forces and supporting information capabilities

3rd - Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)• Modular, loosely coupled Rapidly reconfigurable• Ubiquitous user access Collaboration

Result: Dramatically accelerated organizational learning* cycle!

*Responders (Users) exhibit rapid behavior change in combat (continuous experimentation)

The New Assumptions

• Industrial Age (System-centric)• Clear lines of authority• Limited Scope (Finite system boundaries and user population)• Known, relatively static requirements• Predictable future (stable Business environment and standard processes)• Deduce designs from high level abstractions and test effectiveness with small-scale

experimentation

• Information Age (Net-centric)• Boundless information space with no single controlling authority• Highly dynamic requirements w/ many unknowns• Marginally predictable near term future• Many users engaging in unpredictable ways at unpredictable intervals• Highly, Dynamically Interconnected

Designs must:1. Derive from massive simulations and ongoing real world observations 2. Be agile before and after fielding in response to new conditions

The New Imperatives

How to Improve Design of large, complex Net-centric capabilities?

How to Lower Risks inherent in designing and deploying large, complex Net-centric capabilities?

Shape evolution of Enterprise ITVice

Build systems

Net-centric Characteristics

• Heterogeneous• Variety is essential and inevitable – basis for healthy

evolutionary growth and survival within dynamic threat environment

• Parallel• Multiple implementation and concurrent use of components and

processes – increases speed and provides fail-over capability• Market-driven

• Emphasizes Market principles vice top down direction to optimize – “Survival of the fit“ (v. selection of the fittest from a single perspective)

• Developers “experiment early and often” to find the right niche• Agile and adaptable

• Capable of rapid reconfiguration to meet new and unanticipated requirements or circumvent disruption

• Expedient task-oriented collaborations vice static bureaucracy

The Solution:A Layered Architecture for DoD’s Future

Transformational CommunicationsEnterprise/Service/Agency Supplied

CES Operating EnvironmentEnterprise/Service/Agency Supplied

CES Information ServicesEnterprise/Service/Agency Supplied

COI Capability(e.g. NMCI)

COI Capability(e.g. DJC2)

Standards-Based Service Definitions: - Network Address(es) - Payload Information (Data & Service) - Descriptor Attributes (e.g. Service Quality, Security, Version #)

1

2

3

1

2

3

Comms:IPv4 -> IPv6

Applications, Storage, ESM, IA, User Assistance: Posix, Linux (Platform APIs)… -> Open Grid Services

Directory, Discovery, Mediation, Messaging, Collaboration (Video, Audio, Data): APIs….-> Web Services

Stan

dard

s Matu

rity

(examples)

FY04 FY 05 FY 06 FY07 FY08 FY09

Optical IP Networking for Joint OperationsCenters and ISR locations

Optical Bandwidth to Teleport

Optical Bandwidth to Ground Sites

Reachback Capabilitiesfor Deployed Forces

Power ToThe Edge

Global Net-centricSurveillance and

Targeting

Automated Tagging of

Selected Sensor and Combat

Support Data

Improved Strategic & Tactical C2

Improved Shared Access to Collateral ISR data

Deploymentof Collaborative

Applicationsto Joint

Commanders

Optical Bandwidth Support for Additional Global Hawk UAVs

Wideband Networkingfor UAVs and Other ISR

CollaborativeCollection

Management

CY 10

FY 10Multi-INTFusion forWarfighters

Improved Shared Access to Combat Support

Data Net-Centric Enterprise Services ForceNetForceNet

Net-Centric GCSS Net-Centric GCSS

ISR Battle ManagementISR Battle Management

JC2, DJC2,SJFHQJC2, DJC2,SJFHQ

Optical Mesh IP NetworkOptical Mesh IP Network

Integrated GIG NetworkIntegrated GIG NetworkProvides ubiquitous, secure, robust

optical IP foundation network

GIG Bandwidth Expansion

TCA SATCOMIncorporates mobile/tactical users and

global intelligence via optical cross links and EHF IP links

Future Combat System(FCS)Future Combat System(FCS)

IPV6

DISA Contributors to Key Net-Centric InitiativesDISA Contributors to Key Net-Centric Initiatives

Net-Centric Enterprise ServicesProvides information and data

services to all GIG users

Information AssuranceEnables trusted computer, networking,

and data services to all GIG users

TSAT (CY10 Launch)TSAT (CY10 Launch)

Application/Data DiversityMeans/tools to enable the smart pull

and fusion of data by users

Defense in DepthDefense in Depth

Wideband GapfillerWideband Gapfiller

- Enterprise Systems Management - Messaging - Discovery - Mediation - Collaboration- User Assist - IA/Security - Storage Services - Application

Block 1 (All CESs) in 3 Spirals Block 2 (All CESs) in 3 Spirals

EnterpriseSensor Grid

Automated IAVA Mgmt CBIS IOC

IOC FOC

1 2 3 4

Core Enterprise Services (9) + Application Program InterfacesCore Enterprise Services (9) + Application Program Interfaces

CR

EA

TE

WO

RL

D-W

IDE

C

OM

PU

TA

TIO

NA

L G

RID

DE

PL

OY

TR

US

TE

D

SE

RV

ICE

S

Identity Mgmt Infrastructure (PKI, Biometrics); Network Defense (Enterprise Sensor Grid)

IMP

RO

VE

S

EN

SE

MA

KIN

G

Op-Intel -CS -CS Data Fusion Fusion Applications Net-Centric ProcessesOp-Intel -CS -CS Data Fusion Fusion Applications Net-Centric Processes

CAC FOC

Seamlessly bridge sustaining base and deployed users via EHF IP links

Next Gen TeleportTactical IP GatewayTactical IP Gateway

Generation II Generation III

IP IOC

Networks

(Proposed) Objective DISN Services:• SLA-based (Converged) Voice, Video, Data Services

End-to-End QosDynamic Provisioning, Self-Healing, Self-

Configuring (e.g. Mesh Networks)Cacheing, Content Delivery, MultiCast,“Bandwidth on Demand”Effective, Efficient Acquisition & Management

L-BandL

EHF(Adv EHF)

EHF

SHF

KaKa

UHF setAdvanced UHFUHF

CSCIC-Band

Ku-Band

SHF

X

C

Ku

Terrestrial

X

TELEPORT

E-STEP

STEP

Standardized Interface:

modem conversions

crypto

switching

DISNServices

L-BandLL

EHF(Adv EHF)

EHFEHF

SHF

KaKa

UHF setAdvanced UHFUHF

CSCIC-Band

Ku-Band

SHF

X

C

KuKu

TerrestrialTerrestrial

XX

TELEPORT

E-STEP

STEP

Standardized Interface:

modem conversions

crypto

switching

DISNServices

GIG-BE

Optical SwitchingUp to N x OC-192

&IncreasedBandwidth

PhysicalDiversity

Ubiquitous, Secure, Robust, Optical IP Terrestrial NetworkUbiquitous, Secure, Robust, Optical IP Terrestrial NetworkFOC Sep 05FOC Sep 05

Ubiquitous, Secure, Robust, Optical IP Terrestrial NetworkUbiquitous, Secure, Robust, Optical IP Terrestrial NetworkFOC Sep 05FOC Sep 05

100 Locations Worldwide

Teleport

99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13

GBS (Hosted on UFO)

UFO

(Capacity & Broadcast)

SHF/ Ka FutureHigh Cap &Broadcast System

Advanced UHF (Mobile User Services)

ADVANCEDEHF

(Protected/Survivable)

MILSTAR (MDR - 02+)

DSCS-SLEPDSCS

Gapfiller WB (Mil Ka)

COMMERCIAL (C and Ku and L)Wideband

Protected

Narrowband

SMART-T (EHF)Tactical

TerminalsSCAMP (EHF)

Army Wideband Tactical

NESP Follow-On (EHF)

LMST

Teleport

STEPX

Pathfinder

GEN IC/KuUHF

GEN II

Ka EHF L HFIP

GEN IIIAdv EHF Future Wideband

GMT

Transformational Communications System

A i r b o r n e L CT e r m i n a l s

N e t w o r k S t a n d a r d sA n d I n t e r f a c e s

L a s e r c o mC r o s s l i n k s

M u l t i - a c c e s sL a s e r c o m

H i g h R a t e T e r r e s t r i a l N e t w o r k sa n d G r o u n d I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

B a s e l i n e : X G b p s ( T R L - 4 - 5 )T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 6B a c k u p : U s e 1 0 G b p s c l a s s

B a s e l i n e : 6 - 8 A c c e s s e s ( T R L - 2 - 3 )T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 7B a c k u p : U s e S A L C

D y n a m i c B W

B a s e l i n e : 1 2 d B m a r g i n r e u s e d ( T R L 4 - 5 )T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 6B a c k u p : F i x e d m a r g i n s / d a t a r a t e s

N e t w o r k S t a n d a r d sA n d I n t e r f a c e s

B a s e l i n e : X D R + ( T R L 4 - 5 )T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 6B a c k u p : A E H F X D R R a t e s

C O T M 1 ’ T r a c k i n gA n t e n n a

I n f o r m a t i o n A s s u r a n c e( C o v e r a l l S e g m e n t s )

B a s e l i n e : 1 0 0 M b p s f o r G r o u n d ( T R L 3 - 4 )8 M b p s f o r S p a c e ( T R L 4 )

T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 6B a c k u p : U s e l o w e r r a t e H A I P E a n d a g g r e g a t e

C O T M N u l l i n gA n t e n n a

B a s e l i n e : 8 0 ” N u l l e r ( T R L 4 - 5 )T R L 6 D a t e : F Y 0 5B a c k u p : 5 0 ” A E H F N u l l e r

K e yT C M C o m p o n e n t s

O t h e r C o m p o n e n t s

Hosting

(Proposed) Objective Computing Services:• SLA-based MIPS and Bytes

Capacity on Demand (e.g. Grid & Autonomic Computing)

Dynamic Storage ProvisioningReliable Data Distribution and

ReplicationEffective, Efficient Acquisition &

Management

Gridded Services Environment:Computing on Demand

Factory

Factory

…

Service Service Service…RegistryService

Handle2SvcMapper

Factory

Factory…

Service Service Service…RegistryService

Handle2SvcMapper

Simple HostingEnvironment

Virtual HostingEnvironment

FF

S S S

RM

FF

S S S

RM

Internet

DISA FirewallDISA Firewall

Application Switch

Content

Managers

Security Client

Servlet Engine

HTTP Server

Web Server(s)

Layer 3 filtered protocolsWith Web Servers

Application Server(s)Database Server(s)

DIS

A F

irew

all

DIS

A F

irew

all

NIPRNET Application Switch

DMZ

The Department’s DMZ

–Response to Code Red–Solution worked through Dell–60 applications now in DMZs

Infrastructure

CertSvr Dir

Svr

PortalSvr

(Proposed) Objective Enterprise Services:• Building Blocks for Secure Integration of

Applications and Data SourcesIdentification & AuthenticationDirectoryMessaging & TransactionsInformation Management (Discovery,

Access, Dissemination)CollaborationEnterprise Management

COE => NCES: A Paradigm Shift

cross-platform

APIs

COE perspective:plug ‘n play of common applications on a set of

common support services

operating system

COE Infrastructure svcs

commonsupport

apps

missionapps

DBs,comms

NCES perspective:access to information and services

if & when required(via web or download/install)

Service #1Service #2 Service #3 Service #4

Service #n

o.s. o.s. o.s. o.s.

backup

CASCADEDREGIONALSERVERS

commondisplays

The COE was all aboutSOFTWARE PORTABILITY

and REUSE

The COE was all aboutSOFTWARE PORTABILITY

and REUSE

The NCES core enterprise services are abouteasily connecting to net-centric services

The NCES core enterprise services are abouteasily connecting to net-centric services

GIG Enterprise ServicesSupport real-time & near-real-time warrior needs, and business usersSupport real-time & near-real-time warrior needs, and business users

DoD (Title 10) IC (Title 50)

UsersUsers

Business Domains Warfighter Domains

Force Application

COI’s

Protection

Command & Control

Strategic Planning & Budget

Logistics

Domain/ COI

Capabilities

ICOrg Spaces

National Intelligence Domain

Core Enterprise Services (CES)

Transformational Communications (TC) & Computing Infrastructure

Accounting & Finance

ApplicationUser

AssistantStorage Messaging

ICSIS Community Space

Acquisition

Installation & Environment

COI’s

COI’s

COI’s

Focused Logistics

Human Resource Management

Battlespace Awareness

IA/Security

IA/Security

ESM

IA/Security

ESM

IA/Security

ESMDiscovery

IA/Security

ESM

Collaboration

IA/Security

ESMEnterprise

Service Management

(ESM)

Mediation

IA/Security

ESM

IA/Security

ESM

Technical Infrastructure

Domain

ESM

IA/Security

Cross Domain COI’s

(e.g. M&S)

Levels of Services

Above Core Level

Expedient COI’s

CertSvr Dir

Svr

PortalSvr

Applications…C2 and BackOffice

(Proposed) Objective Applications & Data Sources

• Community of Interest Functionality• Secure, Interoperable Plug-n-Play Data

Sources and Applications

From Systems to ServicesDomainservices

Track

Readiness

Discovery

Fusion

Persistence

Targeting

Enterpriseservices

Capability

ServiceKey:

(Notional)

Today: Systems withTargeting Applications

GCCS

ABCS

GCCS-M

TBMCS

Capability discovers and uses common services

Distribution

The Results

Albert Einstein

““We can’t solve problems by using the same thinking we used We can’t solve problems by using the same thinking we used when we created them”when we created them”

Apps & Infrastructure with Redundancy (Target Bundle)ASSESS FINDENGAGE TARGET TRACKFIX PLAN

Distributed Services Capabilities

Intra-nodalIntra-nodal

Inte

r-no

dal

Inte

r-no

dal

PlatformsWeaponsSensors C2 Networks/Nodes

CG/DDG

PATRIOT

F/A-18

P-3C

E-2C

JSTARS

PREDATOR

GHAWK

LHD

JLENS

SM2

PAC-3

AMRAAM

SLAM-ER

HELLFIRE

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

EOI/IR

AN/SPY1

RADAR

AESA

APS-137

AN/APS145

SAR

SAR, EO/IR

RADAR

Integration Pattern Emergence

As-is: Stovepipe PatternsAs-is: Stovepipe PatternsAs-is: Stovepipe PatternsAs-is: Stovepipe PatternsTo-Be: Improved IntegrationTo-Be: Improved IntegrationTo-Be: Improved IntegrationTo-Be: Improved Integration

Illustrative Results

• 40% more TAMD kills

• 50% reduction in number of leakers

• 100% increase in engagement envelope

• Up to ten-fold increase in overland percent area protected

Increased combat reach in selected scenarios:

Most significant benefits realized when ALL combat reach capabilities implemented

Implications of NetCentricity5 Years 10 Years

Technical First emergence of component-based capabilities in place with plug-n-play

Dynamically composeable mission critical threads

Fixed compute platforms & host runtimes; dynamic work flow for mostly non-mission-critical business processes

Grid Computing; dynamic capacity allocation causes server platforms to disappear into "grid"; dynamic work flow for all DoD business processes

B/W & compute capacity high @ operational, strategic levels of war; challenge remains at tactical

Capacity no issue

MLS an issue MLS enabled by gridComplexity increases while tech stabilizes & commoditizes

Abstraction & hiding reduce complexity via layered services approach

Social Tactical user remains "have not" Hierarchy collapses in terms of IT capacity & capabilityDifferentiators viewed as important at infrastructure service levels; some "hot" channel providers (data and applications)

Differentiators based solely on content and quality of data and applications

DoD providers maintain shared infrastructure Intellectual Property (IP) as a differentiator

DoD providers maintain military-unique IP as differentiator

Budget $ allocated along "stove pipe" system lines, although more joint capabilities

Dynamic allocation of $ Based on PEO/PM performance and associated expertise & experience

Business threads identified to drive transformation but still funded & executed via legacy budget constructs

System thinking morphs to business processes - NOT service stovepipes

Service-based fees applied & well understood/accepted at network level only; fierce in-fighting to maintain separate & distinct infrastructure services

Service-based fees all encompassing; religion from discussion has disappeared as little division remains about how service "dial tone" is rendered

Training More joint but still service-centric & hierarchical Increased specialization based on mission skills and needs vice serviceTesting Capability-based, but preponderance of system-

centric thinking & approachesTrue plug-n-play

Exhaustive failure-based testing Characterization of where components WILL NOT fit vice exhaustive list & test of where it will

Assumes faulty design process Assumes robust design process that includes characterization of failure modes and overt application of risk management techniques during development