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8/3/2019 Netherlands Politics and Relationship Politicians and Bureacracy Country Presentation
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Country PresentationNetherlands*
Researched, written and presentedby
Drs. Bastiaan van de Loo
*All quotes have freely been translated by the presenter
8/3/2019 Netherlands Politics and Relationship Politicians and Bureacracy Country Presentation
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1. Background on Netherlands Political system
2. Dutch Type of Political Executives
3. Dutch bureaucracy
4. Who is in charge?
5. Role and impact of civil society in Poldermodel
(public participation)
6. Description of model Netherlands fits in
8. Key strengths and weaknesses of Holland
9. Solution
8/3/2019 Netherlands Politics and Relationship Politicians and Bureacracy Country Presentation
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1. Background on Netherlands
Political system
Constitutional Monarchy
Central government: First Chamber
(controlling function, indirectly elected) andSecond Chamber (law makers, directly elected
for 4 years).
Representative democracy also know as
consensus democracy
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Coalition government
Electionsnegotationsgovernance-agreementformation cabinetduration max 4 years
Political Spectrum
Socialist Social
Democrats
Anti-
Islam
Party
Green
Left
Liberal-
conservatives
Progressive
liberals
Christian
Democrats
Left Right
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Stability vs instability under
coalition government
1982-1994: Stability
1994-2002 :Reform Stability
2002-2010: Stagnation Instability
2010-.?: Unstable Reform/failed military mission
in Libya
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2. Dutch Type of Political ExecutivesAcademi
c Degree
Relevant
workbackgro
und to
ministry
Managem
entexperienc
e
Other
worksexperien
ce than
governm
ent
Specialist
orGeneralis
t
Minister of the Interior and
Kingdom Relations
Piet Hein
Donner
Y Y Y N Generali
st
Minister of Security and Justice Ivo
Opstelten
Y Y Y N Specialis
t
Deputy Prime Minister,
Minister of Economic Affairs,
Agriculture and Innovation
Maxime
Verhagen
Y N Y N Generali
st
Minister of Defence Hans
Hillen
Y N Y Y Generali
st
Minister of Foreign Affairs Uri
Rosenthal
PhD N N Y Specialis
t but on
Interioraffairs
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Academic
Degree
Relevant
work
backgro
und to
ministry
Managem
ent
experienc
e
Other
works
experie
nce
thangovern
ment
Specialist
or
Generalist
Minister for Immigration
and Asylum Policy
Gerd Leers Y Y Y Y Generalist
Minister for Education,
Culture and Science
Marja van
Bijsterveldt-
Vliegenthart
N (nurse) Y Y Y Generalist
Minister of Finance Jan Kees de
Jager
Y Y Y Y Specialist
Minister of Infrastructure
and the Environment
Melanie
Schultz van
Haegen-Maas
Geesteranus
Y Y Y Y Generalist
Prime Minister, Minister
of General Affairs
Mark Rutte Y Y Y Y Generalist
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Academi
c Degree
Relevant
work
backgro
und to
ministry
Managem
ent
experienc
e
Other
works
experien
ce than
government
Specialist
or
Generalis
t
Minister of Social Affairs
and Employment
Henk Kamp N Y Y Y Generali
st
Minister of Health,
Welfare and Sport
Edith Schippers Y Y Y Y Generali
stMinister for European
Affairs and International
Cooperation
Ben Knapen Y (PhD) Y Y Y Generali
st
Minister for Agriculture
and Foreign TradeState Secretary for
Finance
Henk Bleker
Frans Weekers
Y (PhD) Y Y Y Generali
st
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4 4
9
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Previous
minister
Previous
Assistant
Minister.
Previous 2nd
Chamber
Representative
1st Chamber Previous
Mayor/city
councilor
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Most of ministers have no experience withcontrolling such a big complex organization. That revenges itself. A ministerial handbook on how to
deal with civil servants would help.former Minister Ritzen
Those politicians have frequently no intelligence of
the area on which they will work. I remember that the VVD'er Frank the Grave became Head of theDutch Care Authority. He didnt know jack shit of it. Now you see it with Hans Hillen, who became
Minister of Defence. Hes a highschool teacher insociety studiesProf. Nico Baakman
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2. Dutch Type of Political Executives:
Summary
Technical expertise: Limited
Government form: Coalition cabinet: Far-reaching Ministerial responsibility
Role of Independent Advisors: Increasing
Politician, policy maker and departmentmanager: Coalition cabinet, selection criteria
political experience and party loyalty Openness of government: will be discussed
later
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3. Dutch bureaucracy
Central Government 124,000Province 13,000
Municipalities 177,000
Waterboard 10,000Education and sciences 512,000
Defence 69,000
Police force 65,000Judiciary 4,000
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3. Representative bureaucracy?
Central Publicadministration
Highestranking
bureacrats
2e Kamer(Parliament)
1e Kamer(Senate)
GeneralPopulation
Men 57.50% 80.5% 59% 71% 49.50%
Women 42.50% 19.5% 41% 29% 50.50%
Non-
western
Dutch
citizen
8.40% 1.3%* 11% 4% 11%
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3. What do they do?
W hat do they do at central government
Execution: 78%
Policy: 9% Support: 7%
Supervision: 6%
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3. Recruitment of highest ranking
bureaucrats
Algemene Bestuursdienst
Recruited by
Algemene
Bestuursdienst
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Ideal kind of Dutch public servant?
" I have no W eberiaan conception of the
role of civil servant. You can choose to be
and your apply influence only internally
as a grey mouse. That is most safe. But I find that a civil servant must step also to
outside. He must play a role in the public
debate.statement by Secretaris-Generaal Sweder
van Wijnbergen after he was forced to
resign (27sept 1999)
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Ideal kind of public servant? The
Dutch perspective
The businesslike public servant vs the Yes-Minister
Narrow view on NPM not applicable forNetherlands:
Public Servant as results-oriented who is policy
entrepreneur and thus has high level of iniative,unconventionel and customer-oriented. A Publicservant as reflective practitioner who is mediatorbetween different rationalities (politics, legal and
realistic)
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Training: mixture of generalist and functional
specialist.
Career : Little mobility between DepartmentsSpecialized bureaucratic organization: not
present
Recruitment: Decentralized except high rankingofficials who have far-reaching decision
making power
3. Overview Bureaucracy
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4. Role and impact of civil society in Poldermodel
Dutch political system also referred to use the Poldermodela corporatist
approach to economic and environmental planningMain political players:
Employer organization vs labor unions
nature and environmental organizations vs mobility organizations andEmployer organization
Agricultural association vs nature and environmental organizations
Other players:NGOs: health sector, development organizations, student union, consumerunion, organization for house owner
Hybrid players but very powerful:Former government agencies now corporatized: Health Insurance providers,
Housing agencies (mostly led by former political executives or topbureacrats
International CSOs:
Absent
Role Media:
changing as result of polarization, populism and waan van de dag
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5. Who is in charge?
52% of previous members of 2nd Chamber were of opinion that bureaucrats had too much influence ondecision-making process of cabinet and parliament
Public servants are making politics in media
Only 16% of bureaucrats is of opinion that 'politicalmotivated plans are executable. They feel politicalleaders (ministers) are trying to do window dressing
and short-time thinking. As such one can see aweakening of the ministerial influence.
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4. Influence of civil society?
Important role of SER, Studygroup Budge space(SBR)
Civil society ensured of having a prominent seat at
the negotiation table:Why?
1. Expertise
2. Power to block/delay3. Implementers (environment, social partners)
4. Culture of consensus/coaltion
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5. Who is in charge?
Paradox of Ministerial Responsibility
Previous conflicts:
Minister Sorgdrager vs head of Public prosection andother public servants--
Minister Jorritsma vs Van Wijnbergen (Secretaris-generaal who got job under Jorritismas predecessor)
Recent case: Senior Dutch bureaucrat advised US
government on to coerce and how to coerce a DutchMinister to stop his opposition towards a new militarymission to Afghanistan
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5. Who is in charge?
Politiek primaat Minister Responsible but
doesnt leave, bureacrat not responsible butmust leave (transferred)
Conclusion:-when push comes to shove politicalexecutive always wins in the short run
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Our democracy is bullshit Prof. Hans Daudt
In the Netherlands we have an absolute oligarchy that has nothing to do with democracy
Prof. Frissen
Politics in Holland is walking a dead-end lane... The political party is nothing but a network of people who
know and support each other.
Prof.Tromp
Who is in charge?Some observations from some Dutch Political
Scientists
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6. Description of model Netherlands
fits in
Administrative functional State life:
Bureaucrats have a lot of influence in policy
making and implementation.
Political Executives wearing two-hats gives
bureaucrat to also wear different hats: Expert,
Negotiator and connector with society.
But final responsibility with political leaders
recent trendreemphasis on political primaat
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CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICO-ADMINISTRATIVEINTERACTIONS in the Netherlands
Tone Winners Conflict
Resolution
Style Impacts
Functional
administrative
village life state
Integrative Variable Bargaining Expertise Interest
dominate
d stability
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Failure of NPM
Focus on short-term result and efforts to
reestablish primaat of politiek has led to:
- Weakening of ministerial and department
influence over implementation
- (Re-)Emergence Institutionalism distrustbetween political executives and bureaucrats
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8. Key strengths and weaknesses of
Dutch System
Weaknesses
Politics is hindering progress
High-turn over due to political instability political
executives increases reliance on bureaucrats
Low level of specialization makes political executivesmore prone to being steered by bureaucrats
Politicians dont dare to make real decisions (doormodderen) but dare to make symbolic decisions
Politiek primaat: locks the experienced and skillfulbureacracy in a contract without having its say
Top bureaucracy heavily politicized
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8. Key strengths and weaknesses of
Dutch System
Strengths
Consensus, involving all stakeholders, bureaucrats arenot extrovert political animals
Bureaucrats acting as additional checks and balanceagainst waan van de dag
Highly professional bureaucracy
Continuous flow of new blood in bureaucracy Maatschappelijk middenveld/civil society is vibrant
Elections continue to live and polarization leads todialogue and focus on accountability and
transparency
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9. Solution
Need for solution?
No
PVV emerges as one of biggest party Peopleare taking care of it
Polarization of country and media leads to
increased debates, transparency and
accountability
Bureaucracy is becoming more politically diverse
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9. SolutionNeed for solution?
YesFear of a second Belgium Scenario, political stalemate and
waan van de dag make country un-steerable andneeds to be stopped
How: Political parties should indicate who they propose to be
their minister for what department prior to election
Strengthen offices of members of Second Chamber to
increase oversight on bureaucracy Change collective labor agreement for civil servants to
ensure their labor rights are at same level as othersectors (less privileges)
Strenghten
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Sources used
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/artikelen/1172711/hoeveel-ambtenaren-telt-ons-land.html
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/artikelen/1172711/hoeveel-ambtenaren-telt-ons-land.html
http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/fin/organisatie/organogram
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/artikelen/1878131/gezocht-ambtenaar-met-politieke-voelsprieten.html
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/nieuws/2178313/ambtenaren-plannen-van-politici-zijn-onuitvoerbaar.html
The Polder Model in Dutch Economic and Environmental Planning, Yda Schreuder. Bulletin of Science TechnologySociety August 2001 vol. 21 no. 4 237-245
http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/politics.html
http://hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de/hsrretro/docs/artikel/hsr/hsr1995_371.pdf
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/nieuws/2178367/verhagen-zet-ambtenaren-in-voor-cdacampagne.html
http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2010/10/dutch_politics
http://www.inoverheid.nl/artikel/artikelen/1172711/hoeveel-ambtenaren-telt-ons-land.html
http://www.ser.nl/en/publications/speeches%20chairman/2009/20090117.aspx
http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/politics.html
http://www.economist.com/node/1098195?story_id=1098195
http://www.uni-
muenster.de/imperia/md/content/hausderniederlande/zentrum/projekte/schulprojekt/lernen/schule_nl/40_10.pdf
http://www.kabinetsformatie2010.nl/Actueel/Pers_en_nieuwsberichten/2003/februari/Informateurs_ontvangen_sociale_partners
http://laglux.blogspot.com/2009/05/polder-model.html
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7
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5. Clear distinction politics and
bureaucracy?
Politics as opportunity to enrich oneself? OneSenator has 14 additional functions withorganizations including one with an
organization where she as Director hiresherself for 840 euro per day.
Lose of seat in parliamentwachtgeldMayor
Lose of cabinet function: private sector, Mayorof large city or position with internationalorganization is waiting