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Z = ZoL

= 0Γ

Constant X

Constant R

Z = L

= 0 O1Γ

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(open)

ΓLZ = 0

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S-ParametersS21,S12

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S-ParametersS11,S22 Reflection

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Frequency

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in radians

in radians/sec

in degrees

f in Hertz (ω = 2 π f)

φωφ

Group Delay (t )g =

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−1

360 o

d φd f*

Frequency

Group delay ripple

Average delay

t o

t g

Phaseφ

∆φ

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ω

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16 END


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DUT16 dB RL (.158)1 dB loss (.891)

Load match:18 dB (.126)

.158

(.891)(.126)(.891) = .100

Directivity:40 dB (.010)

Measurement uncertainty: -20 * log (.158 + .100 + .010) = 11.4 dB (-4.6dB)

-20 * log (.158 - .100 - .010) = 26.4 dB (+10.4 dB)


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DUT16 dB RL (.158)1 dB loss (.891)

Load match:18 dB (.126)

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10 dB attenuator (.316)SWR = 1.05 (.024)

.158

(.891)(.316)(.126)(.316)(.891) = .010

(.891)(.024)(.891) = .019

Directivity:40 dB (.010)

Worst-case error = .010 + .010 + .019 = .039

Measurement uncertainty: -20 * log (.158 + .039) = 14.1 dB (-1.9 dB)

-20 * log (.158 - .039) = 18.5 dB (+2.5 dB)


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RL = 14 dB (.200)

RL = 18 dB (.126)

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Calibration Uncertainty = (1 ± ρ ρ )

S L

= (1 ± (.200)(.126) = ± 0.22 dB


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Source match = 14 dB(.200)

1

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.158)(.200) = .032

(.126)(.891)(.200)(.891) = .020

Measurement uncertainty = 1 ± (.020+.020+.032) = 1 ± .072 = + 0.60 dB - 0.65 dB

DUT1 dB loss (.891)16 dB RL (.158)

Total measurement uncertainty: +0.60 + 0.22 = +0 .82 dB -0.65 - 0.22 = - 0.87 dB

Load match = 18dB (.126)


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Measurement uncertainty = 1 ± (.020+.0018+.0028) = 1 ± .0246 = + 0.211 dB - 0.216

Total measurement uncertainty: 0.22 + .02 = ± 0.24 dB

Calibration Uncertainty = (1 ± ρ ρ )S L

= (1 ± (.0178)(.126) = ± .02 dB

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1

(.126)(.158) = .020

(.126)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0018

DUT1 dB loss (.891)16 dB RL (.158) Load match = 18

dB (.126)

(.158)(.0178) = .0028


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Measurement uncertainty = 1 ± (.006+.0005+.0028) = 1 ± .0093 = ± 0.08 dB

Total measurement uncertainty: 0.01 + .08 = ± 0.09 dB

Calibration Uncertainty = (1 ± ρ ρ )

S L

= (1 ± (.0178)(.0366) = ± .01 dB


1

(.0366)(.158) = .006

(.0366)(.891)(.0178)(.891) = .0005

DUT1 dB loss (.891)16 dB RL (.158) Effective load match = (.316 x .316 x .126 + .024)

= .0366 (28.7dB)

(.158)(.0178) = .0028

10 dB attenuator (.316)SWR = 1.05 (.024 or 32.4 dB)

Analyzer load match =18 dB (.126)


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Total measurement uncertainty: +0.44 + 0.22 = + 0.66 dB -0.46 - 0.22 = - 0.68 dB

Measurement uncertainty = 1 ± (.020+.032) = 1 ± .052 = + 0.44 dB - 0.46 dB

1

(.126)(.158) = .020

DUT16 dB RL (.158)

(.158)(.200) = .032

Source match = 14 dB(.200) Load match = 18

dB (.126)


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DUT1 dB loss (.891)16 dB RL (.158)

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= 0.891 ± .0056 = 1 dB ±0.05 dB (worst-case)

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= 0.158 ± .0088 = 16 dB +0.53 dB, -0.44 dB (worst-case)

S S E S E S S E S Em a D a S a a L a RT11 11 112

21 12 11

2 2

1

0158 0045 0158 0158 0 891 0045 0158 0022

= ± + + + −

= ± + + +

( ( ))

. (. . *. . *. . *. )

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6 2

1

0 891 0 891 10 0 891 0158 0158 0 891 0158 0045 0158 0045 003

= ± + + + + −

= ± + + + +−

( / ( ))

. . ( / . . *. . *. *. . *. . )


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CH1 S21&M log MAG 1 dB/ REF 0 dB

Cor

CH2 MEM log MAG REF 0 dB1 dB/

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After two-port calibration

START 2 000.000 MHz STOP 6 000.000 MHzx2 1 2

After response calibration

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Example distribution of impedance states for reflection calibration at one frequency

1

12

7

5

HP 85062A Electronic Calibration Module 1 - 26.5 GHz


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AdapterB

Port 1 Port 2

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Port 1 Port 2DUT

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1. Perform 2-port cal with adapter on port 2. Save in cal set 1.

2. Perform 2-port cal with adapter on port 1. Save in cal set 2.

4. Measure DUT without cal adapter.

3. Use ADAPTER REMOVAL to generate new cal set.

[CAL] [MORE] [MODIFY CAL SET][ADAPTER REMOVAL]

DUTPort 1 Port 2

Cal Set 1

Port 1 Port 2AdapterB

CalAdapter

CalAdapter

Cal Set 2

Port 1 Port 2AdapterB

Port 2AdapterB

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TerminationAdapter DUT

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28 dB

17 dB

14 dB

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APC-7 to N (m) + N (f) to SMA (f) + SMA (m) to (m)SWR:1.05 SWR:1.25 SWR:1.15

Adapting from APC-7 to SMA (m)

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x2 1 2

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1

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100.00 ohm

120.00 ohm

140.00 ohm

160.00 ohm

180.00 ohm

200.00 ohm

220.00 ohm

240.00 ohm

260.00 ohm

280.00 ohm

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-120.00 dB

-100.00 dB

-80.00 dB

-60.00 dB

-40.00 dB

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Source

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Date Subject to ChangeCopyright 1998Hewlett-Packard CompanyPrinted in U.S.A. 7/985965-7917E

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Network Analyzer Basics - Carleton University

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