Network Planning General

www.awe-com.com© 2012 by AWE Communications GmbH

Radio Network Planning

2012 © by AWE Communications GmbH 2

Contents

Motivation

Overview

Network Planning Module• Propagation

• Frequency carriers

• Definition of TRX properties

• Specification of air interface (LTE, UMTS, WiMAX, WLAN, ..)

• Distributed antenna and MIMO antenna systems

• Cell assignment

• Interference computation

• Predicted results


The performance of wireless communication networks depends on an efficient architecture of the network

Coverage limited by signal and/or interference power

Radio networks require planning due to frequency reuse

For high data rate services exist strong requirements with respect to the signal-to-noise-and-interference-ratio at each receiver location

Network planning allows to simulate the coverage before the deployment

Optimization of radio network based on simulation results

Network planning is required to analyze the performance of the wireless network

Motivation


Overview

Network Planning with WinProp

• Propagation Models for different scenarios• Rural/suburban, urban, indoor• Multiple prediction heights

• Seamless transition urban indoor

• Definition of frequency carriers according to air interface (number, bandwidth, ...)

• Deployment of transmitters with configuration of antenna and carrier assignment

• Computation of best server for each pixel in the simulation area

• Interference computation depending on air interface (inter-cell interference and/or multipath interference)

• Air Interfaces • OFDM / SOFDMA (LTE, WiMAX, WLAN, …) • CDMA / WCDMA / HSPA (UMTS, …)• TDMA (GSM, EDGE, TETRA, …)• FDMA (Broadcast, …)

• Individual simulation for each transmission mode (modulation & coding scheme)• Received power & SNIR • Min. required Tx powers (DL / UL)

• Cell areas, best server• Max data rates, throughput


Network Planning Module

Def. of Air Interface• Multiple Access• Duplex Mode• Transmission Modes

Cell Assignment

Module Inputs Module OutputsNetwork Planning

Wave Propagation• path loss prediction• for each transmitter• simulation area Cell Area, Best Server

Received Signal Level

Nr. Sites/Cells/Carriers

Tx power (DL / UL)

Coverage Probability

Network Planning with WinProp

SNIR, Eb/No, Ec/Io

Overview

Max. Data Rates

Max. Throughput

Simulation Parameters• Cell load• Noise rise in uplink• Outputs to be computed


Wave Propagation (1/2)


Highly accurate wave propagation models for rural, suburban, urban indoor, and tunnel environments

Hybrid scenarios: Smooth transition between indoor, urban, and rural in one simulation

Consideration of 3D vector building databases (urban & indoor), topography (pixel), and clutter (pixel) data


Wave Propagation (2/2)

Angular profile

Prediction on multiple heights for indoor scenarios


Propagation paths

Propagation on multiple height levels

• Absolute / Relative to defined building floors

Propagation paths

Calculation of spatial channel impulse response, delay spread, angular spread & angular profile at Tx and Rx

Spatial channel impulse response


Frequency Carriers

Definition of carriers

• Bandwidth ( for noise power)

• Carrier separation

• Frequency (downlink center)

• ID of carrier

• Duplex separation (DL / UL)

• Available / not available

Carrier list in ProMan• Single / multi carrier (1st column)

• Green color indicates assigned carrier black color means not assigned

• Red color means not available carrier grey color assigned but Tx disabled

Carrier Assignment • On antenna/cell level

• Single carrier or group can be assigned

• Combination of multiple carriers to group


Carrier list in ProMan

Spectrum divided in frequency carriers


Transmitter Definition (1/5)

Site definition

• Name

• Location

• Type

- Site with sectors

- Leaky feeder cable

- Satellite

• Number of transmitters

Site properties• Initial properties for new sites

• Default properties

• Noise figure, cable loss,…

• Prediction area

- Individual rectangular area

- Total area (as defined on simulation page)

- Local area around transmitter (radius)




List of antennas for each site

Name of antenna

Location of antenna• x / Longitude, y / Latitude, z / Height

Enabled / disabled

RF parameters• Carrier assignment

• Tx power

• Noise figure, cable loss,…

Antenna • Azimuth, downtilt

• Antenna pattern

• ….


Properties of TRX




Selection of carriers assigned to TRX

Properties of TRX

Properties of carrier

Tx Power (Downlink)

Power ratio for interference

List of all carriers available in network

TRX properties:

- Noise Figure

- Cable loss

- ….

Antenna PatternCarrier

Location



Leaky feeder cable

Draw route with the mouse

Definition of height

RF parameters• Power at start point

• Cable loss along the leaky feeder cable [dB/100m]

• Coupling loss [dB]

• Distance for coupling loss [m]




Feeder cable for antennas

Draw route with the mouse

Modification of coordinates (height)

RF parameters• Definition of specific loss

• Computation of length

• Resulting cable loss

• Assignment to antenna via individual TRX properties




Type • Definition of handheld/portable equipment

Services• Multiple services for each mobile/subscriber station possible

(selected from list in air interface settings transmission modes)

• Definition of min. required SNIR (and power) for each service individually

Settings • Max. Tx power

• Noise Figure

• Fast Fading Margin

• Antenna Gain

• General Losses

Mobile/Subscriber Station



BS power definitions• Output power of the power amplifier (OPA): PC = PA - Cable Loss, PE = PC + BS Antenna Gain

• EIRP or ERP mode: PE defined directly by user (incl. cable loss and BS antenna gain)

MS power definitions • PR1 is the received power incl. the MS antenna gain

• Propagation results & settings do not include MS antenna gain (power (PR2 ), path loss, …)

• Path loss independent of the power mode (OPA, EIRP, ERP) and cable loss: PL = PE - PR2

• Network planning results: BS and MS antenna gain included: PR1 (max. received MS power)PA (min. BS transmit power)

Power Definitions for Downlink



MS power definitions• PM always output power of the power amplifier (OPA) without MS Antenna Gain

• EIRP or ERP mode for MS not possible

BS power definitions • PB is the received power incl. the MS and BS antenna gains

• Propagation results: same path loss as in downlink

• Path loss independent of the power mode (OPA, EIRP, ERP) and cable loss

• Network planning results: BS and MS antenna gain included: PB (max. received BS power)PM (min. MS transmit power)

Power Definitions for Uplink


Air Interface (1/5): Overview

Multiple Access (e.g. OFDM/SOFDMA)

Duplex separation mode (FDD / TDD)

MIMO technology

Carriers defined

Transmission Modes- MCS- Priority- Data Rate DL and UL

Cell assignment- Highest received power

(of all carriers/received carriers)- Highest SNIR

(of all carriers/received carriers)- Min. required SNIR in DL Definition of air interface



Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (as example)

• Tx Power Settings Split between sub-carriers Back-off possible e.g. for pilot

• Sampling Rate (e.g. 384/250 for LTE)

• Cell Load controls Tx power in DL or nr. of used sub-carriers

• Sub-carriers FFT order guard sub-carriers

Air Interface (2/5): Multiple Access



Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (as example)

• Symbols Split of resource elements Frequency and time domain See figure below

• Resource Blocks Nr. of sub-carriers per RB Fractional load (RB level)

Air Interface (3/5): Multiple Access



Specification of an arbitrary number of transmission modes• Name: MCS - code rate

• Priority: Impacts filling of resources (overall throughput)

• Transmission direction Bidirectional, DL only, UL only

• Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

• Code Rate 1/3, 1/2, 3/4, 4/5,…

• Number of resource blocks

• Data rate incl. overhead

• Min. required SNIR target

• Min. required received signal level at BTS and SS• Power back-off

Air Interface (4/5): Transmission Modes



Duplex Mode:• TDD or FDD mode can be selected

(identical for all BTS in network)• FDD

Specification of carrier separation of UL and DL (identical for all carriers)

• TDD Definition of switching type

Definition of transmission blocks with number and length

Ratio inside each block

Resulting overall ratios for DL and UL automatically computed and considered in network simulation

Air Interface (5/5): Duplex Mode



Distributed Antenna and MIMO Antenna Systems (1/2)


Antenna Type Signal Group MIMO Stream

Conventional antenna Individual Not available

Antenna belonging to DAS A / B / C / … No MIMO

Antenna belonging to MIMO A / B / C / … MIMO stream 1 / stream 2

Different antenna types

Computation of Rx power Antenna Type Received Power

Conventional antenna Received power from serving cell

Antenna belonging to distributed antenna system

(DAS)

Superposition of received power values from all antennas

belonging to DAS of serving cell

Antenna belonging to MIMO system

Superposition of received power values from all antennas

transmitting the same MIMO stream as the serving cell


Distributed Antenna and MIMO Antenna Systems (2/2)


Computation of interference

Antenna 1 Antenna 2 Interference(same carrier)

Conventional antenna Conventional antenna Yes

Conventional antenna Antenna belonging to DAS A Yes

Antenna belonging to DAS A Antenna belonging to DAS A No

Antenna belonging to DAS AMIMO Stream 1

Antenna belonging to DAS AMIMO Stream 1 No

Antenna belonging to DAS AMIMO Stream 1

Antenna belonging to DAS AMIMO Stream 2 Yes

Antenna belonging to DAS A Antenna belonging to DAS B Yes


MIMO Technology (1/2)

Definition of separate antenna for each MIMO antenna element

Carrier assignment for MIMO antenna - Definition of same signal group ID - Assignment of individual MIMO stream



MIMO Technology (2/2)

Signaling overhead (spatial multiplex)

Beamforming improves antenna gain

Interference between MIMO streams - No interference (ideal separation) - Relative contribution to interference - Location dependent contribution

Consideration of MIMO at MS - Computation of power and data rate - Superposition of data rate at MS

Example of distributed MIMO 2x2

Visualization of results with additional output



Comparison DAS and MIMO Antenna Systems

Consideration at carrier assignment for antenna (signal group ID)

Configuration left: Both antennas form a DAS (Signal Group A)

Configuration right: Both are MIMO antennas (Signal Group A) and transmit individual MIMO streams (site 1 MIMO stream 1 and site 2 MIMO stream 2)



Cell Assignment - Serving Cell (1/2)

Highest Rx power among the carriers received First the received carriers are determined based on the given criteria for SNIR and received power (optional). From the remaining received carriers the one with highest received power is chosen.

Highest Rx power of all carriers in the network First the carrier with the highest received power is chosen. If this carrier meets the criteria for SNIR and received power (optional) it is taken as serving cell. If the criteria are not met, the pixel is referred to as not served (not computed in result map).

Highest SNIR among the carriers received First the received carriers are determined based on the given criteria for SNIR and received power (optional). From the remaining received carriers the one with the highest SNIR is chosen as serving cell.

Highest SNIR of all carriers in the network First the carrier with the highest SNIR is chosen. If this carrier meets the criteria for SNIR and received power (optional) it is taken as serving cell. If the criteria are not met, the pixel is referred to as not served (not computed in result map).



Cell Assignment - Serving Cell (2/2)

Example with two cells A and B and the following criteria • Min. required SNIR 3 dB • Min. required received power -90 dBm


CriterionExample 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B

Received power at receiver pixel

-80.0 dBm

-85.0 dBm

-80.0 dBm

-85.0 dBm

-80.0 dBm

-92.0 dBm

-80.0 dBm

-95.0 dBm

SNIR at receiver pixel 4.0 dB 4.5 dB 2.0 dB 4.5 dB 3.2 dB 4.5 dB 2.0 dB 4.5 dB

Selection Mode Serving cell Serving cell Serving cell Serving cell

Highest Rx poweramong the carriers received

Cell A Cell B Cell A not served

Highest Rx power of all carriers in the network

Cell A not served(SNIR not met) Cell A not served

Highest SNIR among the carriers received

Cell B Cell B Cell A not served

Highest SNIR of all carriers in the network

Cell B Cell Bnot served

(rec. power not met)

not served


Transmission Mode Priority


Sorting of transmission modes - according to priority - DL / UL data rate - Order used for result tree

Priority affects throughput - Mode with highest priority

is analyzed first - Allocating radio resources - Filling up with lower priority modes

Max. throughput for priority according to feasible DL data rate

Otherwise radio resources are used by transmission modes with lower data rate but higher priority


Individual Analysis of Downlink and Uplink

Transmission modes can be defined in different ways

Bidirectional, DL only, UL only

If one direction is blocked mode not available

Individual analysis feasible

Computed results:

- DL Tx Power BS: min. required power for service (incl. power control)

- DL Rx Power MS: max. available power for service (full power transmission)

- DL SNIR: max. available SNIR for service (full power transmission)

- UL Tx Power MS: min. required power for service (incl. power control)

- UL Rx Power BS: max. available power for service (full power transmission)

- UL SNIR: max. available SNIR for service (full power transmission)



Definition of Cell Load (Interference)


Definition of relative transmit power if no traffic is considered

Interference (SNIR) calculation influenced by this parameter

• Value indicates how much of the data transmission power should be considered for the interference calculation

• 50% means 50% of the linear data transmission power (in Watts)

• Data transmission power is calculated based on total transmit power, the power split (data/reference/control) and the power backoff value

• Controls either Tx power or number of sub-carriers used

Cell load can be defined globally or individually for each transmitter


Inter-cell interference (other cells using the same carrier)

• Interference computation based on cell assignment

• Tx power of interfering BS is specified relative to max. Tx power of the BS (e.g. 80% of max. power)

- For all BTS in the network homogenously

- For each BTS individually

- Especially important if frequency reuse factor is equal to 1 (or 3)

- Sub-channelization can be modeled (if adjacent cells use different sub-carriers to reduce the interference)

• Cell load by relative Tx power of interfering cells is suitable to define typical and/or worst case scenario (sufficient for network planning)

• Actual traffic (load) of BTS depending on the number of users in the cell is not considered to determine Tx power because

- Actual Tx power depends on transmission modes

- Resource management must be included in simulator to decide which user/traffic is transmitted in which transmission mode

typically resource management is operator dependent and cannot be handled in an external planning tool

Network Simulation (Interference)



Network projects with multiple assigned (frequency) carriers

• Results provided for each carrier individually

- Based on individual cell assignment

- Assuming only the investigated carrier is currently available

• Superposed results considering all carriers in the network

- Based on final cell assignment considering all carriers

- Results for serving cell are given

- Data rate and throughput results are not superposed

Simulation of each carrier individually



Simulation Results (depending on air interface)

General results

• Best server, cell/site areas

• Max received power (DL/UL)

• Max data rate (DL/UL)

Cell assignment (control) • Received power level

• SNIR or Eb/No

• Received sites, cells, carriers

Transmission mode results• Max Rx power MS (full power BS)

• Min Tx power BS

• Max SNIR (full power BS)

• Max data rate per user

• Number of streams

• Max throughput


For each transmission

mode

Cell Assignment

General results

Pilot resultsLTE specific

results


Cell Areas

Knowledge of best server especially important for cellular networks

Useful to avoid cell overloads

Computed based on defined cell assignment mode

Evaluating pilot/control channel

Cell areas for LTE network

Network Planning Module – Predicted Results



Best Server Map and Site Areas in Building

Best server map indicates which carrier is received best

Site area map shows the dominating site over the simulation area


Max. Received Signal Level

Reception level on different (and multiple) heights

Reception level on street level and in different building floors

1.5m above ground 5.0m above ground 13.0m above ground




Rx Power, SNIR and Max. Throughput in Building

Prediction of received signal level

Prediction of SNIR

Computation of overall throughput


Signal/Noise & Interference Ratio (SNIR)

Essential for selection of feasible MCS data rate / throughput

Computed for each transmission mode individually

Prediction height: 25m above ground

Prediction height: 1.5m above ground



Max. achievable Data Rates

Max. achievable data rates on different (and multiple) heights for various air interfaces



Required Tx Power for BS and MS (i.e. DL & UL)

Required Tx power for a connection between MS and BS for each transmission mode (MCS)

Actual Tx power can be higher depending on traffic load (and interference situation)


Prediction height: 25m above ground

Prediction height: 1.5m above ground


Reception Probability (Coverage)

Consideration of the fast fading of the radio channel

Individually computed for each transmission mode

Prediction height: 25m above ground Prediction height: 1.5m above ground



Handover options

Results show the number of received sites, antennas, carriers

For the determination of alternative sites, cells, carriers

Visualization of handover options

Multi layer prediction for office building



Results on Prediction Planes

Visualization in 3D view

Statistical evaluation by using the info button

Network planning result in stadium



Further Information

Further information: www.awe-com.com

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Network Planning General

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