Network Technology Seminar 2007 To IP and beyond · Network Technology Seminar 2007 "To IP and...

Network Technology Seminar 2007 "To IP and beyond"

EBU, Geneva, 18 - 19 June 2007

Report

Written by Jean-Noël Gouyet, EBU International Training

revised and proof-read by the speakers

2

© EBU NMC & International Training / Networks 2007 Seminar / 18 - 19 June 2007

Opening remarks 1 General Network Development....................................................................................4 1.1 Eurovision Network Roadmap - Mid 2007 ......................................................................4 1.2 New Regional Network for the interconnection of regional studios in Hessen ...............5 1.3 RaiWay contribution and distribution network migrating towards NG-SDH ....................6 1.4 Evolution of telecom network infrastructure for broadcast and interactive applications .7 2 New Technologies ........................................................................................................8 2.1 Supporting media distribution .........................................................................................8 2.2 Seamless optical and electrical routing ..........................................................................9 3 Quality of Service .........................................................................................................9 3.1 Classification of IP networks for audio and video parameters ........................................9 3.2 Video transport over IP - Can we still avoid the errors? ...............................................10 3.3 MPLS, what is that?......................................................................................................11 4 Interoperability............................................................................................................11 4.1 N/ACIP standards, recommendations, protocols for audio and video ..........................11 4.2 Audio over IP - a manufacturer's view ..........................................................................12 4.3 Network Management and interoperability – the RAI experience.................................13 5 Wireless solutions ......................................................................................................14 5.1 The BBC's Edge Connectivity project ...........................................................................14 5.2 WiMAX – Standards, Technology, Applications and Trends ........................................14 5.3 Inmarsat BGAN.............................................................................................................15 6 Security & service continuity ....................................................................................16 6.1 Broadcast/Business Continuity - managing someone's else risk..................................16 6.2 It will never happen to us! Placing business continuity at the heart of the organisation18 6.3 Safeguarding a broadcaster's business - an insider's view ..........................................19 List of abbreviations and acronyms…………………………………………………………….21

3


Notice This report is intended to serve as a reminder of the presentations for those who came to the seminar, or as an introduction for those unable to be there. So, please feel free to forward this report to your colleagues! It is not a transcription of the lectures, but a summary of the main elements of the sessions. For more details, the reader of this report should refer to the updated speakers’ presentations, which are available on the CD-ROM distributed at the end of the seminar or upon request to [email protected]. The slides number (in brackets) refer to the (updated) slides of the corresponding presentation. To help "decode" the abbreviations and acronyms1 used in the presentations' slides or in this report, a list is provided at the end of this report. Web links are provided in the report for further reading. Many thanks to all the speakers and session chairmen who revised the draft. The Networks 2005 and 2006 reports are still available on the EBU site: http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/NMC2005report_FINAL_tcm6-40551.pdf http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/EBU_2006_Networks_Report_tcm6-45920.pdf

1 More than 360!

4


Opening remarks Rhys LEWIS, Chief Enterprise Architect, BBC and Chairman of the EBU Network Technology Management Committee The Networks 2007 seminar should help the participants to assess the impact of developments in network technology and services on the Broadcast business, on its organisation and its plans. For example, in the BBC, the launch of new services to consumers had an impact: on-demand TV service and interface iPlayer2 has an impact on the way metadata are managed. free-to-view digital satellite service Freesat3 has an impact on generating interactive services. The plans for HD services on the bandwidth of the internal network. A high-bandwidth network4 is due

to be completed end 2007. Various working groups from the Network (& Infrastructure) Technology Management Committee, support and standardise new ways of using networks by EBU members and Eurovision, especially considering the ubiquity of IP and the need for interoperability between equipment available from different manufacturers. The N/ACIP group5 (Audio Contribution Over IP) has already published a draft interoperability

specification, and is working on a 'Best practise' document (available summer 2007), on Recommendations for manufacturers, and on a reference implementation (IRT/BBC).

The new N/VCIP group6 (Video Contribution over IP), will publish: o 'User reports' gathering experience from members o 'Best practise' guidelines for Video over IP o Interoperability specification

The N/CNCS group (Common Network Control Strategy) contributes to the standardisation work, led by IEC7, of basic data 'objects' (MIB) for the monitoring and the control of broadcast equipment (audio / video / transport / transmitter), using the SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) protocol8.

1 General Network Development Different networking technologies and infrastructures are being used within the broadcast organizations. There is no universal technology that fits everyones's needs. This session presents some major network implementations and how the infrastructure may develop in the future.

1.1 Eurovision Network Roadmap - Mid 2007

Jean-Marc SOUSTRE, Head of Technical Management, and Didier DEBELLEMANIERE, Head of Technical Development, Eurovision, EBU, Switzerland

The present Eurovision global network is made up of 2 complementary networks serving more than 300

2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/askbruce/articles/bbc.co.uk/imp_1.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/06_june/27/iplayer.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/pressoffice/media/iplayer?size=16x9&bgc=C0C0C0&nbram=1&bbram=1&nbwm=1&bbwm=1 3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/news/press_releases/27_04_2007.html 4 BBC's plans for one 'good network' - Networks 2005 report § 1.1.3 http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/NMC2005report_FINAL_tcm6-40551.pdf 5 http://wiki.ebu.ch/acip/Main_Page (Login and Password required) See also Sending Audio over IP - Networks 2006 report § 3.2 http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/EBU_2006_Networks_Report_tcm6-45920.pdf 6 http://wiki.ebu.ch/technical/N/VCIP (Login and Password required) 7 Managing an increasingly broadcasted and interconnected world http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2006/etech_0806/spotlight.htm 8 See SNMP Primer and SNMP implementation examples - Networks 2006 report § 2.1 and § 2.2

5


broadcasters over 5 continents: A satellite network with 4 main satellite coverages (Eutelsat W3A & W1/Europe, AsiaSat 2/Asia, 1

NSS 806/America) and fixed earth stations. The satellite network can be accessed from more than 50 permanent points of presence or mobile units.

A Fibre Network, FiNE, connecting key European cities9, built on SDH links (STM-4 655 Mbit/s or STM-1 155 Mbit/s) and DTM10 technology.

The capacity of this network has tripled in 3 years and the overall cost has diminished by 50%. The objectives assigned for the evolution this network are to: offer a bidirectional data network differentiate from classical telecom operators (being an enabler to the big distribution platforms,

reinforcing the synergy with the members) maintain an unmatched quality unify all services to members (fiber-connected or not-fiber-connected) think global security

In this context, the SAT08 project aims to upgrade the satellite network and to provide additional services: file transfer, low-cost and easy-to-deploy terminals with small dishes, high-quality voice 'intercom' coordination channels, secure VPNs with the EBU Headquarter, on-line booking of the services through the Internet or from site using the satellite link, carrying HDTV as well as SDTV. The implementation is based on: A working environment including: the EutelSat W3A satellite, an integrated operation with dedicated

fiber to the Geneva hub for a special event and satellite for the multicast distribution to all sites, interactive data connection as on an Xtranet, encryption keys for the access control of the content, and SuperPOP11 to store & forward on the network.

DVB-RCS based on DVB-S212 (forward from the hub to the remote station) and on Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (from the remote station to the hub), with low-cost earth stations.

Uplink stations will be remote-controlled from Geneva. The News Exchange will be as simple as an E-mail exchange, based on files.

1.2 New Regional Network for the interconnection of regional studios in Hessen

Gaetano Amatucci, Hessicher Rundfunk, Germany

This network connects 6 studio locations, for which the services required were: 4 AES/EBU audio links for Radio 1 Gbit Ethernet (GbE) IT access to the main production applications in central Frankfurt station 4 E1 (2 Mbit/s) for voice applications

For the 3 locations with production facilities: 1 video link (SDI, 270 Mbit/s) Optionally ASI links and a separate GbE for non-linear applications were required. The solution selected and implemented consists of: 2 optical rings of leased dark fiber, with cross-over node in central Frankfurt station, offering in CWDM a

basic capacity of 4 Lambdas (4 x 2.5 Gbit/s) expandable to 8 Lambdas The assignment of the operation and of the management of the network to a service provider ARCOR

AG, having the know-how and the manpower. The Network Operations Center of the provider has only

9 including London, Paris, Rome and Moscow with Jerusalem, the east and west coasts of the United States, Tokyo and Sydney 10 FiNE – Fiber Network Eurovision. http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/040823_Casestudy_EBU_2.pdf 11 SuperPOP - Production Technology 2006 seminar report § 3.1 http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/EBU-2006ProdTechnoSeminar-Report_FINAL_tcm6-43103.pdf 12 See DVB-S2 Primer… and IP services by satellite – Networks 2006 seminar report § 4.1 and 4.2

6


contact with the HR Master Control Room, thus ensuring a fast a straightforward communication. The integration of existing systems and technologies:

o Telephone system o SDI o Nexus13: a time-Division-Multiplexed 30-bit Bus audio-matrix system, with core elements connected via their own optical lambda link, building a virtual single matrix all over the hr network, with a capacity of processing and transporting 256 real-time non-compressed audio signals. o Nimbra: a DTM14-based multi-service platform. DTM is a technology developed by a Swedish company Net Insight15. It allows to share the lines capacity using 512 kbit/s channel slices, mapping SDI / DVB-ASI / Ethernet / E1 onto trunk dark fiber or SDH (STM-1/STM-4/STM-16). It offers an absolute quality of service, since it allocates the bandwidth and the resources end to end, at each node within the network. DTM offers the same QoS as SDH and the flexibility of ATM, while being simpler and less expensive.

This network configuration offers high scalability and reliability.

1.3 RaiWay contribution and distribution network migrating towards NG-SDH

Giuseppe ABBATEPAOLO, RaiWay and Davide MILANESIO, Rai-CRIT, Italy

The RAI transport network was developed between 1999 and 2003 using SDH radio links [slides 2+3]. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH defines a standard rate of Nx155 Mbit/s (N x STM-1 , N varying from 1 to 64 according to the link capacity). Each Synchronous Transport Module STM-1 is composed of up to 3 Virtual Containers VC-3 ( x 45 Mbit/s) which can, for example, transport compressed TV signals, multiplexed in a single MPEG-2 TS. For example [4], each VC-3 can carry: Contribution services: 2 TV signals coded at 19 Mbit/s (MPEG 4:2:2 Profile) multiplexed in one MPEG-2

TS. Distribution services: 3 TV signals coded at 12 Mbit/s (MPEG Main Profile) multiplexed in one MPEG-2

TS. 21 VC-12 containers (2 Mbit/s) for audio (radio and telephony) and data streams

The signal switching is carried out by ADMs (Add-Drop Multiplexer) or DXCs (Digital Cross Connect) at the VC-3 or at the VC-12 level. But this limits the network flexibility: one can only switch VC-3 containers at 45 Mbit/s. It is therefore not possible to independently route video signals carried in the same VC-3 to different destinations (or one has to use 2 different VC-3 containers if the network bandwidth is available). A new solution (ITU-T G.707), based on NG-SDH (Next Generation - SDH), allows to improve the SDH network in a gradual and cost-effective way, and guarantees the same QoS as with present SDH network. With NG-SDH, the payload is mapped into N x VC-12 virtually concatenated [5] The switching granularity is now of 2 Mbit/s. Any bit-rate can be transported with minimum overhead. The Generic Framing Procedure, GFP, is a new advanced encapsulation mechanism (ITU-T G.7041) allowing the transport of various payload types over NG-SDH, and the interoperability among equipment from different manufacturers. The GFP-F type (Frame mapped): adapts to the client payload using a frame-by-frame mapping, offering a higher bandwidth efficiency. For example, using GFP-F one can map only the useful part of a DVB-ASI data transport stream into N x VC-12 virtually concatenated [6]. The advantages of this technology are: In IP or ATM networks there are two layers to manage: ATM+SDH or IP+SDH. In this solution there is

13 http://www.stagetec.com/stagetec/nexus.htm 14DTM technology and its merits. 2001 http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/011106dtmanditsmerits.pdf DTM - Lighting the way with quality of service. 2003-02 http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/eng_dtmfolder.pdf 15 Net Insight’s Professional media solutions http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/040319PMI_final.pdf Net Insight media network solutions. 2001 http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/011106medianetworksolutions.pdf

7


only the SDH layer to manage [7]. New services can be efficiently transported by the same network: for example, video-file transfer over IP can be transported with NG-SDH technology, because IP packets can also be mapped into GFP-F.

Current TV contribution and distribution networks based on SDH can easily and gradually evolve towards NG-SDH. Only the terminal nodes (video insertion and extraction) - not the intermediate nodes - have to be replaced [9]. It’s a cheap solution because in only one NG-SDH equipment there are many types of cards with different interfaces: Ethernet, IP, DVB-ASI, FC, PDH. The existing trunk ADMs are transparent with respect to virtually concatenated streams and are switched as standard VC-12 streams.

Video data streams can be set-up as virtually concatenated circuits (VCAT ) using a number of VC-12 containers and can be routed independently. DTT distribution, 2Mbit/s streams, IP-Ethernet only use the needed portion of the bandwith [10].

During 2006 Rai have made many tests on this technology: There is no problem of high bit-rate bandwidth, of latency (typical: 1.4 ms for 25 Mbit/s streams), and of

scalability There is no problem with SFN information This solution is transparent for DVB-H signals

To deal with the evolution of the services carried by its network (DTT multiplexes, migration to video-file transfer), the RAI opted for the NG-SDH plus GFP technology to the development of which RAI engineers have contributed. Tests on Alcatel's ADM equipment performances, on services and on applications have been conducted [12-14]. The migration started in October 2006 and will be finished in December 2007. The inclusion of one DTT multiplex on a regional basis and contribution links will be completed end 2009.

1.4 Evolution of telecom network infrastructure for broadcast and interactive applications

Fabio TASSARA, Alcatel-Lucent Optics, France This is the point of view of a telecom equipment provider on how broadcasters's networks could evolve. The digitisation of audio/video contents and their transformation into files of assets increases the competition between Telecom operators, who may enter the 'Television' business, and Broadcasters, who may enter the 'Voice and Data' business, leading to a 'multi-service' approach. Television providers have to develop new offers: Digital TV (Interactive, HD), Pay-per-view, on-demand IPTV, new contents for Mobile. To distribute these services they can rely on different telecom transport technologies [7] and business models: Wireless microwaves with licence [8]. NG-SDH with GFP-F mapping on VCx-v offers highest efficiency,

circuit oriented, highest reliability (traffic segregation) and highest security for contribution and distribution networks.

Leased lines [9]. Optical VPNs (Virtual Private Network) are circuits for IP and Video. They can be based on NG-SDH or lambdas, with guaranteed QoS and bandwidth and offer the best in class for unicast or multicast digital video circuits. IP-MPLS offers the highest Quality of Service differentiation per user and per service.

The CWDM or DWDM (Coarse/Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) lambda technology [10] supports ASI, SDI, HD-SDI as well as Ethernet, ATM, SDH and offers the highest bandwidth (each lambda can transport up to 40 Gbit/s, up to 100 Gbit/s in the future) and Level zero transparent services for inter-studio connectivity.

Dark fiber [11]: the owner can implement any telecommunication technology between studios for sharing content and files, for connecting a centralized Graphics facility to different head-ends, for implementing disaster recovery sites…The business case turns positive when the transmission load overpasses 10 - 20 Gbit/s.

8


But to enter the telecom world for internal video services (inter-studios video production, regional video distribution, corporate video), corporate IT and external video services (DVB-x, IPTV…), a broadcaster has to build a national optical network. He must guarantee operation continuity, appropriate service level agreement to each user, integrity and security of data. This network can be managed by a telco (cf. § 1.2) or owned by the broadcaster. Optical networks adopt IP-optimized networking [13-14], using a lean IP services network (L3 level) on top of an ultra-high-capacity transport network (L2 level). Each technology is selectively used to best serve traffic requirements: to place routers only where it must, using transport network switching elements to provide the coarse granularity needed for the high-volume traffic. That allows network elements to be combined for maximum bandwidth at lowest cost.

2 New Technologies This session looks at some new developments, currently at the advanced research phase, and explains their relevance to broadcasters and their services.

2.1 Supporting media distribution

Terry HARMER, Belfast e-Science and Tanya BEECH, QinetiQ Ltd, UK

Moving around huge files of broadcast quality video, films and programmes requires significant bandwidth and processing power. Media organisations are also looking at new ways of distributing this content online (e.g. BBC Archives). The PRISM research project16 (PeRvasive Infrastructure and Services for Media) aims to find a solution to the new challenges of managing online resources and creating new ways to contribute, find and exchange digital content quickly, securely and cost-effectively. One of the core aims is to create a universal layer of services, using web and grid technologies, to manage media content distribution and enable plug-and-play access by networked devices - including PCs, set top boxes and mobile phones – to create a flexible and dynamic 'Digital Britain' infrastructure. It has to deliver a next generation solution that addresses two obstacles: providing security standards for media that can be intelligently indexed, stored and searched; and secondly the intelligent and efficient storing, processing and distribution of this content. The architecture assumes that each content owner establishes that content is available outside of the organisation and defines the publication services: who has access, when they have access, how the access is effected, what in how many versions, at which cost and how it should be transported, stored, replicated, shared. In this pervasive infrastructure most decisions will be made without human intervention, policies taking the place of human decision-making. One of the tools to reach the objectives of the project is a set of video tagging techniques developed by QinetiQ, in order to allow: Existing and new archives to be simply opened up to a wider audience, creating possibilities for many

new revenue streams Provide easier retrieval of critical data to significantly reduce manpower costs and improve search

timeliness Improve search accuracy allowing collected data to be used more effectively.

Two methods are used and were demonstrated based on an initial analysis of the video generating keyframes and extracting information: Semi-Automatic [13-15], extracting key points in each image (2000 in a 576*720 frame) to find objects. Manual entry [16-17], adding for example geographic location and metadata to video keyframes.

16 The BBC is the lead partner in the project, which also involves the Belfast e-Science Centre, BT, GMS Ltd, and QinetiQ. The project started in January 2006 and runs for three years.

9


Grid computing [19] is used to process faster, creating keyframes from the video, calculating descriptors and searching for results. Video clustering tools, such as 'self-organising maps' [25-26] and 'Sammons'diagram' [27-28] allow people to browse a set of video files to find the video sequences that "match" each other.

2.2 Seamless optical and electrical routing Ken GUILD, University of Essex, UK By using DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) [5] optical networks enable the transportation of a wide variety of protocols (NG-SDH, IP/MPLS, carrier class Ethernet, ATM…), bit-rates (10 Gbit/s, recently 40 Gbit/s, 100 Gbit/s in the future) and modulation formats, as a core transport network [3]. If one implements this network as an "optical overlay" [9] it constitutes a "transparent" transport network [7] allowing optical bypass of an "opaque" transport network [6] made of electrical switches/routers. A transparent network reduces the number of expensive DWDM transponders, but can potentially result in the use of low wavelength utilisation if there is insufficient traffic between the source and destination points [10]. A combination of both electrical and optical switching results in a multi-layer network architecture that can take advantages of each layer according to traffic content and characteristics. The latter implies an accurate network monitoring (potentially using deep packet inspection) and real-time source-destination flow analysis to get accurate short- and long-term traffic characterisation and trend analysis. Optically bypassed or not, coordinated provisioning across both the electrical and optical layers can provide benefits to media networks that are both bandwidth hungry and diverse in their service characteristics. Provisioning “just-enough” bandwidth [13-16] instead of over-provisioning to achieve desired end-to-end QoS will result in a higher return-on-investment for the transport network operator. Seamless electrical and optical routing can be achieved by including multi-layer routing and resource discovery algorithms, in the control/management plane, allowing a path and wavelength that has just enough optical integrity (e.g. noise, dispersion) for the service requesting the wavelength [17-19]. However, realistically achieving this is not a trivial task and researchers around the world are still looking for solutions.

3 Quality of Service Good Quality of Service in an IP network is the key to uninterrupted streaming services of audio and video, with low delay. Streaming over IP requires other and new demands to the IP routers and networks than file transfers and computer traffic in general over IP. Well managed private WAN IP networks can often provide good QoS parameters, but the Public Internet may give problems to broadcasters, with no guaranteed QoS. This session discusses methods, in internal networks, such as MPLS, and the parameter values needed for a robust real-time transfer of programmes.

3.1 Classification of IP networks for audio and video parameters

Greg SHEPHERD, Cisco Systems

In IP networks the quality of service, QoS, is directly related to the setting of forwarding priorities during congestion (chooses whose packets to drop!), in the configured routers' queues. Well engineered and resource managed networks17 should avoid congestion and queues, but QoS remains a "safety-net". As a QoS classification example, ITU Y.1541 [11] defines 6 QoS classes and 4 Queues as node

17 See the Abilene network experience http://commerce.senate.gov/pdf/bachula-020706.pdf

10


mechanisms, but don't mention multicast. An example of distributed forwarding [15-17], used in modern core routers, illustrated a solution to the egress (exit) line cards congestion by applying the egress QoS drop policy at ingress in real-time, according to priorities, relieving the congestion through the system itself. Tests with 3 configurations were conducted [19-34] to verify the following assumptions for modern IP routers/networks: Support 4 classes of service with a strict priority relationship between these classes as follows:

Highest Priority Unicast HPU > High Priority Multicast HPM > Low Priority Multicast LPM > Lowest Priority Unicast LPU ie: VoIP > Premium Video > Broadcast Video > Internet Access Full line rate performance is expected for all traffic transmitted in each class when uncongested. No effects observed on higher class performance due to traffic transmission on a lower class. No effect on unicast traffic, nor should the unicast traffic affect the multicast traffic. Congested interface should not affect the same multicast flow(s) destined to adjacent uncongested

interfaces. Forward Error Correction, FEC, offer an additional layer of protection for random and some correlated loss [37-42].. FEC codes (Pro-MPEG COP3, Raptor – Digital Domain) vary in performance (loss rate threshold, overhead required…).

3.2 Video transport over IP - Can we still avoid the errors?

Andreas METZ, IRT, Germany

During real-time audio/video transport, an IP-network may introduce packet losses due to: bit errors (at the UDP level), buffer overload within routers, delay (jitter). This implies a forward error correction, FEC, such as proposed by the Pro MPEG Forum Code of Practice #318, which allows the correction of burst errors, if a bidimensional matrix of L columns x D rows is used [12]. This FEC introduces an overhead of 5% - 20% - up to 50% (4x4 matrix), and an additional delay on the receiving side (up to 2xLxD paket time). FEC matrix (CoP #3) Overhead Maximum corrigible errors Delay introduced

(10 Mbit/s video) 4 x 4 50 % 4 25 ms 10 x 10 20 % 10 180 ms 20 x 4 17.5 % 4 142 ms To classify the network performances, 7 classes of service (CoS) are used, with the corresponding packet loss and round trip delay parameters. The table below shows typical parameters, which are offered by the carriers [14-16].

QoS class Packet loss Round trip delay 5 Voice over IP 0.1 % 30 ms 4 Multimedia (Video over IP,

Videoconferences) 0.2 % 35 ms

3 Privilege (preferred data applications) 0.3 % 40 ms 1 Best effort 1 % 60 ms The first measurements conducted on IP managed network commercial service for video contribution, with a bit-rate of 10 Mbit/s, showed that if these networks increase deterministic behaviours, the number 18 http://www.magellan-itea.org/docs/publications/Vid-on-IP-CoP3-r2.pdf

11


of errors per hour do not always meet, in function of the CoS, the required real-time broadcast quality.

3.3 MPLS, what is that?

Carsten ROSSENHOEVEL, European Advanced Networking Test Center (EANTC), Germany

MPLS is short for Multiprotocol Label Switching, an IETF initiative that integrates Layer 2 information about network links (bandwidth, latency, utilization) into Layer 3 (IP) in order to simplify and IP-packet exchange. MPLS gives network operators a great deal of flexibility to divert and route traffic around link failures, congestion, and bottlenecks. It has been developed since 1999. It is complex to operate and configure for the service provider, but is simple as a "data socket" on the wall for the user. The main features of MPLS are: The MPLS Integrated Services (IntServ) "explicit routing" allows to manually create individual tunnels,

taking different paths through the network, for different types of application data [8]. If fast rerouting is necessary, either end-to-end back-up tunnels (created manually before the failure

occurs) are automatically switched over globally ("global repair") [9], or backup tunnels are automatically created for each segment of the primary tunnel and switched locally ("local repair") [10].

Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering offers a dynamic path selection using OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), the network knowing globally about available resources.

The EANTC conducted the test of a Cisco IPTV end-to-end solution, the results of which were published mid-june 200719. Thanks to the use of MPLS over native IP, to a careful configuration (3 weeks in the CISCO US lab) and to traffic engineering, a high quality of video content transport was achieved: Oversubscription [20]: no unicast traffic lost, 99.9999% of high-priority multicast traffic forwarded, all

video traffic in low-latency real-time queue! Failed links [21]: 90% unicast flows were rerouted within 5 ms, 100% within 45 ms ; 50% multicast flows

were rerouted within 250 ms, all within 700 ms. Nevertheless it remains some sources of trouble: If too many video streams are on the network, some kind of Connection Admission Control20 is

necessary. For packet loss caused by physical layers issues, either Forward Error Connection (FEC) or a near-

real-time retransmission facility is necessary; Cisco provided a solution called Video Quality Experience (VQE)21.

4 Interoperability Trying to interconnect broadcast equipment from different manufacturers via networks sometimes brings to the annoying situation that even when all components seem to speak the same protocols, they did not understand each other. This session give examples of how important interoperability is in broadcasting and shows how these problems are addressed and hopefully solved.

4.1 N/ACIP standards, recommendations, protocols for audio and video 19 http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=126173 20 Connection Admission Control (CAC) is a CISCO concept that applies to real-time media traffic streams only. If the network is in danger of being oversubscribed by too many video streams, CAC kicks in and denies any additional video requests on the application layer. This mechanism works both for broadcast streams and on-demand movies (unicast), the latter with the help of the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP). 21 VQE technology enables providers to prepare networks for advanced video services such as IPTV by detecting and repairing packet loss on degraded lines. It further enables network-based rapid channel change.

12


Lars JONSSON, SR, Sweden and Mathias COINCHON, EBU,Switzerland

The EBU project group N/ACIP is defining an application for audio contribution over IP22, to replace ISDN codecs and take advantage of the flexibility and ubiquity of IP networks. It is preparing the publication (end 2007) of an "Interoperability Standard", with a "Best Practice" document and Recommendations to manufacturers. It should also conduct tests and measurements on networks and end units. To facilitate the implementation by the manufacturers and the equipment compatibility, the standard integrates IETF protocols such as23: RTP on top of UDP (or optionally TCP), SDP, SAP, SIP… It also defines a set of mandatory codecs (PCM 16-/20-/24-bits, ISO MPEG-1/-2 Layer II, G.711, G.722), of strongly recommended codecs (MPEG-1/-2 Layer III, MPEG-4 AAC/AAC-LD), and optional codecs (MPEG-4 HE-AACv2, Enhanced APT-X). It aims to be implemented in general (fixed or remote) contribution or in portable equipment. Several problems must be solved: Packet loss recovery [10] using FEC (ProMPEG CoP #3, Digital Fountain Raptor) or retransmission

(RTCP messages + RTP/AVPF). Clock recovery, or adaptation [11] ; in a studio environment an external clock source may be used

(GPS…). Delay [12]: a short delay is needed for two-way communication but a trade-off must be found with

robustness (long jitter buffer). Many suggest to use error concealment (instead of FEC). Signalling and control of the session [13]: with SIP, originating from VoIP. Network issues [16-17]: Guarantee of service and sufficient QoS is only possible on dedicated

managed IP networks with reliable methods (MPLS…). This allows for use of higher audio bit-rates. Last mile access [18]: Each solution has its drawbacks and advantages!

A new EBU project group, N/VCIP24 is handling the same issues for the video contribution over IP, with standards existing already for [19]: RTP payload formats, contribution, distribution and FEC.

4.2 Audio over IP - a manufacturer's view

Gregory MASSEY, APT, UK

Interoperability tests between manufacturer's equipment have already been performed and are being carried on in 2007. Buiding blocks are there, RFCs forming a framework for the features specified ans insuring interoperability. Codec interoperability will become a reality in 2008. Some issues are still to be dealt with: It is not always an equipment interoperability issue; it could for example only be a network delay inaccuracy according to the packet size [12-15]. Auxiliary data (for relay and contact closure) [18]: do you put it in your data stream (nice and tidy sync,

but huge delay) or you send it separately (sync lost with audio, but very fast response)? AES user data [19]: recombining separated audio + user data is a problem for the manufacturer. Using

IP, the overhead is onerous for the transmission of AES due to the large size of the header. Solution: extend the packet size and reduce the overhead caused by the packet header?

Errors and packet loss handling – Which trade-off? o Forward error correction [21-25]: do we really need FEC for audio (introducing large delay)? It is not always the more complex which is the most efficient! o Packet loss [26-31]: What is irritating is not the silence due to the packet loss, but the artifacts (spikes) generated by the codec algorithm filter processing structure (the packet loss inducing an impulse response). Solution: put more complexity in the

22 http://wiki.ebu.ch/technical/N/ACIP (Login and Password required) 23 See the List of abbreviations and acronyms at the end of the report 24 http://wiki.ebu.ch/technical/N/VCIP (Login and Password required)

13


algorithm and filter techniques and remove FEC? Or a trade-off? o Retransmission [23]: network delay being additive, the receiver size required is substantial to mask it. This increases the network traffic, with possibly compounding packet loss and bringing no guarantee for audio drop out.

Security [16]: Which options? Secure RTP is efficient and adequate. NAT transversal, coming through firewalls [32-39]: The network address translation is necessary in Ipv4

to increase IP addressing and to separate private and public addresses. But media and SIP addresses are conflicting after NAT, and a call return will wrong the physical IP address. Solutions: Universal Plug and Play (UpnP), Simple transversal of UDP through NAT (STUN), Application Layer Gateway (ALG) or tunnel techniques. Each one is a trade-off between security - efficiency - complexity.

Keep packets alive [20]: An IP link is timed out if no packets are transmitted, the compression algorithm may loose lock without new data. So, minimum data content must=be transmitted, but this should be standardized.

"Do it Yourself" tests [41-46]: some cheap and efficient tools exist to test the performance of the network (Netdisturb25), for monitoring and debugging (Ethereal/Wireshark26) and for audio performance (dScope27).

4.3 Network Management and interoperability – the RAI experience

Raffaele FERRARI, RaiWay, Italy

The RaiWay project aimed at developing and implementing a network management system (NMS) of the contribution and distribution network integrating the multi-vendor NMs of the network equipment. The objectives were to optimize the bandwidth management, to be faster in configuring services for RaiWay customers, RAI and external ones, and to introduce ASI and Ethernet circuits. The Integrated Network Management System, INMS, was developed by HP, based on OpenView Telecommunications Management Information Platform (TeMIP). The main modules of the overall architecture are [9-10]: The Service management system (SMS), close to the commercial part is needed to book the logical

resources, enter the encoder/decoder and bit-rate, automate all the process and configure automatically (or manually) all the network.

The Network manager(NM) knows all the logical and physical resources of the network. Taking input from the SMS, it sends through the TeMIP platform the activation commands to the mediation devices which interface all the network managers of the different vendors (Marconi, Siemens, Alcatel), which on their turn activate part of the network.

Between the Network Manager layer and the Element Manager layer [11] interfaces were developed on various protocols (CMIP, SNMP, ASCII/TCP/IP) to match the network vendors' own modules, and get the alarms back from the network links.

INMS provides configuration management, services provisioning and activation, fault management and cause analysis [12+14]. The first version of the INMS was developed in 2003 and the last versions integrating NG-SDH equipment, ASI/Ethernet, and the Fault Management were completed in 2007in 2007. Future versions will integrate DVB-T equipment and a performance management module to monitor the video quality for DVB-T and contribution networks.

25 http://www.omnicor.com/netest.htm 26 http://www.ethereal.com/ 27 http://www.prismsound.com/test_measure/products_subs/dscope/dscope_home.php

14


5 Wireless solutions Wireless technology is not only about Maxwell equations. This session presents the evolution of wireless solutions in the world of telecommunications, and how they could fit in broadcast applications.

5.1 The BBC's Edge Connectivity project

Adrian POOLE, BBC, UK

This project aims to offer multiple solutions that will enable programme makers to stay out on location for longer, and for journalists to get pictures, audio and stills to air more quickly, while reducing the level of engineering knowledge required to install and operate the equipment [2+26]. The focus is especially towards News with high value (urgent and significant) which can be transmitted with a "just good enough" picture quality [3]. A number of technologies have been investigated: 3G phones used for breaking news (Cumbria railway accident) or complementary information for a Web

site (Brighton Festival) – but there is limited 3G network coverage across the United Kingdom. VSAT: First used for audio with an STL-IP unit28 easy to use [9].

Experiment for video with a 1.2 Mbit/s Envivio codec. Plans to deploy 4 vehicles and upgrade Audio VSAT ones.

WiFi: Experiment for Audio over IP, with connection to a residential wireless network [25]. But problems of security.

WiMAX Experiment live in Kabul to store and forward video clips or live at 512 kbit/s [12]. Very agile equipment. Tests conducted in London proved encouraging in direct line of sight range (up to 20 Mbit/s over 20 km) [15], but with reduced performance when buildings, hills, trees (10 Mbit/s over 3 miles) [16-19], meaning unpredictable results in dense urban area [20-22]. WiMAX is an interesting technology, but lessons still have to be learned, and it does not give the same level of confidence than COFDM.

HSDPA: For example, a 1.8 Mbit/s downlink can be used to download archives footage to a location, with the journalist and the editor completing the news package, reviewing it and sending it back to the studio 'ready to air'.

ADSL: video streaming from live cameras from remote locations (BBC Springwatch) COFDM: existing technology in major cities (London, Bristol) for live transmission from COFDM cars.

Some challenges to be faced by the BBC: • Financial: Commodity technology may be relatively cheap, but… there are 12 000+ journalists • Longevity: Technology is moving at a great pace and one cannot go after every new technology despite its competitive advantage. • Not to solely rely on public networks for Newsgathering unless there is support from the mobile operators, such as is usually the casde with big planned events. • Bringing in so much Streamed IP traffic and getting it across the Corporate Network. • Limited resource for continuous testing of the techniques becoming available, therefore necessity to federate technology approach.

5.2 WiMAX – Standards, Technology, Applications and Trends

Hermann LIPFERT, IRT, Germany

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access standard, has been published in 2 versions: IEEE 802.16-2004 for fixed and portable applications, and 802.16e-2005 for mobile applications. More than 440 manufacturers and companies are members of the WiMAX Forum, founded in 2001. 28 http://www.stl-ip.com/

15


Two possible network topologies are defined: Point-to-Multipoint: the traffic takes place between a Base Station (BS) and its Subscriber Stations

(SS). Only this topology is currently deployed. Mesh mode: the traffic is also routed between SSs ("nodes")

In most European countries the 3.5 GHz band (3.4-3.6) is used. WiMAX tries to get its adoption from ITU-T as a 3G technology (World Radio Conference, October 2007), in order to use the 2.5 GHZ frequency range. The GSM Association is also demanding the EU-Commission to use the 2.5-2.69 GHz frequency range. The coding and modulation schemes and the frame structure used offer a high spectral efficiency, a great adaptivity and scalability [12]. In the MAC architecture of WiMAX, the Convergence Sublayer [8-10] defines the basic Quality of Service functions : 5 categories corresponding to the applications [11]. It supports ATM- (no implementation planned) and packet-based network services. WiMAX will become an all-IP connectivity technology. There is a security sublayer (new compared to WiFi). For the mobile WiMAX, some of the features are: The maximum data rates: 31.68 Mbit/s downlink, and 14.11 Mbit/s in a 10 MHz channel. The Multiple Input Multiple Output technique (MIMO), using multiple transmit/receive antenna sytems,

allows multiple data streams at the same frequency via different spatial paths. The MAC-layer architecture defines service-flows with QoS which can be mapped to DiffServ or MPLS. A Multicast and Broadcast Service, with which one can build Single Frequency Network for datacasting,

audio- and video-streaming. WiMAX could be a complementary technology for Broadcasters by offering: video content streaming, P2P video/audio sharing, multicasting and broadcasting in the downlink, contribution in the uplink.

5.3 Inmarsat BGAN Allan HOWELL, Inmarsat, UK In order to offer new IP services over satellite to mobile customers, Inmarsat has developed a new satellite system, the BGAN network composed of: Inmarsat-4 satellites29 (2F1 anf F2 operational in 2005, F3 to be launched early 2008): 64 dBW mobile

link EIRP, 228 narrow spot beams for BGAN services + 19 regional beams for existing services, 630x200kHz channels on board, 9 m diameter antenna reflector.

A new network infrastructure with 2 ground stations Burum (Netherlands) and Fucino (Italy), then, for example, between Burum and Amsterdam a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet trunk, then either dedicated links to the customers networks (E1, Ethernet) or directly over Internet, with eventually MPLS.

A range of mobile terminals is available [14] (Addvalue, Hughes, Nera, Thrane & Thrane) easy to use with the "Launchpad" software.. The BGAN service offering is summarised in the table :

29 http://www.astrium.eads.net/families/daily-life-benefits/communications/inmarsat-4

16


Circuit Switched (CS)= Packet Switched Other features Voice (4kbit/s) Background QoS

up to 432kbit/s (Shared) Location Based Services

ISDN UDI/RDI (64kbit/s) Streaming QoS: 32kbit/s SMS 3.1KHz Audio (64kbit/s) Streaming QoS: 64kbit/s Dynamic IP address

Supplementary CS services (voicemail, barring, etc.)

Streaming QoS: 128kbit/s Static IP address

Streaming QoS: 256kbit/s For the 3G IP data services: Standard IP - up to 432 kbps - Variable bit rate (dependent on traffic). Web access, file transfer, email.

pay for data sent and received Streaming IP - Reserved capacity, guaranteed bit rate over the satellite (64, 128, 256 kbps downstream

and upstream). Available “on demand”. Pay for duration of connection. For the IP streaming services, an end-to-end performance ckecking is accomplished at each stage of the network with specific developed tools [19].

6 Security & service continuity How safe is your work in progress? How reliable are your broadcasts? When the unexpected occurs (and it will) will your business be able to respond effectively? This session provides some industry-leading views on how public service and other broadcasters should be addressing these and other key security and business continuity issues. The tutorial-like aspect of the presentations has been kept in this report.

6.1 Broadcast/Business Continuity - managing someone's else risk Andy Leigh, Principal Technologist for Business Continuity, BBC, UK Definitions (BS 2599930) Business Continuity: "Strategic and tactical capability of the organisation to plan for and respond to incidents and business disruptions… in order to continue business operations at an acceptable pre-defined level". Business Continuity Management (BCM): "Holistic31 management process that identifies potential threats to an organisation and the impacts to business operations that those threats, if realised, might cause… and which provides a framework for building organisational resilience32 with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value-creating activities". Business continuity has a linkage with different elements but it is not part of all of them (Figure 1). Figure 1 : Where does Business Continuity fit in?

30 A new British standard for Business Continuity management published in two parts: Code of practice for business continuity management & Specification for business continuity management. ISO standard very soon. 31 "Considering it as a whole, rather than as separate parts" (Longman Dictionary) 32 "The ability to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event" (Longman Dictionary)

17


The BCM programme management implies a precise life cycle: >> Understanding the organization: conducting a Business Impact Assessment (BIA) for each area, conducted by the specialists of each area, in order to evaluate the critical systems and the risks they face > > Determining BCM strategy : thinking, scoping, taking into account the strategic elements (technology, people, premises) - Figure 2 > > Developing and implementing BCM response, with a plan for each area > > Exercising (rehearsing), maintaining and reviewing (updating)… and the round again >> Figure 2 : Strategic elements for consideration

Since not all of the critical services, the broadcast business relies on, are under direct control (partially or fully), the contracts with the external companies have to be carefully considered: Do they cover enough services in a crisis? Are the service levels specified (metrics…)? What is provided in case of "force majeure"? What should be the partial/full recovery times? Are step-in rights foreseen (e.g. in case of strike)? Exclusivity: can you trade with another company if the initial deal is not good enough? How to go out of the contract? … Consequently, an organization needs to ensure that Business Continuity is embedded in the contract and in the relationship, and that its key suppliers have effective BCM arrangements in place (continuity plans, exercising and maintenance programmes)! Also, broadcasters are becoming more dependent on “IT” facilities. There are good reasons (savings,

18


flexibility, speed of development, non-proprietary, popularity [13]) for this convergence, which is the only way to deliver the variety of services and over the multiple platforms. But there are risks [15]: questionable "independent" advices - self-routing protocols, multitasking platforms and etworks - IT security risks - dhared applications, platforms and networks – built in obsolescence – different attitude to "broadcast critical" – and shortage of competent "IT+Broadcast" people. … Consequently, Broadcast and IT colleagues need to ensure that the Business Continuity perspectives, strategies, plans and rehearsals are consistent and coordinated.

6.2 It will never happen to us! Placing business continuity at the heart of the organisation

Lyn Morgan, Lyn Morgan Media Consulting Ltd, UK Business Continuity is not an one-man job or Cinderella activity, it should be a mainstream business function. But there are still too many organisations that have no business continuity plan, or have one that is unknown to staff or is not subjected to exercise and review33. When one thinks about business continuity, one tends to think about bits of equipment or systems that do not work. But critical skills are the one of the most underated element in Business Continuity planning. Some basic questions and guidelines: Why should broadcasters think about this? Just consider the effects of not being able to:

o Provide an adequate service continuity to clients/audience o Transmit emergency news and information o Maintain the brand, image and reputation, particularly as a public service o Protect employees' safety and livehood o Protect organisation’s assets and systems

What are the strategies which can be implemented? o Change the process - that may affect the business objectives but can sometimes be appropriate. o Insurance and loss prevention for main business - provides financial support, but does not prevent loss of reputation and brand. o Do nothing, knowingly… and you leave yourself exposed. A very risky strategy! o Get involved and develop a set of Business Continuity Plans

How to develop an effective plan o Conduct a Business Impact Analysis: Understand your business - What is your threat? What is your vunerability? (Threat x Vunerability = Business Impact). How are you going to deal with it? o Define clear roles and responsibilities in the organisation, and document them, to lead:

• Crisis management - the short term response in emergency • Continuity Management - longer term recovery, getting back to a normal state of operation

o Develop both detailed, comprehensive Business Continuity action Plans and simple checklists, to deal quickly and efficiently in an emergency o Maintain up to date contacts - including suppliers o Rehearse plans and follow-up, with all the operational teams involved, the suppliers, the emergency services…

How to develop a continuity culture? Documentation is all very well but if there is no continuity culture in the organization, the plans will not be translated into actions! You should consider having: 33 See the Business Continuity Management survey – Chartered Management Institute – March 2007 http://www.preparingforemergencies.gov.uk/business/bcm_report2007.pdf

19


o Recovery and Continuity teams in place o Alternative location(s) from which to work o Communication of the plans to the staff o Training and rehearsals o Contractual arrangements with key suppliers o Board level support but everyone has to be involved

6.3 Safeguarding a broadcaster's business - an insider's view Koen De Hauw, VRT, Belgium The "safeguarding the business for survival" approach takes place in VRT in the following context: The objectives set by the Flemish Authority The analysis of the risks concerning the evolution of the technology, of the audience and of the media

sector [4-5] The changes into a new house, a new Digital Media Factory platform, new processes, a new

organization [8-12] Some real-life experience

Bad stuff … and some Good stuff A new text editor on the News web site platform (VRT flag ship on the Internet) caused higher down time Power outage of 3 seconds resulted in 5 days of full recovery time Unique data centre with untested back up schemes Business critical infrastructure is reachable directly from the outside through FTP services and firewalls between them are outsourced The system being slow, we are shortcutting from the craft editing center to the road to transmission/distribution center, bypassing storage, with flooding risk User privileges are too high allowing installation of unauthorized software (e.g.FireFox, bypassing proxies and slowing down the internal network) Installation of illegal / unlicensed professional software Use of not standardized operating systems in Web platform, difficult to manage Spam attacks, doubling the number of email, slowing down the network Major platform incompatibility (IBM vs Ardendo, Avid and Dira) causing slowdown in deployment (9 months), frustration, demotivation, additional cost Increased mobility, with more mobile devices (USB disks), insecure network connections, flexible information storage

No Business Continuity plans… but… People willing to make it work: “The show must go on !” Creation of a corporate information security framework with policies for everybody, third parties and specific domains (incl. legal aspects, compliance checks, risk management methodology…) Information security is now a steady topic, present in all layers of processes and organization Business Continuity Assessment is rolling, using business impact analysis and risk management methodologies (in preparation of a Flemish Government audit) Increased focus on emergency plans (broadcasters are part of the nation’s critical infrastructure), with focus on priorities: Radio comes first (e.g. car radio is available even during power outages)! Splitting office and media infrastructures, especially for craft editing Identifying perimeter security, applying relevant protective measures depending on prioritised environment (1. Broadcasting / 2. Broadcasting studios / 3. Parallel file system…) Heading for identity management solutions to cope with flexibility and mobility, using progressive access controls Not imposing security to areas where speed is important by putting security on the perimeter surrounding them. It ‘s all on the agenda and it is there to stay

Lessons learned and 'free' advices to safeguard your business Always match plans with objectives (i.e. why you are implementing the technology) Formal approvals from top management are an absolute requirement Follow up and and integration in the Management Information Systems (ERP) Continuously predict the results, from the media end users' perspective Create the framework, not the rules only, to at least make a mindset available to the users Standardize to increase the manageability of the information systems and methodologies Focus on live situations, not on best practices only, to ensure appropriate customization

20


Address real risk, not assumed risk Test, test, and test again… Stop working deadlines only, but focus on the quality of the end product Document processes throughout the organization, using standard tools, to keep and spread the

information Train people in detecting issues and responding quickly to them Keep fall back positions open (e.g. back-up tapes for broadcast) Involve end users from the beginning… otherwise they will not use the systems…

KEEP SMILING! References Organisations –COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission): www.coso.org –IRM (Institute of Risk Management): www.theirm.org –BCM (Business Conituity Management): www.thebcii.org –The Association of Insurance and Risk Managers (wwwwww..aaiirrmmiicc..ccoomm ) –ALARM (The National Forum for Risk Management in the Pulic Sector, www.alarm-uk.com ) –IIA (Institute of Internal Auditors): www.theiia.org –ISACA (Information Systems Audit and Control Association): www.isaca.org –ISF (Information Security Forum): www.securityforum.org Standards –The risk management standard (cf. IRM) –Au/NZ Risk Management Standard 4360 –ISO/IEC Guide 73:2002 Risk management –ISO 9001 / 9004 / 14001 / 18001 / 27001 (17799) / 10000 / 15000 / 15335 –Information Security Forum Liens –http://www.riskreports.com/links.html –http://www.riskreports.com/protected/archive/rmr0204.html –http://www.theiia.org/index.cfm?doc_id=4670&bhcp=1

21


Abbreviations and acronyms

Note: Some terms may be specific to a speaker or/and his/her organization * points to another definition 2.5G Enhanced 2nd generation of wireless communication systems (GPRS*, EDGE*) 2D 2-dimensional 3.5G Enhanced 3rd generation of wireless communication systems (HSDPA*) 3D 3-dimensional 3G 3rd generation of wireless communication systems (UMTS*, WCDMA*) 4SB Audio bit-rate reduction algorithm A/V Audio/Video, Audiovisual AAC Advanced Audio Coding AAC-ELD AAC* Enhanced Low Delay AAC-LC AAC* Low Complexity (MPEG-2 Audio) AAC-LD AAC* Low Delay (MPEG-4 Audio) AAS Adaptive Antenna System ACK-CH Acknowledge Channel ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer (SDH*) ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line AES Audio Engineering Society AES Advanced Encryption Standard ALG Application Layer Gateway AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding (OFDMA*) AOR Atlantic Ocean Region ARD Association of Public Broadcasting Corporations in the Federal. Republic of Germany

(Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) ASI Asynchronous Serial Interface (DVB*) ASP Application Service Provider ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM-BS public ATM Network (TSI*) AVC Advanced Video Coding (MPEG-4) B&W Black & White BCM Business Continuity Management BCP Business Continuity Planning BE Best-Effort service BER Bit Error Ratio BeSC Belfast e-Science Centre BGAN Broadband Global Area Network Inmarsat) BGP Border Gateway Protocol (Internet) BGW Billing Gateway BIA Business Impact Analysis/Assessment BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying BS Base Station (WiMAX*) BT British Telecom BW Bandwidth BWA Broadband Wireless Access C Satellite frequency band (3,7 – 6,425 GHz) CAC Connection Admission Control

22


CAPEX Capital Expenditure CATV Cable TV CCM Counter mode of encryption combined with the CBC-MAC* mode of authentication CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access CDT Combinational Delaunay Triangulation routing algorithm CID Connection IDentifier CMIP Common Management Interface Protocol COFDM Coded OFDM* CoP# Code of Practice number… CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture COS Class of Service CQICH Channel Quality Indicator Channel (WiMAX*-OFDMA*) CRIT Centro Ricerche e Innovazione Tecnologica (RAI) CRS Customer Response Solutions (Cisco) CS Convergence Sublayer CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CTPB Connection Termination Point Bidirectional CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex(ing) DABS Digital radio content management system (HR*) DB Database DDoS Distributed Denial of Service attack DEC Decoder DEM Demodulator DiffServ Differentiated Services DIRWA ??? Impairment-aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment algorithm DL-MAP Downlink Media Access Protocol DoS Denial-of-service attack DR Danish Radio & Television DS-3 Digital Signal - level 3 container (45 Mbit/s – PDH*) DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM DSL* Access Multiplexer DTM Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode DTT(B) Digital Terrestrial Television (Broadcasting) DVB Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-H DVB - Handheld DVB-IP Specifications for the carriage of Internet Protocol traffic on DVB channels DVB-RCS DVB with Return Channel via Satellite DVB-S DVB - Satellite DVB-S2 DVB – Satellite 2nd Generation DVB-T DVB - Terrestrial DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex(ing) DXC Digital Cross Connect (SDH*) e.g., eg exempli gratia, for example E1 European PDH system level 1 (2.048 Mbit/s) E3 European PDH system level 3 (34.368 Mbit/s) EA Enterprise Architecture EANTC European Advanced Networking Test Center (Berlin) EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

23


EDL Edit Decision List Egress Exit EIR Equipment Identity Register (WiMAX*) EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ENC Encoder EO Electrical-Optical ERP Effective Radiated Power ERP Enterprise Resource Planning ErtPS Extended real-time Polling Service (WiMAX*) Eth. Ethernet ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FCH Frame Control Header (WiMAX*-OFDMA*) FEC Forward Error Correction FFT Fast Fourier Transform FiNE Fiber Network Eurovision (EBU)

http://www.netinsight.net/pdf/040823_Casestudy_EBU_2.pdf FM Frequency Modulation FO Fibre Optics FRS Flexibility in Route Selection ??? FTP File Transfer Protocol (Internet) G.707 Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy, SDH* (ITU-T) G.711 Pulse code modulation (PCM*) of voice frequencies (ITU-T) G.722 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s Gb/s, Gbps Gigabit per second, Gbit/s GbE, GE Gigabit Ethernet GFP Generic Framing Procedure (NG-SDH*) GFP-F GFP* - Frame mapped GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GMDSS Global Maritime Distress Safety System GMPLS Generalized MPLS* GPFS General Parallel File System (IBM) GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GSMA GSM* Association GUI Graphical User Interface HD(TV) High-Definition (Television) HD-SDI High Definition SDI (1,5 Gbit/s) HE-AAC High Efficiency AAC* (MPEG-4 Audio) HHO Hard HandOff HLR Home Location Register HPM Hiigh Priority Multicast HPU Hiighest Priority Unicast HQ Headquarter H-Q High Quality ??? hr Hessischer Rundfunk (Germany) HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSPA High-Speed Packet Access HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

24


i.e., ie id est, that is to say IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IMSO International Mobile Satellite Organization www.imso.org IMT International Mobile Communications IN Intelligent Network Ingress Entrance INMS Integrated Network Management System IntServ Integrated Services IOR Indian Ocean Region IP Internet Protocol IPTV Internet Protocol Television IRT Institut für Rundfunktechnik (Germany) ISA -ASI -Ethernet ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio frequiency band ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology (‘informatique’) ITU International Telecommunication Union JPII Pope John Paul the 2nd L Satellite frequency band (0.5-1.5 GHz / 1.6 GHz for maritime satellite system downlinking) L0 Level zero (of the network) Lambda Wavelength of light ( WDM*) LAN Local Area Network LC Line Card LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme LL Leased Link Ln Level n LOS Line-of-sight LPM Low Priority Multicast LPU Lowest Priority Unicast L-Q Low Quality ??? LSR Label Switch Router MAC Medium Access Control layer MAP Medium Access Protocol Mb/s, Mbps Megabit per second MBS Multicast and Broadcast Service MFC Maximum Free Circuit (routing algorithm) MF-TDMA Mullti-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access MIB Management Information Base (SNMP*) MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System MMI Man-Machine Interface MOD Modulator MP2 MPEG-1 Audio Layer II MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer III MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching M-Q Medium Quality ??? MS Mobile Station

25


MSC Mobile Switching Center MSDU MAC* Service Data Unit MSTP Multi-Service Transport Platform MTD Maximum Transparency Distance MUX Multiplexer MW Medium Wave n/a Not applicable / not available N/ACIP Audio Contribution over IP (EBU Project Group) N/CNCS Common Network Control Strategy (EBU Working Group) N/VCIP Video Contribution over IP (EBU Project Group) NA Network Adapter ??? NAT Network Address Translation Nexus TDM*-Bus based universal audio-matrix system (StageTec Gmbh – Berlin) NG-SDH Next Generation – SDH* NGW National Grid Wireless (UK) NHL National Hockey League Nimbra DTM*-based multi-service platform (Net Insight AB - Sweden) NLOS Non-Line-of-Sight NM Network Manager NMC Network technology Management Committee (EBU)

http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/organisation/nmc/index.php NML Network Management Layer NMS Network Management System NOC Network Operations Center NPE Network-Provider Edge nrtPS Non-real-time Polling Service (WiMAX*) NTP Network Time Protocol OADM Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance OE Optical-Electrical OEO Optical-to-Electrical-to-Optical OFCOM Office of Communications (independent regulator and competition authority for the UK

communications) http://www.ofcom.org.uk OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(ing) OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OPEX Operational Expenditure OPTMUX Optical Multiplexer OS Operating System OSI Open Systems Interconnection OSI AM OSI* Access Module OSNR Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio OSPF Open Shortest Path First routing protocol OXC Optical Cross-Connect PCM Pulse Code Modulation (audio) PCR Program Clock Reference (MPEG-2 TS*) PD Program Distribution Department PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDM Phase-Division Multiplexing ??? PDU Protocol Data Unit PEP Performance Enhancing Proxy

26


PHS Payload Header Suppression PHY Physical Layer (OSI* model) PL Physical Layer PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PMD Polarisation Mode Dispersion PMP Point-to-Multipoint POH Path Overhead (SDH*) POP Point of presence POTS Post Office Telephon System / Plain Old Telephone Service PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PRISM Pervasive Infrastructure and Services for Media projectThe project PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network PVC Permanent Virtual Channel QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality of service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DVB*-S / -S2) RAN Radio Access Network RCS Return Channel per Satellite (DVB) REIN Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise RFC Request For Comments (IETF) RNC Radio Network Control RTCP Real-Time Control Protocol (Internet) RTP Real-time Transport Protocol (Internet) RTP/AVPF Extended RTP* Profile for RTCP*-based Audio Visual Profile Feedback rtPS Real-time Polling Service (WiMAX*) RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol (Internet) RuNet Common Network for Radio and TV operated by TSI* (Germany) RX Receiver S/C Spacecraft SAN Storage Area Network SAP Session Announcement Protocol SAS Satellite Sccess Station SCP Session Control Protocol SD(TV) Standard Definition (Television) SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDI Serial Digital Interface (270 Mbit/s) SDP Session Description Protocol SDSL Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line SETI@Home Distributed grid computing and space exploration http://setiathome.berkeley.edu SFID Service Flow Identifier SFN Single Frequency Network SGSN Serving GPRS* Support Node SIFT Stanford Information Filtering Tool descriptor SIM Subscriber Identity Moduel SIP Session Initiation Protocol SISO Single Input Single Output S-ISP Satellite – Internet Service Provider SLA Service Level Agreement SMS Service Management System SMS Short Message Service

27


SMSC SMS* Center SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNCP Sub-Network Connection Protection SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SOFDMA, S-OFDMA Scalable OFDMA* SOM Self-Organising Map SONET Synchronous Optical Network (SDH* in U.S.A.) SP Service/System Provider SPOC Single Point Of Contact SRTP Secure RTP* SS Subscriber Station (WiMAX) SSCS Service Specific Convergence Sublayer STL-IP Studio-to-Transmitter Link over an IP network STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module Level 1 (155 Mbit/s) STM-16 Synchronous Transport Module Level 16 (2,5 Gbit/s) STM-4 Synchronous Transport Module Level 4 (622 Mbit/s) STM-64 Synchronous Transport Module Level 64 (10 Gbit/s) STUN Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT* SuperPOP Super Point of Presence (EBU - Eurovision) SVC Switched Virtual Channel SVT Swedish Television SW Short Wave TCP Transmission Control Protocol (Internet) TD-CDMA Time Division CDMA* TDM Time Division Multiplex(ing) TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA* TE Traffic Engineering TeMIP Telecommunications Management Information Platform TMN Telecommunications Management Network TOS Type-Of-Service TS Transport Stream (MPEG-2) TSI T-Systems International, Media & Broadcast (Germany) TTPBid Time-Triggered Protocol Bidirectional TVC Television Centre (BBC - London) TX Transmitter UDP User Datagram Protocol (Internet) UGS Unsolicited Grant Service (WiMAX*) UL-MAP Uplink Media Access Protocol UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UNI User-Network Interface UNII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (USA) UPE User-Provider Edge UPnP Universal Plug and Play USB Universal Serial Bus VC Virtual Container for data within SDH* VC Virtual Channel VC-12 X x 2.176 Mbit/s (X = 1 to 64) VC-3 X x 48.384 Mbit/s (X = 1 to 256) VC-4 X x 149.76 Mbit/s (X = 1 to 256) VCAT Virtual Concatenation (NG-SDH)

28


VCT Video Clustering Tool VDSL Very high bit-rate DSL VLAN Virtual LAN* VLR Visitor Location register VoIP Voice over IP VP Virtual Path VPN Virtual Private Network VQE Video/Visual Quality Experience (Cisco) vs. versus; against, compared to VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal VTC Video Teleconferencing W3A Eutelsat satellite / World Wide Web Applets WAN Wide Area Network WayNet RAI transport network for audio/video contribution and distribution services W-CDMA, WCDMA Wideband CDMA* WCS Wireless Communications Service (USA) WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing ( Lambda*) WDR Westdeutscher Rundfunk (Germany) WiFi Wireless Fidelity WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WOG Winter Olympic Games WRC World Radio Conference xDSL x DSL* (x = Asymetrical or Symetrical uplink/downlink) XOR Exclusive OR function

Date post:	06-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vuongminh
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Network Technology Seminar 2007 To IP and beyond · Network Technology Seminar 2007 "To IP and...

Documents