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Networking Concepts Group7 Final

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    NETWORKING CONCEPTS

    Group 7

    Abdullah Hamid 01

    Narendra Ahuja 04

    Abhijeet Gaikwad 29

    Mayank Goel 32

    Ankush Gupta 36Vineet Inamdar 41

    Pramod Kanojia 51

    Pratap Lata 58

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    AGENDA

    Basic Networking Concepts

    Network Hardware

    Network Characteristics

    Physical Organization of Networks

    Protocols and Standards

    Network Architecture

    Wireless and Mobile Networks

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    BASIC NETWORKINGWhat is a Network ?

    A network is the most cost-effective

    way to share a collection ofcommunication equipment such as PC's,servers, printers and modems that havebeen connected together by cables

    A network helps people workcollectively, not just individually

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    NETWORK DIAGRAMHow is a Network connected ?

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    SIMPLE COMPUTER NETWORKHow file sharing takes place in a simple

    computer network?

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    THE BASIC NETWORK Server or Client Workstation

    Networking Interface Cards (NIC)

    CablingNetworking Operating System such as

    Windows NT/2000, XP, 2003 Server, Vista,Linux etc.

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    NETWORK HARDWARE

    Types of connections of computers intonetworks: Physical versus Wirelessconnections

    The first type: The Physical ConnectionPhysically connect computers together

    Use of wires or optical cables

    The connections are called network links

    Three most common physical links:Twisted pair

    Coaxial cable

    Fiber-optic cable

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    Twisted pair

    Two wires twisted together

    Makes them less susceptible to acting

    like an antenna and picking up radiofrequency information or appliance noise

    Telephone company uses twisted-pair

    copper wires to link telephones

    NETWORK HARDWARE

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    NETWORK HARDWARE

    Coaxial cable

    Also two wires:

    One of the wires is woven of fine strands of

    copper forming a tubeThe wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire

    that runs down the center

    Space between has a non-conducting material

    Makes them more impervious to outside noise

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    NETWORK HARDWARE

    Fiber-optic cable Light is

    electromagnetic Cantransmit moreinformation down asingle strand It can send a wider set

    of frequencies Each cable can send

    several thousandphone conversationsor computercommunications

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    NETWORK HARDWARE

    Second type of connection of computers intonetworks: Wireless connections

    The link is made using electromagnetic energy

    that goes through space instead of along wiresor cables

    Three types of wireless communications

    commonly used in networking: Infrared

    Radio frequency

    Microwave

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    Founded in 1955 and nationalized in 1969

    Owns 3rd highest no. of branches in the world and highest

    in India

    Statistical information about the State Bank group(As on 1st Jan. 2010)

    No. of Branches 17385

    No. of ATMs 20000

    Employees 2,05,000

    Transaction per day 3,00,00,000

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    CORE BANKING: WHAT IS IT?

    CORE- Centralized online real timeexchange

    Network of the branches

    Centralized database

    Facilitates ATM, Fund transfers, InternetBanking and RTGS etc

    Makes Inter branch reconciliation faster andaccurate

    Brings uniformity in banking operations

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    WHY DID SBI MIGRATE TO CORE BANKING?

    Technological disadvantage to compete withglobal giants and Indian banks

    Customers did business with branch, not withbank

    Unification of services

    Delivery of new product capacities to allcustomers

    Reversal of customer attrition rate

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    VENDOR CONSORTIUM SELECTION

    Evaluation of solution on following criterion

    Architecture

    Software process engineering

    Scalability

    Field proof points

    Functionality

    Based on the above criterion, SBI awardedcontract to TCS, HP and FNS

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    TCS BANCS- CORE BANKING SOLUTION

    Product Technology and Functionality

    Software FNS BANCS (now TCSBNCS)

    Programming Language COBOL, .NET on front end

    Operating System HP UX

    Database Oracle 9i

    Processor HP Super dome

    storage HP XP24K SAN, 320 TB

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    FEATURES OF FNS BANCS

    24 x 7 availability providing continuous customerservice

    Online real time Internet banking, ATM, POS, RTGS,SWIFT, for multiple channel operations

    Message-based interfaces

    Browser-based front end providing easymanoeuvrability for users and ease of operations

    Offline branch functionality for key transactions (incase of network failure)

    Parameterized product setup and cloning, allowingfaster product launches

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    HOW SBI BRANCHES MIGRATE TO

    CORE BANKING?

    Training staff

    Network setup

    Hardware setup Software installation

    Data cleansing from Bankmaster to TCS

    BNCS Testing of migration

    Data migration in the production region

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    Spee

    dAccurac

    y

    Control

    BankingAnywhere

    Costsaving

    ProductFlexibility

    ATM

    Onlinebanking

    Business Benefits

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    NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

    Topology

    The geometric arrangement of deviceson the network or the shape of a local-area network (LAN) or othercommunications system

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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    Node: The generic name given to all deviceshooked up to a network Each node must have a unique address assigned to it

    by the network

    Networks are either direct-connected or those that arenot directly linked

    Direct-connected network: Those whose nodeshave direct connections through either physical or

    wireless linksExample of a network that is not directly linked:

    Internet

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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    The bus network -A continuous coaxial

    cable to which all the

    devices are attachedAll nodes can detect

    all messages sentalong the bus

    Linking nodes:

    http://youtube%20-%20network%20topology.flv/
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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    The ring network -Nodes linked together

    to form a circle

    A message sent outfrom one node ispassed along to eachnode in between until

    the target nodereceives the message

    Linking nodes:

    http://ring%20topology.flv/
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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    The star network -

    Each node is linked toa central node

    All messages arerouted through thecentral node, whichdelivers it to the propernode

    Linking nodes:

    http://youtube%20-%20network%20topology%20star.flv/
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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    The tree network -(hierarchicalnetwork)

    Looks like anupside-down treewhere end nodesare linked to interiornodes that allowlinking through toanother end node

    Linking nodes:

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    THE PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION

    OF NETWORKS

    The fully connectednetwork -

    All nodes are connectedto all other nodes

    Internetworking -

    Connecting together anynumber of direct-connected networks

    The largest: Internet

    Linking nodes:

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    NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

    Protocols

    + The rules and encoding specifications forsending data

    + The protocol defines the format and meaning ofthe data that is exchanged

    + The protocols also determine whether thenetwork uses a peer-to-peer or client/serverarchitecture

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    PROTOCOLS - ROLES Addressing and routing of messages

    Error detection

    Recovery

    Sequence and flow controls

    Example: HTTP protocol for communication

    between web browsers and servers

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    COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK

    PROTOCOLS

    TCP/IP

    VoIP

    Internet telephony

    Session initiation protocol(SIP)

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    NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE

    MODEL

    Physical layer - defines the physicalcharacteristics of the network

    Data-link layer - provides safecommunication of data over the physicalnetwork

    Network layer - handles connection to thenetwork by the higher layers

    Transport layer - provides end-to-end errors

    detection and correction

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    NETWORK STANDARDS : THE OSI REFERENCE

    MODEL

    Session layer - manages sessionsamong applications

    Presentation layer - providesstandard data representations for

    applications

    Application layer - applications

    connected to the network

    http://osi%20model%20animation%20by%20khurram%20tanvir.flv/http://osi%20model%20animation%20by%20khurram%20tanvir.flv/http://osi%20model%20animation%20by%20khurram%20tanvir.flv/http://osi%20model%20animation%20by%20khurram%20tanvir.flv/
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    AFL

    Move Towards Centralization

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    ABOUT AFL

    Provider of Express/Courier, Cargo,Distribution, Warehousing

    Integrated logistic provider servicing Indian

    and international clients.

    Partnerships with multinationals like DHL,Western Union, and Carlson & Wagonlit

    Travels

    Provides integrated supply chain servicesincluding consulting and operations

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    NEED FOR CENTRALIZATION

    Many divisions and subdivisions spreadacross the country

    To cut down the time on information flow and

    efficiency

    A reliable connectivity across all centersneeded to achieve centralized operations

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    THE SOLUTION

    A network that connects

    85 90 locations using a mix

    of media: leased lines optical fibre

    dialup lines

    ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) Adapt its network for centralized computing

    applications

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    THE BENEFITS

    Improvement in the speed of transaction

    Transactions on real time basis

    More accuracy in tracking consignment

    Possible for the customers to track theirconsignments through website

    Perspective for management on day to daybasis

    On demand generation of MIS

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    CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS

    Earlier local collection of data on legacyapplications and consolidation atheadquarters in batch mode

    Real time collection after implementation ofWarehouse, International Cargo, andPackage Express

    Legacy applications to be phased out

    Central updating the location of parcel en-route to destinations

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    CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS

    Upgrading the network with the help of newservers and back-up systems and primarystorage

    High end Vanguard routers (MPR 7300) to

    minimize network latency Deployment of HP-9000 series servers at the

    headquarters to host centralized applications

    Plan to implement HP's MC ServiceGuardclustering solution to increase up time

    LAN upgradation and adequate redundancy

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    MULTIPLE CONNECTIVITY

    Hub and Spoke structureMesh connectivity used to connect Hub

    locations through Leased Line

    ISDN

    RF links

    Protocols used are TCP/IP for LAN and

    Frame Relay for WANOSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol

    instead of RIP (Routing Information

    Protocol)

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    MESSAGING AND SECURITY

    Lotus notes as it is compatible with both NTand Unix

    Security achieved through elaborate multi-

    layer network security architecture

    Selections of Motorola as service provider asit offered best bandwidth optimization for

    voice

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    PARTIAL OUTSOURCING

    In-house management would have beencostly

    Selection of Convergent Technologies as

    outsourcing partner as it had good spreadand their technical expertise on the product

    Flexibility in providing full support or partialsupport

    Deployment on short notice

    Cost saving on recruitment, training andincidental expenses

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    NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SIZE

    LAN

    MAN

    Home Networks

    WAN

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    LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)

    Connects two or more communicatingdevices

    Is usually intra-organizational,privately owned, internally

    administered

    Integrates a wide range of functions

    into a single system

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    METROPOLITAN-AREA NETWORK (MAN)

    Usually consists of two or more LANs in acommon geographic area

    Typically, a service provider is used to connecttwo or more LAN sites using privatecommunication lines or optical services

    It can also be created using wireless bridgetechnology by beaming signals across publicareas

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    HOME NETWORKS

    They are the computer-networkinginfrastructure installed at home

    Components are very similar to those used inan office network but the scale is muchsmaller

    By connecting them to a network, varioustasks can be performed

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    WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

    WANs interconnect LANs, which then provideaccess to computers or file servers in otherlocations

    Because WANs connect user networks over alarge geographical area, they make it possiblefor businesses to communicate across greatdistances

    WANs allow computers, printers and otherdevices on a LAN to be shared with distantlocations

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    WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

    WANs provide instant communication acrosslarge geographic areas

    Collaboration software provides access toreal-time information and resources andallows meetings to be held remotely

    WANs have created a new class of workerscalled telecommuters. These people neverhave to leave their homes to go to work

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    WAN TECHNOLOGIES

    Modems

    Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

    Digital subscriber line (DSL)

    Frame Relay

    Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

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    WAN DIAGRAM

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    NESTLE CASE STUDY

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    CASE OVERVIEW

    Nestec S.A. (HQ)Vevey, Switzerland

    Generic research centre (CRN)

    Lausanne, Switzerland

    Product specific research sites (RECOs)All over the world

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    ORIGINAL SCENERIO

    HP3000 provided gateway between LAN &WAN

    HQ using mainframes and token ring N/W

    Centralized gateway managed by Infonet inUSA

    Nestle S.A. entities autonomous

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    BUSINESS NEED

    HQ using IBM mainframe not compatible

    Need to communicate with the researchcompanies

    Global access to internet

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    MAIN DATA FLOWS

    Group A Inter Swiss RECOs

    Group B Swiss RECOs CRN

    Group C CRN HQ

    Group D RECOs & CRN HQ

    Group E Swiss RECOs & CERN Infonet

    Group F Swiss RECOs, CRN & HQ -Internet

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    NETWORK REQUIREMENTS

    Security

    Avoid point of failures

    Cost Optimization

    Minimize maintenance costs

    Solution for different data flow, protocols

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    SWISS RECO

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    RESEARCH CENTER (CRN)

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    NETWORK TOPOLOGY

    Point to point 64 Kbps leased lines for C & D

    Two separate routers

    For B,C, D (CRN 1)

    For E, F (CRN 2)

    CRN 2 as gateway to outside world

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    HQ ROUTER DESIGN

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    KEY LEARNINGS

    Multi Vendor Wide Area Transport Networksessential

    Avoidance of mixing and matching for new

    network

    In case of old systems, go for consolidation

    Robust architecture required

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    WIRELESS NETWORKS

    Computer Network is wireless

    Interconnection between nodes wireless

    Electromagnetic waves as a carrier

    Wi-Fi Network /WLAN

    Lower layers of network-security/encryption

    Standalone wireless networks on VPNs Speeds up to 50 Mbps possible

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    PHYSICAL AND DATA LINK LAYER

    Physical Layer: The wireless NIC takes frames of data from

    the link layer

    Scrambles the data in a predetermined wayUses the modified data stream to modulate a

    radio carrier signalData Link Layer:

    Uses Carriers-Sense-Multiple-Access withCollision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

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    NEED FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS

    Mobility

    Cost

    Wiring installed is less

    Time

    Locations

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    WIRELESS NETWORKS

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    WIRELESS OPERATING MODE

    Infrastructure ModeConnect computers with the help of wireless

    router to network

    Ad Hoc mode

    Connect wireless clients directly together

    9 wireless clientsShare files or printer

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    TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS

    Wireless PANDevices are connected within a small area

    Bluetooth

    Intel My WIFI and Windows 7 virtual Wi-Fi 802.15 networking standard

    Wireless LANWireless implementation of LANs

    Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11

    Fixed wireless data

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    WIRELESS LAN

    Frequency hopping Use a radio carrier that hops from frequency to

    frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter andreceiver

    Resistant to noise Direct sequence

    use a carrier that remains fixed to a specificfrequency band

    Data signal is spread onto a much larger range offrequencies The data signal is spread onto a much larger range

    of frequencies

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    TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS

    Wireless MANConnect several LANs

    WiMax

    MMDS

    LMDS

    Wireless WAN

    Covers large outdoor areas

    Deployed on 2.4 GHz band

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    MOBILE NETWORKS

    Radio Network distributed over cells

    Cells served by base station

    Enables portable devices to communicate

    Packet switched network for mobile data

    PSTN to connect subscribers to widertelephone network

    Core circuit switched network for handlingvoice calls and text

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    HOW DOES A MOBILE NETWORK WORK ?

    Mobile phones use radio frequency (RF) fieldsto send and receive calls

    An RF signal is sent to the nearest base station,

    which sends the signal to a digital telephoneexchange and on to the main telephone network

    Connects the signal to the receiving phone,

    again via a base station Mobile phones connect to the base station

    providing the best signal

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    GSM Signalling and speech channels are digital

    and thus GSM is considered a secondgeneration (2G) mobile phone system

    Mobile phones connect to it by searching forcells in the immediate vicinity

    five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells

    Modulation used in GSM is Gaussianminimum shift keying (GMSK)

    Operate in a number of different carrierfrequency ranges

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    CDMA

    Channel Access method used by variousradio communication technologies

    CDMA employs spread spectrum technology

    and a special coding scheme to allowmultiple users to be multiplexed

    Modulated coded signal has a much higher

    data bandwidth than the data beingcommunicated.

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    3G

    3G is the next generation of mobilecommunications systems

    Enhances the services such as multimedia, high

    speed mobile broadband, internet access with theability to view video footage

    Video calls, watch live TV, access the high speedinternet, receive emails and download music tracks

    peak data rates of at least 200 Kbit/s

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    4G

    MAGIC

    An all IP, packet switched network

    Data rate of at least 100 mbit/s

    Seamless connectivity and global roamingacross multiple networks

    High quality of service for next generationmultimedia support

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    CASE STUDY ON MOBILE NETWORKS

    Connecting Rural India

    with

    Broadband WirelessAccess

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    RURAL INDIA: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE

    Economic and communication growth Wireless connections outpace Wired network

    connections

    Increased development but low penetration oftelecom in the rural areas

    Large semi skilled and skilled workforce

    Per capita income very low

    Big opportunity for mobile wireless networks inrural India

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    RURAL INDIA: PROBLEMS

    Sectors that suffer due to lack of informationand access:Education and Training

    Health servicesAgriculture

    Production and Manufacturing

    Finance

    Potential to double the per capitaexpenditure

    Scope for building a rural inclusive model

    NETWORK ACCESS:

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    NETWORK ACCESS:

    CURRENT SITUATION IN RURAL INDIA

    Telecom connectivity abruptly halting at townsand cities

    Agriculture only source of survival, Low incomesand BPL families

    Industrial development not reached full potential

    Basic amenities yet to reach remote villages

    Cellular coverage only within a radius of 5 km

    Villages spaced 40 Km away from the mainmarkets, limited mode of communication

    INFRASTRUCTURE AND

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    INFRASTRUCTURE AND

    REGULATION BOTTLENECKS

    Cost of Tower Set up very highMinimum Height of 40m required

    Large Investment in infrastructure, particularly inexpensive steel

    No proper infrastructure support for tower set up

    Lack of available powerRF coaxial cables for top of tower costly and

    consume 55% powerCurrent equipment quite expensive

    INFRASTRUCTURE AND

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    INFRASTRUCTURE AND

    REGULATION BOTTLENECKS

    No proper DistributionPhones, SIMs, spares and accessories difficult to

    procure in rural areas

    Lack of basic training to the users, so highermaintenance costs

    Billing and collection infrastructure forprepaid and postpaid expensive

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    3G AND 4G

    3G or 3rd generation Predecessor to 4G

    Enhanced multimediasuch as voice, data, videoand remote access

    High speeds as fast as2Mbps

    Efficient with e-mail,paging, fax,

    videoconferencing andweb browsers

    Roaming capabilities onInternational levels

    4G or 4thgeneration

    Successor to 3G

    In addition to 3G, it also

    offers 3D gamingservices, and powerfulcameras andcamcorders

    Offers substantial high

    download rates up to 1Gbps when comparedwith 3G

    Will give the end userwhat he wants

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    TECHNOLOGIES USED

    WiMax An IEEE 802.16e

    specification for Mobilewireless broadbandaccess(MBWA)

    Cost effective andefficient solution for truemobile broadband

    Reductions in interference

    Widely accepted sinceopen source

    Outstanding revenueopportunities

    LTE Expected to offer speeds

    upto 40-50Mbps fordownloads versus 20-25Mbps for uploads

    Superior to the WiMaxTechnology in terms ofneed for speed

    Use of Femtocells forbetter connectivity inremote locations

    Better Integration withexisting technologies

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    IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

    Agriculture:Agriculture support provided to each farm

    Provision agricultural knowledge and advisory

    services to farmersAccess to commodity markets to hedge farmer

    losses and remove middlemen

    Use of videoconferencing to consult withagricultural experts

    Ability to change traditional agriculture

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    IMPACTS OF MOBILE NETWORKS

    Education, Training and Healthcare: Internet key to future

    Need to make students in rural sector aware of

    available opportunitiesVideoconferencing sessions accessible over

    mobiles

    Better healthcare, video consultation withdoctors across the globe

    Travel and consultation costs reduced drastically

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    REFERENCES

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    REFERENCES

    Networking Concepts - Stephen Carr

    Goldman, R., Business Data Communication

    http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/ http://www.itu.int/ITU-

    D/study_groups/SGP_2006-2010/events/Case_Library_old/asia_pacific/

    http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/
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    THANK YOU


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