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8/9/2019 Networking & Open Source Software
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Networking & OpenSource Software
8/9/2019 Networking & Open Source Software
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What is Networking?
A COMPUTER NETWORK is acollection ofinterconnectedcomputers and otherdevices which are ableto communicate with
each other and sharehardware andsoftware resources.
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What do you mean by TRANSMSSON M!"A?
TRANSMISSION
MEDIA is apathway that carries
the information fromsender to receiver. ATRANSMISSIONMEI!M is a medium
of data transfer over anetwor" . It can be
#IRE or #IRE$ESS.
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WR!" M!"A #
A Number Of %arious Types Of &ables Are !sed ToTransfer ata Over &omputer Networ"s.
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Types of WR!" M!"A
Twisted 'air &ables
(. !T')!nshielded Twisted 'air*
+. ST')Sheilded Twisted 'air*
. &o,a-ial &able)or coa-*
. Optical ibre &able
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$OM%ARSON O WR!" M!"A
CABLE TWISTED PAIRCABLE
COAXIALCABLE
OPTICAL FIBERCABLE
'ARAMETER
ATA TRANSER
RATE
(/mbps,(/0bps (//mbps More than
(//0bpsATA TRANSERRAN1E
(// m (23m,3//m ,
INTEREREN&ES!S&E'TI4I$IT5
More $ess than Ethernet&able
NI$
&OST O &A4$E $east &ost More ThanEthernet
%ery E-pensive
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WR!'!SS M!"A 6
Electroma0netic waves are used for wirelesscommunication over computer networ"s.re7uencies of waves are measured in 8ERT9)8:*.
As the re7uencies of electroma0netic waves chan0etheir properties also chan0e.
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Types Of WR!'!SS M!"A
Radio #aves
Micro #aves
INRARE #A%ES
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N!TWOR( "!)$!S & ts Types
Other than transmission mediamany other devices are re7uiredto form computer networ"s.
Some of these devices are 6NI&)networ" interface card*
8ub
Switch
Repeater
1ateway
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N!TWOR( TO%O'O*+
TO'O$O15 6 A TO'O$O15is an arran0ement ofphysical connections amon0nodes in a networ".
NOES 6 A NOE is adevice which is directlyconnected to a computer
networ". It can be acomputer or any otherdevice li"e scanner ; printeretc.
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Types of TO%O'O*+
4us Topolo0y
Star Topolo0y
Tree Topolo0y
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NETWORK PAN LAN MAN WAN
'ARAMETER
AREA
&O%ERE
Small
Area)!pto
(/ "m*
A few meters to a
few "ilometers
)!pto (/"m radius*
A city and its
vicinity )upto
(//"m radius*
Entire country;
continent or
0lobe )No upper
limit*
ERROR RATES $owest $owest Moderate 8i0hest
TRANSMISSION
S'EE
8i0h speed 8i0h speed Moderate
speed
$ow speed
NET#OR<IN1
&OST
Ne0li0ible Ine-pensive Moderately
e-pensive
e7uipment
E-pensive
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types of protoco,s
HTTP -(hyper text transfer protocol-"T "# $#%& T'T)*#+% ) +"%# +' '*% 'P$T% T'
)*'T/% '* T/% 0'& 0"&% 0%1 )*&
#$PP'T# T/% /P% %&") +"%#.
FTP - (file tranfer protocol-"T "# $#%& +'
T)*#+%"*3 T/% T%4T$) +"%# '5% T/%
*%T0'6.
TCP/IP -(transmission control protocol ! internet protocol-
"T "# $#%& '* "*T%*%T 0/"% T)*#+%"*3
T/% &)T) '5% T/% *%T0'6. "*T%*%T
P'T'' /%6 +' T/% )&&%## '* 0/"/
&)T) "# T' 1% #%*T.
PPP-(point to point protocol-"T "# $#%& +' &"%T
'$*")T"'* 1!0 T0' 'P$T%#
TP") ) P%#'*) 'P$T% '**%T%&
1 ) P/'*% "*% T' ) #%5% '#T '+ T/% "#PT/) "# "*T%*%T #%5"% P'5"&% $#%# PPP
P'T'' +' "*T%*%T '**%T"'*.
SMPT-(simple mail transfer protocol 7"T "# $#%& +'
%%"5"*3 )"#.
POP 3-(post office protocol- "T "# $#%& +'
'$T3'"*3 )"#.
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denti-cation of computer & user o.er a network
MA&)media access control* I')Internet protocol*
A MA& address is a uni7ue (+ di0ithe-adecimal no. assi0ned to each nic.
An I' address is a uni7ue = di0ithe-adecimal no. assi0ned to each nodeon a networ".
It cannot be chan0ed It can be chan0ed
Even the networ" is chan0ed; MA&address remains same
It will chan0e if we chan0e the positionof node from ( networ" to another
networ".
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Network security
There is always a threat of some kind of attacks
on computer networks security. some kinds of
attacks on network security are as follows:-
• en!al of "er#!ce attack"- dos attacks is an
attempt to make 8 or more network resources
unavaila9le to their legitimate users.:-
1. en!al of acce"" to !nfor$at!on
%. en!al of acce"" to appl!cat!on
3. en!al of acce"" to re"o&rce"
'. en!al of acce"" to a web"!te
•. Intr&"!on proble$- it is an attempt to
mischieveously steal some information from
someon,s computer.
•. Snoop!n(- it refers to gaining unauthorised
access to another person;s or organisation;s
data.
•. a#e"dropp!n(- it refers to unauthorised
access to another person;s or organisation;s
data while the data is on its way on the
network.
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To protect network security attacks
•
These steps include:-• *o(!n-pa""word+ 9y assigning login names and
strong passwords to the users of a system it can
9e ensured that only authorised people can
access computer.this helps in increasing
network security.
• F!rewall+ a firewall is a hardware device or a
software tha is insalled to monito the dataentering the computer ! network or leaving it. )
firewall permits only that data to enter or leave
a compter ! network for which permissions have
9een granted 9y the computer.
• Ant! #!r&" "oftware+ 9y installing anti virus
software network security can 9e increased .
• F!le per$!""!on"+ a data file on a computer can 9e created ,read or modified . 1y giving
different rights to different users of a computer
to perform one or more of these task. This way
9y giving appropriate rights to respective users ,
computer security as well as network security
can 9e increased.
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R!!"OM
“Free Software” was given in 1983by Richard Stallman.
FREE!" #$
%o r&n the 'rogram for any '&r'ose.
FREE!" 1$%o st&dy how the 'rogram wor(s)and
change ma(e it do what yo& wish.
FREE!" *$
%o redistrib&te co'ies so as to hel'o&r neighbo&rhood.
FREE!" 3$
%o im'rove the 'rogram) and releaseyo&r im'rovements to the '&blic) sothat the whole comm&nity bene+ts.
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NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTRE FORFREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
IS AN INITIATIVE OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY, MINISTRY OFCOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY, GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA .
NR&OSS
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!/amp,es of
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&OMMON O'ENSTANARS
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F R E E A N D O P E N F O R M A T F O R O F F I C E
D O C U M E N T S . O F F I C E S U I T E A P P L I C A T I O N S
N E E D A F I L E F O R M A T T H A T I S D E S I G N E D T O
O R G A N I S E T H E D A T A W H E N I T M O V E S A W A Y F R O M
T H E A P P L I C A T I O N
E A S Y T O O P E N A N D E D I T T H E D A T A I N A F I L E
O F F E R S A N O P E N A L T E R N A T I V E T O T H E F O R M A T S
U S E D B Y A L L O F T H E O F F I C E A P P L I C A T I O N S F O R
T E X T , S P R E A D S H E E T S E T C .
O'EN O&!MENT ORMAT
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U N I C O D E W A S D E V E L O P E D W I T H T H E A I M T O
C O N C E I V E A S I N G L E S T A N D A R D C O D E W H I C HC O U L D M A N A G E T O R E P R E S E N T A L L L A N G U A G E S
O F T H E W O R L D .
U N I C O D E C H A R A C T E R S A R E R E P R E S E N T E D I N
O N E O F T H E T H R E E E N C O D I N G F O R M S :
A 3 2 - B I T F O R M ( U T F - 3 2 A ! " - B I T F O R M ( U T F - ! "
A N # B I Y F O R M ( U T F - #
!NI&OE
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IERENT T5'ES OONTS
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D E V E L O P E D B Y A D O B E I N ! % # & ' S
F O N T D A T A I N A S I N G L E C O M P O N E N T
C A N B E I N S T A L L E D S I M P L Y B Y B E I N G P L A C E D
I N T H E S Y S T E M F O L D E R
'OST S&RI'TS
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L A T E S T F O N T
B Y A P P L E A N D M I C R O S O F T
F O N T D A T A I N A S I N G L E C O M P O N E N T
S U P P O R T M U L T I P L E P L A T F O R M S
S T O R A G E O F U P T O " & & & C H A R A C T E R S
A D D I T I O N A L S P A C E P R O V I D E S F R E E D O M T O
I N C L U D E A D D - O N S L I K E S M A L L C A P S
O'EN T5'E
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S T A T I C F O N T S - C H A R A C T E R S A R E D E S I G N E D A N D D I G I T I ) E D
A N D S T O R E D I N F O N T F I L E S .
D U R I N G P R I N T I N G , S A M E C H A R A C T E R A P P E A R S I N S A M ES H A P E .
E G : A R I A L E T C .
D Y N A M I C F O N T S * W E B B R O W S E R T E C H N O L O G Y . T H E
C H A R A C T E R S A R E R E D E F I N E D A T E A C H O C C U R R E N C E W H E N
P R I N T E D .E G : A L L H A N D W R I T T E N F O N T S L I K E C A L L I G R A P H Y , G R A F F I T I ,
E T C .
STATI& AN 5NAMI&
ONTS
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