Networks within and Networks within and across Mediaacross Media

Hyo KimHyo Kim

CIT Ajou U.CIT Ajou U.Gwang Jae KimGwang Jae Kim

Sogang U., Seoul, Korea Sogang U., Seoul, Korea

Han Woo ParkHan Woo Park

YeungNam U., GyeongSan, KoreaYeungNam U., GyeongSan, Korea

Ronald E. RiceRonald E. Rice

U. California, Santa Barbara, CAU. California, Santa Barbara, CA

General Problem StatementGeneral Problem Statement

To what extent can new media maintain, To what extent can new media maintain, expand, or decrease existing relationships?expand, or decrease existing relationships?

How might those relationships differ from How might those relationships differ from

more traditional FtF relationships?more traditional FtF relationships?

•mediated communication can foster mediated communication can foster ““connected presence” (Licoppe & Smoreda, connected presence” (Licoppe & Smoreda, 2005)2005)•““communicative readiness” (Nardi, 2005) communicative readiness” (Nardi, 2005) •managing multiple encounters at the managing multiple encounters at the same time and across time same time and across time •ongoing awareness of and relationships ongoing awareness of and relationships with specific otherswith specific others•cues about one’s availability and cues about one’s availability and attention to the other person attention to the other person •a social context (ongoing “common a social context (ongoing “common ground” or “field of connection”) ground” or “field of connection”) •how other media choices and uses are how other media choices and uses are interpreted (Nardi, 2005, Wei & Lo, 2006)interpreted (Nardi, 2005, Wei & Lo, 2006)

Nardi, Whittaker, and Bradner (2000): Nardi, Whittaker, and Bradner (2000):

•IM used by members of an ongoing work IM used by members of an ongoing work group as a channel to seek and exchange group as a channel to seek and exchange contentcontent

•used as a coordinating tool for managing used as a coordinating tool for managing accessibility and flow of interactions accessibility and flow of interactions

•used to maintain a small network of fellow used to maintain a small network of fellow IM users rather than to connect to new IM users rather than to connect to new others others

Nardi, Whittaker, and Schwarz (2002): Nardi, Whittaker, and Schwarz (2002):

•workplace IM buddy lists contained six workplace IM buddy lists contained six friends/family and 16 coworkers but the friends/family and 16 coworkers but the users frequently interacted only with four users frequently interacted only with four or five of themor five of them

Schiano et al. (2002): Schiano et al. (2002):

•teenagers communicated regularly with fewer teenagers communicated regularly with fewer than 5 IM buddiesthan 5 IM buddies

Grinter and Eldrige (2003): Grinter and Eldrige (2003):

•fewer than 3 regular communication partners fewer than 3 regular communication partners for UK IM for UK IM

Ito (2005): Ito (2005):

•fewer than 3 regular communication partners fewer than 3 regular communication partners for Japanese mobile phone usersfor Japanese mobile phone users

Miyata (2006): Miyata (2006):

•mobile phone emails did not affect one’s mobile phone emails did not affect one’s network diversity network diversity

•but did foster more supportive network tiesbut did foster more supportive network ties

•PC emails increased network diversity, PC emails increased network diversity,

especially through more weak tiesespecially through more weak ties

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Individual Level RQ1: Individual Level RQ1:

•How do the number, diversity, type and How do the number, diversity, type and closeness of communication relationships vary closeness of communication relationships vary across media, and by respondent’s employment across media, and by respondent’s employment category? category?

Network Level RQ2: Network Level RQ2:

•How do configurations of relationships vary How do configurations of relationships vary across media and by employment category? across media and by employment category?

•In particular, how do configurations of In particular, how do configurations of relationships in new media compare to those in relationships in new media compare to those in FtF, overall and across employment categories?FtF, overall and across employment categories?

Method: Method: Korean ContextKorean Context

•population of nearly 50 millionpopulation of nearly 50 million

2003: 2003:

•98.1% literacy; 7th highest level of 98.1% literacy; 7th highest level of information use (consumption flows of information use (consumption flows of ICTs/time period)ICTs/time period)

•61% Internet; 70.1% mobile phone; 53.8% 61% Internet; 70.1% mobile phone; 53.8% landline landline

2004: 2004:

•11th highest Internet penetration (63%) 11th highest Internet penetration (63%)

2005: 2005:

•greatest penetration of mobile phones with greatest penetration of mobile phones with color displays in 7 Asia and Pacific countriescolor displays in 7 Asia and Pacific countries

•83.6% of middle- and 89.3% high-school 83.6% of middle- and 89.3% high-school students used wireless Internet. students used wireless Internet.

•Youths (aged 12 to 19) who have their own Youths (aged 12 to 19) who have their own mobile phones used the Internet 6.7 times per mobile phones used the Internet 6.7 times per weekweek

Method: Method: National Web-based Survey National Web-based Survey and Network Generatorand Network Generator

•Web survey was designed by 10 Korean Web survey was designed by 10 Korean communication researchers communication researchers

•Web sampling designed to represent the Korean Web sampling designed to represent the Korean adult population, esp. new media usersadult population, esp. new media users

•commercial company maintains a large master commercial company maintains a large master survey pool survey pool

•registrants provide demographic and media registrants provide demographic and media ownership and use information ownership and use information

•company uses demographic information to create a company uses demographic information to create a proportional stratified sampling frame by gender and proportional stratified sampling frame by gender and age categories, appropriate for the specific survey age categories, appropriate for the specific survey topic topic

•entire master pool is solicited by email, survey stays entire master pool is solicited by email, survey stays open until each category is filled open until each category is filled

•1507 people responded1507 people responded

Method: Method: DemographicsDemographics

11 11 employment categoriesemployment categories grouped into 6: grouped into 6:

•salaried, homemaker, middle/high student, salaried, homemaker, middle/high student, college student, IT professional, and others college student, IT professional, and others

•““other” category, with 468 respondents, not other” category, with 468 respondents, not included in the analysesincluded in the analyses

•1039 respondents 1039 respondents

•Sex: 44% male and 56% femaleSex: 44% male and 56% female

•Age: 29.8% 13-19, 27.9% 20-29, 27.7% 30-39, Age: 29.8% 13-19, 27.9% 20-29, 27.7% 30-39, and 14.5% 40-49and 14.5% 40-49

•Employment categories, 27.3% salaried, Employment categories, 27.3% salaried, 23.5% home worker, 14.6% middle/high 23.5% home worker, 14.6% middle/high student, 22.9% college student, and 11.6% student, 22.9% college student, and 11.6% technical/professionaltechnical/professional

Method: Method: Media, PartnersMedia, Partners

On separate web pages: On separate web pages:

For each medium -- FtF, EM, IM, MP, SMS:For each medium -- FtF, EM, IM, MP, SMS:

•respondent identified up to respondent identified up to 5 communication 5 communication partnerspartners with whom they communicate most with whom they communicate most frequently frequently

•listed each partner by number (i.e., “person listed each partner by number (i.e., “person 3”), identified that partner distinctively across 3”), identified that partner distinctively across the media (so used same number if same the media (so used same number if same

person in different media)person in different media)

Method: Method: Social Role, ClosenessSocial Role, Closeness

•checked partner’s checked partner’s social rolesocial role

(spouse, children, parent, sibling, other (spouse, children, parent, sibling, other relative, elementary/middle/high school friend, relative, elementary/middle/high school friend, college friend, girl/boy friend/lover, other types college friend, girl/boy friend/lover, other types of friend, work colleague, work boss/managers, of friend, work colleague, work boss/managers, work subordinate, other work related, work subordinate, other work related, teacher/professor, or online only) teacher/professor, or online only)

•closenesscloseness of each communication relationship of each communication relationship

Analyses: Analyses: Social Role Network Social Role Network MatricesMatrices

Example raw initial data: respondent’s number Example raw initial data: respondent’s number of social roles for Face-to-Face (1039x15)of social roles for Face-to-Face (1039x15)

Social Role Co-OccurrencesSocial Role Co-Occurrences

•Each 1039x15 media matrix GEach 1039x15 media matrix Gkk converted into converted into a matrix 15x15 Aa matrix 15x15 Akk

•Matrix AMatrix Akk = G = Gkk*G*Gkk' '

•AkAk is a 15x15 social role by social role matrix, is a 15x15 social role by social role matrix, aggregated across the 1039 respondents, for aggregated across the 1039 respondents, for medium medium kk..

Example for Face-to-FaceExample for Face-to-FaceDiagonalsDiagonals: total number of mentions: total number of mentions

Off-diagonals: total number of co-mentionsOff-diagonals: total number of co-mentions

Transform ATransform Akk frequency matrices frequency matrices into correlation matrices into correlation matrices

Correlation between any two social roles in a Correlation between any two social roles in a medium matrix indicates extent to which those medium matrix indicates extent to which those two social roles have similar patterns of two social roles have similar patterns of frequencies with all other social roles in the Afrequencies with all other social roles in the Akk matrix matrix

Example correlation matrix for Face-to-Face Example correlation matrix for Face-to-Face social roles co-occurrence:social roles co-occurrence:

Results Results Individual Level: Mean Relationships Individual Level: Mean Relationships

by Medium and Employment by Medium and Employment CategoryCategory

•FtF: no significant differences in the number FtF: no significant differences in the number of communication partners across employment of communication partners across employment categoriescategories

•EM: significantly higher number of EM: significantly higher number of relationships for worker (salaried and tech relationships for worker (salaried and tech professionals) professionals)

•IM: home workers had significantly fewer IM: home workers had significantly fewer relationshipsrelationships

•MP and SMS: middle/high MP and SMS: middle/high

school students have school students have

fewer relationshipsfewer relationships

Individual Level: Number, Unique and Individual Level: Number, Unique and Duplicate Relationships by Medium Duplicate Relationships by Medium

and Employment Categoryand Employment Category

Individual Level: Unique Individual Level: Unique RelationshipsRelationships

number of number of unique relationshipsunique relationships varied by varied by employment categoryemployment category

significant mean differences for: significant mean differences for:

•middle/high student (2.7), college student middle/high student (2.7), college student (3.52), homeworker and tech professionals (3.52), homeworker and tech professionals (4.16 and 4.25)(4.16 and 4.25)

tech professionals and salaried (4.25 and 4.67)tech professionals and salaried (4.25 and 4.67)

•more work-related partners both FtF and in more work-related partners both FtF and in emailemail

• more in FtF than emailmore in FtF than email

Individual Level: Duplicate Individual Level: Duplicate RelationshipsRelationships

significant difference in number of significant difference in number of duplicated duplicated relationshipsrelationships in FtF and email among the in FtF and email among the employment categoriesemployment categories

•mainly between mid/high student and working mainly between mid/high student and working categoriescategories

•college student and home worker not college student and home worker not significantly different from the working significantly different from the working categories categories

significant difference in number of significant difference in number of duplicated duplicated work-related communication relationshipswork-related communication relationships in in FtF and emailFtF and email

•2 work categories differed from the 3 non-2 work categories differed from the 3 non-work categorieswork categories

Individual Level: Comparison of Individual Level: Comparison of Social Roles and Employment Social Roles and Employment

Category Overall and by MediumCategory Overall and by Medium

Largest number of relationships:Largest number of relationships:

•overall: with friends, then family, then work, overall: with friends, then family, then work, and then online and then online

•students: friends, through FtF, IM, SMS and students: friends, through FtF, IM, SMS and mobile phone mobile phone

•homeworkers: family relationships, primarily homeworkers: family relationships, primarily through mobile phone and FtF through mobile phone and FtF

•salaried and tech professionals: work salaried and tech professionals: work

relationships, primarily through FtF and emailrelationships, primarily through FtF and email

Individual Level: Relational Closeness Individual Level: Relational Closeness by Medium and Employment by Medium and Employment

CategoryCategory

significant significant mediummedium effect: effect:

•IM for weak relationsIM for weak relations

•MP for close ones MP for close ones

significant significant employment categoryemployment category effect: effect:

•homeworkers: lower closeness with others homeworkers: lower closeness with others compared to all other employment categoriescompared to all other employment categories

•primarily due to low closeness through IMprimarily due to low closeness through IM

significant significant interactioninteraction effect: effect:

•media by employment categorymedia by employment category

•students use email to communicate with less students use email to communicate with less close others in comparison to othersclose others in comparison to others

Individual Level: Relational Closeness Individual Level: Relational Closeness by Medium and Employment by Medium and Employment

CategoryCategory

Network Level: Network Level: Descriptive Analysis of Descriptive Analysis of

Configurations of Relationships by Configurations of Relationships by MediumMedium

•correlation (extent of similarity) between correlation (extent of similarity) between pairs of the matricespairs of the matrices

•statistical significance of those correlationsstatistical significance of those correlations

•Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) in Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) in Ucinet 6.0 Ucinet 6.0

compute correlation between each media pair; compute correlation between each media pair; all highly intercorrelated:all highly intercorrelated:

•MP and IM = .57 MP and IM = .57

•MP and FtF = .90 MP and FtF = .90

•enter correlations into a 5x5 (medium by enter correlations into a 5x5 (medium by medium) matrix (ignoring the diagonals)medium) matrix (ignoring the diagonals)

•provided to Ucinet’s multidimensional and provided to Ucinet’s multidimensional and hierarchical procedureshierarchical procedures

Network Level: Network Level: Descriptive Analysis of Descriptive Analysis of

Configurations of Relationships by Configurations of Relationships by MediumMedium

•configurations of relationships among the configurations of relationships among the social roles in FtF and mobile phone quite social roles in FtF and mobile phone quite similar (clustered)similar (clustered)

•Email and SMS also tightly but separately Email and SMS also tightly but separately clusteredclustered

•IM is less tightly clustered with email and SMSIM is less tightly clustered with email and SMS

•IM least similar to FtF and especially MPIM least similar to FtF and especially MP

Multidimensional Scaling of the Five Multidimensional Scaling of the Five Media Configurations of Media Configurations of

Relationships, with Hierarchical Relationships, with Hierarchical ClusteringClustering

Network Level: Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Configurations Statistical Analysis of Configurations

of Relationships by Mediumof Relationships by Medium

•multiple regression quadratic assignment multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) with semi-partialling procedure (MRQAP) with semi-partialling (Krackhardt, 1988) (Krackhardt, 1988)

•compute the overall R2 of FtF matrix by each compute the overall R2 of FtF matrix by each new media matrix new media matrix

•MP is strongest association MP is strongest association

with FtF configurationwith FtF configuration

•swamps all other mediaswamps all other media

•due to strong intercorrelations due to strong intercorrelations

of matricesof matrices

Network Level: Descriptive Analysis Network Level: Descriptive Analysis of Configurations of Relations by of Configurations of Relations by

Medium and Employment CategoryMedium and Employment Category

•MDS of relationships among the social roles MDS of relationships among the social roles for FtF, email, and IM for FtF, email, and IM

•three most different media from each otherthree most different media from each other

•line thickness proportional to the line thickness proportional to the similarity similarity (correlation) between each pair of social roles(correlation) between each pair of social roles

Figure 2. Figure 2.

Configuration of FtF RelationshipsConfiguration of FtF Relationships

Configuration of FtF RelationshipsConfiguration of FtF Relationships

•configuration of relationships in FtF is quite configuration of relationships in FtF is quite differentiated, with school relations on one differentiated, with school relations on one side, family relations in the middle (with side, family relations in the middle (with spouse and children central), and work spouse and children central), and work relations on the other siderelations on the other side

•relations involving spouse and children are relations involving spouse and children are most central, and mediate between other most central, and mediate between other relatives and work relationsrelatives and work relations

•within work relations, co-worker and boss within work relations, co-worker and boss relations are most similar relations are most similar

•relations among school and friends and one’s relations among school and friends and one’s professor are quite distinct from relation/ professor are quite distinct from relation/

family/ work relationsfamily/ work relations

Figure 3. Figure 3. Configuration of Email RelationshipsConfiguration of Email Relationships

Configuration of Email RelationshipsConfiguration of Email Relationships

•denser interrelations among workersdenser interrelations among workers

•also among relativesalso among relatives

•presumably because of ability to overcome presumably because of ability to overcome distance and time constraints distance and time constraints

•asynchroneity, unlike mobile phoneasynchroneity, unlike mobile phone

•online and teacher/professor relations online and teacher/professor relations completely distinct social arena, presumably completely distinct social arena, presumably representing the educational communication representing the educational communication domaindomain

Figure 4. Figure 4. Configuration of Instant Configuration of Instant Messenger RelationshipsMessenger Relationships

Configuration of Instant Messenger Configuration of Instant Messenger RelationshipsRelationships

•a family mediuma family medium

•primarily children, spouse, sibling and parentsprimarily children, spouse, sibling and parents

•more centrally but less frequently, relatives more centrally but less frequently, relatives and other friendsand other friends

•also shared relations involving workers, but also shared relations involving workers, but somewhat less separated from the family somewhat less separated from the family network than in FtF and especially emailnetwork than in FtF and especially email

•communication with spouse and work boss communication with spouse and work boss somewhat similar in FtF and in IM, but not in somewhat similar in FtF and in IM, but not in EmailEmail

Configuration of Mobile Phone Configuration of Mobile Phone RelationshipsRelationships

•relations among the social roles much denser relations among the social roles much denser than in the other mediathan in the other media

•except clearly distinct dyad involving college except clearly distinct dyad involving college friends and girl/boy friends and loversfriends and girl/boy friends and lovers

•still closely related through the spouse, work still closely related through the spouse, work subnetwork and the family subnetwork distinctsubnetwork and the family subnetwork distinct

•stronger similarities/correlations within each stronger similarities/correlations within each subnetworks than in FtF networksubnetworks than in FtF network

Configuration of SMS RelationshipsConfiguration of SMS Relationships

•siblings, children and parents at center of the siblings, children and parents at center of the SMS networkSMS network

•used to coordinate the activities and used to coordinate the activities and whereabouts of family memberswhereabouts of family members

•strong relations between spouse and work strong relations between spouse and work subordinates: people trying to manage both subordinates: people trying to manage both work and family lifework and family life

Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Configurations of Relations by Configurations of Relations by

Medium and Employment CategoryMedium and Employment Category

•separated original 5 data matrices into 25 - separated original 5 data matrices into 25 - one for each medium (5) by employment one for each medium (5) by employment category (5)category (5)

•for each, tested influences of the new media for each, tested influences of the new media configurations on the FtF configurationconfigurations on the FtF configuration

Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Configurations of Relations by Configurations of Relations by

Medium and Employment CategoryMedium and Employment Category

•similarity between MP and FtF relations similarity between MP and FtF relations strong for all employment categoriesstrong for all employment categories

students: students:

•report most similar relations with social roles report most similar relations with social roles in FtF and MP in FtF and MP

homemakers:homemakers:

•relations through email and instant relations through email and instant messenger independent of their FtF relations messenger independent of their FtF relations

may use CMC media to keep in touch with social may use CMC media to keep in touch with social roles cannot frequently meet in person -- i.e., roles cannot frequently meet in person -- i.e., old friends, relatives, etc.old friends, relatives, etc.

Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Network Level: Statistical Analysis of Configurations of Relations by Configurations of Relations by

Medium and Employment CategoryMedium and Employment Category

salaried and technical/professional users: salaried and technical/professional users:

•greatest similarity between email and FtFgreatest similarity between email and FtF

•mobile phone also similar to their FtFmobile phone also similar to their FtF

organizational workers:organizational workers:

•email used to maintain same kinds of email used to maintain same kinds of relationships managed through FtFrelationships managed through FtF

•old enough to feel comfortable using emailold enough to feel comfortable using email

•email crucial medium supporting work tasks email crucial medium supporting work tasks with fellow employeeswith fellow employees

SummarySummary

FtF the common medium for the three major FtF the common medium for the three major employment categoriesemployment categories

each category has its own distinctive set of each category has its own distinctive set of complementary media: complementary media:

•IM, SMS and mobile for studentsIM, SMS and mobile for students

•MP for homeworkersMP for homeworkers

•email for organizational workersemail for organizational workers

•MP a multiplexing device for maintaining MP a multiplexing device for maintaining

everyday relationshipseveryday relationships

SummarySummary

clear divide between:clear divide between:

•Email by older people Email by older people

•MP (and IM and SMS) by younger peopleMP (and IM and SMS) by younger people

•organization supportive context for using organization supportive context for using email to communicate with others email to communicate with others

•homemakers used CMC media (email and IM) homemakers used CMC media (email and IM) to communicate with people who may not to communicate with people who may not readily appear in their FtF communicationreadily appear in their FtF communication

SummarySummary

•friendship clearly an important element of friendship clearly an important element of Koreans' social livesKoreans' social lives

•social context and network approach provides social context and network approach provides insight into social context for use of traditional insight into social context for use of traditional and new mediaand new media

•aspects of the medium, purposes, and the aspects of the medium, purposes, and the participants influence how one chooses, uses, participants influence how one chooses, uses, and perceives different media (Licoppe & and perceives different media (Licoppe & Smoreda, 2005)Smoreda, 2005)

Thank you!Thank you!