Neural and Hormonal Systems

Will Explain Why We FEEL……

Pain

Strong

Sick

Nervous

• Structure of the neuron? (draw on this card)• Parts of neuron? (define on this nc)• What is synaptic cleft? 17 note cards• What is the action potential?• What are neurotransmitters?• How does Prozac work?• What is AcH? Dopamine?• What is serotonin? Endorphins?• What is epinephrine? Norepinephrine?• What are agonists? Antagonists?• What are 3 types of neurons?• What is homeostasis?• Divisions of the nervous system? (draw chart)• What is the sympathetic NS? Parasympathetic?• What is the autonomic NS? Somatic NS?• What is the Central NS? Peripheral NS?• What is the endocrine system? Examples of major

glands?

It all Starts with the Neuron

Neuron Structure

Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is called synaptic cleft.

Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron

How a Neuron Fires

It is an electrochemical process•Electrical inside the neuron•Chemical outside the neuron

(in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter).

•The firing is call Action Potential.

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication

• Within a neuron, communication occurs through an action potential (neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron).

The All-or None Response

• The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing.

• Like a gun

Steps of Action Potential• Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from

another neuron across the synapse.• Reached its threshold- then fires based on the

all-or-none response.• Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive

ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge).

• The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal.

• Process continues down axon to the axon terminal.

• Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.

Action Potential

How Neurons Communicate

Play doh neuron instructions

• Get in groups of 2 or 1. No trios.• Create a neuron with playdoh on your paper.• Include the soma, axon, dendrites, mylien

sheath and terminal buttons. (5 different colors)• Match the terminal buttons of your neuron with

the dendrites of another (without making a complete second neuron. Label the synapse.

• Label them on your paper.• You may refer to p. 76 or my computer.

• Which sentence most closely describes neural transmissions?

• A. an electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell

• B. a chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced and the charge jumps the gap between the nerve cells.

• C. the electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding cells

• D. neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric

Neurotransmitters

•Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse.

•We should know at least 6 types and what they do.

Acetylcholine•Its function is motor movement and

maybe memory.

To much and you will….

Not enough and you will….

Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

Dopamine• Its function is motor movement

and alertness.

Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease.Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

PET scan

• Parkinsons– Muscle rigidity– Tremors– Speech slur– Difficult gait

• Before/After medicinewww. Epub.org What type of scan

Is this?

Serotonin•Function deals with mood control.

Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression.

Endorphins•Function deals with pain

control.

We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

What are agonists and antagonists?

• They are drugs

• Agonists mimic neurotransmitters. Example: Nicotine is an ACh agonist

• Antagonists block neurotransmitters:

• Ex: curare is an antagonist for ACh (paralyzes you)

Agonists and Antagonists

• You eat some bad Chinese food and feel you are losing control of your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from the food most likely interferes with the use of:

• A. serotonin

• B. insulin

• C. acetylcholine

• D. Thorazine

• E. adrenaline

What is reuptake?

• The mopping up of excess neurotransmitter.

How does Prozac work?

• It is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

How does Cocaine work?

The white cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine.

Types of Neurons

Sensory NeuronsMotor NeuronsInter Neurons

Sensory Neurons(Afferent Neurons)

•Take information from the senses to the brain.

Motor Neurons(Efferent Neurons)

•Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

Divisions of the Nervous System

“para” likeA parachute

• Mobilizes the body during extreme conditions• Considered “fight or flight” system• Involves E activities: emergency, excitement,

exercise, and embarassment

• If you are threatened:–Heart rate and breathing increase

–Pupils dilate

–Skin cold and sweaty

–Bronchioles dilate

–Liver releases glucose

• The PSNS performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy

• If the sympathetic stimulates, the parasympathetic slows the system back down (think of PARAchute)

• Provides homeostasis homeo = same Homeostasis means same state you were in before you saw the dog!

Think how the rightside is different fromthe left side.

A Simple Reflex

• A spinal reflex differs from a normal sensory and motor reaction in that

• A. a spinal reflex occurs only in response to extremely stressful stimuli

• B. in a spinal reflex, the spine moves the muscles in response as soon as the sensory information reaches the spine while usually the impulse must reach the brain before a response

• C. in a normal sensory/motor reaction, the spine transmits the information through afferent nerve fibers, while reflex reactions are transmitted along special efferent nerves

• D. spinal reflexes are part of the central nervous system response, while normal sensory/motor reactions are part of the peripheral nervous system

• E. spinal reflexes occur only in animals because humans are born without instinctual responses.

The Endocrine SystemA system of glands that secrete hormones.Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters

Hormones

The Major Endocrine Glands

Don’t forget to write your answers on a separate piece of paper to grade when

you’re done!1. A neuron without terminal buttons would

be unable to

a) receive information from neighboring neurons

b) generate an action potential

c) direct the synthesis of neurotransmitters

d) secrete neurotransmitters

2. Paul Broca found that the loss of the ability to speak intelligibly is associated with damage to a region of the brain in the

a) left frontal lobe

b) thalamus

c) left temporal lobe

d) right parietal lobe

3. Scientists are able to see changes in the brain as it processes information by means of

a) lesioning

b) autopsy

c) CT

d) PET

4. The simplest behaviors we carry on

a) are learned when we are infants

b) do not involve the central nervous system

c) are called instincts

d) include sneezing and blinking

5. Of the following, the effect of the adrenalin on the body is most similar to the effect of the

a) cerebellum

b) parathyroids

c) somatic nervous system

d) sympathetic nervous system

6. Mr. Jenkins’ suffered a “stroke” as a result of a brain injury. Although he can still move the fingers on his right hand, he has lost sensation in these parts. Of the following, the site of damage to his brain is most likely in the

a) right frontal lobeb) right temporal lobec) left frontal lobed) left parietal lobe

7. Of the following, which are located exclusively in the central nervous system?

a) afferent neurons

b) interneurons

c) efferent neurons

d) glial cells

8. Which of the following glands interact(s) most directly with all of the others to help regulate body processes?

a) pituitary

b) adrenals

c) parathyroids

d) ovaries

9. Gunshot wounds, tumors, and strokes all result in

a) infections

b) significant loss of function

c) lesions

d) pain

10. Which of the following must be males?

a) dizygotic twins

b) monozygotic twins

c) down syndrome children

d) Klinefelter’s syndrome children

11. When you are walking, the brain sends messages to the skeletal muscles in the legs by way of

a) efferent fibers

b) sensory fibers

c) afferent fibers

d) central fibers

12. The hindbrain structure involved with sleep and arousal is the

a) hypothalamus

b) cerebrum

c) thalamus

d) pons

13. The basic parts of a neuron are

a) vesicles, terminal buttons, synapses

b) cell body, axon, dendrites

c) myelin, nodes, axon terminals

d) hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

14. Branches are to trees as _______ are to neurons

a) axons

b) cell bodies

c) dendrites

d) nuclei

15. Determining the location of specific genes on specific chromosomes is referred to as

a) genetic mapping

b) phenomapping

c) chromosomal atlasing

d) genome projection

Chapter 3 Answer Key

1. D

2. A

3. D

4. D

5. D

6. D

7. B

8. A

9. C

10. D

11. A

12. D

13. B

14. C

15. A