NEUROANATOMY OF LANGUAGE 2SEPT 13, 2013 – DAY 10
Brain & LanguageLING 4110-4890-5110-7960NSCI 4110-4891-6110Harry HowardTulane University
2
Course organization• The syllabus, these slides and my recordings are
available at http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/LING4110/.• If you want to learn more about EEG and neurolinguistics,
you are welcome to participate in my lab. This is also a good way to get started on an honor's thesis.
• The grades are posted to Blackboard.
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
3
REVIEW
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
4
Linguistic model, Fig. 2.1 p. 37
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Discourse model
SyntaxSentence prosody
MorphologyWord prosody
Segmental phonologyperception
Acoustic phonetics Feature extraction
Segmental phonologyproduction
Articulatory phonetics Speech motor control
INPUT
SEMANTICS
Sentence level
Word level
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 5
Short history of researchDate Event1836 Abercrombie?
1836 Marc Dax claimed that the LH of right-handers has “memory for words”
1861 Paul Broca claimed that the LH of right-handers has “faculty of articulate speech”
1874Karl Wernicke discovered that damage to a certain area could cause receptive aphasia.John Hughlings Jackson claimed that the LH is responsible for language, while the RH is responsible for visual cognition (recognition, discrimination, recall).
WWI-II Many observations of the cognitive results of head injuries
end WWII Juhn A. Wada developed carotid amytal test for cerebral dominance for speech
1950s Penfield & Wilder use cortical stimulation to map the cortex > treat epilepsy, discover the motor-sensory homunculus
1960s Corpus callosotomy (commissurotomy) > split-brain patients
1970s Hemifield tachistoscopy, dichotic listening > laterality research
1980s Noninvasive imaging techniques
6
MACROSTRUCTUREThe parts of the brain that you can see with the naked eye
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 7
Questions• What are the axes of the brain? • What are the lobes of the brain and what do they do? • What connections important for language? • How does one refer to the areas of the brain?
8
AXES
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 9
Vertical axis: ventral/dorsal• Orientation of picture
• Which way is forward?• to the left: cerebellum at back
• Which hemisphere do we see?• medial side of right; left is cut away
> sagittal view• Vertical axis
• Dorsal is up, like dorsal fin (dorsal comes from Latin word for back)
• Ventral is down (ventral comes from Latin word for belly)
• Cortical vs. subcortical division• Cerebrum vs. cerebellum• Cerebral cortex (neocortex) vs.
cerebellar cortex
Longitudinal axis: anterior/posterior
• lobes• Sylvian fissure• perisylvian area
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 11
Longitudinal axis, functions
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 12
Motor & somatosensory homunucli (sg. homunculus)
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 13
Lateral axis: left/right
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 14
Lateral axis• General
• Which way is anterior?• motor and sensory organs are
crossed (decussation)• ipsilateral, contralateral
• LH• language• math• logic
• RH• spatial abilities• visual imagery• face recognition• music
CONNECTIONS
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 15
16
The cerebrum is mostly connections
9/20/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
17
Diffusion tensor imaging
9/20/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Connections
Corpus callosum Arcuate fasciculus
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18
19
NAMING CONVENTIONSHow to refer to specific areas of the brain
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University
Gyrii• AnG - angular gyrus• FP - frontal pole• IFG - inferior frontal gyrus• IOG - inferior occipital gyrus• ITG - inferior temporal gyrus• LOG - lateral occipital gyrus• MFG - middle frontal gyrus• MTG - middle temporal gyrus• OG - orbital gyrus• oper - pars opercularis (IFG)• orb - pars orbitalis (IFG)• tri - pars triangularis (IFG)• poCG - postcentral gyrus• preCG - precentral gyrus• SFG - superior frontal gyrus• SOG - superior occipital gyrus• SPL - superior parietal lobe• STG - superior temporal gyrus• SmG - supramarginal gyrus• TP - temporal pole
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 20
Sulcii• cs - central sulcus (Rolandic)• hr - horizontal ramus• ifs - inferior frontal sulcus• ios - inferior occipital sulcus• ips - intraparietal sulcus• syl - lateral fissure (Sylvian)• los - lateral occipital sulcus• ls - lunate sulcus• pof - parieto-occipital fissure• pocs - postcentral sulcus• precs - precentral sulcus• sfs - superior frontal sulcus• tos - transoccipital sulcus• vr - vertical ramus
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 21
Brodmann's areas
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 22
Brodmann's areas, functions
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 23
Stereotaxic (Talairach) coordinates• MRI scans vary greatly between
individuals due to differences in slice orientation and brain features (i.e. brain size and shape varies across individuals).
• Therefore, it is generally useful to ‘normalize’ scans to a standard template.
• Normalization is the process of translating, rotating, scaling, and maybe warping a brain to roughly match a standard template image.
• After normalization, it is possible to report locations using stereotaxic (“Talairach”) coordinates, which are three numbers (X,Y,Z) that describe the distance from the anterior commissure (the 'origin' of Talairach space).
• The X,Y,Z dimensions refer to left-right, posterior-anterior, and ventral-dorsal respectively. So 38x-64x58mm refers to a point in right posterior dorsal region of the brain.
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 24
NEXT TIMEIngram §3: Neuroanatomy of language, any leftovers
☞ Go over questions at end of chapter.
9/18/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 25