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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• CONSISTS OF:
• 1. THE AXONAL TERMINAL OF A SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON.
• 2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT
• 3. THE MOTOR END PLATE.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• FOR MORE INFORMATION
• SEE MODULE NUMBER 2
• OF THE MUSCULAR CD ROM.
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
• FOR MORE INFORMATION
• SEE MODULE NUMBER 3
• OF THE MUSCULAR CD ROM.
MOTOR UNIT
• A MOTOR UNIT IS A SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON AND ALL OF THE MUSCULE CELLS IT INNERVATES.
• THE NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT MAY BE AS HIGH AS SEVERAL HUNDRED OR A FEW AS FOUR.
MOTOR UNIT
• AS A RESULT, STIMULATION OF A • SINGLE MOTOR UNIT CAUSES A WEAK
• CONTRACTION OF THE • ENTIRE MUSCLE, OR A NUMBER OF MOTOR
UNITS MAY CAUSE A STRONG CONTRACTION OF THE ENTIRE MUSCLE.
MUSCLE TWITCH
• THE RESPONSE, A CONTRACTION
• FOLLOWED BY RELAXATION, OF A
• MUSCLE TO A SINGLE BRIEF
• THRESHOLD STIMULUS.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• THERE ARE THREE PHASES:
• 1. LATENT PERIOD• 2. PERIOD OF
CONTRACTION• 3. PERIOD OF RELAXATION
LATENT PERIOD
• THE PERIOD TIME, USUALLY A
• FEW MILLISECONDS, AFTER THE
• DECISION TO CONTRACT A SKELETAL
• MUSCLE AS BEEN MADE AND THE
• ACTUAL SHORTING OF THE MUSCLE
• HAS OCCURRED.
PERIOD OF CONTRACTION
• THE PERIOD OF CONTRACTION IS
• WHEN CROSS BRIDGES ARE ACTIVE,
• FROM THE ONSET TO THE PEAK OF
• TENSION DEVELOPMENT, AND THE
• MYOGRAM TRACING RISES TO A PEAK.
PERIOD OF CONTRACTION
• IF THE TENSION BECOMES GREAT
• ENOUGH TO OVERCOME THE
• RESISTANCE (WEIGHT BEING
• MOVED),THE MUSCLE SHORTENS.
PERIOD OF RELAXATION
• THE PERIOD OF RELAXATION
• FOLLOWS THE PERIOD OF
• CONTRACTION, AND IS THE RESULT
• OF Ca2+ ION CONCENTRATION
• RETURNING TO NORMAL LEVELS.
PERIOD OF RELAXATION
• THE MUSCLE TENSION DECREASES TO
• ZERO AND THE TRACING
• RETURNS TO THE BASELINE. IF THE
• MUSCLE HAS SHORTENED DURING
• CONTRACTION, IT NOW RETURNS TO
• ITS INITIAL LENGTH.
THREE PHASES OF MUSCLECONTRACTION
GRADED MUSCLE RESPONSES
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION CAN BE GRADED
• IN TWO WAYS:
• 1. BY CHANGING THE SPEED OF STIMULATION.
• 2. BY CHANGING THE STRENGTH OF THE STIMULUS.
GRADED MUSCLE RESPONSES
• MUSCLE RESPONSES TO AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF STIMULI:
• 1. TREPPE
• 2. TEMPORAL (WAVE) SUMMATION
• 3. INCOMPLETE TETANI
• 4. COMPLETE TETANI
TREPPE
• A MUSCLE MUST HAVE BEEN AT REST FOR A PERIOD OF TIME.
TREPPE
• ALL PHASES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• ARE PRESENT AND HAVE
• NOT BEEN ALTERED.
TREPPE
• THE STIMULI ARE EQUIDISTANCE APART.
TREPPE
• THE AMOUNT OF TENSION IS INCREASING DUE TO WARMING OF THE MUSCLE. THE INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE CAUSES ENZYMES TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE.
TREPPE
• THE AMOUNT OF TENSION DEVELOPED, WITH THE SAME STRENGTH OF STIMULUS, INCREASES AND THEN REMAINS THE SAME.
MYOGRAMS
INCOMPLETE TETANI
• IF THE STIMULUS• STRENGTH IS HELD • CONSTANT AND THE
• MUSCLE IS STIMULATED AT AN• INCREASINGLY
FASTER• RATE, INCOMPLETE• TETANI RESULTS.
INCOMPLETE TETANI
• ALL PHASE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION ARE PRESENT.
• HOWEVER, THE PERIOD OF RELAXATION IS SHORTED.
INCOMPLETE TETANI
• THE STIMULI ARE OF THE SAME STRENGTH, HOWEVER, THEY ARE BECOMING CLOSER TOGETHER.
INCOMPLETE TETANI
• THE AMOUNT OF TENSION IS INCREASING DUE TO AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF Ca2+.
COMPLETE TETANUS
• WHEN ALL EVIDENCE OF
• MUSCLE • RELAXATION
• DISAPPEARS AND THE • CONTRACTIONS FUSE
• INTO A SMOOTH,• SUSTAINED
• CONTRACTION,• COMPLETE TETANUS
• RESULTS.
COMPLETE TETANUS
• NOTICE THAT THE PERIOD OF RELAXATION HAS
• COMPLETELY• DISAPPEARED.
COMPLETE TETANUS
• THE STIMULI ARE BEING DELIEVED ONE AFTER ANOTHER, WITH NO TIME ELAPSED.
COMPLETE TETANUS
• THE TENSION HAS PLATEAUED, BECAUSE ALL OF THE MYOFILAMENTS ARE FORMING BONDS. THERE IS A MAXIMUM OF Ca2+
IN THE MYOFIBRIL.
MUSCLE TONE
• MUSCLE TONE KEEPS THE MUSCLES
• OF THE BODY FIRM, HEALTHY, AND
• READY TO RESPOND TO STIMULI.
• IN ADDITION, MUSCLE TONE HELPS
• STABLIZE JOINTS AND MAINTAIN
• POSTURE.
MUSCLE TONE
• MUSCLE TONE IS THE RESULT
• OF ASYNCHRONOUS MUSCLE
• MOTOR UNIT CONTRACTION.
ENERGY FOR CONTRACTION
• 1. ATP
• 2. CREATINE PHOSPHATE
• 3. GLYCOLYSIS
• 4. AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MUSCLE FATIGUE
• TRUE MUSCLE FATIGUE IS THE
• RESULT OF BUILD UP OF ACIDIC
• COMPOUNDS, MAINLY LACTIC ACID,
• A REDUCTION IN THE AMOUNT OF ATP, AND ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES.