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Neuronal Computationin the Auditory Brainstem
Matthew A. Xu-Friedman
Dept. Biological Sciences
Synaptic Transmission
• How is synaptic transmission affected by activity?• Mechanism• Functional consequences
Ca2+
EPSP + action potential
EPSC
Mammalian Auditory System
• Analyzes and localizes sounds• Requires precise temporal information• Uses precise timing of spikes• Preserves and improves temporal
information with various adaptations• We focus on the synapse formed by
auditory nerve fibers onto bushy cells in the cochlear nucleus• Endbulb of Held
Bushy cell
Experimental Setup
Slice Recording
Stimulate
Record
Current Projects
• How does ongoing activity affect synapses?• How does auditory experience influence
development?• How are action potentials initiated with
precision?
Effects of Activity
• Depression results from:• Vesicle depletion & receptor desensitization• (Yang & X-F, 2008; Chanda & X-F, 2010)
• Consequence• Bushy cells respond less reliably after a while
• What about more realistic conditions?
2 nA
20 ms
10 ms
6 ms
100 Hz
200
333
Voltage clampP15–21 mice34°C
Synaptic Variance
• Synaptic transmission has both stochastic (random) and deterministic (predictable) components
• How does randomness affect transmission of information?
• Is it disruptive?
0.1 s
1 nA
** *
50 Hz Poisson
Hua Yang
Effects of Randomness
• Mimic random and non-random synaptic input, by injecting current into the cell
• With non-random synapse, spiking is very consistent, but some EPSPs consistently fail
• With random synapse, even small EPSPs can sometimes cause spike
• Randomness enhances information transmission
150
0Conduct
ance
(nS)
40200Pulse number
100 HzYang & X-F (in press)50 ms 40 mV
Auditory Experience
• How is the degree of depression set?• Does it depend on the animal’s experience?• Rear animals in noise & assess changes
• Reduces depression, and can cause facilitation• Starting to look at opposite treatment (ear-plugging)
• Increases depression• Adaptive, homeostatic response?• How are responses to real sounds affected?
Noise-rearedNormal *
1
0
EPSC
2/E
PSC
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1Dt (s)
Tenzin Ngodup Xiaowen Zhuang
10 ms
2 nA
Dt
Action Potential Initiation
• Why do bushy cells have very small action potentials?• Most neurons have two pools of sodium channels• Bushy cells only have one• Does this adaptation support precise timing?• Developing new electrophysiology tools to study
0.2
0
–0.2dV
m/dt
(V/m
s)
–60 0Vm (mV)
0.5 ms
Typical Neuron
–60
0
Vm (
mV
)
0.5 s
–60 0Vm (mV)
Bushy cell
20 ms 0.5 ms
dendrites
soma
axon
Yang Yang
AcknowledgementsFormer Lab Members
Soham Chanda, PhD’10 (postdoc, Stanford)
Alexander Fischer (grad student, TU Kaiserslautern)
Tim Jarsky (Scientist II, Allen Institute)Lioudmila Pliss (NP, private practice)Sangrok Oh, MS’09 (DO, UB SMBS)John Trimper (grad student, Emory)
CollaborationsRichard Salvi, Center for Hearing and
DeafnessMicheal Dent, PsychologyTobias Moser & Andreas Neef,
Göttingen
FundingNIDCDNSF IOS 1208131
Tenzin Ngodup
Xiaowen Zhuang
Yang Yang
Jack Goetz
Hua Yang