Created by:Created by:
Beven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy HasenkampBeven Livingston, Becky Huot, & Wendy HasenkampGraduate StudentsGraduate StudentsEmory University Graduate Program in NeuroscienceEmory University Graduate Program in Neuroscience
Edited by:Edited by:
Jordan RoseJordan RoseOutreach CoordinatorOutreach CoordinatorCenter for Behavioral NeuroscienceCenter for Behavioral Neurosciencehttp://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.htmlhttp://www.cbn-atl.org/education/outreach.html
Please send questions or comments to [email protected]
Common Potpourri What’s that When it goes Bonds for? wrong
$200
$400 $400 $400 $400
$200 $200 $200
$600 $600 $600 $600
$800 $800 $800 $800
COMMON BONDS - 200COMMON BONDS - 200
Vincent van GoghVincent van Gogh Kurt CobainKurt Cobain Ted TurnerTed Turner Jim CarreyJim Carrey Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill Harrison FordHarrison Ford
Charles DickensCharles Dickens Robin WilliamsRobin Williams Monica SelesMonica Seles Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson StingSting RoseanneRoseanne
A disease affecting the following people:A disease affecting the following people:
What is Depression?What is Depression?
UNIPOLARUNIPOLAR– major depressionmajor depression– Affects 17.6 million Affects 17.6 million
Americans/yearAmericans/year– Affects 1/5 womenAffects 1/5 women– Affects 1/15 menAffects 1/15 men– Treatment cost $30 Treatment cost $30
billion in 1990billion in 1990
BIPOLARBIPOLAR– manic depressionmanic depression– Affects 2-3 million Affects 2-3 million
Americans/yearAmericans/year– men and women men and women
equally affectedequally affected– treated with Lithiumtreated with Lithium
There are two major types of depression:There are two major types of depression:
Symptoms of DepressionSymptoms of Depression
Unipolar (major)Unipolar (major)– persistent sadnesspersistent sadness– loss of interestloss of interest– loss of energyloss of energy– changes in appetitechanges in appetite– low self-esteemlow self-esteem– changes in sleepchanges in sleep– poor concentrationpoor concentration– school/work absencesschool/work absences
Bipolar (manic)Bipolar (manic)– Recurrent episodes of Recurrent episodes of
mania and depressionmania and depression– euphoric moodeuphoric mood– irritabilityirritability– racing thoughtsracing thoughts– excessive spendingexcessive spending– decreased sleepdecreased sleep
Causes of DepressionCauses of Depression
GENETICGENETIC– most important most important
predisposing factorpredisposing factor vulnerability to vulnerability to
depressiondepression vulnerability to vulnerability to
environmental environmental factorsfactors
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL– stress (major/chronic)stress (major/chronic)– serious lossserious loss– chronic illnesschronic illness– separationseparation– chemical dysfunctionchemical dysfunction
Back >
COMMON BONDS - 400COMMON BONDS - 400
Click on the movie window to pause/play.Click on the movie window to pause/play.Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer. Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer.
The brain disorder depicted by the woman in this video:The brain disorder depicted by the woman in this video:
What is Parkinson’s Disease?What is Parkinson’s Disease?
movement disordermovement disorder slowly progressiveslowly progressive tremor at resttremor at rest Akinesia: inability to Akinesia: inability to
movemove Bradykinesia: slow Bradykinesia: slow
movementsmovements postural reflex postural reflex
impairmentimpairment
affects over 1 million affects over 1 million Americans, including: Americans, including: Michael J. Fox, Michael J. Fox, Muhammad Ali, Pope Muhammad Ali, Pope John Paul, Janet RenoJohn Paul, Janet Reno
Avg. age of onset: 58Avg. age of onset: 58 40% of PD patients are 40% of PD patients are
under age 60under age 60 Decrease in Decrease in
neurotransmitter neurotransmitter dopaminedopamine
Back >
COMMON BONDS - 600COMMON BONDS - 600
disease of agingdisease of aging gradual memory lossgradual memory loss dementiadementia affects 1 million affects 1 million
AmericansAmericans Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY– Usually does not Usually does not
occur before age 45occur before age 45– rare before age 65rare before age 65– affects 11% of affects 11% of
people over 65people over 65– unknown causeunknown cause
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS– Memory lossMemory loss– Rule out other Rule out other
possible factorspossible factors Head injury, PD, Head injury, PD,
Huntington’s, Stroke, Huntington’s, Stroke, tumor, infection, metabolic tumor, infection, metabolic diseasesdiseases
– Post mortem histologyPost mortem histology
Alzheimer’s HistologyAlzheimer’s Histology
Loss of neuronsLoss of neurons Change in neuronal morphologyChange in neuronal morphology Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein Accumulation of ß-amyloid protein
“plaques” (extracellular)“plaques” (extracellular) Cytoskeletal abnormalities (intracellular), Cytoskeletal abnormalities (intracellular),
“neurofibrillary tangles”“neurofibrillary tangles”
Normal Young Adult Brain Normal 88-yr old Brain
Compare ventricular volumesrelative to the whole brain mass
normal enlargedPeriventricular whitematter hyperintensity
Normal Aging - T1 axial
Alzheimer’s Disease - T1 coronal
Normal88 yr. old w/ moderately
advanced Alzheimer’s Disease
Hippocampal shrinkage
*
Ventricular enlargementCortical shrinkage (increased space around the brain)
Back >
COMMON BONDS - 800COMMON BONDS - 800
Drew BarrymoreDrew Barrymore Mickey MantleMickey Mantle Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway William FaulknerWilliam Faulkner John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck
A disease affecting the following people:A disease affecting the following people:
What is Alcoholism?What is Alcoholism?
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS– depressed mooddepressed mood– appetite disturbanceappetite disturbance– memory deficitsmemory deficits– psychomotor psychomotor
agitationagitation– self deprecationself deprecation
COMORBIDITYCOMORBIDITY– mood disordermood disorder– anxietyanxiety– antisocial antisocial
personality disorderpersonality disorder
Lifetime PrevalenceLifetime Prevalence
ALCOHOLALCOHOL– 10-20%10-20%– 5:1 male:female5:1 male:female– 1/10 drinkers 1/10 drinkers
develops problemdevelops problem
OTHER DRUGSOTHER DRUGS– Marijuana 4%Marijuana 4%– Stimulants 2%Stimulants 2%– Sedatives 1%Sedatives 1%– Heroin 0.7%Heroin 0.7%– Hallucinogens 0.4%Hallucinogens 0.4%– Cocaine 0.2%Cocaine 0.2%
Questions about Drug AbuseQuestions about Drug Abuse
Why certain drugs?Why certain drugs?– Reinforcing Reinforcing
propertiesproperties– Reward pathway in Reward pathway in
the brainthe brain
Why certain people?Why certain people?– GeneticsGenetics– PersonalityPersonality– Environment (stress)Environment (stress)– ComorbidityComorbidity
Back >
POTPOURRI - 200POTPOURRI - 200
The major cell type of the nervous systemThe major cell type of the nervous system
What is the Neuron?What is the Neuron?
a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) a neuron consists of a cell body (C), an axon (B), dendrites (D) and a myelin sheath (A)and a myelin sheath (A)
message transmission between neurons occurs through message transmission between neurons occurs through neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened learning occurs as connections between neurons are strengthened
Back >Back >
POTPOURRI - 400POTPOURRI - 400
The part of the body injured by The part of the body injured by actor Christopher Reeves.actor Christopher Reeves.
What is the Spinal Cord?What is the Spinal Cord?
When the spinal cord is damaged, When the spinal cord is damaged, information travelling along descending information travelling along descending motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is motor tracts and ascending sensory tracts is blocked.blocked.
Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted Motor and sensory deficits can be predicted from the level and location of the lesion in from the level and location of the lesion in the spinal cord.the spinal cord.
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):Spinal Cord Injury (SCI):The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S.Estimated 250,000 SCI people in the U.S. 11,000 new injuries reported annually11,000 new injuries reported annually Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of Paraplegia (paralysis of legs) affects 55% of
the SCI populationthe SCI population Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities) Quadriplegia (paralysis of all extremities)
affects 44% of the SCI populationaffects 44% of the SCI population
Causes of SCI in the U.S.Causes of SCI in the U.S.
Vehicular Accidents Vehicular Accidents 40%40% ViolenceViolence 25%25%
FallsFalls 21%21% Diving accidentsDiving accidents 10%10%
Work/Sports RelatedWork/Sports Related 4% 4%
Age Distribution of SCI PopulationAge Distribution of SCI Population
Approximately 60% of SCI population were Approximately 60% of SCI population were injured between 15-30 years of ageinjured between 15-30 years of age
Most frequently occurring age is 19 years.Most frequently occurring age is 19 years. Male 70%Male 70% Female 30%Female 30% Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal Ninety percent of SCI population lives normal
lifespanlifespan
Costs Associated with SCICosts Associated with SCI
In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were In 1992, approximately 10,000 SCI’s were reported.reported.
Estimated lifetime costs associated with these Estimated lifetime costs associated with these SCI’s are $10 Billion.SCI’s are $10 Billion.
Individual suffering and loss to society are Individual suffering and loss to society are impossible to calculate.impossible to calculate.
Back >Back >
POTPOURRI - 600POTPOURRI - 600
An immediate muscular response An immediate muscular response to a specific stimulus. Like when to a specific stimulus. Like when the doctor hits your kneecap with a the doctor hits your kneecap with a hammer.hammer.
What is aWhat is aReflex?Reflex?
Tapping a tendon to elicit a contraction of the muscle can determine the status of the nerve that supplies that muscle.
Back >Back >
POTPOURRI - 800POTPOURRI - 800
The part of the retina that has no The part of the retina that has no photoreceptors. (optic _______ )photoreceptors. (optic _______ )
What is the Optic Disc?What is the Optic Disc?
Blind SpotBlind Spot
Back >Back >
WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 200
The largest structure of the brain, it The largest structure of the brain, it is divided into two hemispheres is divided into two hemispheres and each containing four lobes.and each containing four lobes.
What is the Cerebral Cortex?What is the Cerebral Cortex?
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe = MotorFrontal Lobe = MotorParietal Lobe = SensoryParietal Lobe = SensoryTemporal Lobe = Hearing, LanguageTemporal Lobe = Hearing, LanguageOccipital Lobe = VisionOccipital Lobe = Vision
Back >Back >
WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 400WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 400
The part of the brain that is The part of the brain that is composed of the midbrain, the composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.pons, and the medulla.
What is the Brain Stem?What is the Brain Stem?
Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Controls heart beat and respiration (breathing). Contains the major ascending and descending Contains the major ascending and descending
pathways.pathways. It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the It is a link between the cerebral cortex, the
cerebellum, and the spinal cord.cerebellum, and the spinal cord. Contain the cranial nerve nucleiContain the cranial nerve nuclei 12 12
C.N.C.N.
MedullaMedulla
PonsPons
MidbrainMidbrain
Back >Back >
WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 600WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 600
A tennis ball-sized A tennis ball-sized structure at the base structure at the base of the brain that is of the brain that is important for important for coordination of coordination of movement and movement and balance.balance.
What is the Cerebellum?What is the Cerebellum?
2 main functions:2 main functions:– Coordinates skilled voluntary movements Coordinates skilled voluntary movements
by influencing muscle activityby influencing muscle activity
– Helps to control equilibrium and muscle Helps to control equilibrium and muscle tone through connections with the tone through connections with the vestibular systemvestibular system
CerebellumCerebellum
When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly When the cerebellum is damaged (commonly from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients from tumors, trauma or alcohol), patients exhibit:exhibit:– Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)Hypotonia (diminished muscle tone)– Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)Ataxia (loss of coordinated, smooth movements)– balancebalance– Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when Intention tremor (a tremor that arises when
voluntary movements are attempted)voluntary movements are attempted)
Back >Back >
WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 800WHAT’S THAT FOR? - 800
The part of the brain that controls The part of the brain that controls HOMEOSTASIS:HOMEOSTASIS:
ThermoregulationThermoregulation Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms Appetite controlAppetite control Stress ResponseStress Response ReproductionReproduction
What is the Hypothalamus?What is the Hypothalamus?
Fight or Flight Fight or Flight ResponseResponse
Blood pressure controlBlood pressure control Endocrine ControlEndocrine Control
– ReproductionReproduction– StressStress
Back >Back >
WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 200WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 200
The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin The mental disorder portrayed by Dustin Hoffman as Raymond in Rain ManHoffman as Raymond in Rain Man
What is Autism?What is Autism?
Developmental DisorderDevelopmental Disorder– Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)Impaired communication (verbal/nonverbal)– Impaired social interactions Impaired social interactions – Behavior - stereotyped, self injuryBehavior - stereotyped, self injury– Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)Hypersensitivity of senses (light, touch)– Large variability in symptomsLarge variability in symptoms– Not a mental illnessNot a mental illness
AutismAutism
PREVALENCEPREVALENCE– 1/500 children1/500 children– 3-4 times more 3-4 times more
common in boyscommon in boys– >1/2 million people >1/2 million people
in US todayin US today– 3rd most common 3rd most common
developmental developmental disorderdisorder
CAUSECAUSE– Not knownNot known– Not psychologicalNot psychological– Genetic linkGenetic link– Major area of researchMajor area of research
Autistic SavantAutistic Savant 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s 10% of autistics have spectacular abilities (like Rain Man’s
ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the ability to count the number of toothpicks that fell on the floor just by looking at the mess for a second). floor just by looking at the mess for a second).
Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely Skills like math, music, memory, and art are extremely advanced while social skills remain impaired.advanced while social skills remain impaired.
less than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilitiesless than 1% of non-autistic population has these abilities underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of underlying changes in brain unknown; major area of
researchresearch
Back >Back >
WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 400WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 400
The neuromuscular disease named The neuromuscular disease named after an older baseball player for after an older baseball player for the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal the New York Yankee’s. It is fatal and has no known cause or cure.and has no known cause or cure.
What isWhat isAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?(Lou Gehrig’s disease)?
EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY – uncommonuncommon– 4 to 6/100,000 4 to 6/100,000 – men and women men and women
equallyequally – age 40-70age 40-70
SIGNS & SYMPTOMSSIGNS & SYMPTOMS– degeneration of motor degeneration of motor
neurons in the brain and neurons in the brain and spinal cordspinal cord
– muscle weakness and muscle weakness and atrophyatrophy
– doesn’t affect intellect, doesn’t affect intellect, or sensoryor sensory
Neurons in ALSNeurons in ALS
Back >Back >
WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 600WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 600
The mental disorder depicted by the young man in this video:The mental disorder depicted by the young man in this video:
Click on the movie window to play or pause.Click on the movie window to play or pause.Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer. Click outside the movie when you are ready to see the answer.
What is SCHIZOPHRENIA?What is SCHIZOPHRENIA? A mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, A mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking,
emotional reactions, and social behavior, as well as delusions and emotional reactions, and social behavior, as well as delusions and hallucinations.hallucinations.
Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality disorder”Commonly misunderstood as “multiple personality disorder” Devastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of the populationDevastating psychiatric disease that affects 1% of the population
– 1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted1/3 of homeless in America are afflicted
‘‘Positive’ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized Positive’ symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech & thoughtsspeech & thoughts
‘‘Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, social withdrawal, Negative’ symptoms: flattened affect, apathy, social withdrawal, poverty of speechpoverty of speech
SCHIZOPHRENIASCHIZOPHRENIA
Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males Age of onset is generally from 16-25, but males tend to develop the disorder earlier than femalestend to develop the disorder earlier than females
Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within Excessive dopamine neurotransmission within the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of the brain is hypothesized to be the cause of schizophreniaschizophrenia
As you might expect, the most common drugs As you might expect, the most common drugs used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine used to treat schizophrenia are dopamine antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)antagonists (block dopamine neurotransmission)
Back >Back >
WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 800WHEN IT GOES WRONG - 800
The disease characterized by irrational fear The disease characterized by irrational fear of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s of open spaces. Sigourney Weaver’s character had this condition in Copycat.character had this condition in Copycat.
What is Agoraphobia?What is Agoraphobia?
Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of Often accompanies panic disorder, fear of having an attack in an unsafe placehaving an attack in an unsafe place
PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable PANIC DISORDER = sudden, unpredictable onset of terror onset of terror – people believe they are having a heart attack or people believe they are having a heart attack or
dyingdying– average length of attack is 10 minutesaverage length of attack is 10 minutes
PhobiasPhobias
Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) Specific Phobia (of particular object or situation) – affects 1 in 10 peopleaffects 1 in 10 people
Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social Social Phobia (of becoming humiliated in social situations) situations) – runs in families, begins in early adolescenceruns in families, begins in early adolescence– associated with depression or alcoholismassociated with depression or alcoholism
Back >Back >