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7/26/2019 Neurotransmitter Release and Process
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NeurotransmitterRelease and Process
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A (condensed) review sofar
Amino acid neurotransmitters comprise a majority of tacting, directed synapses !ome "nown are glutamate, a
glycine, and 3A"A.
3lutamate 4 most prevalent e#citatory neurotransmitteramammals3A"A 4 most prevalent inhi$itory neurotransmitter
5onoamine neurotransmitters are synthesi%ed from a acid, and are usually found in neurons located in the $rainare di'usely released in the e#tracellular uid &here are fmonoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrepinephrine, and serotonin
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!ome well "nownneurotransmitters
*amma amino $utyric acid(*A+A) -./N0
!ynthesi%ed from glutamate using theen%yme 6 4 glutamic acid
decarbo&ylase (3A+and pyrido&alphosphate (in it "0+ as cofactor
2t does not penetrate the $lood $rain$arrier $ut is synthesi%ed rather in the$rain
onverted $ac" to glutamate via the
3A"A shunt.Neurons that produce *A+A as theiroutput are "nown as 3A"Aergicneurons.
hief inhi$itory neurotransmitter in themammalian nervous system
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*lutamate 3./N0
!erves as a precursor for the synthesisof the inhi$itory *A+A cataly%ed $y *A4
2nvolved in cognitive functions such aslearning and memory
hief e#hi$itory neurotransmitter in themammalian nervous system
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5pinephrine
/.67N0
Produced in some neurons of thenerous systemand the adrenal
medulla
As an emotional response, epinephrineoccurs in response to stress (mostlyrelated to fear)
Precursors are the amino acids
phenylalanine and tyrosine which aresynthesi%ed $y the phenylethanolamineN 4 methyltransferase (PN5'+
Adrenocorticotropic hormone(A)'+ and cortisol stimulates the
precursors for epinephrine
entral neurotransmitter involved inwa"efulness, memory, eating andregulation of moods
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!erotonin
68.61N0
1
Regulates intestinal activity (in *2 tract)
as well as regulation of mood, sleep andappetite (N!)
*enerally thought to $e a contri$utor tofeelings of well $eing and happiness
9ound in the enterochroma8n cells inthe 3- tract (9:;+ and theserotonergic neurons in the N!
Precursors are 6 4 tryptophan which isconverted to 4 hydro&y 4 6 4tryptophan ( 4 'P+which is thensynthesi%ed $y the en%yme Aromatic 64 amino acid decarbo&ylase
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Acetylcholine
Produced in motor neurons,parasympathetic nerous system,and the brain
.as e'ects on arousal, wa"eful state, R5:sleep, and sustaining attention
Precursors are acetyl 4 )oA andcholine and synthesi%ed $y the en%ymecholine acetyltransferase
&he neurotransmitter released in order toactivate muscles (voluntary movement)usually found in neuromuscular junctions(a type of synapse)
9irst neurotransmitter to $e identi;ed (in
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