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Neurotransmitter Release and Process

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    NeurotransmitterRelease and Process

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    1. S

    7 StNeurotr

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    Proteaminosolubpepti

    Enzymsynthprecuneuro

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    2. Storsynaptesicle

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    Small, membrstore

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    !. "rea#dneurotralea#ing fesicles

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    %.E&ocs

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    0. Actiatpostsynareceptors

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    A (condensed) review sofar

    Amino acid neurotransmitters comprise a majority of tacting, directed synapses !ome "nown are glutamate, a

    glycine, and 3A"A.

    3lutamate 4 most prevalent e#citatory neurotransmitteramammals3A"A 4 most prevalent inhi$itory neurotransmitter

    5onoamine neurotransmitters are synthesi%ed from a acid, and are usually found in neurons located in the $rainare di'usely released in the e#tracellular uid &here are fmonoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrepinephrine, and serotonin

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    !ome well "nownneurotransmitters

    *amma amino $utyric acid(*A+A) -./N0

    !ynthesi%ed from glutamate using theen%yme 6 4 glutamic acid

    decarbo&ylase (3A+and pyrido&alphosphate (in it "0+ as cofactor

    2t does not penetrate the $lood $rain$arrier $ut is synthesi%ed rather in the$rain

    onverted $ac" to glutamate via the

    3A"A shunt.Neurons that produce *A+A as theiroutput are "nown as 3A"Aergicneurons.

    hief inhi$itory neurotransmitter in themammalian nervous system

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    !ome well "nownneurotransmitters

    *lutamate 3./N0

    !erves as a precursor for the synthesisof the inhi$itory *A+A cataly%ed $y *A4

    2nvolved in cognitive functions such aslearning and memory

    hief e#hi$itory neurotransmitter in themammalian nervous system

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    !ome well "nownneurotransmitters

    5pinephrine

    /.67N0

    Produced in some neurons of thenerous systemand the adrenal

    medulla

    As an emotional response, epinephrineoccurs in response to stress (mostlyrelated to fear)

    Precursors are the amino acids

    phenylalanine and tyrosine which aresynthesi%ed $y the phenylethanolamineN 4 methyltransferase (PN5'+

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone(A)'+ and cortisol stimulates the

    precursors for epinephrine

    entral neurotransmitter involved inwa"efulness, memory, eating andregulation of moods

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    !ome well "nownneurotransmitters

    !erotonin

    68.61N0

    1

    Regulates intestinal activity (in *2 tract)

    as well as regulation of mood, sleep andappetite (N!)

    *enerally thought to $e a contri$utor tofeelings of well $eing and happiness

    9ound in the enterochroma8n cells inthe 3- tract (9:;+ and theserotonergic neurons in the N!

    Precursors are 6 4 tryptophan which isconverted to 4 hydro&y 4 6 4tryptophan ( 4 'P+which is thensynthesi%ed $y the en%yme Aromatic 64 amino acid decarbo&ylase

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    !ome well "nownneurotransmitters

    Acetylcholine

    Produced in motor neurons,parasympathetic nerous system,and the brain

    .as e'ects on arousal, wa"eful state, R5:sleep, and sustaining attention

    Precursors are acetyl 4 )oA andcholine and synthesi%ed $y the en%ymecholine acetyltransferase

    &he neurotransmitter released in order toactivate muscles (voluntary movement)usually found in neuromuscular junctions(a type of synapse)

    9irst neurotransmitter to $e identi;ed (in

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