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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY IN A CHANGING

WORLD, NINTH EDITIONJeffrey S. Nevid/Spever A. R!"#$%/Bever&y Greee

Chapter 1

Introduction and Methodsof Research

© 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


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How do we define abnormal behavior?

• Psychological disorder – Abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological

functioning or behavior.

• Abnormal psychology – The branch of psychologythat deals with the description, causes, and

treatment of abnormal behavior patterns.

• Medical model – A biological perspective in whichabnormal behavior is viewed as symptomatic of

underlying illness.



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Lifetime and Past!ear Prevalence of

Psychological "isorders



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How do we define abnormal behavior?

• #riteria for "etermining Abnormality

$. %nusualness

&. 'ocial deviance(. )aulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

*. 'ignificant personal distress

+. aladaptive or selfdefeating behavior

-. "angerousness



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#ultural ases of Abnormal ehavior

• ehavior that is normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal inanother.

• The standards we use in ma/ing 0udgments of abnormal behavior

must ta/e into account cultural norms.

• Traditional 1ative American cultures distinguish between illnesses

that are believed to arise from influences outside the culture, called

23hite man4s sic/nesses,5 such as alcoholism and drug addiction,

from those that emanate from a lac/ of harmony with traditional triballife and thought, which are called 26ndian sic/nesses5 7Trimble,

$88$9.



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Historical Perspectives

on Abnormal ehavior



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The "emonological odel

• Trephination – A harsh, prehistoric practice of

cutting a hole in a person4s s/ull, possibly in an

attempt to release demons.

• The notion of supernatural causes of abnormal behavior, or demonology, was prominent in 3estern

society until the Age of :nlightenment.

• 6n ancient ;reece, people who behaved abnormally

were sent to temples dedicated to Aesculapius, thegod of healing.

• 6ncurables were driven from the temple by stoning.



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cess of phlegm, from

which we derive the word phlegmatic.

• An overabundance of blac/ bile was believed to cause depression, or

melancholia.

• An e>cess of blood created a sanguine disposition= cheerful, confident, and

optimistic. An e>cess of yellow bile made people 2bilious5 and choleric

@uic/tempered, that is.



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edieval Times•

elief in supernatural causes led to beliefs thatabnormal behaviors were a sign of possession by

evil spirits or the devil.

• This belief was part of the teachings of the oman

#atholic #hurch, the central institution in 3estern

:urope after the decline of the oman :mpire.

• The #hurch4s treatment of choice for possession was

e>orcism.



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3itchcraft

• The late $+th

– $Bth

centuries were times ofmassive persecutions, particularly for

women accused of witchcraft.

• #hurch officials believed the witched made

pacts with the devil.

• "iagnostic tests such as the waterfloat test

were used to detect witchcraft.



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Asylums

• y the late $+th and early $-th centuries, asylums, ormadhouses, began to crop up throughout :urope.

• Asylums often gave refuge to beggars as well as the

mentally disturbed, and conditions were appalling.

• At 't. ary4s of ethlehem Hospitalfrom which the

word bedlam is derivedthe public could buy tic/ets toobserve the antics of the inmates, much as we would

pay to see a circus sideshow or animals at the Coo.



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The eform ovement

and oral Therapy• Deanaptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel in the late $Eth and early $8th

centuries argued that people who behave abnormally suffer from

diseases and should be treated humanely.

• Pinel 7$B*+F$E&-9 became medical director for the incurables4 ward at

La icGtre in $B8( and continued the humane treatment Pussin had

begun.

• "orothea "i> 7$E&F$EEB9, a oston schoolteacher, traveled about the

country decrying the deplorable conditions in the 0ails and almshouses

where mentally disturbed people were placed.

• As a result of her efforts, (& mental hospitals devoted to treating people with psychological disorders were established throughout the

%nited 'tates.



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A 'tep ac/ward

• 6n the latter half of the $8th century, the belief that abnormal

behaviors could be successfully treated or cured by moral therapy

fell into disfavor.

• "eplorable hospital conditions remained commonplace through the

middle of the &th century.• y the mid$8+s, the population in mental hospitals had risen to

half a million patients.

• Deinstitutionalization – A late $8+s policy of shifting the burden

of care from state hospitals to communitybased treatment setting

in order to reform mental health system.


Th # it t l H lth


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The #ommunity ental Health

ovement= The :>odus

from 'tate Hospitals• #ongress in $8-( established a nationwide system of community mental

health centers 7#H#s, %'"HH', $888a9.

• CMHCs were charged with providing continuing support and care to

former hospital residents who were released from state mental hospitalsunder a policy of deinstitutionaliCation.

• Phenothiazines reduced the need for indefinite hospital stays and

permitted many people with schiCophrenia to be discharged to halfway

houses, group homes, and independent living.

• The mental hospital population across the %nited 'tates plummeted from++8, in $8++ to fewer than $, by the $88s 7;rob, &$9.



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#ontemporary Perspectives on Abnormal

ehavior



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The iological Perspective

• 3ilhelm Griesinger 7$E$BF$E-E9 argued that abnormal

behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain.

• :mil Kraepelin 7$E+-F$8&-9 li/ened mental disorders to

physical diseases.• ;riesinger and Iraepelin paved the way for the modern

medical model, which attempts to e>plain abnormal

behavior on the basis of underlying biological defects or

abnormalities, not evil spirits.

• Dementia praecox F The term given by Iraepelin to the

disorder now called schiCophrenia.



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The iological Perspective

• The medical model gained support in the late $8thcentury with the discovery that an advanced stage of

syphilis in which the bacterium that causes the disease

directly invades the brain itselfled to a form of

disturbed behavior called general paresis 7from the;ree/ parienai, meaning 2to rela>59.

• The later discovery of AlCheimer4s disease, a brain

disease that is the ma0or cause of dementia, lent further

support to the medical model.

• The medical model is a ma0or advance over demonology.



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The Psychological Perspective

• Deanartin Charcot 7$E&+F$E8(9 e>perimented with the useof hypnosis in treating hysteria, a condition characteriCed by

paralysis or numbness that cannot be e>plained by any

underlying physical cause.

• Among those who attended #harcot4s demonstrations was a

young Austrian physician named 'igmund )reud 7$E+-F$8(89.

• Psychodynamic model F The theoretical model of )reud andhis followers, in which abnormal behavior is viewed as the

product of clashing forces within the personality.



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The 'ociocultural Perspective

• ociocultural theorists believe the causes ofabnormal behavior may be found in the failures of

society rather than in the person.

• Accordingly, psychological problems may be rooted

in the ills of society, such as unemployment, poverty,

family brea/down, in0ustice, ignorance, and the lac/

of opportunity.

• 'ociocultural factors also focus on relationships between mental health and social factors such as

gender, social class, ethnicity, and lifestyle.



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The iopsychosocial Perspective

• any mental health professionals endorse the view thatabnormal behavior is best understood by ta/ing into account

multiple causes representing the biological, psychological,

and sociocultural domains.

• !iopsychosocial model – An integrative model for

e>plaining abnormal in terms of the interactions of biological,

psychological, and sociocultural factors.

• Perspectives on psychological disorders provide a framewor/

not only for e>planation but also for treatment.



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esearch ethods in Abnormal

Psychology



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"escription, :>planation, Prediction,

and #ontrol= The


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The 'cientific ethod

$. )ormulating a research @uestion.

&. )raming the research @uestion in the

form of a hypothesis.

(. Testing the hypothesis.

*. "rawing conclusions about the

hypothesis.



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:thics in esearch

• 6nstitutions such as universities and hospitals have reviewcommittees, called institutional review boards 76s9, that

review proposed research studies in the light of ethical

guidelines.

• #n"ormed consent F The principle that sub0ects should receive

enough information about an e>periment beforehand to decide

freely whether to participate.

• Con"identiality F Protection of the identity of participants by

/eeping records secure and not disclosing their identities.



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1aturalistic


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The #orrelational ethod

• Correlational method F A scientific method of study thate>amines the relationships between factors or variables

e>pressed in statistical terms.

• Correlation coe""icient F A statistical measure of the

strength of the relationship between two variablese>pressed along a continuum that varies between K$.

and $..

• The longitudinal study is a type of correlational study in

which individuals are periodically tested or evaluated over

lengthy periods of time, perhaps for decades.



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The :>perimental ethod

• &xperimental method F A scientific method that aims todiscover causeandeffect relationships by manipulating

independent variables and observing the effects on the

dependent variables.

• #ndependent %ariables F )actors that are manipulated in

e>periments.

• Dependent %ariables F )actors that are observed in order

to determine the effects of manipulating the independent

variable.


: l f 6 d d t d


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:>amples of 6ndependent and

"ependent Mariables in :>perimental

esearch



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• &xperimental group F 6n an e>periment, a group that receivesthe e>perimental treatment.

• Control group F 6n an e>periment, a group that does not

receive the e>perimental treatment.

• 'andom assignment F A method of assigning research sub0ectsat random to e>perimental or control groups to balance these

groups on the characteristics of people that comprise them.

• election "actor F A type of bias in which differences between

e>perimental and control groups result from differences in thetype of participants in the groups, not from the independent

variable.



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• !lind F A state of being unaware of whether one has receivedan e>perimental treatment.

• Placebo F An inert medication or bogus treatment that is

intended to control for e>pectancy effects.

• 6n a single(blind placebo(control study, sub0ects are randomly

assigned to treatment conditions in which they receive either an

active drug 7e>perimental condition9 or an inert placebo7placebocontrol condition9, but are /ept blind, or uninformed,

about which drug they receive.



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• #nternal %alidity F The degree to which manipulation of theindependent variables can be causally related to changes in the

dependent variables.

• &xternal %alidity F The degree to which e>perimental resultscan be generaliCed to other settings and conditions.

• Construct %alidity F The degree to which treatment effects can

be accounted for by the theoretical mechanisms 7constructs9represented in the independent variables.



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:pidemiological 'tudies

• &pidemiological studies F esearch studies that trac/ rates ofoccurrence of particular disorders among different population

groups.

• ur%ey method F A research method in which large samples of people are @uestioned by means of a survey instrument.

• #ncidence F The number of new cases of a disorder that occurs

within a specific period of time.

• Pre%alence F The overall number of cases of a disorder in a

population within a specific period of time.



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:pidemiological 'tudies

• esearchers must ta/e steps when constructing a sample toensure that it represents the target population.

• 'andom sample F A sample that is drawn in such a way that

every member of a population has an e@ual chance of beingincluded.

• y contrast, random assignment refers to the process by which

members of a research sample are assigned at random todifferent e>perimental conditions or treatments.



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Iinship 'tudies

• Genotype F The set of traits specified by anindividual4s genetic code.

• Phenotype F An individual4s actual or e>pressed traits.

• Proband F The case first diagnosed with a given

disorder.



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Iinship 'tudies

• 6dentical, or N, twins are important in the study of the relativeinfluences of heredity and environment because differences

between N twins are the result of environmental rather than

genetic influences.

• 6n t)in studies, researchers identify individuals with a specific

disorder who are members of N or "N twin pairs and then

study the other twins in the pairs.

• Adoptee studies F 'tudies that compare the traits and behavior

patterns of adopted children to those of their biological parents

and their adoptive parents.



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#ase 'tudies

• Case study F A carefully drawn biography based on clinicalinterviews, observations, and psychological tests.

• ingle(case experimental design F A type of case study in

which the sub0ect is used as his or her own control.

• 'e%ersal design F An e>perimental design that consists of

repeated measurement of a sub0ect4s behavior through a

se@uence of alternating baseline and treatment phases.



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AA eversal "esign



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ACrin and Peterson 'tudy



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#ritical Thin/ing

Critical thin*ing F Adoption of a @uestioning attitude and carefulscrutiny of claims and arguments in the light of evidence.

'ome /ey features of critical thin/ing=

$. aintain a s/eptical attitude.

&. #onsider the definitions of terms.

(. 3eigh the assumptions or premises on which arguments are

based.

*. ear in mind that correlation is not causation.

+. #onsider the /inds of evidence on which conclusions are based.

-. "o not oversimplify.

B. "o not overgeneraliCe.



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