© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
New Approaches to Lighting for Pedestrian Safety and Sense of
Personal Security
John D. BulloughLighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
TRB Human Factors Workshop 149CWalking at Night: The Pedestrian’s Perspective, or “The Dangers of the Night‐Walkers”
January 8, 2017
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Workshop Presentation Objectives
Identify new approaches to pedestrian‐friendly lighting Compare different alternatives to conventional overhead street and area lighting Describe the impacts and potential benefits of new types of pedestrian lighting Analyze the visual, perceptual and safety impacts of the geometric and spectral properties of pedestrian lighting
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© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Background
Pedestrian fatalities were 11% of total vehicle crash fatalities nationwide› In New Jersey, this percentage was 21% (NHTSA, 2006)
RP‐8: Roadway Lighting (IESNA, 2014): › Minimum vertical illuminance (Ev) is 10 lux for high pedestrian conflict
areas with mixed pedestrian‐vehicle use › Minimum vertical illuminance (Ev) is 2 lux for medium pedestrian conflict
Increasing Ev can provide better visibility of pedestrians (Hasson et al., 2002)
10 lux Ev sufficient for pedestrian detection (Gibbons et al., 2006; Edwards et al., 2007)
But is an Ev of ~10 lux all that we need to know?
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LRC’s Approach to the Problem
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Photometric simulations
Visual performance analyses
Outdoor visibility experiment
Develop performance specifications
Real‐world evaluations
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Relative Visual Performance
The Relative Visual Performance (RVP) model (Rea and Ouellette, 1991) is a quantitative model based on speed and accuracy of visual processing
RVP value is a function of background luminance, luminance contrast and visual size
Excellent visibility can be obtained when RVP>0.9 (Rea, 1986)
increasing background luminance
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
RVP: Plateau and Escarpment
Once high visual performance is achieved, further increases in light level do not improve visibility
(Rea and Ouellette, 1991)
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RVP and Light Levels
Higher Ev does not always provide better visibility (e.g., pedestrian in black [ρ=10%], size=2 ft5 ft, background luminance [Lb]=1 cd/m²):
40 year old driver, 100 ft awayEv=11 lux Contrast=‐0.65 RVP=0.96Ev=30 lux Contrast=‐0.05 RVP=0.17
RVP value is used as an evaluation criterion for evaluating different crosswalk lighting designs
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Applications of the RVP Model
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Highway Sign Legibility Roundabout Hazard Detection
Headlight Pedestrian Identification Distance Intersection Nighttime Crash Frequency
(Bullough and Radetsky 2014)
(Schnell et al. 2009) (Bullough and Skinner 2012)
(Bullough and Skinner 2009) (Bullough et al. 2013)
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Conventional Overhead Lighting
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Overhead Lighting Set 15 ft. Ahead
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Bollard‐Based Lighting
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Visual Performance Evaluation Summary
Overhead lighting at the crosswalk location can result in reduced contrast of pedestrians or areas of transition between “negative” and “positive” contrast
Bollard‐level luminaires providing vertical illumination maintain “positive” contrast, without competing against vehicle headlights
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Outdoor Visibility Experiment
A: Headlights onlyB
C
D
In-kind support:The Lighting Quotient
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Results: Outdoor Visibility Experiment
A: Headlights onlyB
C
D
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Performance Specification
• ≥10 lux vertical illuminance @ 3 ft. above ground within the crosswalk
• ≤1 lux vertical illuminance @ 5 ft. above ground to minimize glare
• “White” light to enhance brightness and contrast with existing overhead high pressure sodium illumination (stay tuned!)
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Field Demonstration – Old Bridge, New Jersey Exterior floodlight luminaires were
modified to create bollard fixtures U.S. Route 9 and Texas Road, Old Bridge,
Middlesex County, NJ Participation from individuals from NJDOT,
NJ Transit, Old Bridge Police Department
Sponsor: New Jersey Department of Transportation In‐Kind Support: Philips Hadco 16
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Field Demonstration – Slingerlands, New York At roundabouts, pedestrian crosswalks appear in unexpected
locations, and conventional overhead lighting does not enhance contrast of pedestrians
LRC installed bollard‐based crosswalk lighting in conjunction with landscape and low‐level overhead “ecoluminance” lighting – 75% energy use reduction
Sponsor: New York State Department of Transportation, In‐Kind Support: Forms + SurfacesNew York State Energy Research and
Development Authority 17
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Field Demonstration – Aspen, Colorado Prototype light‐emitting diode
(LED) luminaires designed to meet the LRC’s performance specification were installed in a temporary demonstration in Aspen, Colorado
Observations by city engineering staff and survey questionnaires of residents and tourists were very positive
Sponsor: City of Aspen In‐Kind Support: 3M, Intrigue Lighting
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© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Field Demonstration – Aspen, Colorado
Sponsor: City of Aspen In‐Kind Support: 3M, Intrigue Lighting19
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Field Demonstration – Schenectady, New York Crosswalk bollard luminaires were
modified to produce low intensity (<1 lux) in crosswalk until activated by push button
Upon activation, luminaires produce three cycles of high and low intensity to serve as an alerting effect
Installed luminaires in Schenectady, NY were judged favorably by observers from the city, Metroplex development authority, and by members of the public
Sponsor: University Transportation Research Center In‐Kind Support: 3M, Intrigue LightingMetroplex Authority
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Visit Poster 17‐00475 (Board N479)in Session 659!
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Field Demonstration – Schenectady, New York
Sponsor: University Transportation Research Center In‐Kind Support: 3M, Intrigue LightingMetroplex Authority
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© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Summary: Lighting for Crosswalks Bollard‐based lighting system
for crosswalks was judged to be promising for improving pedestrian safety
Found to be practical and acceptable by transportation, transit and public safety professionals
› Field tested in New Jersey, New York, Colorado› With optical (and temporal) control, glare from luminaires is minimized
Visual performance analysis is a practical safety‐related evaluation tool
Featured in transportation lighting guidance from Transportation Research Board, Minnesota Department of Transportation
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Can Light Source Color Impact Perceptions of Personal Security?
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Locations that appear brighter tend to be judged as safer(Rea et al. 2009)
∴ Scene brightnesscan be used as a lighting metric for personal
security
scenebrightness
personalsecurity
79%
66%
High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
Metal Halide (MH)
To be judged equally bright, the MH
illuminance was 79% of the HPS illuminance(Rea et al. 2009)
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
HPS vs. Metal Halide (MH)
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Empirical results: 79% Theoretical model: 79%
scenebrightness
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HPS vs. MH vs. LED in Three Parking Lots
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Safety ratings were highly correlated with brightness quantities, rather than
conventional illuminance quantities
(Rea et al. in press)
(ave. 46 lux) (ave. 6 lux)
(ave. 15 lux)
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Summary: Light Source Color/Spectrum
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Tuning the spectral/color content of roadway and outdoor lighting can result in differences in perceived brightness› These in turn influence
perceptions of safety and personal security
May provide opportunities to reduce energy use, light pollution, when pedestrian perceptions are important
https://cms.dot.gov/utc/maximizing‐pedestrians‐perceptions‐safety‐using‐light‐source‐spectrum
© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Acknowledgments
New Jersey Department of TransportationNew York State Department of TransportationNew York State Energy Research and Development AuthorityCity of Aspen, ColoradoUniversity Transportation Research Center – Region 2Philips LightingThe Lighting QuotientTown of Bethlehem, New YorkForms + Surfaces3MIntrigue LightingSchenectady County Metroplex Development AuthorityBonneville Power AdministrationUniversity of Washington
Nicholas SkinnerMark ReaXin ZhangJeremy SnyderPatricia RizzoRosa CapóUte BeseneckerYukio AkashiLeora RadetskyJennifer Brons
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© 2017 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Thank you!Questions?
John D. Bullough, [email protected], www.lrc.rpi.edu/safety
New Approaches to Pedestrian Lighting
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Possible Discussion Questions
At which locations is visual performance of primary importance? At which locations are perceptions of safety/security of primary importance?
What other lighting techniques would maximize positive contrast of pedestrians?
Could a performance specification for lighting based on visual performance be practical?
What further research is needed to validate the visual performance model?
Is there an “objective” way to measure perceptions of safety/security?