New Biomass Stoves and New Biomass Stoves and Carbon Credits Carbon Credits

Dean StillDean StillExecutive Director, Aprovecho Research CenterExecutive Director, Aprovecho Research Center

Overview of today’s talkOverview of today’s talk

Background history on stoves developmentBackground history on stoves development Understanding modern stovesUnderstanding modern stoves New market approaches :top down versus New market approaches :top down versus

bottom upbottom up International standardsInternational standards Carbon creditsCarbon credits

Aprovecho: Testing StovesAprovecho: Testing Stoves

In-Field TestingLaboratory Testing

Cooking StovesCooking Stoves

Aprovecho has a library of tests from over 50 stoves in use around the

world.

Health impact of solid fuelsHealth impact of solid fuels

Indoor Air Pollution1.6 million premature deaths per year according to WHOAsthma, Colds, Eye Irritation, COPD, Pneumonia, ALPD, …

WWorldwide use of solid fuelsorldwide use of solid fuels

Global Warming :CO2, CH4, CO and black carbon Global Warming :CO2, CH4, CO and black carbon emissionsemissions

from inefficient biomass stoves is accelerating from inefficient biomass stoves is accelerating warmingwarming(Brown cloud over Asia) (Brown cloud over Asia)

Excessive Fuel Use: Deforestation,Excessive Fuel Use: Deforestation,Desertification and Drudgery/DangerDesertification and Drudgery/Danger

CookStoves: A Troubled HistoryCookStoves: A Troubled History

Bad “Improved” Stoves have been madeBad “Improved” Stoves have been made A broad misunderstanding of traditional methods and A broad misunderstanding of traditional methods and

cultures, as well as heat transfer and combustion, led cultures, as well as heat transfer and combustion, led to the faulty assumption that any stove is better than to the faulty assumption that any stove is better than nonenone

Many designers still do not understand insulation vs. Many designers still do not understand insulation vs. massmass

Manufacturing high-quality stoves in-country on a Manufacturing high-quality stoves in-country on a small scale has been a challengesmall scale has been a challenge

Testing was not widely done to optimize and/or Testing was not widely done to optimize and/or validate performancevalidate performance

Stable financing was not generally availableStable financing was not generally available

Modern Stoves: A Four-Legged ApproachModern Stoves: A Four-Legged Approach

MarketingMarketing

Research & Research & DevelopmentDevelopment

FinanceFinance

How close are we?

ManufacturingManufacturing

Defining “Improved” Defining “Improved” CookStovesCookStoves

Good Stoves Good Stoves CanCan Turn Wood Into Clean Energy Turn Wood Into Clean Energy Stoves need to be as carefully designed as Toyotas. Stoves need to be as carefully designed as Toyotas. Moving forward: Moving forward:

Testing Needs to be standardizedTesting Needs to be standardized In 2003, Shell Foundation/UCBerkeley/Aprovecho revised 3 test protocols In 2003, Shell Foundation/UCBerkeley/Aprovecho revised 3 test protocols

to quantify and compare performance in lab, field, and homes.to quantify and compare performance in lab, field, and homes. Gold Standard has been developed for fuel savings/carbon credits.Gold Standard has been developed for fuel savings/carbon credits.

R&D is required to quantify and improve combustion and heat transfer R&D is required to quantify and improve combustion and heat transfer efficiencyefficiency

Aprovecho provided first extensive laboratory fuel use and emissions Aprovecho provided first extensive laboratory fuel use and emissions testing, many other large organizations have also begun testingtesting, many other large organizations have also begun testing

Emissions testing kits are now available from AprovechoEmissions testing kits are now available from Aprovecho Without comparisons we don’t know what we are aiming to achieveWithout comparisons we don’t know what we are aiming to achieve

International Standards are needed to provide minimum requirements International Standards are needed to provide minimum requirements of stove performance.of stove performance.

Research & Development

Testing CookStovesTesting CookStoves

Aprovecho has designed easy-to-use emissions equipment, Aprovecho has designed easy-to-use emissions equipment, available to help projects with stove testing:available to help projects with stove testing:

Research & Development

Portable Emissions

Measurement System (PEMS)

Indoor Air Pollution/Exposure Meter

Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove PerformanceEnergy Use vs. Benchmark

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

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Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

CO Emission vs. Benchmark

020

406080

100120

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Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

PM Emissions vs. Benchmark

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

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NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves

Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

Fuel Use for Stoves with Chimney vs. Benchmark

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Sunken Pot withSteam Jets

Sunken Two-PotInsulativeRocket

Insulative TwoPot with Holes

One Pot Rocketwith Hole

PatsariPrototype

Two-pot Rocketwith Holes

Justa Griddle Stovewith Oven

Large GriddleStove

Fuel

to C

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WB

T (g

)

.

Sunken Pots Griddle with Holes for Pots Griddle Only

The Aprovecho Library of performance of over 50 stoves was used to create benchmarks for Shell Foundation, Philips, and others.

International Standards are in the works…

Research & Development

Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance

Energy Use vs. Benchmark

0

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10

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20

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Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

Fuel Use Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should use less than 850 g of wood (15 MJ of energy) to complete the WBT.

Research & Development

Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance

CO Emission vs. Benchmark

020

406080

100120

140160

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Fire

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Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

CO Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 20 g of carbon monoxide to complete the WBT.

Research & Development

Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceBenchmarks for Stove Performance

PM Emissions vs. Benchmark

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

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tone

Fire

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NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves

Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas

PM Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 1500 mg of PM to complete the WBT.

Research & Development

Performance StandardsPerformance Standards

Ideally, standards will:Ideally, standards will: Encourage development locally to compete with Encourage development locally to compete with

companies selling stoves globallycompanies selling stoves globally Improve all stoves by keeping big and small stove Improve all stoves by keeping big and small stove

makers on the same pagemakers on the same page Help to promote user safety considerations in stove Help to promote user safety considerations in stove

designsdesigns Increase stove durability and longer performanceIncrease stove durability and longer performance At the end, ensure stove projects are worth At the end, ensure stove projects are worth

pursuingpursuing

Research & Development

Improvements in DesignImprovements in Design

Heat Transfer can be improvedHeat Transfer can be improved Containing the fire and forcing heat against the pot Containing the fire and forcing heat against the pot

can save can save 30-50% of fuel30-50% of fuel compared to Open Fire compared to Open Fire Combustion Efficiency can be improvedCombustion Efficiency can be improved

Several methods of combustion can save Several methods of combustion can save 50-90% 50-90% of emissionsof emissions compared to Open Fire compared to Open Fire

Rocket Combustion Chamber from China ($2= ½ Rocket Combustion Chamber from China ($2= ½ emissions)emissions)

Gasification ($5 = ½ emissions) Gasification ($5 = ½ emissions) Fan Stove ($20= 1/8 emissions)Fan Stove ($20= 1/8 emissions)

Research & Development

Moving Biomass a Step Up the Moving Biomass a Step Up the “Energy Ladder” “Energy Ladder”

Stoves with small (1 Watt) electric fan can Stoves with small (1 Watt) electric fan can burn wood as cleanly as keroseneburn wood as cleanly as kerosene 40% Of Biomass Users Have Electricity in Their 40% Of Biomass Users Have Electricity in Their

HomesHomes Chimneys: The solution to Indoor Air Chimneys: The solution to Indoor Air

Pollution?Pollution? Chimneys remove smoke in the US, Europe: Why Chimneys remove smoke in the US, Europe: Why

not everywhere?not everywhere?

Research & Development

ElectricityLPG

AlcoholKerosene

Charcoal/coalWood

DungBiomass waste or plastic

Three groups of people using traditional solid fuels:

• The poorest of the poor (< US$ 1.25day)(will not move up the energy latter, need subsidy?)

• The poor (US$ 1.25-3 day) (long term transition) *Immediate commercial market

• The low middle class (> US$ 3/day)(Likely in transition ?)

The energy ladder

Social-Economical development

Marketing

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005

$2.00 - $2.50

$1.45 - $2.00

$1.25 - $1.45

Under $1.25

Poverty lines (millions of people) by mean per capita consumption (US$ per day)

Regional breakdown of the 2005 poverty lines (millions)

Source: Chen and Ravallion (2008)

Marketing

Market size Market size

Complimentary ApproachesComplimentary ApproachesManufacturing

LARGE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS

SMALL LOCAL PRODUCERS

3 billion people = Huge Market

There is room for everyone.

Manufactured Stoves for Sale Manufactured Stoves for Sale TodayToday

Manufacturing

Philips Envirofit – Shell

British PetroleumStoveTec Ecostoves

StoveTec: StoveTec: powered by powered by

“rocket stove”, “rocket stove”, made in China made in China for the global for the global

market. market. Optional fan

wood and charcoal

burning stove.

Envirofit-Shell: Envirofit-Shell: powered by rocket powered by rocket

stove, sold in India (& stove, sold in India (& Brazil and Eastern Brazil and Eastern

Africa).Africa).

Ecostove: Ecostove: powered by powered by rocket stove, rocket stove,

made and sold in made and sold in Latin America Latin America

by SMEs (Brazil, by SMEs (Brazil, Honduras, Honduras,

Nicaragua and Nicaragua and Bolivia). One Bolivia). One

model for many model for many

markets.markets.

Philips: made and Philips: made and sold in India. sold in India.

Thermoelectric Thermoelectric powered fan.powered fan.

British Petroleum British Petroleum (BP): fan stove, (BP): fan stove,

made and sold in made and sold in India. Pellet fueled.India. Pellet fueled.

Biofuels stovesBiofuels stoves

Bosch-Siemens: plant oil stove for Asia market

Dometic: ethanol stove for Africa and Brazil.

Manufacturing of Improved Cook Manufacturing of Improved Cook Stoves: Adding Opportunity Stoves: Adding Opportunity

Local Production Local Production

++ PROS: Better knowledge of market, Lower transportation costs, PROS: Better knowledge of market, Lower transportation costs, Capacity buildingCapacity building

- - CONS: Unimproved design, Lower quality materials, Lower Quality CONS: Unimproved design, Lower quality materials, Lower Quality Control and consistency, Home-made appearance, May not meet Control and consistency, Home-made appearance, May not meet BenchmarksBenchmarks

Centralized ProductionCentralized Production

++ PROS: Improved design, Higher quality materials, Higher quality PROS: Improved design, Higher quality materials, Higher quality control, Meets Benchmarks, Modern factory-made appearancecontrol, Meets Benchmarks, Modern factory-made appearance

- - CONS: Generic stove may not be a great fit, Higher transportation CONS: Generic stove may not be a great fit, Higher transportation costs, Adds distribution jobs but not manufacturingcosts, Adds distribution jobs but not manufacturing

Manufacturing

Financing Stove Programs Financing Stove Programs

Foundations Foundations GovernmentGovernment Aid AgenciesAid Agencies MicrofinanceMicrofinance Carbon Markets – The new opportunityCarbon Markets – The new opportunity

Financing

The Newest Source of Funding: The Newest Source of Funding: Carbon Credits Carbon Credits

Financing

Carbon Emissions Carbon Emissions Financing

Emission

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

– 100 year time-frame --

Potential Reduction

from Three-Stone Fire Methods

Primary Kyoto Basket

Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 ~ 30-50%

Methane CH4 25 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%

Nitrous Oxide N2O 298 IPCC 2007 N/A

Secondary Kyoto Basket

Carbon Monoxide CO 1.9 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%

Others Not Yet Counted

Unburned Hydrocarbons NMHC 12 Smith, 2002 ~ 75%

Black Carbon EC 680 Bond, 2005 0-90%

Carbon and CookstovesCarbon and Cookstoves Household stoves can save Household stoves can save

about 1-3 tons of COabout 1-3 tons of CO22 per per year based on fuel year based on fuel reductions alonereductions alone

Cleaner-burning stoves get Cleaner-burning stoves get extra credit as wellextra credit as well

~$30 per Ton CO~$30 per Ton CO2eq.2eq. per per year currently – projected year currently – projected to increase after U.S. to increase after U.S. electionselections

Credit can cover costs of Credit can cover costs of both the Stove and the both the Stove and the Distribution?Distribution?

Financing

Total Global Warming Impactgrams CO2 equivalent per liter of water boiled and simmered 30 minutes,

normalized for starting temperature and fuel moisture content

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Three StoneFire

Rocket Fan Gasifier Charcoal

Global Warming Potential (g CO2

equivalent/L)

PM -- -50*OM

PM--680*EC

1.9*CO

12*NMHC

25*Methane

CO2

Improved Rocket, Fan and Gasifier Stoves can provide substantial carbon savings.

Source: MacCarty et al., A Laboratory Comparison of the Global Warming Impact of Five Major Types of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Energy for Sustainable Development, June 2008.

Gold Standard CertificationGold Standard Certification

Based on verified kitchen survey proving Based on verified kitchen survey proving savingssavings

Statistically Significant Results (~100 Houses)Statistically Significant Results (~100 Houses) Fuel use measured, Emissions predicted Fuel use measured, Emissions predicted Also considers stove lifetimeAlso considers stove lifetime

Financing

Many Marketing Chains…Many Marketing Chains…

RetailRetail ReliefRelief MicrofinanceMicrofinance Social entrepreneurshipSocial entrepreneurship NGOsNGOs National Distribution Chains National Distribution Chains Local MarketsLocal Markets GovernmentsGovernments

Marketing

Many Networking Opportunities…Many Networking Opportunities…Marketing

Biomass Stoves TodayBiomass Stoves Today

R& D

Manufacturing

Finance

Marketing (BC)

Availability

MarketingMarketing

Research & Research & DevelopmentDevelopment

FinanceFinance

ManufacturingManufacturing