New Des3naons in Ar3ﬁcial Intelligence · MAS S66 New Desna+ons in Ar+ﬁcial Intelligence Goals...

MASS66NewDes+na+onsinAr+ficialIntelligenceGoalsandDirec+onsforFutureResearch

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NewDes3na3onsinAr3ficialIntelligence

PossibleMinds

©JoschaBach2013©JoschaBach2013

Overview

•  Crea*ngMeaning(see:Sloman,TowardsaGibsonianModelofVision)

•  CriteriaforunderstandingMinds(seeSloman,ExploringtheSpaceofPossibleMinds

•  Basicfunc*onalorganiza*onofahuman-likemind

10/20/15 FutureAI 2


Ques*ons

•  Howdoesvisionwork?• Whatarequintessen3alfunc3onsofthemind?• Whichonesarespecificforthehumanmind?• Whichonescouldbedifferent?• Whatarethebasicmodules/structuresweneedtolookat?

10/20/15 FutureAI 3


Percep*onandRepresenta*on

•  Howaresensorydatarelatedtoconceptualstructures?

•  Howcanconceptualstructuresberepresented?

àWedonotseewhatweareseeing!

FutureAI10/20/15 4


Whatispercep*on?

FutureAI10/20/15 5


FutureAI10/20/15 6


FutureAI10/20/15 7


ThatcherIllusion

FutureAI10/20/15 8


ThatcherIllusion

FutureAI10/20/15 9


ThatcherIllusion

FutureAI10/20/15 10


TheSymbolicSpace

Symbolic Space

Reality/Body

Imagination/Mind

FutureAI10/20/15 11


Symbolic Space

Reality/Body

TheSymbolicSpace

Imagination/Mind

FutureAI10/20/15 12


TheSymbolicSpace

Symbolic Space

Reality/Body

Imagination/Geist

FutureAI10/20/15 13


TheSymbolicSpace

Symbolic Space

Reality?

FutureAI10/20/15 14


TheSymbolicSpace

Symbolischer Raum

Realität/Körper

Imagination/Geist

FutureAI10/20/15 15


Howdoespercep*onwork?

Symbolischer Raum

Realität/Körper

Magritte: The Human Condition II

FutureAI10/20/15 16


Howtorecognizeatree?

130.000Polygons

fractalstruktures

largevarianceinshapeandcolorwithviewingangle

Computergrafik ©XFrog

FutureAI10/20/15 17



FutureAI10/20/15 18



Abstractschemas

stem

connected to ground

leafs

foliage

FutureAI10/20/15 19


Schema*chierarchies

Imagerecogni3ontellsussomethingaboutperceptualmechanisms

FutureAI10/20/15 20


Howdoweperceivereality?JimAvignon:“”Allmyfriends”

? FutureAI10/20/15 21


Howdoweperceivereality?

FutureAI10/20/15 22



FutureAI10/20/15 23



face schema

FutureAI10/20/15 24



FutureAI10/20/15 25



FutureAI10/20/15 26



FutureAI10/20/15 27



face schema

FutureAI10/20/15 28



FutureAI10/20/15 29


Thesymbolicspace

Symbolic Space

Sensors

Imagination/ Representation

? ? ? ? ?

FutureAI10/20/15 30


Thesymbolicspace

Symbolic Space

Sensors

Imagination/ Representation

? ? ? ? ?

FutureAI10/20/15 31


Percep*on

→ Percep3onisnotsimplyconstructedfromreceptorinput(boUomup)

→ Verifica3onofhypothesisviasensors

→ Nodifferencebetweenperceptualandimagina3vedatastructures

FutureAI10/20/15 32


Modalvs.amodalrepresenta*on(Barsalou99)

FutureAI10/20/15 33


Cogni*veAr*ficialIntelligence

Methodsshouldfocusoncomponentsandperformancesnecessaryforintelligence:

•  Whole,testablearchitectures•  UniversalRepresenta8ons:

Groundedneuro-symbolicrepresenta3ons(integratebothsymbolicanddistributedaspects)

•  (Semi-)UniversalProblemSolving:Learning,Planning,Reasoning,Analogies,Ac3onControl,Reflec3on...

•  UniversalMo8va8on:Polythema3c,adap3vegoaliden3fica3on

•  Emo8onandaffect

10/20/15 FutureAI 34


•  Universalmentalrepresenta3ons(composi3onal+distributedàneurosymbolic)

ComponentsforCogni*veAI




•  (Semi-)Generalproblemsolving:Opera3onsovertheserepresenta3ons(neurallearning,categoriza3on,planning,reflec3on,consolida3on,...)


Op3 Op4 Op2 Op1 Opn ...



•  Perceptualgrounding



Perception



•  Perceptualgroundingandac3on


Perception Action




•  Perceptualgroundingandac3on


Perception Action



•  Modelofcurrentsitua3on,andprotocolofpastsitua3ons



Perception Action

Situation model

Protocol memory



•  Modelofself




Perception Action

Situation model

Protocol memory

Self model


•  Abstrac3onsofobjects,episodesandtypes




Perception Action

Self model

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Frame


•  An3cipa3onoffuturedevelopments




Perception Action

Self model

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Frame

Expect.

Plans


•  Ac3onselec3onandexecu3vecontrol



Perception Action

Longterm memory

World model

Mental stage


•  Ac3onselec3onandexecu3vecontrol



Perception Action

Longterm memory

World model

Mental stage

Action selection


•  Universalmo3va3on:autonomousiden3fica3onofgoals



Perception Action

Longterm memory

World model

Mental stage

Action selection

Motivational system: Motive Selection

and Decision making


•  Emo3onalmodula3onandaffect



Perception Action

Memory

Action selection


and Decision making

Urges/drives

Resolution

Arousal

Selection threshold

Securing rate

©JoschaBach2013


Cogni*veArchitectures

SoarACT-R

“ClassicalCogni3veArchitectures”tendtofocusoncogni3onasanisolatedproblemsolvingcapability.


PossibleMinds(EliezerYudkowsky)


BiologicalMinds

HumanMinds


AllPossibleMinds

PossibleMinds


BiologicalMinds

HumanMinds


AllOp3miza3onProcesses

AllPossibleMinds

PossibleMinds


BiologicalMinds

HumanMinds


AllOp3miza3onProcesses

AllPossibleMinds

PossibleMinds(nottoscale)


BiologicalMinds

HumanMinds

BiologicalEvolu3on


KindsofMinds(J.StorrsHall)

•  Hypo-human:infrahuman,less-than-humancapacity.•  Diahuman:human-levelcapaci3esinsomeareas,buts3ll

notageneralintelligence•  Parahuman:similarbutnotiden3caltohumans,asfor

example,augmentedhumans.•  Allohuman:ascapableashumans,butindifferentareas.

•  Epihuman:slightlybeyondthehumanlevel.•  Hyperhuman:muchmorepowerfulthanhuman,

superintelligent.



SpaceofPossibleMinds(AaronSloman)

•  Quan3ta3veVSStructural;•  Con3nuousVSDiscrete;•  Complexityofstoredinstruc3ons;•  SerialVSParallel;•  DistributedVSFundamentallyParallel



SpaceofPossibleMinds(AaronSloman)

•  ConnectedtoExternalEnvironmentVSNotConnected;•  MovingVSSta3onary;

•  CapableofmodelingothersVSNotcapable;•  CapableoflogicalinferenceVSNotCapable;•  FixedVSRe-programmable;•  GoalconsistencyVSGoalSelec3on;•  Meta-Mo3vesVSMo3ves;

•  AbletodelaygoalsVSImmediategoalfollowing;•  Sta3cPlansVSDynamicPlans;

•  Self-awareVSNotSelf-Aware.



GeneralityofHumanMinds

•  abilitytocopewithvariedobjectsinadomain•  abilitytocopewithavarietyofdomainsofobjects•  abilitytoperformavarietyoftasksinrela3ontoanyobject

•  Self-improvement•  Gracefuldegrada3on



SpecificAbili*esofHumanMinds

•  Inference,reasoningunderuncertainty,reasoningwithnonlogicalrepresenta3ons(maps,diagrams,models)

•  hypothe3calques3ons(„Whatwouldhappenif...?“)forplans,predic3ons,generaliza3ons

•  Insightandunderstandingratherthanbruteforce•  Communica3onandco-opera3onwithotherintelligentagents•  Copingwithinconsistent'mo3vators',e.g.goals,tastes,preferences,

ethicalprinciples,constraints,etc.•  Self-reflec3on,abilitytoexplainone'sac3ons•  Generate,orappreciate,aesthe3cobjects•  Experiencebodilysensa3ons.•  Enjoyordislikeexperiences,tobeamused,angry,excited,irritated,

hopeful,disgusted,etc.


©JoschaBach2013

Sessions:seefutureai.media.mit.edu

9/21:Possibili3esforar3ficialminds9/28:Agentswithinagents.TheSocietyofMind(Minsky)10/05:?Visionasinverserendering?(Poggio?)10/12:ColumbusDay(nosession)10/19:?AIasengineeringorAIasascience.TheNorvig/Chomskydebate

10/26:TheNeocognitronandDeepLearning11/2:Universalintelligence.FromSolomonoffinduc3ontoAIXI11/9:AIandNeuroscience11/23:AffectandMo3va3on

11/30:MeasuringtheProgressofAI.Benchmarks12/7:ClosingDiscussion.CanwesketchaMapofFutureAIresearch?





Perception Action

Memory

Action selection


and Decision making

Urges/drives

Resolution

Arousal

Selection threshold

Securing rate


LayersofCogni*on

Reflec3ve

Delibera3ve

Reac3ve



ColumnsofCogni*on

Percep3on Cogni3veProcessing Ac3on



Cogni*veGrid

ReflexivePercep3on

Meta-Management

ManagementAc3on

Delibera3vePercep3on

Planning,Reasoning

Delibera3veAc3on

Reac3vePercep3on Reflexes Reflexive

Ac3on



ConceptualAnalysis:HCogAff(Sloman2001)

FutureAI10/20/15 63


•  Whole,testablearchitectures



PSItheoryPrinciples of Synthetic Intelligence

(Dörner1999;Bach2003,2009)

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New Des3naons in Ar3ﬁcial Intelligence · MAS S66 New Desna+ons in Ar+ﬁcial Intelligence Goals...

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