Dev
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osph
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Clim
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Mod
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f-A
dapt
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Gri
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hysi
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Joyc
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. Pen
ner,
Mic
hael
Her
zog
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Chr
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Atm
osph
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, Oce
anic
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Spa
ce S
cien
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Bra
mva
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eer
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neth
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eros
pace
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inee
ring
Que
ntin
F. S
tout
C
ompu
ter
Scie
nce
Uni
vers
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of M
ichi
gan
in C
olla
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NC
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Jan
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16, 2
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tech
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ram
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TH
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s
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fine
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tr
eatm
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conv
ecti
on
Fin
ite-
Vol
ume
Com
mun
ity
Clim
ate
Mod
el
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Lin
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base
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fin
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ux-F
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Sem
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ass
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mon
oton
icity
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sist
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dire
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inim
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dir
ectio
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plitt
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Poly
nom
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d (P
PM):
2nd
orde
r po
lyno
mia
l use
d fo
r su
bgri
d di
stri
butio
n�
terr
ain-
foll
owin
g “f
loat
ing”
Lag
rang
ian
vert
ical
coo
rdin
ate
redu
ces
the
dim
ensi
onal
ity o
f th
e pr
oble
m f
rom
3 to
2�
map
ping
to
fixe
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uler
ian
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renc
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nate
pre
serv
es m
onot
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d co
nser
ves
mas
s-, m
omen
tum
-, a
nd to
tal e
nerg
y�
fini
te-v
olum
e re
pres
enta
tion
of th
e m
ean
terr
ain
allo
ws
for
an a
ccur
ate
and
phys
ical
ly c
onsi
sten
t int
egra
tion
of
the
pres
sure
gra
dien
t for
ce�
Sem
i-L
agra
ngia
n sc
hem
e av
oids
pol
e C
oura
nt-n
umbe
r pr
oble
m,
Four
ier
filte
r ap
plie
d at
hig
h la
titu
des
�lo
cally
def
ined
alg
orit
hms
and
expl
icit
tim
e st
eppi
ng s
chem
e en
able
s ef
fici
ent
para
lleliz
atio
n us
ing
a hy
brid
app
roac
h (M
PI a
nd O
penM
P)
FV
CC
M:
Sim
ulat
ion
of a
sur
face
fro
nt
duri
ng a
5 y
ear
sim
ulat
ion
with
clim
atol
ogic
al S
ST(S
.J. L
in a
nd K
. Yeh
)
A h
igh
spat
ial r
esol
utio
n is
nee
ded
to r
esol
ve th
e gr
adie
nts
in th
e vi
cini
ty o
f th
e su
rfac
e fr
ont.
A m
uch
low
er s
patia
l res
olut
ion
wou
ld b
e su
ffic
ient
to c
aptu
re
smoo
th f
eatu
res
away
fro
m th
e fr
ont.
Tes
t C
ases
�id
ealiz
ed t
est
case
s fo
r dy
nam
ical
cor
es o
nly:
show
n ar
e su
rfac
e te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd p
ress
ure
(con
tour
s) f
or th
e L
in/R
ood
dyna
mic
al c
ore
afte
r a
9 da
y si
mul
atio
n st
artin
g fr
om
bala
nced
initi
al c
ondi
tions
with
a s
mal
l pe
rtur
bati
on in
a s
mal
l are
a
(Ch.
Jab
lono
wsk
i)
�re
al t
est
case
s fr
om o
bser
vati
ons
for
GC
Ms
wit
h fu
ll ph
ysic
s:sh
own
are
the
mea
n se
a le
vel p
ress
ure
for
the
Lot
har
test
cas
e. T
he lo
w p
ress
ure
syst
em L
otha
r ca
used
sig
nifi
cant
dam
age
in
Fran
ce a
nd G
erm
any
on D
ecem
ber
25,
1999
.
Clo
ud R
esol
ving
Mod
el A
TH
AM
�ht
tp://
ww
w.m
pim
et.m
pg.d
e/D
epts
/Klim
a/ad
ac/a
tham
/inde
x.ht
ml
�A
ctiv
e-T
race
r-H
igh-
Res
olut
ion-
Atm
osph
eric
-Mod
el: n
on-h
ydro
stat
ic p
lum
e m
odel
in
clud
ing
soun
d w
aves
�or
igin
ally
des
igne
d to
sim
ulat
e ex
plos
ive
volc
anic
eru
ptio
ns�
para
lleliz
ed u
sing
MPI
bas
ed o
n 2d
dom
ain
deco
mpo
sitio
n�
mod
ular
str
uctu
re:
�dy
nam
ic: s
olve
s N
avie
r-St
okes
equ
atio
n fo
r a
gas-
part
icle
mix
ture
, cal
cula
tes
tran
spor
t of
activ
e tr
acer
s, u
ses
an im
plic
it ti
me
step
ping
sch
eme
�tu
rbul
ence
clo
sure
sch
eme:
com
pute
s tu
rbul
ent e
xcha
nge
coef
fici
ents
for
eac
h dy
nam
ic q
uant
ity�
clou
d m
icro
phys
ics:
des
crib
es c
onde
nsat
ion
and
form
atio
n of
pre
cipi
tatio
n ba
sed
on
bulk
par
amet
eriz
atio
ns f
or th
e ic
e an
d liq
uid
phas
e�
radi
atio
n m
odul
e: c
alcu
late
s he
atin
g ra
tes
base
d on
del
ta-E
ddin
gton
app
roxi
mat
ion
�sc
aven
ging
mod
ule:
des
crib
es s
cave
ngin
g of
vol
cani
c ga
ses
by h
ydro
met
eors
�as
h m
odul
es: d
escr
ibes
gro
wth
of
volc
anic
par
ticle
s by
coa
gula
tion
and
inte
ract
ion
with
hyd
rom
eteo
rs�
chem
istr
y m
odul
e: c
alcu
late
s th
e ga
s ph
ase
chem
istr
y re
leva
nt f
or a
bio
mas
s bu
rnin
g pl
ume
Flo
w a
roun
d a
Mou
ntai
n Si
mul
ated
by
AT
HA
M
The
upp
er p
anel
sho
ws
the
flow
and
it
s m
agni
tude
aro
und
an id
eliz
edm
ount
ain
afte
r 50
min
sim
ulat
ion
tim
e.
The
low
er p
anel
sho
ws
the
sum
of
all
hydr
omet
eors
(cl
oud
wat
er, c
loud
ic
e, r
ain
and
grau
pel)
.
Ada
ptiv
e G
rid
and
Blo
ck S
truc
ture
3d S
imul
atio
n of
a c
oron
al
mas
s ej
ecti
on h
itti
ng e
arth
by
D.L
. De
Zee
uw, T
.I.G
ombo
si,
C.P
.T.G
roth
, K.G
. Pow
ell a
nd
Q.F
. Sto
ut
If f
ine
scal
e ac
tivi
ty o
ccur
s in
one
blo
ck, t
his
bloc
k is
re
plac
ed b
y 8
new
blo
cks.
The
spa
tial
res
olut
ion
of t
wo
neig
hbor
ed b
lock
s is
on
ly a
llow
ed t
o di
ffer
by
a fa
ctor
of
two.
2
Red
uced
grid
Ref
inem
ents
Ref
eren
ces
Gom
bosi
, T. I
., D
. L. D
eZ
eeuw
, R. M
.Hab
erli
and
K. G
. Pow
ell,
1996
: T
hree
-dim
ensi
onal
Mul
tisc
ale
MH
D M
odel
of
Com
etar
yP
lasm
a E
nvir
onm
ents
, Jou
rnal
of
Geo
phys
ical
R
esea
rch,
vol
. 101
, 152
33-1
5253
.
Lin
, S.-
J. a
nd R
. B. R
ood,
199
6: M
ulti
dim
ensi
onal
Flu
x-F
orm
Sem
i-L
agra
ngia
nT
rans
port
Sc
hem
e: M
onth
ly W
eath
er R
evie
w, 1
24:
2046
-207
0.
Lin
, S.-
J., 1
997:
A F
init
e V
olum
e In
tegr
atio
n M
etho
d fo
r C
ompu
ting
Pre
ssur
e G
radi
ent
For
ces
in G
ener
al V
erti
cal C
oord
inat
es, Q
uart
. J. R
oyal
Met
eor.
Soc
., 12
3: 1
749-
-176
2.
Lin
, S.-
J. a
nd R
. B. R
ood,
199
7: A
n ex
plic
it f
lux-
form
sem
i-L
agra
ngia
nsh
allo
w w
ater
m
odel
on
the
sphe
re, Q
uart
. J. R
oyal
Met
eor.
Soc
., 12
3: 2
477-
2498
.
Obe
rhub
er, J
. M.
M. H
erzo
g, H
.-F
. Gra
f, K
.Sch
wan
ke, 1
998:
Vol
cani
c P
lum
e Si
mul
atio
n on
Lar
ge S
cale
s. J
.Vol
cano
l.G
eoth
erm
. Res
., 87
: 29
-53.
Oeh
mke
, R. a
nd S
tout
, Q.F
., 20
01:
Par
alle
l ada
ptiv
e bl
ocks
on
a sp
here
’, SI
AM
Con
f.
Par
alle
l Pro
c., i
n pr
ess.
Stou
t, Q
. F.,
D. L
.DeZ
eeuw
, T. I
.Gom
bosi
, C. P
. T.G
roth
, H. G
. Mar
shal
l and
K. G
. P
owel
l, 19
97:
Ada
ptiv
e B
lock
s: A
Hig
h-P
erfo
rman
ce D
ata
Stru
ctur
e. I
n: P
roce
edin
gs
SC’9
7. U
RL
: ht
tp:/
/ww
w.e
ecs.
umic
h.ed
u/~q
stou
t/pa
p/SC
97.p
s.
