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Attracts fish to the surface
Evaluate volume of feed consumed over a timeperiodImproved FCRLowered overall feed costsLess waste or uneaten fee in the pond
Utilize wind for feeddispersal
Allowed farmer to observe fish behaviorObservation of the general health of thestock
Better pond conditionBetter water quality
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32%PROTEIN
10%RiceBranorWheatMidlings
8%Fishmeal
Mino
r
Ingred
ients
48.2%
SoybeanMeal
29.2%
Corn
NRC, 1983
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a PROBLEM
Types of feeds are relatively low in protein
Use of ingredients that are mainly low cost fillers
a DEMANDA lower cost feeds (make the feeds in a simple way)Optimization of the process
Look for an alternativeprotein source
SupplyofFishmeal
Cost ofFishmeal
The USE of SOYBEANMEAL
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To partially replace fishmeal cost in feedformulation
Soybean meal, as well as fishmeal, should not be overheated in oilextraction process for better functional properties (cross linking of
protein chains) to assist in holding the pellet together.
a STUDY
For every 2%Good FunctionalProtein
FORMULA
1% StarchRequirement
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Preparation of the raw materials
Based on the nutrient needs of the animal
Grind to a size finenessParticle should be less than 1/3 of the die openingDecide after understanding the market needs
MixIntroduce evenly into the extrusionsystemConditionDryCoat
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EARLIER
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LATER
Retention time of 20 to 30seconds
Retention time of 180secondsSteam, water and otherliquid ingredient are added
Cooked in a dry fashion
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On-Stream Adjustment
Bulk density range of +/-25%
a DEVELOPMENT
BACKPRESSUREVALVE
To adjust die restriction while extrusionsystem is in operation
Size and uniformity of cellstructureStarch gelatinizationShape definition
The more beautiful the pellets, the more the farmer like them as itshows care in the feed manufacturing process.
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Past Tech
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Present Tech
Can purchase an additional1,500 to 3,00 tonnes/year ofdry raw materials
Equates to 1,500 to 3,000tonnes/year of lost water
MOISTURE VARIANCE
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Monitoring the humidity of the exhaustair
an ADVANCEMENT
Enable the dryer to exhaust air at a pre-setsaturation
Reduces fuel cost
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Oil
ADDING
Probiotics
Pellets with more water pick up less oil or unevencoating
EnzymesVitamins