New Encounters: The New Encounters: The Creation of a World Creation of a World

MarketMarket

1313

An Age of Exploration and An Age of Exploration and ExpansionExpansion Islam and the Spice Trade

Muslim activity Malacca

A New Player: Europe Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 Economic motive Religious zeal Expansion a state enterprise; monarchs had the authority and

resources Knowledge and technology by the end of the 15th century Seaworthy ships Knowledge of the wind systems

Portuguese Maritime EmpirePortuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

School for navigators, 1419 Exploring down the west coast of Africa Slaves Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 Vasco da Gama, 1498

Calicut Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque

Goa, 1510 Malacca, 1511

Success of the Portuguese Guns and seamanship

Spanish Conquests in the “New World”Spanish Conquests in the “New World”

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502

John Cabot, 1497 New England

Pedro Cabral, 1500 Brazil Amerigo Vespucci

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Conquest of Mexico, (1519-1522), and Peru, (1531-1536)

Governing the EmpireGoverning the Empire Encomienda

Forced labor Diease

Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru

Papal agreement

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European Voyages and Possessions in European Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuriesthe Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

The Impact of European The Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Native Americans ravaged by disease Psychological impact Conquerors sought gold and silver New products sent to Europe Deepened rivalries Why did Europeans risk their lives?

New RivalsNew Rivals

Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean

Spain in Asia but only consolidated their hold on the Philippines

First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 Surat in northwestern India in 1608

Dutch arrive in India in 1595 Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

France, Britain, and Holland in France, Britain, and Holland in the Americasthe Americas Portuguese in Brazil in 1549 Dutch West India Company, 1621 English seize New Netherlands from the Dutch in

America in 1664 Canada became property of the French in 1663 but

did not adequately man or defend it English begin colonizing the Atlantic seaboard of

North America

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European Possessions in the European Possessions in the West IndiesWest Indies

Africa in TransitionAfrica in Transition Portuguese in East Africa

Gold trade Mwene Matapa

Southern Africa Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652

West Africa Mali Songhai

• King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528• Broke up after his death

Increased European contact with West Africa

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans

Sugar cane and sugar plantations Colonization of the Americas First boatload of African slaves directly from Africa brought by the Spanish in 1518 275,000 enslaved African exported to other countries

Between 16th and 19th centuries about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Numbers of slaves exported Death rates Most slaves prisoners or war captives European slavers at first gained slaves from local merchants for guns, textiles, copper, or iron

utensils Impact on social and political conditions Depopulation in some areas but less true in West Africa European justification

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Fort Jesus, Mombasa, KenyaFort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya

Built by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century

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The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Political and Social Structures in Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continenta Changing Continent Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations

of local cottage industry Limited European penetration of Africa Altering of trading empires European impact on inland areas European impact on West Africa

Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to

conflict among states Splintering of the Congo region

East Africa Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

Southeast Asia in the Era of the Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The Arrival of the WestSpice Trade: The Arrival of the West Dutch East India Company

Batavia, 1619 Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam

resisted foreign encroachment Spices did not flourish on the mainland Europeans became involved in factional struggles By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon

their trading stations

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The Pattern of World TradeThe Pattern of World Trade

State and Society in Pre-colonial State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Religion and Kingship

Islam and Christianity make inroads Buddhism in the lowland areas Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings,

Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors Economy and Society

Mostly agriculture during the early European period Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics Higher standard of living than most of Asia Social institutions

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

Trace the background of Columbus’s voyages to the New World.

How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact Europe?

How did the discovery of the western hemisphere impact the Native Americans?

How did the discovery of the western hemisphere change the pattern of slavery in Africa?