New field in 1920s called New field in 1920s called human ecology human ecology based on ideas based on ideas from biology such as: from biology such as: – Plant invasion Plant invasion – Species succession Species succession – Climax vegetation Climax vegetation Urban ecology: groups of Urban ecology: groups of people occupy over time people occupy over time different areas of the city different areas of the city like different plant like different plant species species Burgess said the zones were Burgess said the zones were rings… rings…
Transcript
New field in 1920s called New field in 1920s called human ecologyhuman ecology based on based on ideas from biology such as:ideas from biology such as:– Plant invasion Plant invasion – Species successionSpecies succession– Climax vegetationClimax vegetation
Urban ecology: groups of Urban ecology: groups of people occupy over time people occupy over time different areas of the city like different areas of the city like different plant speciesdifferent plant species
Burgess said the zones were Burgess said the zones were rings…rings…
2. The Concentric-Zone Model2. The Concentric-Zone Model
Proposed by Burgess – A sociologist at Proposed by Burgess – A sociologist at the University of Chicago: the University of Chicago: 1925 book titled 1925 book titled The CityThe City
Based on a study of land use patterns Based on a study of land use patterns and social group dynamics in Chicagoand social group dynamics in Chicago
Geographically the city was visualized Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a cross-section of a treecross-section of a tree
Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model
A model with five zones.A model with five zones.– Zone 1Zone 1
The central business district (CBD)The central business district (CBD) Outer portion occupied by Outer portion occupied by
commercial/industrial enterprises; commercial/industrial enterprises; Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do
with this patternwith this pattern
Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model
A model with five zones.A model with five zones.– Zone 2Zone 2
Characterized by mixed pattern of Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use industrial and residential land use
Rooming houses, small apartments, and Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income tenements attract the lowest income segmentsegment
Often includes slums and skid rows, many Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began hereethnic ghettos began here
Usually called the transition zone, think Usually called the transition zone, think “social disorganization”“social disorganization”
Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model
A model with five zones.A model with five zones.
– Zone 3Zone 3 The “workingmen’s quarters”The “workingmen’s quarters” Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1
and 2and 2 More stable than the transition zone around the CBDMore stable than the transition zone around the CBD Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods —
blocks of immigrants who broke free from the blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettosghettos
Spreading outward because of pressure from Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housingdemanded better housing
Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model
A model with five zones.A model with five zones.– Zone 4Zone 4
Middle class area of “better housing” Middle class area of “better housing” residential hotels and better residential hotels and better apartments;apartments;
Established city dwellers, many of Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first whom moved outward with the first streetcar networkstreetcar network
Commute to work in the CBDCommute to work in the CBD
Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model
A model with five zones.A model with five zones.– Zone Zone 55
Consists of higher-income families Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbsclustered together in older suburbs
Located either on the farthest extension of Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad linesthe trolley or commuter railroad lines
Spacious lots and large housesSpacious lots and large houses From here the rich pressed outward to From here the rich pressed outward to
avoid congestion and social heterogeneity avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4caused by expansion of zone 4
3. The Sector Model3. The Sector Model
This model proposed by a land This model proposed by a land economist working for U.S. federal economist working for U.S. federal government named Homer Hoytgovernment named Homer Hoyt
Based his model on a huge study of Based his model on a huge study of housing values in more than 100 housing values in more than 100 cities (1939)cities (1939)
He posited a CBD around which other He posited a CBD around which other land uses clusterland uses cluster
3. The Sector Model3. The Sector Model
But important factor is not But important factor is not distancedistance from CBD as in the concentric zone from CBD as in the concentric zone model, but model, but direction away from CBDdirection away from CBD
Wedge-shaped land use zones: like Wedge-shaped land use zones: like pieces of piepieces of pie
Does the “side” of town matter in an Does the “side” of town matter in an San Jose?San Jose?
Sector modelSector model
Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factorsexpand according to four factors– Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along
established routes of travel, toward another established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-rent buildingsnucleus of high-rent buildings
– Will progress toward high ground or along Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not used for waterfronts, when these areas are not used for industryindustry
– Will move along the route of fastest transportationWill move along the route of fastest transportation– Will move toward open spaceWill move toward open space
Sector modelSector model
As high-rent sectors develop, areas between As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled inthem are filled in– Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,
drawing on their prestigedrawing on their prestige– Low-rent areas fill remaining areasLow-rent areas fill remaining areas– Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go
from high to lowfrom high to low There are distinct patterns in today’s cities There are distinct patterns in today’s cities
that echo Hoyt’s modelthat echo Hoyt’s model He had the advantage of writing later than He had the advantage of writing later than
Burgess — in the age of the automobileBurgess — in the age of the automobile
3. The Sector Model (continued)3. The Sector Model (continued)
Adapted from: H. Carter (1995) Urban Geography 4th Edition. London: Arnold, p. 126.
Which side is high-class residential? Why?Which side is high-class residential? Why?
Why is lower-class residential where it is shown?Why is lower-class residential where it is shown?
Discuss: Concept of “environmental justice”Discuss: Concept of “environmental justice”
3. The Sector Model 3. The Sector Model (continued) (continued)
This theory is particularly This theory is particularly good for residential land usegood for residential land use
Both the concentric zone and sector Both the concentric zone and sector models are models are monocentric monocentric representations representations of urban areasof urban areas
How realistic are they for an auto-age How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson or San Jose?metropolis like Tucson or San Jose?
44.. Multiple Nuclei ModelMultiple Nuclei Model
Developed by two geographers: Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 based on Seattle, WashingtonDeveloped by two geographers: Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 based on Seattle, Washington
Basic concept: cities don’t grow up around a single core but have several nodesBasic concept: cities don’t grow up around a single core but have several nodes
CBD need not be at the center (!)CBD need not be at the center (!)
Proximity to other locations (universities, airport, malls) can generate clusters of high-intensity land useProximity to other locations (universities, airport, malls) can generate clusters of high-intensity land use
4.4. Multiple Nuclei ModelMultiple Nuclei Model
1. CBD2. Wholesale & Light
Manufacturing3. Low-income Residential4. Middle-Income Residential5. High-Income Residential6. Heavy Manufacturing7. Outlying Business District
Proposed by a land Proposed by a land economist, Homer economist, Homer Hoyt, it posits that Hoyt, it posits that different categories different categories of housing occupy of housing occupy wedge-shaped areas wedge-shaped areas radiating out from radiating out from the CBD…the CBD… Sector
Model
Political economy and urban Political economy and urban sociologysociology
Idea of scarcity of resources, not Idea of scarcity of resources, not enough of generally coveted goods enough of generally coveted goods and benefits society produces for and benefits society produces for everyone to get as much as they everyone to get as much as they want, we can look upon outcome of want, we can look upon outcome of competition for urban space in competition for urban space in which wealthy individuals and which wealthy individuals and institutions prevail in different light institutions prevail in different light
Political economy and Political economy and urban sociologyurban sociology Political economy- study how Political economy- study how
political decision-making and political decision-making and social policy articulates with social policy articulates with economic interests of different economic interests of different social classes, how it advantages social classes, how it advantages or disadvantages particular groups or disadvantages particular groups of actors.of actors.
Social ChangeSocial Change
A series of urban riots in United A series of urban riots in United States during the decade of States during the decade of 1960s, economic decline of 1960s, economic decline of central cities, and loss of urban central cities, and loss of urban industrial jobs attracted attention industrial jobs attracted attention of critical urban analysis (254).of critical urban analysis (254).
Marxist perspectiveMarxist perspective
Critical of traditional urban Critical of traditional urban sociology, of ecologists, and of sociology, of ecologists, and of those working in urbanism those working in urbanism tradition because nothing in that tradition because nothing in that body of work had anticipated body of work had anticipated urban uprisings.urban uprisings.
Criticisms of Ecological Criticisms of Ecological ModelModel What Park, Burgess, Wirth, and What Park, Burgess, Wirth, and
others in ecological school and others in ecological school and urban tradition should have urban tradition should have focused on was how a particular focused on was how a particular set of urban structures and set of urban structures and effects were produced by effects were produced by capitalism.capitalism.
Criticisms of Ecological Criticisms of Ecological ModelModel Capitalism created forms of land-Capitalism created forms of land-
use and massive cities that use and massive cities that instilled feelings of alienation and instilled feelings of alienation and anomie. Urban environment itself anomie. Urban environment itself was in effect -- a product of a was in effect -- a product of a capitalist Industrial Revolution capitalist Industrial Revolution and its aftermath -- rather than a and its aftermath -- rather than a cause. cause.
Criticisms of Ecological Criticisms of Ecological ModelModel
Key to understanding urban problems was Key to understanding urban problems was to focus on economic conditions rather to focus on economic conditions rather than size, density, or ecology (254). In than size, density, or ecology (254). In terms of social action cities/ecologies are terms of social action cities/ecologies are not real agents that create social not real agents that create social traditions or social change in the same traditions or social change in the same sense that individual capitalists, sense that individual capitalists, corporations, or collective movement corporations, or collective movement based on class interests are. based on class interests are.
