New Frontiers – GIS, Life, the Universe and Everything "New Frontiers – GIS, Life, the Universe...

"New Frontiers –GIS, Life, the Universe and

EverythingEverything

D.R.Fraser Taylor and Tracey Lauriaultand Tracey Lauriault

Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC)Carleton University

Cybercartography and the New Economy Project

IASSIST - Strength in Numbers Morning Plenary, Ottawa, May 30,

2003 1

P j t F diProject FundingSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofResearch Council ofCanada(SSHRC)

Innovation on the New Economy: Research Alliance Program Stream g(http://www.sshrc.ca/web/apply/program_descriptions/ine/alliances_e.asp)

Awarded a 4 year grant to supportAwarded a 4 year grant to supportresearch in cybercartographic theory and methodolog


2003 2

methodology:Project implementation began 01/2003

The Geomatics and Cartographic Research CentreCartographic Research Centre

Research focus:Research focus:The application of cartographypp g p yand geospatial analysis to an increased understanding ofincreased understanding ofsocieties and economies in a national and international context


2003 3

C b t hCybercartographyR fl t th Ch i N t fReflects the Changing Nature of

Cartography:Cartography:“the organization, presentation, analysis and

communication of spatially-referenced information on a wide variety of topics of interest y p

and use to society in an interactive, dynamic, multimedia multisensory and multidisciplinarymultimedia, multisensory and multidisciplinary

format”IASSIST - Strength in Numbers

Morning Plenary, Ottawa, May 30, 2003 4

Taylor

Ai d Obj tiAims and ObjectivesMultidisciplinary research team will develop a new foundationalwill develop a new, foundationalparadigm for cybercartographyContribute to an improved understanding of how individualsunderstanding of how individualsorganize, navigate and interact

ith t b d i f tiwith computer-based informationIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


Cybercartographicy g pProducts

Atlas Goals:Create two innovative products andCreate two innovative products andmethodologies to compliment discovering utilizing presenting anddiscovering, utilizing, presenting anddistributing existing information and data fordata for

The Cybercartographic Atlas of AntarcticaTh Atl f C d ’ T d ith th W ldThe Atlas of Canada’s Trade with the World

The intended users are scientists, IASSIST - Strength in Numbers


decision makers and the general public

7 El t f C b t h7 Elements of CybercartographyC b t hCybercartography:1. Is multisensory using vision, hearing, touch and y g g

eventually smell and taste;2. Uses multimedia formats and new

telecommunications technologies such as the World Wide Web;

3. Is highly interactive and engages the user in new ways;

4. Is applied to a wide range of topics of interest to society, not only to location finding and the

h i l i tIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


physical environment;

El t tdElements cntd.

5. Is not a stand alone product like the ptraditional map but part of an information/analytical package;y p g ;

6. Is compiled by teams of individuals from different disciplines;from different disciplines;

7. Involves new research partnerships among academia go ernment ci ilamong academia, government, civilsociety and the private sector.


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1 M tlti1. Mutltisensory

Responsive WorkbenchSource: http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/projects/RWB/

Libra NoseM. Romano, A. Scarpa, S. Sinopoli Technobiochip scarl, Marciana (LI), Italyhttp://www.technobiochip.com/tb en.htm


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http://www.technobiochip.com/tb_en.htm

2. Mutltimedia

Graphics Tables

Animations

Video

VisualizationsIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


3 I t ti3. Interactive

“Cartography that engages theCartography that engages theusers in new ways”

Edutainment – pleasurable activities that entertain and educate at the same timeeducate at the same time


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Interactive - Infotainment


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4 A li d t id f t iS i t d E i t

4. Applied to a wide range of topicsSociety and Environment

I dit NASAIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


Image credits: NASA -Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio/NSIDC

4 T i C td4. Topics Contd.Society and Economy

Money Transfers Between BanksImage from Presentation, Cartwright, W., 2002 Image creator is unknown

Structures of World TradeImage Source:http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/~lk/netvis/trad


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g

5 I f ti / l ti l k5. Information/analytical packagCybercartography uses new and developing communication networks and distributed i f ti tinformation systemsResearch areas include multi users within flight simulation & measures of situationalflight simulation & measures of situationalawareness for distributed usersCybercartography is a theoretical constructCybercartography is a theoretical constructand not a product.Unlike GIS software, you cannot buy aUnlike GIS software, you cannot buy acybercartographic system.


2003 15

6 M lti di i li t6. Multi-disciplinary teamsN t k f lNetwork of people (as opposed to just computers)Collaborative - Integrative - Cross-domain

Geography, Cognitiondomain

CartographyLiterary and language studies

gInternational trade PsychologyLiterary and language studies

Film studies, Music Information community

y gy

Information communityApplication, urban planners, surveying,


2003 16

economistsData providers, producers, user communities,

6 T C td6. Teams Contd.Project Investigator: Human Factors Researchoject est gato

D.R.F. Taylor, Geography, Environmental Studies and NPSIA

Researchers in Internet CartographyD Mi h l P t G h

u a acto s esea cUser Understanding – Dr. Gitte Lindgaard, & Dr. Richard DillonPsychology – Human Oriented TechnologyDr. Michael Peterson, Geography,

University of Nebraska at Omaha Dr. William Cartwright, Geospatial Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Australia

TechnologyNavigation & Situational Awareness Dr. Christopher Herdman, Psychology Flight Simulation ModelsDr Jo-Anne Lefevre Cognitivegy y,

Dr. George Gartner, Cartography and Geo-Mediatechniques, Vienna University of Technology

Audio Tactile Mapping

Dr. Jo-Anne Lefevre, CognitivePsychologyDr. Robert McCann, Human-Automation Integration Branch, NASA Ames Research Center CaliforniaAudio Tactile Mapping

Dr. Don ParkesInternational Trade

Dr Michael Hart The Norman Paterson

Ames Research Center, CaliforniaNavigation and text Narrative

Hypertext Dr. Brian Greenspan,English Language and LiteratureVisual and Sonic Dr Paul ThebergeDr. Michael Hart, The Norman Paterson

School of International Affairs (NPSIA)Archiving

Wendy Watkins, Carleton UniversityDr Luciana Duranti UBC InterPares 2

Visual and Sonic, Dr. Paul Theberge,Canada Research Chair in Music and Technology, Dr. Laura Marks in Film Studies

Olfaction and TeleolfactionIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


Dr. Luciana Duranti, UBC, InterPares 2Project Director

Olfaction and TeleolfactionDR. Fabrizio Davide

7. New research7. New researchpartnershipsInvolves new partnerships among research centres, national p p

Canadian Committee for Antarctic Research (CCAR)

GeoAccess Division, N t l R C d

p p g ,mapping agencies, private sector, NGOs and educational

institutionsAntarctic Research (CCAR)Canadian National Institute for the Blind Library (CBIBL)

Natural Resources Canada(NRCan)Orbital Media Group

Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT)Geomatics Industry

pScientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR)G f E tGeomatics Industry

Association of Canada (GIAC)

Group of Experts on Geospatial Information Geography Division,

International Cartographic Association (ICA) Commission on Maps and the

Statistics Canada (StatCan)Telecom ItaliaS p A


2003 18

InternetICA on Mountain Cartography

S.p.A.InterPares II

UsersGeneral public

Learn from theme specific synthesis of data onLearn from theme specific synthesis of data onAntarctica and Trade

Policy makersPolicy makersIntegrate and analyze GI to support policy decisions

S i ti tScientistsIntegrate and analyze GI using scientific visualization to

i f i di d k l d isupport information discovery and knowledge generation


2003 19

Moving to a ResearchMoving to a ResearchEnvironment

The previous elements areThe previous elements arebased on observations of the practice of cartographyA th ti l f kA theoretical framework was formulated to better understandformulated to better understandthese developments


2003 20

Developments in Modern CartographyModern Cartography

New Forms of Multisensory andMultimedia Communication

New Forms of Analysisand CognitionData exploration,Data exploration,Computer Visualization

CYBERCARTOGRAPHY

,

New Computer and Telecommunications TechnologiesGPS, GIS


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The Social Sciences and the New Information EconomyNew Information Economy

Transition from hardware and ft t “b i ”software to “brainware”

Knowledge integration is keyKnowledge integration is key


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CybercartographicIntegrated Research FrameworkIntegrated Research Framework

Translators

Context

Middleware

Multi - Media

ContactContentMulti

- SensoryMulti - Thematic

P idClientServer

User Interface

UsersProviders


2003 23Cybercartographic Integrated Research Framework (Eddy, 2002)

User Interface

A hi iArchivingFragments of paper maps and fragments of digital mapsfragments of digital maps“In archival terms the last quarter of

ththe 20th century has some similarities to the dark ages. Only fragments or g y gwritten descriptions of the digital maps produced exist The originals haveproduced exist. The originals havedisappeared or can no longer be

d ”IASSIST - Strength in Numbers Morning Plenary, Ottawa, May 30,

2003 24

accessed.” Taylor

Domesday ProjectThe BBC Domesday Project was created in 1986 and usedThe BBC Domesday Project was created in 1986 and usedthe BBC Acorn Micro computer and proprietary BBC Software. It sold as a complete system, including hardware, software,p y , g , ,and data for £5000It aimed to mirror the original Domesday survey by William the C 900 b f d i t d f t di kConqueror 900 years before and consisted of two disks.

One containing official maps, statistics, etc. and theSecond a community disk including contributions from schoolsSecond a community disk including contributions from schools

It was an innovative and comprehensive survey of British life in 1988The ground-breaking Domesday project has become unreadable and the wealth of its contents are potentially lost forever


2003 25

forever.

http://bbc.nvg.org/history.php3

C d L d I tCanada Land InventoryC d L d I t (CLI)Canada Land Inventory (CLI)

1963, 1st GIS project in North AmericaIBM mainframe in PL/1 computer languageIBM mainframe in PL/1 computer language3500 maps available from the system1994 Program review and CLI is archivedgData but not hardware were restoredMagnetic tapes were damaged and only some files were retrievablewere retrievableData translators used to move data into modern GIS16 step data conversion process with many16 step data conversion process with manyexperts and at a high costSome not all data were converted and made available on GeoGratis ( // /)


2003 26

available on GeoGratis (http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/)

Geospatial Data ArchivingBleakly, Denise R., (2002). Long-term Spatial Data Preservation and Archiving: What are the Issues?Geospatial Data ArchivingIssues

T h l i l Ob lTechnological Obsolescencefast product development cycleLack of backward compatibility(ArcView 8.1 and 3.0)Lack of backward compatibility(ArcView 8.1 and 3.0)

Interoperabilitybetween software, hardware, peripheralsperipheralsand file types

Proprietaryshipp y pImpedes preservationInformation is in the private sector

Data RefreshingData RefreshingMoving from one medium to a newer mediumRisk of losing functionality


2003 27

A hi i i tdArchiving issues contd.Data migration

From one hardware software configuration to anotherFrom one generation computer to anotherFrom one generation computer to anotherMoves software and operating systems

Data emulationO ft t l t k ft t if itOne software tool to make software act as if it were something elseLong term viability is unknown

Storage capacityStorage capacityMetadata w/the data Paper preservation of the data does not workPaper preservation of the data does not workas it is the interrelationships that matter


2003 28

I tdIssues contd.D t hi i i f tiData archiving versus informationpreservation

Data are more powerful if kept in their contextData are more powerful if kept in their contextRefreshing and copying to new media removes the context and the objects may be archived but not preserved (I e context is lost)preserved (I.e., context is lost)

Clearinghouses are libraries not archivesProvides distributed access to data but does not storeProvides distributed access to data but does not storethem nor archive themNational Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive is a clearinghouse and an archiveis a clearinghouse and an archiveGeoConnections Access Portal is a clearinghouse

Estimating costsIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


May cause some to destroy their data to make way for new data

N M i F tiNew Mapping FrontiersSpatially referenced data have always been integral to map creation and the abstracted rendering of these data have traditionally been in the hands of cartographers. Th h fi l d dThe paper map was the final product or recordthat was then catalogued and preserved. Generally data used to create the map were lostGenerally data used to create the map were lostand not included as part of the complete record set.Cybercartography as a new paradigm has positioned data on par with the final map and


2003 30

p p prelated information objects as a result geospatial data and their attributes have become records in

Content C t t

Geometric/FormatTransformation

GeneralPublic

Content Context Contact

CartographicRepresentation

GeometricPrimitives

SemanticDefinitions

SemanticTranslation

3DRendering

PolicyMakers

Image Smell

Geocoding

g

SonificationImage Smell

Parsing and Indexing of Source Data

Sonification

Experts

Text Video Source Data


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Sound Real-timeVideo

C b t h A hi iCybercartography Archivingquestions?questions?

How does one archive a dynamic, multidimensional multisensory multimediamultidimensional, multisensory, multimedia,multimodal and distributed Atlas?The Atlas will become an important scientificThe Atlas will become an important scientificdigital knowledge asset on environment and society how do we make sure it is available forsociety how do we make sure it is available forfuture generations?Who pays for data preservation storing andWho pays for data preservation, storing, andarchiving particularly in an international inter-organizational project of this kind ?


2003 32

organizational project of this kind ?

Questions cntdQuestions cntd.Who will store the Atlases? Archives of Canada? Natural Resources Canada? Scientific Committee on Antarctica? How can archiving costs be recovered in a distributed virtual InternetHow can archiving costs be recovered in a distributed virtual Internetproject?As cartography moves into a distributed Internet environment and enters into information exchanges based on more dynamic web presentation, is there a neglect to capture adequate documentary evidence of the occurrence of these transactions?Geospatial data require metadata, as do multimedia, dynamic and experiential information objects. What are the best metadata standards for photographs film video web-cams interactive maps and animation?for photographs, film, video, web-cams, interactive maps, and animation?Does one archive the final CD-ROM product or is a periodic copy of the Internet version adequate?


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InternationalResearch on IP2 will address:

InterPares 2Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic

Systems

IP2 will address:• issues of reliability and Systems

InterPares 2accuracy in addition to issues of authenticity, • these issues exist throughout the records' life-cycley• records produced in new digital environmentsdigital environments,experiential, dynamic, and interactive


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interactive,• records resulting from artistic, scientific and governmenthttp://www.interpares.org/ip2_index.cfm

I t P 2InterPares 2Objectives: to develop a theoretical understanding of the records generatedObjectives: to develop a theoretical understanding of the records generated

by interactive, dynamic, and experiential systems, of their process of creation, and of their present potential use in the artistic, scientific and government

sectorsFocus 1

Artistic activitiesFocus 2

Scientific activitiesFocus 3

Governmentalactivities

D i 1 WG 1 1 WG 2 1 WG 3 1

sectors

Domain 1Records Creation &

Maintenance

WG 1.1 WG 2.1 WG 3.1

Domain 2Th t f th

WG 1.2 WG 2.2 WG 3.2

Correlationacross dis c

Correlationacross disc

Correlationacross dis c

The nature of therecord’s authenticity,

accuracy and reliabilityDomain 3

Methods of appraisal &WG 1.3

of findingsciplines

WG 2.3.

of findingsciplines

WG 3.3

of findingsciplines

Methods of appraisal &preservation

TerminologyPolicy

DescriptionIASSIST - Strength in Numbers


Description

C b t hi Atl fCybercartographic Atlas ofAntarctica IP2 Case StudyAntarctica IP2 Case Study

Domain 1, Focus 2, Working Group 2.1 RecordsDomain 1, Focus 2, Working Group 2.1 RecordsCreation & Maintenance of Scientific Case Study

Antarctica is often referred to as theAntarctica is often referred to as the‘Continent of Science’ where exploration is ffor research and where treaties create and environment conducive to collaboration for

international scientific study and not exploitation.


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exploitation.

Geospatial Data ArchivingGeospatial Data ArchivingInitiativesCanada Ground Systems Operations Section (GSOS)

http://dweb.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/db/Staffdir/orgchart/tmpGSOS_e.cfm?SectionID=8

National Land Remote Sensing Archive http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-00b2/ceos1/policy/policy5.htm

FGDC Managing Historical Geospatial Data RecordsFGDC Managing Historical Geospatial Data Recordshttp://www.fgdc.gov/nara/hdwgfsht.html

CODATA (2002). Frontiers of Scientific and Technical Data ( )Archiving Scientific Data. Science Specialty Session Abstracts.

http://www codata org/codata02/http://www.codata.org/codata02/GeoConnections, Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI), Policy Advisory Node has commissioned “A study


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( ) y y yOn Policies For Archiving and Preserving Geospatial Data”,David Brown, NAC

C l iConclusion

We are only scratching the surface, and worse may be scratching where people do notscratching where people do notitch. Are we like the French generals who built the Maginot li ? P f tl d f thline? Perfectly prepared for thelast war!!


2003 38

last war!!

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New Frontiers – GIS, Life, the Universe and Everything "New Frontiers – GIS, Life, the Universe...

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