New Haven Air Toxics Inventory

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NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS INVENTORYAND RISK REDUCTION STRATEGY

June 18, 2004

City of New HavenJohn DeStefano, Jr., Mayor

Prepared for the City of New Haven by:

Madeleine R. Weil, MEM

Project CoordinatorNew Haven Community Clean Air Initiative


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was prepared by Madeleine R. Weil, MEM, for the City of New Haven.

The author wishes to thank those who provided guidance and technical assistance through

the process of inventory development, especially: Michael Piscitelli (New Haven CityPlan Department), Paul Kowalski (New Haven Health Department), Mary Beth Smuts &

Bob McConnell (EPA New England) and Tracy Babbidge (Connecticut Department ofEnvironmental Protection).

The following people participated in the New Haven air toxic stakeholders meetings andprovided valuable direction and assistance: Oliver Barton (New Haven Ecology Project

& Common Ground High School), David Brown (NESCAUM), Lucile Bruce(International Festival of Arts & Ideas), David Damer (PSEG), Yuland Daley (New

Haven Asthma Initiative), John Dixon (New Haven Environmental Justice Network),Barbara Driscoll (EPA OAQPS), Danae Dwyer (Environment Northeast), Elaine

Gustafson (Yale School of Nursing), Benjamin Healey (New Haven Board of Aldermen),Stewart Hutchings (New Haven Environmental Justice Network), Rebecca Jensen(Connecticut Fund for the Environment), Edith Pestana (CT DEP), Michael Renda (Yale

Student Environmental Coalition), Leigh Shemitz (Yale School of Forestry &Environmental Studies), Erika Swanson (Congresswoman DeLauros Office), DanaYoung (Connecticut Fund for the Environment).

Many others contributed data and information, including: Christopher Mulcahy, Bill

Simpson, Dennis Demchak, Henry Hampton, Victor Cooper (CT DEP), LucyEdmondson & Susan Lancey (EPA New England), Madeleine Strum (EPA OAQPS),Michael Stoddard & Derek Murrow (Environment Northeast), Doreen LeBel (CT DOL),

Chester Lau (CT DOT), George Bray (Amtrak), Pat Walsh (Shoreline East), Clark Brown& David Fitzgerald (Providence & Worcester Railroad), David Cross (Retek), Celeste

Defilio (New Haven Department of Weights & Measures), Peter Blake (NortheastFabricare Association), Steve Kodey (Printing Industries of America), Marcia Kinter(Specialty Graphic Imaging Association), Gary Jones (Graphic Arts Technical

Foundation), Bill Donahoe (CT Department of Consumer Protection), Luisa Ferrucci(Tweed New Haven Airport), Carl Scabro (EPA OTAQ), Bruce Fischer (New Haven

Traffic & Parking), Ray Carboni (New Haven Fire Department), Ernie Adamo (CTDepartment of Revenue Services), Gary Stanford (CT DOT), Laurel Drivel (EPA NewEngland), Daniel Brady (CT DMV), Denise Duclos (New Haven Public Schools).

Thanks, also, to owners and managers of New Haven facilities who responded to surveys

and provided facility information.

Finally, the City of New Haven wishes to thank EPA New England for funding thisproject.


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This document is available on the web at:

http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/govt/gov28.htm

Printed copies may be obtained by contacting the New Haven City Plan Department

165 Church StreetNew Haven, CT 06510

(203) 946-6378


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...............................................10

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR TOXICS........................................................................................................101.2. AIR TOXICS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.......................................................................................10

1.3. NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS PROJECT..................................................................................................111.4. THE AIR TOXICS INVENTORY..............................................................................................................11

CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS ..................................................................12

2.1. POLLUTANTS AND POLLUTANT GROUPS.....................................................................................122.2. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY POLLUTANT.......................................................................................14

2.3. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY SOURCES..............................................................................................16

CHAPTER 3: POINT SOURCE INVENTORY...............................................................24

3.1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS..................................................................................................243.2. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE................................................................................................................................24

3.3. EMISSIONS DATA SOURCES ..................................................................................................................243.4. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS...................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER 4: AREA SOURCE INVENTORY ................................................................28

4.1. ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING...........................................................................................314.2. AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING.................................................................................................................33

4.3. CONSUMER PRODUCTS...........................................................................................................................344.4. DRY CLEANERS............................................................................................................................................394.5. GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES...................................................................................................42

4.6. GRAPHIC ARTS ............................................................................................................................................514.7. RESIDENTIAL HEATING..........................................................................................................................544.8. RESIDENTIAL WOOD BURNING..........................................................................................................56

4.9. STRUCTURE FIRES .....................................................................................................................................614.10. TRAFFIC MARKINGS...............................................................................................................................62

4.11. SOLVENT DEGREASING........................................................................................................................644.12. INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING....................................................................................................66

CHAPTER 5: ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY ........................................68

5.1. VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION ADJUSTMENTS................................................................................685.2. ON-ROAD EMISSIONS ESTIMATES ....................................................................................................695.3. SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY................................................................................................................70


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CHAPTER 6: NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY.....................................71

6.1. AIRCRAFT.......................................................................................................................................................746.2. LOCOMOTIVES ............................................................................................................................................806.3. COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSELS......................................................................................................86

6.4. OTHER NON-ROAD VEHICLES.............................................................................................................88

SECTION 7: ANALYSIS OF PRIORITIES AND RECOMMENDED EMISSIONREDUCTION STRATEGIES ...........................................................................................93

7.1. PRIORITY POLLUTANTS........................................................................................................................93

7.2. PRIORITY SOURCE CATEGORIES......................................................................................................967.3. RECOMMENDED EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES.........................................................97

NOTES.............................................................................................................................105

APPENDIX A: POINT SOURCE TABLES

APPENDIX B: GRAPHIC ARTS AND PRINTING

APPENDIX C: SMART GROWTH PROPOSAL TO CONNECTICUT CLIMATE CHANGE

STAKEHOLDERS

APPENDIX D: TECHNICAL NOTES REGARDING TOXICITY WEIGHTINGS AND

CHEMICAL GROUPINGS

APPENDIX E: AIR TOXICS INVENTORY DATA TABLES


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. Air Toxics in Urban Environments

Air toxics, (or hazardous air pollutants) are pollutants that pose particular risks to humanhealth. This class of pollutants includes carcinogens and chemicals with neurological,

developmental, respiratory, immune or reproductive effects, particularly for children andother sensitive populations. In modern urban environments, sources of air toxics exist

everywhere. Cumulative emissions from the cars we drive, diesel trucks and constructionequipment, small commercial facilities like gas stations, and traditional air pollutionsources (e.g. power plants) create health risks for urban residents.

II. The New Haven Inventory

The 1996 National Air Toxics Assessment indicated that air toxic emissions in New

Haven County were high the volume of pollutants emitted county-wide registered asthe second highest in New England. In response to this data, the EnvironmentalProtection Agency provided funding for the City of New Haven to build an inventory of

local air toxic emissions. New Havens integrated land use and its physical location atthe intersection of two major highways and an active shipping harbor create anenvironment in which pollutants from a variety of sources exist in close proximity to

residential areas. The purpose of this study was to help New Haven define the localproblem by answering the following questions.

What sources in New Haven are responsible for hazardous air pollutants?

Which chemicals are emitted by local sources and in what quantities?

How can the City of New Haven reduce health risk from hazardous air pollutants?

III. Methodology

The inventory includes emission estimates for point sources (stationary sources that havebeen inventoried individually), area sources (stationary sources that are too small or too

numerous to inventory individually), and mobile sources (onroad vehicles and nonroadequipment). As one of the first small-scale, comprehensive study in the country, the NewHaven project was intended to develop and test methods of collecting local emissions and

activity data that could be replicated in other cities.

Emissions were estimated using a number of different methods, summarized in the AirToxics Inventory Report. Point source data were collected from local facility managersas well as state and federal inventories. Area source emissions were estimated by

applying EPA emission factors to local activity data. City-level mobile source emissionswere estimated by apportioning county-level emissions reported in EPAs 1999 National

Emissions Inventory to the city-level, using a number of local indicators.


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IV. Results

The New Haven Air Toxics Inventory contains 116 pollutants and pollutant groups.

Emissions from point, area and mobile sources are included. Point source facilities include petroleum tank farms, power plants, industrial boilers,

the landfill, industries using surface coating operations and degreasing, metal andchemical industries and incineration facilities.

Area sources include auto refinishing shops, gasoline stations, dry cleaners, small

businesses with surface coating or degreasing operations, architectural surfacecoatings, traffic markings, consumer product usage, residential heating and wood

burning, structure fires and commercial printers. Mobile sources include cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles and nonroad vehicles and

equipment: aircraft, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, construction, industrialand landscaping equipment, recreational boats and golf carts.

Percent Emissions from Major Source Categories

Contribution to Emissions by Principle Source

Category

Area 22%

On Road

38%

Point 12%

Non Road

28%

On-Road = 389 tons Area = 215 tons

Non-Road = 279 tons Point = 114 tons

Diesel vehi cles produce

half of all toxic emissions

from mobil e sour ces, or

about one-thir d of total

toxic emissions in New

Haven.

To Ten Pollutant Emissions tons

Pollutant Name Emissions (tons)

Diesel PM 230

Toluene 166

Xylenes 109

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 85

Benzene 52

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 49Formaldehyde 42

Methyl Chloroform 30

Ethylbenzene 27

n-Hexane 26

Top 10 Pollutant Total 816

% of Total 82%

Al l Category Total 997

The ten pollutants

li sted to the right

Haven represent 82%

of all local emissions

(by weight).


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V. Toxicity Analysis

Because some chemicals are more toxic than others, emission levels do not necessarily

correlate to health risk. The relative health risk posed by each pollutant was evaluated byweighting emissions according to toxicity. The ten pollutants listed below were

determined to be responsible for greater than 90% of cancer and chronic health risk inNew Haven. They are listed in descending order according to their estimatedcontribution to total risk.

Diesel Particulate Matter

Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM)

Acrolein

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Formaldehyde

Dioxin compounds

Benzene

Chromium compounds 1,3-Butadiene

Arsenic compounds

VI. Target Source Categories

New Haven Air Toxic Reduction Strategy targets the source categories responsible foremissions of the priority pollutants listed above. The Reduction Strategy was developedwith input from a stakeholders group including representatives from environmental and

public health organizations, local businesses, elected officials, government staff andcommunity members.

Diesel Vehicles and Equipment

Diesel PM, POM, Acrolein, Formaldehyde

Because of the amount, the toxicity, and the ubiquity of diesel exhaust in New Haven,diesel vehicles and equipment have emerged from this study as the principle health risk

driver in New Haven. Categories of diesel vehicles and equipment include commercialmarine vessels, construction equipment, heavy-duty trucks and buses, locomotives, and

other industrial and landscaping equipment. The New Haven Diesel Reduction Strategyproposes to reduce emissions from diesel vehicles by promoting cleaner fuels, emissionscontrol technology for public and private fleets, and the accelerated requirement of old,

highly polluting diesel engines.

Passenger Cars and Trucks Acrolein, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Formaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene

Light duty passenger cars and trucks are responsible for 30% of emissions in New Havenand are the primary sources of several of the priority pollutants listed above. As amember of the Clean Cars Coalition, New Haven helped successfully advocate for the

adoption of the California LEV II emission standards by the Connecticut Legislature inApril 2004. Other initiatives are aimed at reducing vehicle miles traveled in New Haven.


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This is a long-term goal that the City will pursue through advocating for smart growth at

the state and regional levels, increasing investments in the public transportation network,and enhancing the bike and walkability of New Haven.

Stationary Source Pollution Prevention

Pollutant targets: POM, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, BenzeneGasoline stations, (responsible for more than 50% of POM emissions captured by theinventory) and potentially other stationary source categories will be targeted for

emissions reductions. The City is working with the CT Department of EnvironmentalProtection to ensure that local facilities are in compliance with applicable state standards.

To achieve emissions reductions beyond compliance, the City will educate consumersand businesses about opportunities to reduce risk through product selection (eg. low VOCpaints), behavior modifications (refraining from topping off gas tanks), and facility

upgrades.

Indoor Air Toxins

Although indoor air toxins do not contribute a large amount to total emissions in NewHaven, potential health risks from these sources may be significant because exposure

pathways are direct. The New Haven Health Department will disseminate indoor airtoxin outreach materials about 1) toxic consumer products, 2) hazardous waste recycling,

and 3) in-home second hand smoke exposure. Already, promotional materials for EPAsSmoke Free Home campaign, including 900 magnets, decals and booklets, have beendistributed to the directors of New Haven daycare centers and pre-schools. To address

air toxins in school environments, the Health Department and EPA will assist CommonGround High School with pilot implementation of the Tools for Schools program.

Outcomes of this project will include: A) procurement recommendations for safe schoolcleaning materials, and B) a replicable model for the assessment and improvement of

indoor air quality.

Fossil Fuel Combustion

Dioxin compounds, Chromium compounds, Arsenic compounds

Although the volume of air toxic emissions released by local fossil fuel power plants andboilers is low compared to other source categories, the toxicity of emissions (particularly

heavy metals) is high. The City supports demand-side initiatives intended to reduce theregions dependence on fossil fuel (particularly coal and oil) combustion for electricity

and heating needs, including energy conservation and renewable energy development.New Haven has an important leadership role to play in pushing for a regional movementto reduce electricity consumption and transition to clean and renewable sources.

VII. Working Toward a Healthier Community

In October of 2003, the City of New Haven was awarded a Healthy Communities grantfrom EPA New England to implement the Air Toxics Risk Reduction Strategy, in

collaboration with the Air Toxics Stakeholders Group. On-going partnership with localorganizations, community members and state and federal agencies is crucial to the

success and sustainability of this program.


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO AIR TOXICS

Air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants or HAPS, are chemical compoundsthat the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has identified as threats to human health

and the environment. Of the 188 air toxics listed in Section 112(b) of the 1990Amendments to the Clean Air Act,1over half are known or suspected carcinogens. Many

are known also to have neurological, developmental, respiratory, immune or reproductiveeffects, particularly for children and other sensitive populations.

Air toxics are the everyday by-products of our modern industrial environment. Sourcesinclude large industrial facilities like refineries and chemical plants, and also small

commercial operations like dry cleaners and auto body shops. Mobile sources, includingthe cars we drive, are important sources of air toxics, as are products used indoors, such

as household pesticides and paint thinners.

1.2. AIR TOXICS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

To date, the EPA has succeeded in reducing HAP emissions from major industrialsources through implementation of technology-based emission standards. Increasingly

stringent automobile emission standards have reduced air toxics from cars and lighttrucks. Leaded gasoline has been entirely phased out of the American market.

Despite these regulatory successes, air toxics continue to posesignificant health risks, particularly to residents of urban areas. In

urban environments, high ambient concentrations of air toxics resultfrom the cumulative emissions of numerous sources, from the very

small to the very large. Air toxic concentrations may therefore exceedhealth thresholds, even though no one source is exceeding permittedemission levels. Another consideration, although not well understood,

is the potential for multiple chemical exposures interacting in such away that increases the overall threat to human health.

In order to address the public health risks posed by cumulativeexposures characteristic to urban environments, the EPA devised the Integrated Urban

Air Toxics Strategy (the Strategy). The Strategy is designed to characterize,

prioritize, and equitably address the serious impacts of HAPs on public health and theenvironment through a strategic combination of regulatory approaches, voluntarypartnerships, ongoing research and assessments, and education and outreach.2

Air toxi

concentrations

may exceedhealth

thresholds,

even though no

one sour ce is

exceeding

permitted

emission levels.


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1.3. NEW HAVEN AIR TOXICS PROJECT

The New Haven Air Toxics Project is a pilot effort under the Integrated Urban Air Toxics

Strategy. It is designed to evaluate multi-source and cumulative risks to human healthand the environment from air toxics in New Haven. This is one of the first community-

based air toxics projects to begin with the compilation of a bottom-up air toxicsinventory. The inventory is the first crucial step in the process of determining health andenvironmental risk.

New Haven was chosen for this project for several reasons. First, state and county-widedata revealed that New Haven County had the second greatest number of urban air toxic

emissions in New England.3 In effect, New Haven was identified as a potential air toxicshot spot. Secondly, as in many other American cities, New Haven residents live and

work in close proximity to a variety of sources of toxic air pollutants. New Havensintegrated land use, and its physical location at the intersection of two major highwaysand an active shipping harbor create an environment in which pollutants from sources

such as vehicle traffic, power plants, petroleum tanks, dry cleaners, constructionequipment, etc. may contribute to cumulative risk. New Haven was therefore considered

an appropriate location to test a strategy intended to evaluate emissions from multiplesource categories. Finally, New Havens successful experience with the development ofa greenhouse gas inventory in 20014demonstrated technical capability and an

institutional commitment to improving air quality.

1.4. THE AIR TOXICS INVENTORY

The inventory, detailed in this document, is the analytical component of the Air Toxics

Project. Using various data sources, including state and national inventories, surveys,

and emission factors applied to activity data, emissions estimates have been developedfor point, area, on- and off-road mobile sources. Information in an emissions inventorycan be used to target pollutants and source categories for reduction initiatives or toprioritize further study.

The City of New Haven has used the inventory to develop a three-tiered strategy for

emissions reductions, detailed in the last chapter of this document. The strategyaddresses areas of particular concern, as demonstrated by emissions estimates andtoxicity analysis, but also reflects the Citys desire to focus resources and energy where

measurable results can be achieved. Beyond our current pollution-prevention strategy,the inventory will be used as a tool in broader policy and planning considerations,

ultimately leading to measurable improvements in air quality and public health in NewHaven and the region.


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CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS

2.1. POLLUTANTS AND POLLUTANT GROUPS

Emissions data for 116 pollutants and pollutant groups were collected in the process ofdeveloping the New Haven Inventory. This list was compiled through a bottom-up

process. Direct air toxic emission values were collected when available, or calculatedusing emission profiles and activity data. All available non-criteria pollutant emissions

data (and PM10 emissions from diesel engines) were initially included in the inventory.Pollutants were screened to confirm health or environmental hazard.

The majority of inventoried pollutants (92) are among the list of 188 Hazardous AirPollutants identified by EPA and regulated through the MACT (maximum available

control technology) program. These and others are also included in Connecticuts list of850 regulated pollutants. The States list is based on national occupational health

standards and is thought to be more protective of public health than EPAs technology-based list.5 Diesel Particulate Matter is a special case. Although it is not regulated as aHAP in Section 112(b) of the Clean Air Act, it has been identified by EPAs Integrated

Urban Air Toxics Strategy as a special concern in urban environments and is treated as aHAP by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).

In some cases, pollutants

are reported as groups ofchemical categories, ratherthan individual chemicals.

This is true for metal andcyanide compounds,

polycyclic organic matter(POM), dioxins & furans,glycol ethers, and xylenes.

Groupings are a functionof data availability - EPA

guidance documentsrecommend that chemicalemissions should be

reported in the smallest

unit for which data isavailable. However,emissions data forindividual metal

compounds, for instance, are rarely reported in national inventories or facility records.Instead, metal emissions data are grouped by principle element mercury compounds,

for example. In the case of POM (polycyclic organic matter), thirty-two compoundsbelong to this group. Where possible, these chemical components have been inventoried

Figure 2.1-1: Pollutant Groups in New Haven Inventor

67

19

2073

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

# Air Pollutants

Number of Pollutants in New Haven

Inventory

Ungrouped Air Toxics - 67 Metal & Cyanide Compounds - 19

Polycyclic Organic Matter - 20 Glycol Ethers - 7

Dioxins & Furans - 3 Diesel Particulate Matter


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individually or further subdivided into two groups of 7 and 16 hydrocarbons, 7-PAH

and 16-PAH. Efforts have been made to avoid double counting.

The category Diesel Particulate Matter is a composite of more than forty chemicalscontained in exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles. PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from

diesel vehicles were recorded in the 1999 NEI Criteria Pollutant Inventory.

6

To avoiddouble counting, and because PM2.5 is a subset of PM10, only PM10 emissions fromdiesel vehicles were included in the New Haven Inventory. These were assumed to be

additional to HAP emissions from diesel vehicles recorded in the 1999 NEI HAPEmissions Inventory.

Figure 2.1-2: Percent Emissions by Pollutant Category

Percent Emissions by Pollutant Category

0.17%

23%

11%

0.95%

0.93%

63%

0.58%

Ungrouped Air Toxics = 63% Diesel PM = 23%Xylenes = 11% Metals & Cyanides =


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2.2. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY POLLUTANT

Total New Haven Emissions 997 tons

Cumulative emissions of 116 pollutants and pollutant groups total 997 tons. The table on

the next page contains emissions data for each pollutant. The ten pollutants emitted inthe greatest quantity are listed below. Together, these pollutants constitute 82% of all

inventoried emissions in New Haven.

The emission inventory describes

the quantities and types of airtoxics emitted by sources in New

Haven. Quantities emitted do notnecessarily correlate with thehealth risk associated with these

pollutants. In national studies,

EPA determines health risk byfirst modeling pollutantconcentrations in a particularairshed. These models take into

account factors such as stackheight, climate (prevailing winds,

etc.), chemical volatility,chemical half-life (the rate atwhich they react or decay in the

atmosphere), and geographicfeatures of the landscape (such as tall buildings that might alter air-flow patterns). After

pollutant fate modeling has assessed concentrations of pollutants in an air shed, a toxicityanalysis is conducted. EPA compares the Hazard Limiting Value (HLV)7of eachpollutant to modeled concentrations. In this way, EPA can estimate the health risk to

individuals in a particular community.

However, there are several underlying sources of uncertainty that impact the reliability ofthese estimates. For instance, the way in which chemicals react with one another and theeffects these interactions may have on human health is not well understood. Also, EPAs

hazard limiting values, while protective of the community as a whole, may not bestringent enough to protect certain vulnerable subgroups. Children, the elderly, and

people with compromised physical health typically face higher risks than healthy adults.

Although a health risk assessment was beyond the scope of this project, a toxicityanalysis and ranking of pollutants is included in CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND

NEXT STEPS.

Figure 2.2-1: Top Ten Pollutant Emissions (tons)

Pollutant Name Emissions (tons)

Diesel PM 230

Toluene 166

Xylenes 109

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 85

Benzene 522,2,4-Trimethylpentane 49

Formaldehyde 42

Methyl Chloroform 30

Ethylbenzene 27

n-Hexane 26

Top 10 Pollutant Total 816

% of Total 82%

Al l Category Total 997


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Figure 2.2-2: All Category Emissions Summary

Rank HAP Name Emission(lbs)

Rank HAP Name Emissions(lbs)

1 Diesel PM 459119 59 I-Butane 86.07502 Toluene 332705 60 Arsenic Compounds 86.00093 Xylenes 218701 61 Diethyene Glycol Monbutyl Ether 82.31764 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 170912 62 Phospherous Compounds 74.8000

5 Benzene 104225 63 Mercury Compounds 72.60746 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 97043.6 64 Cobalt Compounds 68.40007 Formaldehyde 83528.6 65 Antimony Compounds 61.20008 Methyl Chloroform 60895.5 66 Fluorine 60.1188

9 Ethylbenzene 53397.7 67 Chromium Compounds 57.988010 n-Hexane 51699.4 68 Lead Compounds 56.248911 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 48797.6 69 Zinc Compounds 53.4000

12 Hexane 44828.3 70 Cellosolve Acetate 53.395213 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 30631.2 71 Selenium Compounds 49.197514 Acetaldehyde 27366.6 72 Pyrene 45.725215 Perchloroethylene 22031.1 73 Vinyl Chloride 43.4803

16 Trichloroethylene 21401.9 74 Acenapthene 39.132917 Methylene Chloride 17385.3 75 Fluoranthene 36.129818 Napthalene 17253.1 76 Cellosolve 35.596819 1,3-Butadiene 15641.4 77 Acrylonitrile 31.8337

20 Ethylene 14507.8 78 Anthracene 25.092521 Hydrogen Cyanide 10978.8 79 Ethylidene Dichloride 22.039422 Styrene 10749.8 80 Diethyene Glycol Monemethyl Ether 17.798423 Ethylene Glycol 9072.93 81 Diethyene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 17.7984

24 Propionaldehyde 6440.92 82 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 17.658825 Copper Compounds 5292.30 83 Cadmium Compounds 16.700126 Ethane 4838.35 84 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 14.1700

27 Hydrochloric Acid 4738.83 85 Methyl Bromide 13.722528 Acrolein 4457.09 86 Nitrate Compounds 12.000029 Tert-Butyl-Alcohol 4243.00 87 1,3-Dichloropropene 9.8900830 Propene 3932.92 88 Beryllium Compounds 8.82507

31 Butenes 3772.53 89 Benzo (G,H,I) Perylene 8.2524232 Acetylene 3516.30 90 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 7.7386033 Methanol 3410.75 91 Benz(a)anthracene 7.48194

34 Glycol Ethers 2402.32 92 Chlorobenzene 7.2338535 N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone 2400.00 93 Chlorine 7.0000036 Nitric Acid 1982.00 94 benzo(b,k)fluoranthene 5.23347

37 2-Methyl Furan 1960.19 95 Benzo[k]Fluoranthene 4.9161338 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1958.00 96 Chromium III 4.65390

39 Pentenes 1867.37 97 Chrysene 4.4177240 Furfural 1483.66 98 Benzo(a)Pyrene 4.32513

41 Cyclohexane 1389.00 99 Chromium VI 4.2515942 N,N-Dimethylformamide 1212.83 100 Ethylene Dichloride 4.2455743 Nickel Compounds 1190.23 101 Carbon Disulfide 4.1850544 Propane 1111.84 102 Carbonyl Sulfide 2.7897845 Ethyl Chloride 1074.70 103 indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2.37279

46 Furan 1052.04 104 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 2.0000047 Methyl Chloride 895.407 105 Propylene Dichloride 1.9274848 POM as 16 PAH 789.886 106 Vinylidene Chloride 1.83760

49 o-Xylene 672.224 107 Propylene Oxide 1.2000050 2,5-Dimethyl Furan 477.037 108 POM as 7 PAH 1.1351151 Butyl Cellosolve 444.960 109 Acetonitrile 0.60000

52 Sulfuric Acid 420.000 110 Chloroform 0.5394753 N-Butane 169.898 111 Tetra Ethyl Lead 0.13979

54 Vanadium 151.500 112 Carbon Tetrachloride 0.0583255 Manganese Compounds 121.501 113 dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.04171

56 Phenanthrene 123.416 114 Cyanide Compounds 0.0360057 Acenapthylene 112.668 115 Ethylene Dibromide 0.0178158 Polycyclic Organic Matter 98.0298 116 Dioxin and like 0.00291


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2.3. EMISSION SUMMARIES BY SOURCES

2.3.1. PRINCIPLE SOURCE CATEGORIES

Sources of air toxic emissions are divided into four principle source categories: Point,

Area, On-Road Mobile and Non-Road Mobile. Point sources are industrial andcommercial stationary sources that have been inventoried as individual facilities. Areasources are stationary emission sources that are either too small or too numerous to

inventory individually and have therefore been grouped by category. The on-road mobilesource category includes cars, trucks, buses, etc. and the non-road category encompassesall off-road vehicles and equipment: locomotives, construction equipment, boats,

lawnmowers, etc. The graph below describes the contribution to total air toxic emissionsfrom each category.

The graph to the right compares

New Haven emissions (bysource category) to national

emissions reported in NATA the National Air ToxicsAssessment. In New Haven,

mobile sources account for agreater proportion of total

emissions 66% versus 50% atthe national level. The fact thatNew Haven is located at the

intersection of two majorhighways and has the largest

shipping port in Connecticutsupports the logic of this finding.

Figure 2.3.1-1: Principle Source Categories

Contribution to Emissions by Principle Source

Category

Area 22%

On Road

38%

Point 12%

Non Road

28%

On-Road = 389 tons Area = 215 tons

Non-Road = 279 tons Point = 114 tons

Figure 2.3.1-2: New Haven vs. National Emissions

0%10%

20%

30%40%50%60%

70%80%

90%100%

NewHa

ven

NATA

Stationary

Mobile


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2.3.2. MOBILE SOURCE CATEGORIES

Mobile sources are further subdivided into on-road and non-road vehicles and equipment.

On-Road Emissions 389 tons

On-road emissions are reported in six major categories: Light Duty Gas Vehicles, LightDuty Gas Trucks, Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles, Light Duty Diesel Vehicles, Heavy Duty

Gasoline Vehicles, and Motorcycles. The table below illustrates the contribution of eachto total on-road emissions.

Figure 2.3.2-1: On-road Emissions by Vehicle Category (1)

Vehicle Category Total HAP Emissions

(tons)

LDGV 173.257LDGT 126.149

HDDV 67.7775LDDV 14.5554

HDGV 7.26417MOTO 0.24966Total 389.252

Legend

LDGV: Light Duty Gas Vehicle

LDGT: Light Duty Gas TruckHDDV: Heavy Duty Diesel VehicleLDDV: Light Duty Diesel Vehicle

HDGV: Heavy Duty Gas Vehicle

MC: Motorcycle

Figure 2.3.2-2: On-road Emissions by Vehicle Category (2)

LDGV

LDGT

HDDV

LDDVHDGV MC

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

Tons


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The chart above illustrates absolute emissions from each category. Another way to look

at the data is to adjust for vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The table below demonstratesaggregate air toxic emissions per mile traveled.8

On a per-mile basis, heavy-duty diesel vehicles are the most polluting on-road sourcecategory, followed by heavy-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles. Also, light duty

gas trucks, (SUVs, pick-ups and minivans), are over 40% more polluting mile for milethan gas-powered passenger cars (LDGVs).

* MTBE was phased out of use in Connecticut in October 2003.

The primary pollutants emitted by on-

road vehicles are:v Toluene 92 tonsv Diesel PM 63 tons

v Xylenes 53 tonsv 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 41 tonsv Benzene 35 tons

v *MTBE 35 tons

v Formaldehyde 25 tonsv Ethylbenzene 14 tons

v Hexane 11 tons

v Acetaldyhyde - 8 tons

Figure 2.3.2-3: Air Toxic Emissions per Vehicle Mile Traveled

On-Road Source Category Air Toxic Emissions(lbs)

VMT(millions)

Lbs / million VMT

Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles 135,555 82 1647.17

Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 14,528 10 1428.35

Motorcycles 499 0.39 1295.97

Light Duty Gas Trucks 252,297 219 1152.99

Light Duty Diesel Vehicles 29,110 31 954.01

Light Duty Gas Vehicles 346,514 428 808.92


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Non-Road Emissions 279 tons

The non-road category covers a wide range of vehicles and equipment types: Aircraft,Commercial Marine Vessels, Locomotives, Commercial Landscaping Equipment, Golf

Carts, Recreational Boats, Construction Equipment, Commercial/Wholesale Equipment,Personal Landscaping Equipment, Manufacturing Equipment, Railway Maintenance andMiscellaneous Industrial Equipment.

New Haven is home to a major rail yard and there is good reason to suspect thelocomotives estimate is misleadingly low. Actual emissions from locomotives might

place them up with the two top source categories. Locomotives were the only non-roadmobile source for which county-level diesel PM data were not available.9 Since diesel

PM is the primary emission driver for the non-road source category, its omission fromlocomotives is significant.

The primary pollutants emitted by non-road vehicles are:

Diesel PM - 167 tons

MTBE - 27 tons

Xylenes - 18 tons

Toluene - 18 tons

Formaldehyde - 14 tons

Benzene - 10 tons 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane - 7 tons

Acetaldyhyde - 6 tons

Ethylbenzene - 5 tons

Hexane - 3 tons

Figure 2.3.2-5: Emissions from Non-road Sources

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Construction

CommercialMarineVes...

LandscapeEquipment

Commercial

Manufacturing

RecreationalBoats Aircraft

Locomotives*

GolfCourses

Figure 2.3.2-4: Non-Road Emissions (tons)

Non-Road Source Category Emissions (tons)

Construction 103.9

Commercial Marine Vessels 89.3

Personal Landscape 25.5

Commercial 20.5

Commercial Landscape 18.8

Rec. Boats 7.3Manufacturing 6.9

Aircraft 3.6

Railway Maintenance/Misc.Industrial

1.3

Locomotives * (see text below) 1.0


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2.3.3. STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES

Stationary Sources are further subdivided into Point Sources (individually inventoried)

and Area Sources (inventoried by category).

Point Source Emissions 114 tons

Point sources included in the New Haven Inventory fell broadly into five activity

categories: surface coating/degreasing, petroleum product storage/transport, fuelcombustion, waste disposal, and chemical manufacture/storage.

More HAP emissions are associated with surface coating and degreasing operations thanthe other source categories combined. In New Haven, point source facilities utilizingthese processes include fabric and paper coating operations and manufacturers of metal

products. The definitions below are from EPAs AP-42, Compilation of Air PollutantEmission Factors.10

Petroleum product storage is another

large source of HAP emissions. In NewHaven, the emissions are associated

with gasoline evaporation duringtransport and storage, located in the portarea and in Fair Haven Heights. The

Port of New Haven supplies petroleum

products to most of South-CentralConnecticut and is designated aStrategic Petroleum Reserve.

Degreasing (or

solvent cleaning) is

the physical process

of using organic

solvents to remove

grease, fats, oils,

wax or soil from

various metal, glass,

or plastic items.

Surface coatingis

the application of

decorative or

protective materials

in liquid or powder

form to substrates.

These coatings

normally include

general solvent typepaints, varnishes,

lacquers, and water

thinned paints.

Figure 2.3.3-1: Point Source Emissions

Contribution to Point Source Emissions by Source

Category

58%

34%

1%2%5%

Surface Coating/Degreasing = 66 tons

Petroleum Product Storage/Transport = 38 tons

Fuel Combustion = 6 tons

Chemical Manufacture/Storage = 2 tons

Waste Disposal = 2 tons


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Area Source Emissions 215 tons

The eleven area source categories included in this inventory are: architectural surfacecoating, auto refinishing, consumer product usage, dry cleaning, gasoline refueling,

residential heating, structure fires, wood burning, traffic marking, solvent cleaning andindustrial surface coating. These categories were selected because of their existence inNew Haven and their potential contribution to the air toxics problem. Emissions from

commercial printers were investigated, but an estimate was not successfully developed.Additional area source categories that could be inventoried in a future effort includepaved roads, medical and pharmaceutical laboratories, and metal scrap yards.

The top three categories contributeapproximately 70% of total area source

emissions. Architectural SurfaceCoating refers to the application of

paints, primers, varnishes, and lacquerson built structures. Individually, thesesources are too small to contribute to

the overall air toxics problem in NewHaven. But cumulatively, their

emissions become significant. TheIndustrial Surface Coating and SolventCleaning categories capture

cumulative emissions from industrialsources too small to appear in the point

source inventory.

Figure 2.3.3-5: Area Source Category Emissions

Source Category Emissions (tons)

Architectural Surface Coating 55

Industrial Surface Coating 52

Solvent Cleaning 44

Residential Wood Burning 24

Gasoline Refueling 15

Structure Fires 9

Dry Cleaners 8

Auto Body 6

Traffic Markings 0.8

Residential Heating 0.5

Consumer Product 0.07

Figure 2.3.3-6: Area Source Categories

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Area Source Categories

Architectural Surface Coating - 55 tonsIndustrial Surface Coating - 52 tonsSolvent Cleaning - 44 tonsResidential Wood Burning - 24 tonsGasoline Refueling - 15 tonsStructure Fires - 9 tonsDry cleaners - 8 tonsAuto Body - 6 tonsTraffic Markings - 0.8 tonsResidential Heating - 0.5 tonsConsumer Product - 0.07 tons


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Figure 2.3.3-7: Area Source Pollutants

Pollutant Name Emissions (tons) Primary Area Source Category

Methyl Chloroform 30.4 Solvent Cleaning

Xylenes 26.2 Industrial Surface Coatingn-Hexane 25.1 Architectural Surface CoatingToluene 20.3 Industrial/Architectural Surface CoatingMethyl Isobutyl Ketone 15.2 Industrial Surface CoatingMethyl Ethyl Ketone 13.0 Architectural/Industrial Surface CoatingPerchloroethylene 11.0 Dry CleaningMethylene Chloride 8.6 Architectural Surface Coating/Solvent CleaningMTBE 7.3 Gasoline RefuelingEthylene 7.3 Residential Wood Burning


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CHAPTER 3: POINT SOURCE INVENTORY

3.1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

This section documents the methods used to identify and compile emissions data frompoint sources in New Haven. For the purposes of this study, point sources are industrial

and commercial stationary sources that have been inventoried as individual facilities.Typically, emission inventories divide stationary sources into two categories: major and

area. Major sources are defined by the Clean Air Act as those that emit 10 tons peryear of any one toxic air pollutant, or a combination of toxic air pollutants amounting to25 tons per year. Area sources are typically smaller facilities, and their emissions do

not exceed these thresholds. In the New Haven inventory, all but one facility inventoriedas a point source fell below EPAs threshold definition for major sources.

3.2. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE

Point sources are unique from area and mobile sources in that they may emit quantities ofair toxics capable of impacting health over a broad geographic region. For that reason,

the focus group determined that it was important to record emissions from point sourceswithin approximately five-miles of the New Haven town-line. Point source emissionsfrom facilities in New Haven and adjacent towns are reported in APPENDIX A. While

not included in the main inventory, emissions from non-local sources will be consideredin future air quality and health risk modeling efforts as well as stationary source emission

reduction initiatives.

3.3. EMISSIONS DATA SOURCES

The following sources were scoped to determine the availability of air toxic emissions

data from local point source facilities: 2001 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)12

1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI)13

Connecticut DEP Air Emission Inventory of 2000.14

After every effort was made to gather the most reliable data for each facility from thesesources, draft emission estimates were released to facility managers for review.

Managers either confirmed that estimates were correct or submitted revisions reflectingmore recent or more accurate emissions data. Managers commonly reported that NEI

estimates were out-of-date or that the range averages reported in TRI did not accuratelyreflect actual emissions. The following hierarchy of data sources was used to determineemissions from the thirty-three point source facilities in New Haven:

1. Reported Emission Values: Sixteen facility managers provided direct emissions data

in response to the Citys request. Emissions from non-responding facilities wereestimated using data from sources listed below.

2. 2001 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI): Emissions data for five point sources.


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3. 1999 National Emissions Inventory (NEI): Emissions data for eight point sources.

4. Connecticut DEP, Air Bureau: Provided lead emissions data for six fossil fuelcombustion sources. This data was, in some cases, used as a supplement to data

reported in other inventories. Also, it was used to correct lead emissions dataincorrectly reported in Version 3 of the 1999 NEI.


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3.4. POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS

The top five chemicals, (Toluene, MTBE, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Xylenes, and

Napthalene) represent over 70% of emissions from point sources in New Haven.

Figure 3.4-1: New Haven Point Sources Summary by Pollutant

HAP NamePoint SourceEmissions (lbs) HAP Name

Point SourceEmissions (lbs)

1 Toluene 71,193.514 39 Vinyl Chloride 43.480

2 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 33,975.680 40 Mercury Compounds 42.445

3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 22,869.457 41 Ethylene Glycol 40.320

4 Xylenes 22,841.028 42 Acrylonitrile 31.834

5 Napthalene 14,866.600 43 Lead Compounds 31.673

6 Trichloroethylene 7,915.2552 44 Ethylidene Dichloride 22.039

7 Benzene 7,418.487 45 Methyl Chloroform 21.270

8 Hexane 6,150.745 46 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 17.659

9 Copper Compounds 5,292.300 47 Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 14.170

10 Ethylbenzene 5,222.317 48 Nitrate Compounds 12.000

11 Formaldehyde 4,607.473 49 Acrolein 11.20012 Tert-Butyl-Alcohol 4,243.000 50 Selenium Compounds 10.762

13 Styrene 4,174.000 51 Cadmium Compounds 8.534

14 N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone 2,400.000 52 o-Xylene 8.520

15 Glycol Ethers 2,400.000 53 Ethyl Chloride 7.644

16 Nitric Acid 1,982.000 54 Chlorine 7.000

17 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,958.000 55 Methyl Chloride 6.190

18 Methanol 1,750.000 56 Carbon Disulfide 4.185

19 Cyclohexane 1,389.000 57 Ethylene Dichloride 3.846

20 n-Hexane 1,211.000 58 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 2.926

21 Nickel Compounds 1,171.420 59 Chlorobenzene 2.807

22 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 831.040 60 Carbonyl Sulfide 2.790

23 Sulfuric Acid 420.000 61 1,3-Butadiene 2.00024 Vanadium 151.500 62 Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 2.000

25 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 147.752 63 Propylene Dichloride 1.927

26 Methylene Chloride 116.524 64 Vinylidene Chloride 1.838

27 Acetaldehyde 115.270 65 Chromium VI 1.200

28 Manganese Compounds 102.316 66 Propylene Oxide 1.200

29 Polycyclic Organic Matter 98.030 67 7-PAH 1.135

30 16-PAH 84.000 68 Beryllium Compounds 0.745

31 Phospherous Compounds 74.800 69 Acetonitrile 0.600

32 Cobalt Compounds 68.400 70 Chloroform 0.539

33 Hydrochloric Acid 64.555 71 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.400

34 Antimony Compounds 61.200 72 Benzo (G,H,I) Perylene 0.200

35 Tetrachloroethylene 59.026 73 Carbon Tetrachloride 0.058

36 Arsenic Compounds 55.428 74 Cyanide Compounds 0.036

37 Zinc Compounds 53.400 75 Ethylene Dibromide 0.018

38 Chromium Compounds 50.127 76 Dioxin and like 0.003


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There are thirty-three New Haven facilities included in the point source inventory. Detailed information and emission data is

available for each of these facilities in APPENDIX A. The following table shows summaries of the ten individual facilitieswith the greatest quantity of air toxic emissions. Cumulative emissions from these ten facilities account for approximately

91% of total point source emissions.

Figure 3.4-2: Top Ten Emitting New Haven Facilities

Facility Name Address ProcessHAP Emissions(TPY) Largest Chemical Release Data Source

St. Gobain Performance

Plastics* 409 East Street Surface Coa ting (Fabric Coat ing) 33.53

Toluene, Xylenes, Ethylbenzene, Methyl

Ethyl Ketone 2001 TRI

Gulf Oil, LP428-500 WaterfrontStreet Petroleum Bulk Terminals 19.09

Napthalene, MTBE, Benzene, Tert-Butyl-Alcohol, Toluene, Cyclohexane 2001 TRI

Von Roll Isola 166 Chapel Street Surface Coating (Fabric Coating) 14.52Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Xylenes, Toluene,

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Methanol

Facility

Submission

Uretek, Inc. 30 Lenox Street Surface Coating (Fabric Coating) 8.15Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Toluene, N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone

FacilitySubmission

Motiva Enterprises 481 East Shore Pkwy Petroleum Bulk Terminals 7.50

MTBE, Xylenes, Toluene, Benzene, n-

Hexane, Ethyl Benzene 2001 TRI

Sargent Manufacturing Co. 100 Sargent DriveSurface Coating- Misc. Metal Parts /

Solvent Cleaning 6.17Trichloroethylene, Methylene Chloride,

Copper Comp, Chromium Comp

Facility

Submission

Magellan Terminals 280 Waterfront Street Petroleum Bulk Terminals 5.64MTBE, Hexane, Toluene, 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, Xylenes, Benzene

FacilitySubmission

H.B. Ives Co. 50 Ives Place Surface Coating / Solvent Cleaning 4.80Copper Comp, Glycol Ethers, Nitric Acid,Ethyl Benzene, Ethylene Glycol, Xylenes

FacilitySubmission

Magellan Terminals 134 Forbes Avenue Petroleum Bulk Terminals 5.91MTBE, Hexane, Toluene, 2,2,4-

Trimethylpentane, Xylenes, Benzene

Facility

Submission

Yale University CentralPlant 68 Ashmun Street Fossil Fuel Combustion 2.56

Hexane, Formaldehyde, Toluene,Xylenes, Acetaldehyde, Manganese Comp

FacilitySubmission

* St. Gobain left New Haven summer 2003.


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CHAPTER 4: AREA SOURCE INVENTORY

Area sources are stationary sources that are either too small or too numerous to inventory

individually. Emissions from these sources fall beneath the states required reporting threshold.Although emissions from each individual area source may be small, cumulatively they becomesignificant enough to contribute to health risk. Emissions from twelve area source categories

have been addressed in this inventory: Architectural Surface Coating, Auto Body Shops,Consumer Product Usage, Dry Cleaners, Gasoline Refueling Stations, Commercial Printers,

Residential Heating, Structure Fires, Residential Wood Burning, Traffic Markings, SolventCleaning and Industrial Surface Coating. Emissions from area source categories were estimatedusing a variety of methods based on activity data and published emission factors. Emissions are

summarized in the table below and methodology for each source category is detailed in thefollowing sections.


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Table 4-1: Area Source Emissions

Pollutant Name ArchitecturalSurface

Coating

AutoBody

ConsumerProduct

Drycleaners

GasolineRefueling

ResidentialHeating

StructureFires

ResidentialWood

Burning

TrafficMarkings

SolventCleaning

IndustrialSurface

Coating

AreaSource

(tons)

Methyl Chloroform 0.01111 30.4260 30.437Xylenes 3.15335 2.85664 0.00620 0.28233 19.8647 26.163

n-Hexane 25.1055 25.105Toluene 6.30670 1.44167 0.01296 0.77641 1.17071 10.5933 20.301

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 0.72770 0.34373 14.1703 15.241

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 6.79183 1.29038 0.00145 0.44088 4.43950 12.964Tetrachloroethylene 0.00080 8.01590 2.96933 10.986

Methylene Chloride 4.89069 0.00108 3.74262 8.6343MTBE 7.27000 7.2700

Ethylene 7.25389 7.2538

Trichloroethylene 6.74332 6.7433Hydrogen Cyanide 5.48942 5.4894

Hexane 0.00245 5.43486 5.4373

Ethylbenzene 5.21515 0.07058 5.2857Ethylene Glycol 1.17230 0.01780 3.32620 4.5163

Benzene 0.26677 0.38820 0.00466 3.12366 3.7832Ethane 2.41918 2.4191

Hydrochloric Acid 2.33714 2.3371Propene 1.96646 1.9664

Butenes 1.88627 1.8862

Acetylene 1.75815 1.75812-Methyl Furan 0.98010 0.9801

Pentenes 0.93368 0.9336

Methyl Alcohol 0.81065 0.8106

Furfural 0.74183 0.7418Acrolein 0.68212 0.6821

N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.60641 0.6064formaldehyde 0.40512 0.15777 0.5628

Propane 0.55592 0.5559

Ethyl Chloride 0.53353 0.5335Furan 0.52602 0.5260

2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.49408 0.4940

Methyl Chloride 0.44461 0.4446POM as 16-PAH 0.35291 0.3529

o-Xylene 0.33185 0.33182,5-Dimethyl Furan 0.23852 0.2385

Butyl Cellosolve 0.22248 0.2224N-Butane 0.08495 0.0849

Acetaldehyde 0.04482 0.0448

I-Butane 0.04304 0.0430


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Table 4-1: Area Source Emissions (continued)

Pollutant Name ArchitecturalSurface

Coating

AutoBody

ConsumerProduct

Drycleaners

GasolineRefueling

ResidentialHeating

StructureFires

ResidentialWood

Burning

TrafficMarkings

SolventCleaning

IndustrialSurface

Coating

AreaSource

(tons)

Diethyene GlycolMonbutyl Ether

0.04116 0.0411

Cellosolve Acetate 0.02670 0.0267Methanol 0.01973 0.0197

Selenium 0.01920 0.0192

Cellosolve 0.01780 0.0178Lead 0.01152 0.0115

Naphthalene 0.01116 0.0111Diethyene Glycol

Monemethyl Ether

0.00890 0.0089

Diethyene GlycolMonoethyl Ether

0.00890 0.0089

manganese 0.00768 0.00028 0.0079

Methyl Bromide 0.00686 0.0068Arsenic 0.00512 0.0051

1,3-Dichloropropene 0.00495 0.0049Cadmium 0.00384 0.00003 0.0038

nickel 0.00384 0.00002 0.0038chromium 0.00384 0.00000 0.0038

Beryllium 0.00384 0.0038

mercury 0.00384 0.00381,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.00241 0.0024

Chlorobenzene 0.00221 0.0022

Napthalene 0.00142 0.0014

Glycol Ethers 0.00116 0.0011Acenapthene 0.00019 0.0001

phenanthrene 0.00012 0.0001Tetra Ethyl Lead 0.00007 0.0000

fluoranthene 0.00005 0.0000

pyrene 0.00004 0.0000fluorene 0.00004 0.0000

benz(a)anthracene 0.00004 0.0000

chrysene 0.00002 0.0000benzo(g,h,I)perylene 0.00002 0.0000

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.00002 0.0000dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.00002 0.0000

benzo(b,k)fluoranthene 0.00001 0.0000Anthracene 0.00001 0.0000

Acenapthylene 0.00000 0.0000

Area Sources (tons) 55.21456 6.27616 0.07480 8.01590 15.06945 0.52908 8.66644 24.45543 0.81065 43.88128 52.39400 215.37


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4.1. ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING

Architectural Surface Coating Emissions 110,429 lbs

EPA defines emissions from Architectural Surface Coatings as emissions released from theapplication of coating such as paint, primer, varnish or lacquer to architectural surfaces, and theuse of solvents as thinners and for cleanup.15 Architectural surfaces include any built structure,

and the coatings in question are any applied for general or special purpose use. The HAPestimate for this category is based on a per-capita usage factor, a per-gallon VOC emissionfactor, and a speciation profile.16

New Haven Population, Year 2000: 123,626

Source: U.S. Census Population Statistics, 2000

Equations:

Coatings usage = New Haven population * usage factor VOC emissions = coatings usage * VOC factor

HAP emissions = VOC emissions * HAP weight fraction

Table 4.1-1: Usage & VOC emissions

Usage Factor

(gal/person/year)

Coatings Usage

(gal)

VOC Factor

(lbs VOC/gal)

VOC Emissions

(lbs)

VOC Emissions

(tons)

Solvent-Based Coatings: 0.507 62,678 3.87 242,565 121.283

Water-Based Coatings: 1.944 240,328 0.74 177,843 88.9217

Table 4.1-2: HAP Weight Fractions

HAPS Solvent-based Weight Fraction

Solvent Based

Weight Fraction

Water-based

N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.005Ethylbenzene 0.043Ethylene Glycol 0.006 0.005n-Hexane 0.207Isomers of Xylene 0.026Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.056Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 0.006Toluene 0.052Benzene 0.003Methylene Chloride 0.055

Ethyl Chloride 0.006Ethylene GlycolMethyl Chloride 0.005


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Table 4.1-3: HAP Emissions

HAP NAME SB emissions (lbs) WB emissions (lbs) Total HAPS (lbs) Total HAPS (tons)

Benzene 0 533.530 533.530 0.26677Methylene Chloride 0 9781.39 9,781.39 4.89069

N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,212.83 0 1,212.83 0.60641

Ethyl Chloride 0 1067.06 1,067.06 0.53353Ethylbenzene 10,430.3 0 10,430.3 5.21515

Ethylene Glycol 1,455.39 889.217 2,344.61 1.17230n-Hexane 50,211.0 0 50,211.0 25.1055Isomers of Xylene 6,306.70 0 6,306.70 3.15335

Methyl Chloride 0 889.217 889.217 0.44461Methyl Ethyl Ketone 13,583.7 0 13,583.7 6.79183Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 1,455.39 0 1,455.39 0.72770

Toluene 12,613.4 0 12,613.4 6.30670Total 110,429 55.2146


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4.2. AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING

Automobile Refinishing Emissions 12,552 lbs

Emissions from this category were estimated using a per-employee VOC emission factor

developed in 1998 by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Bureauof Air Management.17 After conducting 450 inspections and analyzing data from 273refinishers in Connecticut, the DEP arrived at an emission factor of 0.216 tons of VOC

per auto body refinishing employee

The estimate for the number of refinishing employees in New Haven was determined

through a telephone survey conducted in October 2002 by the City of New Haven. Allauto body shops in the New Haven phonebook and CERC Business Listing were

contacted by phone. It was determined that 16 facilities in New Haven offer automobilerefinishing services with a total of 51.5 full time refinishing employees. This method ofcompiling employment statistics risks underestimating total auto refinishing emissions

because it does not capture emissions from unlisted/illegal shops or backyard activities.

VOC estimates were speciated using an EPA profile.18

Calculations:

0.216 tons VOC per refinishing employee

51.5 refinishing employees in New Haven

51.5 employees * 0.216 tons VOC per employee = 11.124 tons VOC

VOC emissions * HAP speciation factor = HAP emissions

Figure 4.2-1: HAP Emissions - Automobile Refinishing

HAP NAME Speciation Factors HAPS (tons) HAPs (lbs)Butyl Cellosolve 0.02000 0.22248 444.960

Cellosolve 0.00160 0.01780 35.5968

Ethylene Glycol 0.00160 0.01780 35.5968

Diethyene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 0.00080 0.00890 17.7984

Diethyene Glycol Monemethyl Ether 0.00080 0.00890 17.7984

Diethyene Glycol Monbutyl Ether 0.00370 0.04116 82.3176

Cellosolve Acetate 0.00240 0.02670 53.3952

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.11600 1.29038 2580.77

Methyle Isobutyl Ketone 0.03090 0.34373 687.463

Toluene 0.12960 1.44167 2883.34

Xylene 0.25680 2.85664 5713.29

Total HAPS 6.27616 12,552.3


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4.3. CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Consumer Product Emissions 150 lbs

HAP emissions from consumer products were calculated using simple per-capita

emission factors.19 Emissions from each source category were based on the New Havenpopulation from 2000, reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Figure 4.3-1: Consumer Product Pollutant Summary

HAP Name Emissions (lbs)

Methanol 39.4537

Toluene 25.9298Methyl Chloroform 22.2259Methyl Bromide 13.7225

Xylenes 12.40751,3-Dichloropropene 9.89008Hexane 4.89966

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 4.81274Chlorobenzene 4.42674Methyl Ethyl Ketone 2.90472

Napthalene 2.84998Glycol Ethers 2.31668Methylene Chloride 2.16230

Perchloroethylene 1.59108

Seven categories of commonly used consumer products contain hazardous air pollutants.

These include: auto after market products, pesticides, coating & related care products,adhesives & sealants, household products, miscellaneous and personal care products.

Figure 4.3-2: Consumer Product Category Summary

Household Products

3%

Miscellaneous

Products

1%

Pesticides

31%

Adhesives &

Sealants

16%

Auto After Market

Products

32%

Coating & Related

Care Products

17%

Auto After Market Products = 47 lbs Pesticides = 46 lbs

Coating & Related Products = 26 lbs Adhesives & Sealants = 25 lbs

Household Products = 5 lbs Miscellaneous Products = 1 lb

Personal Care Products = 0.23 lbs


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New Haven Population, Year 2000: 123,626

Source: U.S. Census Population Statistics, 2000

Figure 4.3-3: HAP Emissions - Adhesives and Sealants

Pollutant

Per Capita

Emission Factor

(lb/year/person)

% Reduction

due to VOC

Rule

Adjusted

Emission

Factor

Population

2000

Emissions

2000 (lbs)

Dibenzofurans 0.000008 8.3% 0.000007 123,626 0.000457

N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000000 8.3% 0.000000 123,626 0.000013

1,4-Dioxane 0.000011 8.3% 0.000010 123,626 0.000618

Ethyl benzene 0.000014 8.3% 0.000013 123,626 0.000771

Formaldehyde 0.000025 8.3% 0.000023 123,626 0.001423

Glycol ethers 0.000128 8.3% 0.000117 123,626 0.007255

Hexane 0.078300 8.3% 0.071800 123,626 4.438241

Methanol 0.000682 8.3% 0.000625 123,626 0.038657

Methyl ethyl ketone 0.039100 8.3% 0.035900 123,626 2.216287

Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.001240 8.3% 0.001140 123,626 0.070286

Methylene chloride 0.008780 8.3% 0.008050 123,626 0.497673

Naphthalene 0.000107 8.3% 0.000098 123,626 0.006065

2-Nitropropane 0.000002 8.3% 0.000002 123,626 0.000120

Tetrachloroethylene 0.000675 8.3% 0.000619 123,626 0.038261

Toluene 0.084300 8.3% 0.077300 123,626 4.778337

Methyl Chloroform 0.214000 8.3% 0.196000 123,626 12.13006

Trichloroethylene 0.000039 8.3% 0.000036 123,626 0.002199

Vinyl acetate 0.000000 8.3% 0.000000 123,626 0.000003

Xylenes 0.009760 8.3% 0.008950 123,626 0.553221

Total 24.77995


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Figure 4.3-4: HAP Emissions Automotive Aftermarket Products

Pollutant

Per Capita Emissions

Factor (lb/year/person)

for Automotive

Aftermarket Products

% Reduction

due to VOC

Rule

Adjusted

Emission

Factor2000

Population

2000

Emissions

(lbs)

Benzene 0.000005 8.97% 0.000004 123,626 0.000266

Chloroform 0.000036 8.97% 0.000033 123,626 0.002026N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000000 8.97% 0.000000 123,626 0.000002

Ethyl benzene 0.000075 8.97% 0.000068 123,626 0.004226

Glycol ethers 0.026900 8.97% 0.024500 123,626 1.513619

Hexane 0.003530 8.97% 0.003210 123,626 0.198627

Hydrogen fluoride 0.000014 8.97% 0.000013 123,626 0.000793

Methanol 0.661000 8.97% 0.602000 123,626 37.19340



Methyl-tert-butyl ether 0.000024 8.97% 0.000022 123,626 0.001328


Naphthalene 0.000002 8.97% 0.000002 123,626 0.000127

Tetrachloroethylene 0.023500 8.97% 0.021400 123,626 1.322307Toluene 0.024900 8.97% 0.022700 123,626 1.401083



Xylenes 0.012000 8.97% 0.010900 123,626 0.675220

Total 47.113274

Figure 4.3-5: HAP Emissions Personal Care Products

Pollutant



for Personal Care

Products

% Reduction

due to VOC

Rule

Adjusted

Emission

Factor2000

Population

2000

Emissions

(lbs)

Acetamide 0.000000 12.11% 0.000000 123,626 0.000007

Ethylene Dichloride 0.000005 12.11% 0.000004 123,626 0.000251

N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000027 12.11% 0.000024 123,626 0.001472

Glycol ethers 0.000015 12.11% 0.000013 123,626 0.000826

Methanol 0.000001 12.11% 0.000000 123,626 0.000031


Toluene 0.003410 12.11% 0.003000 123,626 0.185257


Total 0.022927


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Figure 4.3-6: HAP Emissions Coating and Related Products

Pollutant

Per Capita Emission Factor

(lb/year/person) for Coating and

Related Products 2000 Population

2000 Emissions

(lbs)

Acetophenone 0.000009 123,626 0.000527

Chlorobenzene 0.000015 123,626 0.000933

Chloroform 0.000955 123,626 0.059031Ethyl benzene 0.000686 123,626 0.042404

Formaldehyde 0.000855 123,626 0.052850

Glycol ethers 0.002240 123,626 0.138461

Hexane 0.002390 123,626 0.147733

Methanol 0.016000 123,626 0.989008

Methyl ethyl ketone 0.007940 123,626 0.490795

Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.005260 123,626 0.325136

Methylene chloride 0.019700 123,626 1.217716

Naphthalene 0.000006 123,626 0.000355

Tetrachloroethylene 0.000148 123,626 0.009148

Toluene 0.316000 123,626 19.53291

Methyl Chloroform 0.007690 123,626 0.475342Trichloroethylene 0.000137 123,626 0.008468

Triethylamine 0.000526 123,626 0.032514

Xylenes 0.040500 123,626 2.503427

Total 26.026758

Figure 4.3-7: HAP Emissions Household Products

Pollutant



for Household Products

% Reduction

due to VOC

Rule

Adjusted

Emission

Factor

2000

Population

2000

Emissions

(lbs)

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.047900 10.94% 0.042700 123,626 2.636927

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.000000 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 0.000002

Ethyl benzene 0.000003 10.94% 0.000002 123,626 0.000141

Formaldehyde 0.000007 10.94% 0.000006 123,626 0.000371

Glycol ethers 0.005310 10.94% 0.004730 123,626 0.292319

Hexane 0.002090 10.94% 0.001860 123,626 0.115056

Hydrochloric Acid 0.000002 10.94% 0.000002 123,626 0.000096

Hydrogen fluoride 0.000000 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 0.000005

Methanol 0.000666 10.94% 0.000593 123,626 0.036664




Naphthalene 0.000001 10.94% 0.000000 123,626 0.000030

Tetrachloroethylene 0.002960 10.94% 0.002640 123,626 0.162950

Toluene 0.000582 10.94% 0.000518 123,626 0.032039



Xylenes 0.003280 10.94% 0.002920 123,626 0.180566

Total 5.190733


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Figure 4.3-8: HAP Emissions FIFRA Regulated Products (Pesticides)

Pollutant


(lb/year/person) for FIFRA-

Regulated Products 2000 Population 2000 Emissions (lbs)

Chlorobenzene 0.071600 123,626 4.425811

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 0.035200 123,626 2.175818

1,3-Dichloropropene 0.160000 123,626 9.890080Ethyl benzene 0.001300 123,626 0.080357

Formaldehyde 0.000381 123,626 0.023551

Glycol ethers 0.005650 123,626 0.349243

Isophorone 0.000947 123,626 0.058537

Methanol 0.000948 123,626 0.058599

Methyl bromide 0.222000 123,626 13.72249


Methyl isobutyl ketone 0.000090 123,626 0.005569


Naphthalene 0.046000 123,626 2.843398


Methyl Chloroform 0.059900 123,626 3.702599Triethylamine 0.000313 123,626 0.019347

Xylenes 0.137000 123,626 8.468381

Total 45.878981

Figure 4.3-9: HAP Emissions Miscellaneous Products

Pollutant


(lb/year/person) for

Miscellaneous Products 2000 Population 2000 Emissions (lbs)

N,N-Dimethylformamide 0.000007 123,626 0.000459

Glycol ethers 0.000242 123,626 0.014959

Methanol 0.018400 123,626 1.137359




Toluene 0.000002 123,626 0.000152

Methyl Chloroform 0.000246 123,626 0.015206

Xylenes 0.000431 123,626 0.026641

Total 1.243417


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4.4. DRY CLEANERS

Dry Cleaning Emissions 16,032 lbs

For preparation of the 1990 Base Year Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Inventory, the Connecticut DEP conducted a survey of dry cleaning establishments in theState of Connecticut. It was determined that 97% of dry cleaners in Connecticut wereusing perchloroethylene (perc) as the principal cleaning agent.20 In AP-42, the EPA

recommends estimating perc emissions by applying an emission factor of 3.5 lbs perc per100 lbs of clothing for dry-to-dry systems.21

In June 2003, a written survey was sent out to all dry cleaning facilities listed in the NewHaven phone book (see survey, next page). Of the twenty-six facilities that received the

survey, twenty responded either by mail, phone, fax or email. Nine facilities reportedbeing drop-only locations (no cleaning operations take place on-site). Eleven facilitiesreported the weight of clothes cleaned and the technology used. Of the remaining six

locations, four were out-of-business and two were determined to be functioning facilitieswith on-site dry cleaning operations.

Survey responses indicate that approximately 425,336 lbs of clothing are cleaned per yearin New Haven. 22 All respondents use perc as the cleaning agent and all but one 23use dry-

to-dry technology (considered low-emitting relative to transfer technology).

Calculations: 3.5 lbs perc per 100 lbs clothing for dry-to-dry system

425,336 lbs clothes cleaned annually

3.5 lbs perc * (425,336 lbs/100) = 16,031.89 lbs perc

16,031.89 lbs perc / 2000 lbs per ton = 8.015945 tons perc

Figure 4.4-1: HAP Emissions Dry Cleaners

Pollutant Name HAP Emissions (tons)

Perchloroethylene 8.01595

Federal and state standards have tightened since this emission factor was published inAP-42 in 1982, so two alternative methods for calculating emissions were also

considered.

Alternative Method #1 apportioned the DEPs state-level estimate to the City level using

activity and regulatory information provided by the Northeast Fabricare Association, anindustry trade group. This method yielded an estimate of 17.8559 tons of perc.

Alternative Method #2 applied EPAs per-employee emission factors from Emission

Inventory Improvement Program document to New Haven dry cleaner employment datafrom theReferenceUSAbusiness database.24 This method yielded an estimate of 48.9tons of perc.


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The lowest estimate was selected because it was based on data gathered directly from

local dry cleaners and because Connecticuts perc regulations are stricter than thenational MACT (maximum available control technology) standard that was used to

develop the per-employee emission factor.

See the next page for the dry cleaner survey form.


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NEW HAVEN CITY PLAN DEPARTMENT1 6 5 C H U R C H S T R E E T , N E W H A V E N , C T 0 6 5 1 0T E L ( 2 0 3 ) 9 4 6 - 6 3 7 8 F A X ( 2 0 3 ) 9 4 6 - 7 8 1 5

June 23, 2003

Dear Facility Manager:

The City of New Haven is currently engaged in an effort to assess air emissions from small facilities operating withinCity limits. Dry cleaners are one such type of facility, along with gasoline stations, graphic arts, auto body shops andothers. As an operator of a dry cleaning business, your assistance is essential to our effort to develop a local inventoryof Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Perchloroethylene (also known as PERC, PCE, or Tetrachloroethylene) is thechemical most often associated with dry cleaning facilities.

Please help us by answering the following questions. This survey has been addressed to all dry cleaners in NewHaven. This process is intended to benefit you and your fellow employees as well as your New Haven neighbors.

Please complete and return this survey by Thursday, July 3rd. Please fax orsend your responses to:

Madeleine WeilCity Plan Department165 Church Street

New Haven, CT 06510Fax: 946-7815

You may also call Madeleine Weil at 946-6752 and respond verbally or email responses to [email protected] you very much for your cooperation. Please contact me if you have any questions.

Sincerely,

Madeleine WeilProject Coordinator

New Haven Community Clean Air Initiative

Please provide the following facility information.

Name and address: ______________________________________________________________________________ _________

Contact person and phone number: ____________________________________________________________________________

How many pounds (lbs) of clothes are cleaned per year at your address listed above? ___________________________ _________

Do you use Perchloroethylene? Circle one: Yes / No : If no, what material do you use? ________________________________

Describe your on-site cleaning technology. Circle one: Transfer Machine / Dry-to-Dry Machine / Wet Cleaning Machine

How many pounds (lbs) per year of clothes do you send off-site to be cleaned? _________________________________________

Where do you send your clothes to be cleaned? Please give name and address._________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Youre done! Thank you for your help!


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4.5. GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

Gasoline Distribution Loss Emissions 30,139 lbs

HAP estimates for this category are based on gasoline sales data for New Haven service

stations, gathered through a survey conducted in June 2003. Methods for estimatingVOC emissions from gasoline sales are included in EPAs Emission InventoryImprovement Program documentation25and from the DEPs 1999 Periodic Ozone and

Carbon Monoxide Inventory. 26 The HAP speciation profile came from thedocumentation for the National Area Source Estimates.27

4.5.1. GASOLINE SALES IN NEW HAVEN

In June 2003, a survey was sent to 47 operational gasoline service stations in New Havenrequesting information about the amount of fuel sold on location in 2002 (see survey,next page). Fuel sales data from 32 stations were returned, (including the four City of

New Haven fleet fueling stations). The number of gasoline nozzles at each station wascollected from the Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection. Staff from the New

Haven Department of Weights and Measures collected data on the tank capacity of eachstation. Three separate methods were used to estimate fuel-sales for non-respondingservice stations and the average of estimates based on these methods was used to

calculate VOC and HAP emissions.

Method 1: An average gasoline sales rate per nozzle was calculated for the facilities

that responded to the survey. This rate was applied to the number of nozzles at non-

responding facilities to obtain an estimate of gasoline sales for these facilities. Usingthis method, the sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities is estimated to

be 31,905,478 gallons.

Method 2: An average gasoline sales rate per tank capacity was calculated for the

facilities that responded to the survey. This rate was applied to the tank capacities atnon-responding facilities to obtain an estimate of gasoline sales for these facilities.

Using this method, the sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities isestimated to be 32,203,152 gallons.

Method 3: An average per-facility gasoline sales rate was calculated for the facilities

that responded to the survey. This average was attributed to non-responding

facilities, regardless of tank capacity or number of nozzles. Using this method, the

sum of gasoline fuel sales for all New Haven facilities is estimated to be 35,207,103gallons.

Since none of the above methods was judged to be any more or less valid than the others,

the average of the results of these three methods was used to calculated VOC and HAPemissions for this category.

Average (31,905,478 gallons + 32,203,152 gallons + 35,207,103 gallons) =

33,105,244 gallons


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4.5.2. VOC EMISSION CALCULATION AND HAP SPECTIATION

VOC emissions for each component of gasoline distribution are calculated separately

below. Because Connecticut does not meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS) for ozone, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require that all gasoline sold

in the state must contain 2% oxygen by weight. MTBE has been the oxygenate of choiceamong gasoline suppliers in the Connecticut. The table below includes two speciationprofiles, reflecting seasonal variation in the type of gasoline sold in Connecticut. In the

emission estimates that follow, it has been assumed that half of all gasoline sold in thestate conforms to the Reformulated profile and half conforms to the WinterOxygenated profile28in the Documentation for the National Area Source Estimates.

VOC emissions (calculated below) have been speciated according to the profiles in thefollowing table.

Figure 4.5.2-1: HAP Speciation Profiles

HAP NAME Reformulated

w/MTBE

Winter Oxygenated

w/MTBE

2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.007 0.007Benzene 0.004 0.007

Ethyl benzene 0.001 0.001Hexane 0.014 0.140MTBE 0.087 0.119

POM as 16-PAH 0.005 0.005Toluene 0.011 0.011Xylene 0.004 0.004

Note: As of October 2003, MTBE was banned from Connecticut and many other states asa result of its negative impact on water quality. Ethanol has now replaced MTBE as an

oxygenate.

4.5.3. TANK TRUCK UNLOADING

Average Daily VOC emissions were calculated according to the formula:

VOC emissions = (gallons gasoline sold in thousands) * (emission factor) * [1-(control

efficiency * rule effectiveness * rule penetration)]

Uncontrolled emission factor for submerged filling is 7.3 lbs VOC/1000 gallons29

Control efficiency for Stage 1 controls is 95.89%30

Rule penetration in 1990 was 99.09%31

Rule effectiveness determined to be 96.8%32

Calculation: 33,105.244 thousand gallons * (7.3 lbs VOC/1000 gallons)*(1 -(0.9589*0.968*0.9909)) = 19,565.1299 lbs per year = 9.7826 tons VOC per year

50% of 13.845 tons = 4.8912 tons Reformulated with MTBE

50% of 13.845 tons = 4.8912 tons Winter Oxygenated with MTBE


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Figure 4.5.3-1: HAP Emissions Tank Truck Unloading

HAP HAPs from

Reformulated 50%

HAPs from Winter

Oxygenated 50%

TOTAL HAPS

(tons)

2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.03424 0.03424 0.06848Benzene 0.01957 0.03424 0.05380

Ethyl benzene 0.00489 0.00489 0.00978Hexane 0.06848 0.68478 0.75326MTBE 0.42554 0.58206 1.00760POM as 16-PAH 0.02446 0.02446 0.04891

Toluene 0.05380 0.05380 0.10761Xylene 0.01957 0.01957 0.03913Total (tons per year) 0.65054 1.43804 2.08858

4.5.4. UNDERGROUND TANK BREATHING

One pound of VOC per thousand gallons of gasoline sold is emitted due to underground

tank breathing.

33

Calculation: 33,105.244 thousand gallons * (1 lb VOC/1000 gallons) = 33,105.244 lbs

VOC = 16.553 tons VOC

50% of 16.553 tons = 8.2765 tons Reformulated with MTBE


Figure 4.5.4-4: HAP Emissions Underground Tank Breathing

HAP HAPs from

reformulated 50%

HAPs from Winter

Oxygenated

TOTAL HAPS

2,2,4- Trimethylpentane 0.05794 0.05794 0.11587

Benzene 0.03311 0.05794 0.09104Ethyl benzene 0.00828 0.00828 0.01655

Hexane 0.11587 1.15871 1.27458

MTBE 0.72006 0.98490 1.70496

POM as 16-PAH 0.04138 0.04138 0.08277

Toluene 0.09104 0.09104 0.18208

Xylene 0.03311 0.03311 0.06621

Total (tons per year) 1.10077 2.43329 3.53407


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4.5.3. VEHICLE REFUELING

In 1993, the Connecticut DEP rolled out regulations requiring all gasoline service stations

that dispense over 10,000 gallons per month to install, operate, and test control equipmentdesigned to recover vapors when vehicles are refueled. Collectively known as the Stage

II Vapor Recovery System Program, these regulations apply to more than 1600 stationsstatewide. Under full compliance, this system is certified to reduce VOCs in gasolinevapors by 95%.

In the 1999 Ozone Inventory, the CT DEP estimated that in 1996, 29.9 million gallonswere sold in New Haven County without Stage II controls (9.5%), while 285.9 million

gallons were sold with Stage II controls (90.54%). If these same percentages are appliedto gasoline sold in the city of New Haven, it is estimated that nearly 30 million gallons of

gasoline were sold with Stage II and 3.1 million gallons were sold without Stage IIcontrols (out of a total 33.1 million gallons).

Using Mobile 5.0., DEP generated the following VOC emissions factors for Stage II andNon Stage II refueling in the Greater Connecticut non-attainment status area.34

8.334 lbs VOC / thousand gallons for Non Stage II

1.764 lbs VOC / thousand gallons for Stage II

Calculations:

Non Stage II: 3,131.756 thousand gallons * 8.334 lbs VOC / thousand gallons =

26,100 lbs VOC per year = 13.05 tons VOC per year 50% of 13.05 tons = 6.525 tons Reformulated with MTBE


Stage II: 29,973 thousand gallons * 1.764 lbs VOC / thousand gallons = 58,398 lbs

VOC per year = 29.199 tons VOC per year

50% of 29.

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