New Ideas for Teaching Energy Joel Rosenberg Lawrence Hall of Science U.C. Berkeley...

New Ideas forTeaching Energy

Joel RosenbergLawrence Hall of Science

U.C. Berkeley

[email protected]

The U.S. currently [2001] uses oil from both domestic and foreign sources. What percentage of the oil is imported?

a. 10 percent b. 20 percent

c. 35 percent

d. 55 percent

e. Don’t know

From Americans’ Low “Energy IQ:”’A Risk to Our Energy Future

August 2002

http://www.neefusa.org/pdf/roper/Roper2002.pdf

From Americans’ Low “Energy IQ:”’A Risk to Our Energy Future

August 2002



a. 10 percent (2%) b. 20 percent (6%) c. 35 percent (24%)d. 55 percent (52%)e. Don’t know (17%)

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_dependence.cfm


a. 10 percent (2%) b. 20 percent (6%) c. 35 percent (24%)d. 55 percent (52%)e. Don’t know (17%)





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are needed to see this picture.

http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402

Carter’s “Crisis of Confidence” SpeechJuly 15, 1979


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Science Activities in Energyfrom 1977-1982

A series of booklets by theAmerican Museum of Science & Energy, with assistance from LHS

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/4835472-mQ7w3i/4835472.pdf





1968 LHS publication (digitized with Oracle funding)

Obama at National Academy of SciencesApril 27, 2009

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5-MgZD5IMc

QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor






13 U.S. Agencies: Agriculture Commerce Defense Energy Health & Human Services Interior State Transportation EPA NASA NSF Smithsonian USAID

globalchange.gov

http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2009/nsf09058/nsf09058.jsp?govDel=USNSF_25



Climate Change Education(CCE)



Second version: March 2009http://www.globalchange.gov/resources/educators/climate-literacy





http://www.xprize.org/files/downloads/saul_griffith_presentation.pdf

Saul



Engineer

Saul Griffith:

http://www.wattzon.com/pdfs/GamePlan_v1.0.pdf

ecoAmerica ?



Negative responses

Positive responses

Solutions

Climate and Energy TruthsApril 2009

http://www.ecoamerica.net/sites/default/files/press/ecoAm_Climate_Energy_Truths.pdf

QuickTime™ and a decompressorare needed to see this picture.



Engineering the FutureMuseum of Science, Bostonwww.mos.org/etf

Ioannis Miaoulis

Cary Sneider



http://www.ecoamerica.net/sites/default/files/press/ecoAm_Climate_Energy_Truths.pdf



USA(Steinberg et. al.)



Germany (Herrmann and Job)QuickTime™ and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

United Kingdom(Boohan andOgborn)

1. Fluids

2. Electricity

3. Heat

New Ideas for Teaching Energy

1. Fluids

2. Electricity

3. Heat


1. Fluids



http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/article_2455.jsp

1. Fluids





“Why ‘wait-and-see’ won’t do”

John Sterman and Linda Booth Sweeney

http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/article_2455.jsp

1. Fluids





“Why ‘wait-and-see’ won’t do”

John Sterman and Linda Booth Sweeney





1. Fluids

Bottle Atmosphere Water Carbon dioxide Water flowing in CO2 emissions Water flowing out CO2 removal by oceans, plants Water level CO2 ppm Rate of pumping Rate of emissions Reducing inflow, water level rises until inflow equals outflow

Reducing emissions, CO2 ppm increases until emissions equal removal

REFINEMENT Initial water level Preindustrial 285 ppm (0.0285% CO2) Source water tank level Fossil fuels supply Sink water tank level Ocean CO2 concentration LIMITS Pumping water into bottle Represents fuel pumping and burning Pump is not constant (pouring better?) Emissions fairly constant

1. Fluids

May 2009: 390.18

1. Fluids



May 2009: 390.18

1. Fluids

What is pressure?

Can you describe how pressure "acts"?

1. Fluids

What is pressure?Pressure is force / area


1. Fluids

What is pressure?Pressure is force / areaPressure is a measure of “squeezedness.”


1. Fluids


Can you describe how pressure "acts"?Pressure acts equally in all directions.

1. Fluids


Can you describe how pressure "acts"?Pressure acts equally in all directions.Pressure doesn’t “act” -- it is defined at points

in space, like temperature

1. Fluids



We’re at the bottom of an ocean of air, and the air down here is squeezed more than at the top.

1. Fluids




Y YELLOW Normal atmospheric pressure

Y

1. Fluids




Y YELLOW Normal atmospheric pressureG GREEN Below normalB BLUE Low below normal

Y

GB

1. Fluids




R RED High above normalO ORANGE Above normalY YELLOW Normal atmospheric pressureG GREEN Below normalB BLUE Low below normal

Y

GB

1. Fluids

Experiment with the syringe and cap, then color in the diagrams using the color-coding scheme.


1. Fluids



Y

Y

Y

Y

R

B



1. Fluids


Y

Y

Y

Y

R

B

Differences drive _______, and differences _________.

It takes a ___________ to make a ___________.



1. Fluids


Y

Y

Y

Y

R

B



change disappear



1. Fluids


Y

Y

Y

Y

R

B



change disappear

difference difference



1. Fluids

Energy can be thought of as ____________, even though it’s not actually a ___________.

Energy always flows with a _______ (such as water or air).

Energy doesn’t ___________ from one ______ to another, it is simply ___________ from one _______ to another.



1. Fluids




substance-likesubstance



1. Fluids





carrier



1. Fluids







carrier

transform formtransfers carrier



1. Fluids

It helps to visualize pressure differences to understand how steam engines work.

http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/auto/images/fig1.gif

1. Fluids

2. Electricity

3. Heat


2. Electricity

What’s your model?

This diagram shows a glowing light bulb connected to two batteries using two wires. The arrow next to Wire #1 in the circuit shows the direction the electrical current in that wire is flowing. What do you think is happening in Wire #2?

1. In Wire # 2, there is:A. an electric current flowing toward the bulbB. an electric current flowing away from the bulbC. no electric current flowing at all

2. Electricity

2. Compared to Wire #1, Wire # 2 carries:A. more electric currentB. the same amount of electric currentC. no electric current at allD. some electric current, but less than Wire #1



2. Electricity

3. Compared to Wire #1, Wire # 2 carries:A. more electrical energyB. the same amount of electrical energyC. no electrical energy at allD. some electrical energy, but less than Wire #1



2. Electricity

Battery Wire

Make a bulb light using only a battery and a wire.

Bulb

2. Electricity


2. Electricity


2. Electricity

from Minds of Our Own, Harvard Center for Astrophysics



2. Electricity

Hayes and Horowitz, HarvardStudent Manual for The Art of Electronics

2. Electricity

“The homely hydraulic analogy works pretty well, if you don’t push it too far -- and if you’re not too proud to use such an aid to intuition.”

Hayes and Horowitz, HarvardStudent Manual for The Art of Electronics

2. Electricity

Water Charge (unwritten) Head of pressure (?) Voltage (both V and E used) Restriction of flow Resistance (R) Rate of flow (water volume / unit time) Current (I, amount of charge / unit time) LIMITS Sea Undefined Open-flow system empties to sea Closed-flow system recycles charge Gravity drives flow Gravity can be ignored

2. Electricity

Sluice gate

Water channel

TroughWater raiser

Water recycles Electrons recycle

Water raiser Battery

Top of the screw Negative terminal

Height of water raiser Voltage

Sluice gate Resistance of light bulb

Amount of water through water channel

Current

Trough Positive terminal

Water wheel Bulb

LIMITS

Sluice gate and water wheel separate

Resistance is inherent to bulb filament

Sluice gate controls amount of water, independent of height of water raiser

Current depends on both voltage and resistance

Cart moves forward Circuit doesn't move

Gravity drives flow. Gravity plays no role.



2. Electricity

DWC = Double Water Column B = Battery FM = flow-meter L = Bulb Iw = water current intensity I = electric current intensity C = cock S = switch Rw = tubing resistance R = wire resistance ∆P = pressure difference V = 'electrical pressure difference' (voltage) Limits Tubing resistance not really close to zero Wire resistance pretty close to zero DWC needs pump to maintain ∆P Battery is self-contained

2. Electricity

+

TeacherStudent

Hula hoop

Charge starts everywhere in circuit Hula hoop starts everywhere in circle Battery Teacher Bulb Student Bulb lights instantly Student raises hand instantly Charge isn't "used up" Hula hoop isn't "used up" Battery provides energy Teacher provides energy Bulb provides resistance Student provides resistance Battery loses energy and "dies" Teacher loses energy and gets tired REFINEMENTS Series and parallel More students and hoops Direct and Alternating Current Hoop moves one way or back and forth LIMITS Open circuit, no continuous conductor Teacher stops, hula hoop still continuous



+

R

B

2. Electricity

+

R

B

Charge starts everywhere in circuit Air starts everywhere in circuit Battery Air pump Bulb Straw or constriction Voltage "Electric pressure difference" Current Air flow rate REFINEMENT Series and parallel resistance More flywheels/straws Motor vs. resistor/filament Flywheel vs. straws LIMITS Battery is self-running energy source Pump must be pumped by energy source Battery provides charge continuously This type of pump is not constant







2. Electricity

Charge starts everywhere in circuit Train starts everywhere on track. Battery Passenger loading station Bulb Passenger unloading station Current Train travel rate Energy Passengers Different amounts of energy "loaded" Different number of passengers loaded LIMITS No representation for voltage There's no visible engine or drive

2. Electricity







2. Electricity

Kill A Watt





2. Electricity

Kill A Watt

SEP Energymeter(Boohan)





2. Electricity

How is most electricity in the United States generated?

a. By burning oil, coal, and woodb. With nuclear powerc. Through solar energyd. At hydro electric power plantse. Don’t know


2. Electricity


a. By burning oil, coal, and wood 36 % b. With nuclear power 11 %c. Through solar energy 2 %d. At hydro electric power plants 36 %e. Don’t know 16 %


2. Electricity






2. Electricity






2. Electricity





http://www.pge.com/includes/images/shared/myaccount/explanationofbill/billinserts/0905_energymix.gif http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/POWER_PLANTS_STATEWIDE.PDF



http://www.need.org/needpdf/Energy%20Analysis.pdf2. Electricity

1. Fluids

2. Electricity

3. Heat


3. Heat

What is heat?

Can something produce heat?

What is temperature?

3. Heat

What is heat? Heat is energy being transferred from higher to

lower temperature.

Can something produce heat?


3. Heat


lower temperature.

Can something produce heat?Not if heat is energy, since energy can’t be

produced or destroyed.


3. Heat


lower temperature.Heat is entropy, which can be though of as another

kind of “substance-like” stuff.


produced or destroyed.


3. Heat





produced or destroyed.Yes, heat/entropy can be produced, but it cannot be

destroyed.


3. Heat






destroyed.

What is temperature?Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the

particles of a substance.

3. Heat






destroyed.

What is temperature?(Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the

particles of a substance.)Temperature is a measure of “hotness,” similar to

pressure as a measure of “squeezedness.”

3. Heat


Callendar, H.L. (1911).“The caloric theory of heat and Carnot's principle.”Proc. Phys. Soc. London 23: 153–89.

http://www.todayinsci.com/C/Callender_Hugh/CallenderHughThm.jpg

3. Heat




“The mathematical definition of entropy…is unintelligible to the average student, for whom the conception of entropy possesses an artificial atmosphere of unreality…

“The more shadowy the conception to be visualised, the greater the need of a definite material analogy.”

3. Heat






http://www.aip.org/history/climate/xGSCallendar.htm

Callendar, G.S. (1938)."The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Climate.”Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 64: 223-40.

3. Heat





Thermocolor film

Cardboard box

Light bulb

Power supply

Hot and cold: Exploring temperature changes using thermocolor filmBoohan 2005

3. Heat





Charge& energy

R

B

3. Heat





Charge& energy

RR

B

Heat / Light& energy

3. Heat





Charge& energy


RYR

B

3. Heat





Charge& energy


RYR

B

G

3. Heat





Charge& energy


RYR

B

G

3. Heat

Charge& energy


RYR

B

G

Cardboard box Bottle Energy inflow and outflow Energy inflow and outflow Wall thickness Outflow restriction Temperature in box Height of water level LIMITS Energy changes carrier from electricity to heat and light

Water is the energy carrier throughout

3. Heat

Charge& energy


RYR

B

G



Why does a penny feel colder than a button?

3. Heat

Charge& energy


RYR

B

G


are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a

decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Light bulb (40W) You (~100W) Wall insulation Penny and button More heat loss through worse insulator More heat loss through penny than button Surrounding air Liquid crystal temperature-sensitive paper LIMITS Temperature measured by device Temperature measured through perception

Scientists say the fastest and most cost-effective way to address our energy needs is to. . .

a. Develop all possible domestic sources of oil and gasb. Build nuclear power plantsc. Develop more hydroelectric power plants, ord. Promote more energy conservatione. Don’t know

Scientists say the fastest and most cost-effective way to address our energy needs is to. . .

a. Develop all possible domestic sources of oil and gas 16b. Build nuclear power plants 14c. Develop more hydroelectric power plants, or 13d. Promote more energy conservation 39e. Don’t know 18

http://www.vattenfall.com/www/ccc/ccc/569512nextx/573859globa/574118cost/index.jsp

Saul



Engineer

Saul Griffith:

Saul



Engineer

Saul Griffith:

Saul



Manhattan Project?

Engineer

Saul Griffith:

Saul



Manhattan Project?

Apollo Project?

Engineer

Saul Griffith:

Saul



Manhattan Project?

Apollo Project?

WWII Mobilization!

Engineer

Saul Griffith:

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New Ideas for Teaching Energy Joel Rosenberg Lawrence Hall of Science U.C. Berkeley...

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