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Main Idea: Ignoring claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states Europeans established colonial claims.
Why: Industrialization fuelled European nations to search for more resources to power their industries. They wanted new goods and looked to Africa and Asia for new raw materials.
Now: African nations continue to feel the effects of colonial rule.
NEW IMPERIALISM VS. EXPLORATION IMPERIALISM 15TH -16TH CENT:
Earlier period:Less penetration of interior in Africa & Asia
Less direct influence on people’s lives
Conquests inland because – military & medical technology made it possible
Imperialism = takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of that nation.
Types: Colonial – occupied and ruled by foreign nation. Nation sets up
government and controls economy.
Political – dominant country uses diplomacy or military force to influence internal affairs of weaker country. Break down governments to establish more “modern governments”
Economic – control global trade and commerce. Spheres of influence created – don’t want to entirely control, but influence trade. Ex) China occupation by US
Social-cultural – desire to influence a territory to adopt cultural values and customs of imperialist country. Ex) Schools set up and students forced to speak English
FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
Forms of Imperialis
m
Spheres of Influence
ProtectoratesColonies
Dutch in S. Africa
Euro. nations in
ChinaEuro.
Nations in Africa
U.S. In Latin Amer.Gr. Brit. In
India
FORMS OF IMPERIALISM 1. colony – territory that an imperial power ruled directly
through colonial officials
2. protectorate – territory with its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power
3. sphere of influence – region of a country where an imperial power had exclusive trading rights
African Spheres of Influence
U.S. Protectorates
PRESSURES TO EXPAND1. political rivalries
2. new marketsa. rubber, copper and gold from Africab. tin from Southeast Asiac. colonies bought products from their “parent companies”
3. new opportunitiesa. have lands in other parts of the world for influenceb. individuals looking to get rich
4. “civilizing” missions – trying to convert native populations
COLONIAL AFRICA
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
1875-1900
AFRICA1. colonized by most major European countries
2. Berlin Conference (1884-85) = instead of fighting between European nations the all met to set down ground rules:
a. any European could claim land in Africa if they told the other nations and would show they controlled the area (“scramble for Africa”)
3. France controlled much of northwest Africa (Algeria) a. built the Suez Canal (Egypt), Britain came to control it –
provided a more direct route from Europe to Asia; cut out about 4000 miles and two weeks of travel
b. Muhammad Ali – Ottoman leader of Egypt i. one of the first kingdoms to come under
European control
4. Britain controlled most of east and south Africa a. gained control of southern African cape colony (Congress of
Vienna)
The Afrikan/Boer Wars1880-1900
Paving the way for Apartheid
5. Dutch (Boers = farmers) forced inland by Britisha. “Great Trek” = to interior on native land causing clashes with Zulu tribeb. Enslaved Zulu tribe c. create Dutch republics known as the Orange Free States
6. Diamonds and gold were discovered in South African states controlled by Dutch
a. Great Britain begins moving inland to mine gold and diamondsb. Boer War (1899 and 1902) – was a war between the Dutch (Boer’s) and
Britain in South Africai. Cecil Rhoades – creates company that dominates world diamond market and
establishes two new colonies (Britain)ii. British win Boer Wars, but allows settlers to govern themselves- Afrikaners = name for settlers who came to dominate government - Created Union of South Africa in 1910
“GREAT TRECK”
The Afrikan/Boer Wars1880-1900
Paving the way for Apartheid
6. Mostly Black South Africa was dominated by a few white men
7. Europeans set up schools a. educated elite of Africa condemned the
Europeans and began revolting
8. Near the end of the twentieth century – all of Africa won its independence from Europe
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 1910-1948
• Exclude blacks from voting
•Schools, hospitals, neighborhoods, workplaces segregated
•Mandela and World Opinion abolish system in early 1990s
Apartheid “Apartness” becomes official policy
HISTORICAL PARALLEL
SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY IS SIMILAR TO AMERICAN HISTORY BECAUSE THEY BOTH…
KING LEOPOLD AND THE BELGIUM CONGO
KING LEOPOLD AND THE BELGIUM CONGO
Belgium needs to catch up
Created a slave based plantation economy
Human rights abuses
IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
INDIA1. East India Trading Company took advantage of Mughal
Empire decline and clamed India as a British colonya. took control with help from..nawabs = muslim princes who made agreements with British, Dutch and French
2. Europe set up outposts run by “company men”a. Sepoys – Indian troops hired to protect outposts
3. By 1818 Britain controlled vast areas of subcontinent a. established British raj (reign) = although allowed Indians in high ranking positions
4. Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – Sepoy (Hindu) joined forces with Mughal (Muslim) soldiers against British rulea. Britain wins and maintains complete control
Sepoy Rebellion (1857) Reading
INDIA5. Economic Imperialism transforms India:
a. railroad systemsb. steamboats c. growth of industrialized citiesd. Exports = cotton, opium, tea, sugar and silke. Sati – attempts to ban by British rajf. disease spread – Cholera outbreak in Europeg. Western-style schools
6. Indian Nationalisma. Enlightenment ideas and revolutions inspire Indians to preserve their cultureb. 1885 – Indian National Congress created to pursue more civil service jobs for Indians
THE PACIFIC1. Britain:
a. Australia (1770) – Captain James Cooke
i. New South Wales – convicted criminalsb. Fiji
2. Francea. Tahiti
3. United Statesa. Hawaii (1898) – was originally visited by Cooke
COLONIAL ASIA
MAP – IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA, 1913
DIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong.
Mediterranean Sea Red SeaAtlantic OceanAlgeria LibyaEgypt French West AfricaAnglo-Egyptian Sudan EthiopiaGold Coast NigeriaCameroons Belgian CongoGerman East Africa AngolaNorthern Rhodesia Southern RhodesiaMozambique German Southwest AfricaUnion of South Africa MadagascarSuez Canal
Color in the followingBelgian PortugueseFrench Independent StatesBritain SpanishGerman Italian
MAP – IMPERIALISM IN ASIADIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong.
Indian Ocean Pacific OceanBritish India BurmaFrench Indonesia Dutch East IndiesJapan Korea
Color in the followingFrance GermanyGreat Britain NetherlandsUnited State
