New Interaction Techniques
Department of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland
Department of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland
January – June, 2003
Grigori Evreinov
www.cs.uta.fi/~grse
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 01_97 17.01.2003
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/fell/images/BBB/BBBphoto.jpeg
Device Capabilities and their Future Evolution
http://www.casio.com/labelprinters/product.cfm?product=3766&display=14&cid=5227
KP-C50 PC Tag Writer
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 02_97 17.01.2003
many of today’s wireless devices use programmable microcontroller and
digital-signal-processor cores combined with embedded memories and
numerous peripheral modules all on a single chip
microcontrollers are a specific type of microprocessor that have more I/O ports
and interrupts than a general CPU as well as on-chip random-access memory
(RAM) and read-only memory (ROM)
external Flash and Burst Flash memories are also used
future gadgets will be made to 0.1 µm designs, have more than 200 million
transistors, operate at 500 MHz and work within 1V constraints
processor cores will be configurable, and re-configurable processors will
handle image, speech, data, web connectivity, mobile and in-home needs
as devices and services become more complex the demands on memory will
increase enormously
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 03_97 17.01.2003
within just the last 24 months, myriad audio, video, PDA and cellular products
have equipped people not only to carry around data, images and audio but also
to swap devices between various types of hardware
new technologies include non-volatile flash memory cards and small disk
drives
flash memory cards have no moving parts and retain data in the absence of
power
memory is key to retaining complex data on a device
it enables storage of programs, audio and video files and provides users with
more efficient data compression methods
sufficient memory also allows devices to run applications that require large
amounts of memory to implement, like as Java etc
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 04_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
two major subjects are to develop very high density magnetic medium and very sensitive reading head technology using Giant Magnetic Resistance Effects [3]
Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technology (ASET)
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 05_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
IBM has demonstrated a GMR (Giant Magneto Resistive) head with an areal density capability greater than 35.3 billion bits per square inch and laboratory demonstrations up to 130 Gbits/in2 have been reported in the industry, indicating that future disk drives could exhibit capacities at least two times higher than today
IBM Magnetic Hard Disc Drive Technology [5]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 06_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionadded functionality implemented in recent 2G and 2.5G terminals
source: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Forum [1]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 07_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
the above-mentioned multifunctional devices are based on a mobile phone
centric approach
new multimedia and mixed data services would create further opportunities for
UMTS devices to be complementary to other electronic devices
considering the high level of complexity entailed in integrated multifunctional
devices, a feasible approach is to enable traditional portable (consumer or
business user) devices to interwork with UMTS terminals implementing core
access functionality
examples would include a digital camera interworking with a UMTS terminal,
which would enable a user to transfer a digital image to the terminal for
incorporation in a multimedia message
the possible combinations are very wide ranging
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 08_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
many different applications are expected to be implemented in UMTS devices
for each application, corresponding additional components or elements need to
be employed
this will have some impact on the terminal design from a form factor
perspective
on the other hand, most users want to carry as small and as light a device as
possible even though new functionality or features are added
further miniaturization is one of the key issues and this requires further
miniaturization or integration of all related components on UMTS devices
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 09_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionseveral approaches for further integration and miniaturization
source: Nikkei Electronics No. 782, cit. in [1]
LSI - Large Scale Integration
LTCC - Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics; integrate high frequency passive components into one ceramic substrate
MEMs - MicroElectroMechanical Systems an advanced technology that makes possible to integrate passive elements into semiconductorMEMS is also known as micromachine technology
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Trends in component technology
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 10_97 17.01.2003
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 11_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionDisplay technology
sometimes the user may be concerned more with viewing a screen than with listening to an ear piece
the display represents the most important component in the future of communication
perhaps users will interact through the display in many different environmental conditions for almost all device applications
they will need to view high information content multimedia as well as the high bandwidth video
the display is also likely to function as an input device through the use of ”soft keys”
for effective interaction between users and displays, a direct-view display must be as large as possible within the constraints of a portable device
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 12_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
no single display technology can currently satisfy all of requirements, like
resolution, contrast / brightness, illumination, colour, frame rate, interface,
bezel (non-display area), thickness, weight
the simplest displays, including for mobile applications, are passive matrix
displays
a passive matrix display is an array of pixels, each of which contains an
optical element that is sandwiched between column and row electrodes
passive addressing via the column and row electrodes puts limitations on
the achievable display resolution and levels of grey-scale that can be
programmed at each pixel
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 13_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionin STN Liquid Crystal Displays, the optical element is a Super Twisted
Nematic (STN) liquid crystal that modulates (between 180 to 260 degrees
resulting in better contrast) the transmission of light through polarisers
positioned at each side of the liquid crystal cell
STN materials have a sharp transmission-voltage response and a slow
switching speed (e.g. >100ms), and as such are well suited to binary
(black or white state) passive addressing, although 3-4 bit grey-scale can
be achieved
displays of this type are particularly suitable for text and simple graphics
display, and this is sufficient for many of today’s low-bandwidth
applications, while they have a limited viewing angle
these reflective displays are very low power and are commonly illuminated
by a (near white) LED, and are very cheap to manufacture
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 14_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
higher performance colour STN LCDs offer desirable benefits for
multimedia applications, though the introduction of colour filters can reduce
total display brightness and increases the unit cost
transflective technology helps ensure that pixels make the most of both
ambient light and back-light sources
although not capable of matching the performance of TFT (Thin Film
Transistor) LCDs, the best CSTNs of today can achieve 65,000 colors for
still images and 15 frames per second video at intermediate resolutions
one of the more interesting technological developments is the move to
plastic substrates; plastic STN LCDs offer lighter weight, greater impact
resistance and the option to have custom (e.g. non-rectangular) display
shapes
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 15_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
XtraViewTM Wide Viewing Angle Technology [9]
these transistors do not generate light
or color, an often-made mistake
this is where the liquid crystals (LC)
and their alignment come into play
the transistors control the orientation
of the LC, thus allowing them (LC) to
pass (or not pass) light from the
backlight
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 16_97 17.01.2003
XtraViewTM Wide Viewing Angle Technology [9]
by having the electrodes on the same glass substrate, they allow the crystals to remain horizontal to the glass substrates in both the on and off statessuch design improves the viewing angle by passing the light through the crystals at their most efficient orientation – a horizontal orientation – thus dispersing the light more efficiently
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 17_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionorganic electroluminescent (OEL) materials emit light in proportion to the
current flowing through them, and have the advantages of high brightness and of being very thin
higher performance displays are composed of active matrix pixels
each pixel typically includes an optical element and switch
the switch is an active component such as a TFT (thin-film transistor) or a TFD (thin-film diode), and is addressed by column (data) and row (scan) lines
TFTs are normally fabricated from a thin-film of amorphous Silicon (a:Si); though complete construction of the TFT requires the deposition of several additional layers, including the addressing lines, today, this can be achieved with a minimum of five photolithographic masks, which keeps the cost of active matrix displays competitive
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 18_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
source: UMTS Forum [1]
four of the most common active matrix display cross-sectionsto maximize the use of ambient light, a single polariser can be used; micro-reflective structures and careful choice of colour filters can increase brightness at the expense of contrast ratio and of viewing angle
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 19_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionalthough more expensive to manufacture than passive displays, the active
matrix pixel switch permits a larger total number of pixels in the display, higher resolution, higher contrast and accurate grey-scale pixel programming
in transmissive TFT LCDs, the optical element is usually a Twisted Nematic liquid crystal that modulates the transmission of light supplied by a back-light through orthogonal polarisers positioned at each side of the liquid crystal cell Twisted Nematic materials have a shallow transmission-voltage response and a fast switching speed (e.g. 25ms), and can therefore achieve 8-bit or higher RGB grey-levels (16 million colours) at 60 Hz updates (i.e. “true colour“ video)
high performance active OEL displays based on poly-silicon TFTs are being considered since more than one of them can be implemented at each pixel to implement a small current-mode driver circuit
this “pixel circuit“ is very power efficient and can minimize luminance non-uniformity across the display
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 20_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
source: Advanced Data Research, Japan (11/09/00) [1]
Low Temperature Poly-Silicon
organic electroluminescent
Super Twisted Nematic
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 21_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionInput
devicesusability is a key issue affecting both the implementation of applications and device design
unification of input methods is an important factor in realizing “easy to use” user interfaces, but unification of new features could bring complexity to users to understand which input device is doing which function and/or feature
some UMTS devices will have similar input methods and components like current mobile units (keypad and pointing device), others may employ touch screens and voice recognition
devices should not only support the display of character encodings and character sets in supporting internationalized content in local languages, they must also allow for the input of text in those local languages
the support of character encodings that work across multiple languages, such as Unicode and UTF-8, as well as the most popular encoding types in use on the Internet today is vital to the widespread availability of localized and internationalized content and services
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 22_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionKeyboards and
keypads a basic requirement for a mobile unit input device is to employ at least ten keys for activating the phone and the line and for inputting telephone numbers
for this basic feature, most current mobile phones employ between 14 and 17 keys, normally realized using carbon printed or gold flashed substrate combined with a carbon printed rubber sheet, poly-dome sheet or metal contact sheet
reliability is becoming an increasingly important factor as mobile phones change from voice-oriented to games-oriented usage
for i-mode phones in Japan, the minimum life cycle for the key panel has to guarantee at least one million contact cycles
small form factors as well as the use of hands free kit result in phones being carried in users’ pockets for much of the time; sensitivity to moisture from the human body becomes an issue
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 23_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
switch technologies [10]
direct membrane/polydome switches
indirect full-travel membrane switch
printed circuit board contact patternsthe most important single design objective is to provide as many shorting paths as possible so best switch operation can be realized when the button is actuated
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 23_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
wire-free soft technology
the three modes of ElekTex™ sensor operation - position sensing (X-Y positioning), pressure measurement (Z sensing) and switch arrays – are normally achieved through four connections to each fabric interface
demo 1
http://www.electrotextiles.com/flash/tech_spec.shtml
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 24_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Logistic Design (UK) Ltd. [12, 13]
1. rubber keypad (non-conductive) 2. spacer/Adhesive 3. membrane/polydome layer with
conductive ink 4. spacer/Adhesive 5. PCB 6. conductive ink
sample designs illustrating indirect polydome construction
this width should be same as length of key-travel + 0.2mm
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design for use with membrane/polydome switches
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 25_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
ICHIA Technologies Inc. [11]
the snap ratio (or click ratio) of any conductive rubber keypad directly affects the tactile feel realized by the operator
keypads with snap ratios of 40- 60% have excellent tactile feel and relatively long life, while keypads with snap ratios below 30% have relatively weak tactile feel, but longer life
dual-durometer keypads also improve tactile feelthe snap ratio of any keypad can be calculated by working with the formula F1-F2
divided by F1, where F1 is the actuation force and F2 is the contact force
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 26_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
ICHIA Technologies Inc. [11]
it is very difficult to recommend specific guidelines for creating best tactile feelhowever, if actuation force and stroke are identified for a given application, it is possible to design a keypad's switch membranes precisely to realize the identified parametersa very general guideline that can be followed for developing good tactile feel is to specify higher actuation forces for keypads with large keys than those with small keysthis rule also applies to key heights: tall keys require higher actuation forces than short keys
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 27_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionanother typical guideline for actuation force is to specify a minimum
actuation force of 80 - 100 grams for keys with heights of 10 - 15mm and a minimum actuation force of 150 - 175 grams for keys with heights of 15 - 25mm
care should be taken when designing tactile feel so a minimum return force of 30 grams is realized
this minimum return force will help greatly to eliminate the potential problem of sticking keys, as will proper bezel design [11]
even though it is possible to use ten keys for writing emails or inputting characters, this would not be acceptable to users
other solutions have to be considered
today, several sub-systems and technologies are already available to support these requirements; some have already been used in market products
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 28_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
separate small keyboards are available for current mobile units and PDAs
pen-input technology (touch screen, track pad and click) or voice recognition technology could also improve usability as alternatives to keypad-based input methods
in terms of keypad features, lessons should be drawn from past industry oversights concerning different digits and alphanumeric layouts on device keypads
with the trend towards even more innovative device features and designs that go beyond conventional keypads - often incorporating icons, pictograms, and symbols for interaction and inputting instead of keys - there are new sets of usability challenges to be met by the UMTS device sector
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 29_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionPointing
devicesbeside keypads, some recent mobile units employ so-called “pointing devices” that allow the user to scroll the menu or to select a subject on the display
many different kinds of pointing devices have been implemented onto mobile applications for such usage
source : ALPS Electric Co., Ltd [2]
currently available surface mounted devices (SMD input devices) for mobile phones: (a) top-faced slide switch with centre push; (b) side-faced slide switch with centre push; (c) small rotary encoder (Jog); (d) 4-directional switch with centre push; (e) very small rotary encoder
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 30_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
low-profile type TACT & mechatronic detection switches
slide potentiometers
small rotary encoder
film GlidePoint
colorless tablet with a high transparency of 88%; deadspace of 2.0 mm; micro dot spacers to maintain visibility
hollow shaft encoders for level control
source : ALPS Electric Co., Ltd [2]
8-Directional operating switches with thin center-push switch
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 31_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
pressure sensitive direction switches H01C 010/46 USA Pat. No 6,313,731
pressure sensitive direction devices provide a user interface to facilitate user navigation through increasingly complex menu structures
http://www.altavista.com
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 32_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
the round grid pattern for directional navigation are shown, where the signal and output contact regions U, D, L, R, G are circumferentially displaced and arranged in a circular pattern
pressure sensitive direction switches H01C 010/46 USA Pat. No 6,313,731
capacitive pointing stick apparatus G09G 005/08 USA Pat. No 6,437,772
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 33_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionmulti-directional symbol input [7]
the X-conductors (24) and the Y-conductors (25) are electrically connected to a Module of Measuring Touch Point Coordinates (30) which electrically interacts with a Module of Analysis of Lateral Movement Trajectory (31);an Interface Module (32) interacts with both the Module of Analysis of Lateral Movement Trajectory (31) and a Module of Mechanical Keypad (33) to which dome contacts (34) are connected
X-conductors (24) and Y-conductors (25) are placed on a flexible base plate (26); the membrane (28) and the contacts (29) are located under the base plate (26); the membrane (28) and the contacts (29) form a dome switch
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 34_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
switch technologies [10]
contact switch capacitive magnetic reed ferrite core mercury contact
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 35_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
bent springthe bent spring, though more expensive, provides slightly better feedback than electrometric mat underlay (with domes under each key)
capacitance switch with a compression springresistance increases until switch closurethis poor responsiveness is disturbing for most situations, and unacceptable for repetitive use (due to the increased risk of RSI), so is rarely found in contemporary products
switch technologies [10]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 36_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
pressure-actuated pointing device [14]
the magnitude of the applied positive pressure gradient and point of pressure application on the finger pad determine the magnitude and direction of the cursor's displacement on the graphics screen
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 37_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
tongue touch keypad is the “keyboard” that
utilizes key chording
this device is available for quadriplegics
who need in computer access
the keypad contains a miniature circuit
board with a nine-button keypad and radio
transmitter that fits into a standard dental
retainer worn in the roof of the mouth
http://www.wheelchairnet.org/WCN_ProdServ/Docs/
TeamRehab/RR_97/9702art1.PDF
http://www.gerardpas.com/lrahm/gallery/si11.html
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 38_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
a pair of ear-microphones output signals were examined to detect the side of teeth-chattering, right or left at discriminator block [Hashimoto, Yonezawa and Itoh 15]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 39_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactiontonguepoint
is an isometric tongue pointing device was
developed in IBM Almaden Research Center [16]
a tonguepoint is a mouthpiece that, similar to a
dental night guard or a sports mouth guard, is
form fitted to each individual's upper teeth and
hard pallet
because of this fixture the user may relax at
normal jaw posture when wearing the mouthpiece
speaking with the tonguepoint inserted in the
mouth is also feasible
Die Zungensteuerung (PROTOS System)http://www.camt.de/
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 40_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionanalog button
the analog button and testing software has also been designed in TAUCHI Unita pilot investigation was carried out to study behavior patterns in hand-eye coordination and some new strategies of their exploitationthe results suggest that there is potential for further development and applications of these alternative input devices to control by different entities (menu pointing, scrolling, etc.) of information environment
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 41_97 17.01.2003
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 42_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionpointing devices can improve usability for specific applications and
functionality
applications such as mobile gaming will require dedicated pointing devices to satisfy the “easy to play” principle for users
development trends for pointing devices focus on further miniaturization and the ability to deploy re-flow soldering techniques on current devices already employed in consumer electronic products
IR LED
IR-Photodiode
IR-Photodiode
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 43_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionCame
ras Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors have been highlighted recently with a smaller size and reduced weight as a candidate technology for integrating digital camera capability into mobile phones
CMOS image sensors offer lower power consumption and a much smaller physical integration area than the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) image sensors which are conventionally used for digital still cameras and camcorders that require high picture quality
for a long time CMOS image sensors have been “a modest product” lagging CCD image sensors as most image sensors were designed for high picture quality products
CMOS image sensors have been accepted only for certain products that focus on low power consumption rather than picture qualitydemo 2
http://intron.kz.tsukuba.ac.jp/vrlab_web/floatingeye/floatingeye_e.html
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 44_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
the latest CMOS sensor technology could bring around 110,000-pixel
(that is, based on 352 x 288 pixels, they can provide Common source
Intermediate Format (CIF) compliant quality levels) with 1/7” optics, a
form factor of < 101010 mm3 and low consumption of < 100mW
CCD could bring 350,000 ~ 380,000-pixel with 1/6” optics
however, the physical integration area is rather bigger than that for
CMOS sensors as CCD requires 3-4 different supply voltages and power
consumption for CCD is still over 200mW
the next opportunity for image sensors would be to satisfy the requirements of the PDA and notebook PC markets
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 45_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
an image sensor must achieve 640 x 480 dots, or Video Graphics Array
(VGA) compliant
CMOS and CCD image sensors will be competing technologies in sensor
market that needs products with a resolution of VGA-compliant quality
CMOS image sensors used in dark environments suffer deterioration in
colour production quality and increase of output noise
CCD image sensors offer better quality but rather high power
consumption as well as a larger integration area
CMOS image sensors are facing the challenge of improving picture
quality along with downsizing whilst CCD image sensors are facing the
challenge of reducing their size and power consumption
Engineering basics for computer interaction
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 46_97 17.01.2003
proximity detector for a seeing eye mouse
motion produces successive frames of translated patterns of pixel information, which are compared by autocorrelation to ascertain the direction and amount of movement [6]a hold feature suspends the production of movement signals to the computer, allowing the mouse to be physically relocated on the work surface without disturbing the position on the screen of the pointer
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 47_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionSolid-State Optical
Mouse Sensor
source: Agilent Technology [3]
the HDNS-2000 is a reflective optical sensor that provides a non-mechanical tracking engine for implementing a computer mouseit is based on optical navigation technology which measures changes in position by optically acquiring sequential surface images (frames) and mathematically determining the direction and magnitude of movementthe sensor is mounted in a plastic optical package and designed to be used with the HDNS-2100 (Lens), HDNS-2200 (LED Assembly Clip), and HLMP-ED80 (High Light Output 639 nm LED), providing a complete and compact tracking enginethis optical tracking engine has no moving parts and requires no precision optical alignmentresolution is specified as 400 cpi (characters per inch) at rates of motion up to 12 inches per second
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 48_07 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
source: Agilent Technology [3]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 49_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Fingertip Detector outputs a list of fingertips’ 2-D coordination only if fingertips were detected; Stroke Detector watches the alternation of the moving vectors of each fingertip; Keyboard Checker translates fingertip’s coordinates detected as stroke to user-defined key character
virtual keyboard with one CCD camera [17]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 50_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactiona full-size virtual keyboard can be projected by light
on to any surface [18, 19]
it can be integrated into mobile phones, laptops, tablet PCs or even sterile medical environments
the keyboard, manufactured by Developer VKB Inc, in Israel ( http://www.vkb.co.il/ )
the mini projector that detects user interaction with the surface also simulates a mouse pad (Hanover, Germany, CeBIT 2002)
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 51_97 17.01.2003
facial gesture musical interfaces [20]
the musculature of the face allows for fine motor control of actionsso it is interesting to explore the possibility of machine interfaces that are driven by facial actionbecause facial action is involved in both speech production and emotional expression, there is a rich space of intuitive gesture to sound mappings for face action
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Demo 3
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 52_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
http://members.aon.at/mth/mocap/mocaptext.htmhttp://www.vicon.com/main/images/misc/sci_rehab2.jpghttp://ligwww.epfl.ch/~molet/pampers/EGCAS96/firstbig.jpeg, secondbig.jpeg
Body motions
[32]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
human movement tracking technology [24]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 54_97 17.01.2003
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muscle twitch switches are activated by muscle contraction they can be used with eyebrow movement and finger flexion [21]
magnet
reed switch
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 55_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
“Body Coupled FingeRing”: Wireless Wearable Keyboard [30] the transmitter (TX) mounted on the base of finger and the receiver (RX) mounted on the wrist
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 56_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interaction
Samsung Scurry wearable keyboard Futurelooks.com http://www.futurelooks.com/features/events/comdex2k1vegas/pictures/the%20technology/pages/Samsung%20Scurry%20wearable%20keyboard.htm
Senseboard [http://www.senseboard.com/] works by tracking the muscle movements in the palm of the hand: when you extend your left pinky finger in midair and strike it down as if you were going to strike the "Q" key Senseboard displays the letter "Q" on the monitor
Samsung's Scurry works by attaching motion sensors to each finger; It doesn't detect muscle movement, but rather uses gyroscopic technology to detect angular movements of fingers through space
this approach works better, however, both devices are too bulky
[http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,70568,00.asp ]
TAUCHI MMIG G. Evreinov p 57_97 17.01.2003
Engineering basics for computer interactionGestureWrist is a wristband-type input
device that recognizes hand gestures and forearm movementsunlike DataGloves or other hand gesture-input devices, all sensing elements are embedded in a normal wristbandGesturePad is a sensing module that can be attached on the inside of clothes, and users can interact with this module from the outsideit transforms conventional clothes into an interactive device without changing their appearance
http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/gwrist/gband.jpghttp://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/gwrist/
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
measuring wrist-shape, forearm movements and gestures [34]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
clothes as communication surfaces [34]
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Engineering basics for computer interactionSmartSkin: An Infrastructure for
Freehand Manipulation on Interactive Surfaces [35]
demo4
demo5
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
demo6
the Gesture Wall [36-38] injected a 50 100 kHz signal into the body of the user through an electrode on the floor; the strengths of this signal, as capacitively received at electrodes placed in the four corners of the display, were used to track the position of a hand as it moved around the display surfacealthough this system was very sensitive to gesture, it required fairly stiff postural constraints on the part of the user - one hand forward and body back, since the entire body radiates the transmit signal, not just the hand to be tracked
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
tactile array sensor
top: exploded view showing sensor constructionbottom: side view showing the crossed layers of copper strips separated by silicone rubber spacers a protective rubber coating is added on the contact surface [26]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
infant health monitoring system [27]
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Engineering basics for computer interactiondynamic system for determining human
physical instability [28]
a dynamic system adapted to test a human subject to determine the degree to which his physical stability is impaired without regard to the cause of impairmentelectronic sensors are mounted on the platform yield signals which depend on the deviation of the platform from the X and Y axes when the subject standing on the platform shifts his weight thereon to change the orientation of the platform, the resultant signals are indicative of the degree to which the stability of the subject is impaired
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Engineering basics for computer interactionrespiration and movement
monitoring system [29]a monitoring system (10) includes a first sensor (12) for detecting the respiration and/or movements of an infant (14), and a sensor (18) for detecting the presence or movement of the infant or proximal objects (20); an accelerometric sensor (22) detects movements of a platform (16); an audio sensor (24) detects sounds associated with the infant or proximal objectsnone of the sensors are physically attached to the infant the high-impedance element and the sensor forming a voltage divider that produces from the signal a sensor voltage that is proportional to the impedance of the first sensor
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
PadGraph is a registrar of body motions based on capacitive sensors [22]
+ 5V
Ix
Gnd
Iy
elastic porous non-conductor
elastic conductor
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Engineering basics for computer interactionHoloWall is a wall-sized computer display
that consists of a glass wall with rear-projection sheet behind it a video projector displays images on the wall, while inputs are recognized with infrared (an array of IR LEDs) and a video camera with an IR filter (840 nm) installed behind the wallwhen a user moves a finger close enough to the screen (0-30 cm, depending on the threshold value of the recognition software), it reflects IR light and thus becomes visible to the camerathrough image processing technique, the finger shape can be separated from the background [33]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
schematic of haptic interaction system based on Lorentz force magnetic levitation [40, 41]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
Magnetic Imaging System of Virtual Objects in Haptic Space [42]a detection of density gradient of magnetic field through the small “probe-magnet” (5) coupled to the finger
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
experimental setup for magnetic imaging system1 - cardboard box; 2 - constant magnets; 3 - the probe magnet; 4 - a copying-paper; 5 - distance control (attenuation of magnetic field)
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Engineering basics for computer interactionCommunication
With PC Input & Output capabilities
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Engineering basics for computer interactionJoystick
Port
source: Joysticks and other game controllers [43-45]
the joystick interface card was designed to be as simple and cheap as possiblethe card consisted only of bus interface electronics and four monostable multivibrators (in 558 chip) those monostable multivibrators were simple timer circuits which put out a pulse with width directly proportional to the joystick resistance valuethe pulse width was then measured using software loop
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
the joystick consists of two potentiometers with variable resistance value between 0 Ohm and 100 kOhm (in some joysticks up to 150 kOhm)the potentiometer resistances have the minimum values when the joystick is at the top left positionone end of the potentiometer is connected to +5V pin and the center pin is connected top the analogue input of the joystick
pin purpose1 potentiometer common (Joy A)2 button 1 (Joy A)3 X coordinate potentiometer (Joy A)4 button common (Joy A)5 button common (Joy B)6 Y coordinate potentiometer (Joy A)7 button 2 (Joy A)8 unused9 potentiometer common (Joy B)10 button 1 (Joy B)11 X coordinate potentiometer (Joy B)12 MIDI TXD (transmit) (computer-> midi)13 Y coordinate potentiometer (Joy B)14 button 2 (Joy B)15 MIDI RXD (midi -> computer)
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Engineering basics for computer interactionto read the joysticks (or your slide potentiometer positions), you must first write
a byte to port 201h, this triggers the 558 timer on the game adapterit doesn't matter what value you send, as long as you perform an I/O writeGame port 201h byte: | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | | but4 | but3 | but2 | but1 | stk4 | stk3 | stk2 | stk1 | the most machine-independent way to sample the game port is to use a timerNOTE the time just before you trigger the 558(e.g., read the countdown register in Timer 0, you need pretty fine resolution and this timer performs 65535 counts every 55 ms) after triggering, sit in a loop reading port 201h and examining bits 0-3for those bits that have a joystick potentiometer attached, you'll see them sit for a while at 0, then become 1as each bit flips back to 1, note the time againwhen all bit 0-3 have flipped back to 1, you're almost donecompute elapsed time for each bit, and you end up with a value that is proportional to potentiometer position
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Engineering basics for computer interactionpotentiometers are normally 0-150k variable resistors, and according to the IBM
techref, the time is given by Time = 24.2e-6s + 0.011e-6s * R/Ohms
this equation does not accurately represent the real situation, where there are
differences in absolute components values
in reality you have to calibrate the joystick for the application you use
the most straightforward way to calibrate the stick for the program is to record
the values the joystick gives in extreme positions and in the center position
buttons can be read at any time just by reading port 201h and looking at bits 4-7
No triggering is required
button bits are normally 1; while a button is depressed, its bit will flip to 0
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Engineering basics for computer interactionParallel
Port
the original IBM-PC's Parallel Printer Port (the Standard Parallel Port (SPP)) had a total of 12 digital outputs and 5 digital inputs accessed via 3 consecutive 8-bit ports in the processor's I/O space [46-47]•8 output pins accessed via the DATA Port •5 input pins (one inverted) accessed via the STATUS Port •4 output pins (three inverted) accessed via the CONTROL Port •The remaining 8 pins are grounded source: Use of a PC Printer Port for Control and Data Acquisition [46-47]
25-way Female D-Type Connector
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
various enhanced versions of the original specification have been introduced over the years
•Bi-directional (PS/2) •Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) •Extended Capability Port (ECP)
each printer port consists of three port addresses; data, status and control portthese addresses are in sequential order; that is, if the data port is at address &H378 the corresponding status port is at &H379 and the control port is at &H37a
Printer Port Data Status Control LPT1 &H3bc &H3bd &H3be LPT2 &H378 &H379 &H37a LPT3 &H278 &H279 &H27a
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
Pin (25 pin connector) & Port (bit) Assignments on the three ports [46]
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Engineering basics for computer interactionin normal printing STROBE is high
all outputs on the Data Port are true logic; that is, writing a logic one to a bit
causes the corresponding output to go high
however, the /SELECT_IN, /AUTOFEED and /STROBE outputs on the Control
Port have inverted logic; that is, outputting a logic one to a bit causes a logic
zero on the corresponding output
this adds some complexity in using the printer port, but the fix is to simply
invert those bits using the exclusive OR function prior to outputting
why the designers of the printer port used inverted logic?
assume you have a printer with no cable attached
an open usually is read as a logic one; thus, if a logic one on the SELECT_IN,
AUTOFEED and STROBE leads meant to take the appropriate action, an
unconnected printer would assume it was selected, go into the autofeed mode
and assume there was data on the outputs associated with the Data Port
the printer would be going crazy when in fact it wasn't even connected [46]
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
Printer Port - Typical Application [46]NOTE, 5V is an external source
Logic 1 on output DATA 0 (Data Port - Bit 0) causes LED to be offLogic 0 causes LED to turn on normally open push-button causes +5V (logic 1) to appear on input BUSY (STATUS PORT - Bit 7)when depressed, push-button closes and ground (logic 0) is applied to input Busy when idle (waiting), push-button is open and LED is offon depressing push-button, LED blinks on and off at nominally 5 pulses per second
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Engineering basics for computer interactionSerial RS232
Portwhat are the advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel?
the serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to -25 volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts
where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a '1' as 5v
therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to
the parallel port which has a maximum swing of 5 Volts
therefore cable loss is not going to be as much of a problem for serial
cables than they are for parallel
if the device needs to be mounted a far distance away from the computer
then 3 core cable (Null Modem Configuration) is going to be a lot cheaper
that running 19 or 25 core cablesource: http://www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial.htm
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
many palmtop computers and microcontrollers have in built SCI – Serial Communications Interfaces
Serial Communication reduces the pin count of these MPU's
only two pins are commonly used, Transmit Data (TXD) and Receive Data (RXD) compared with at least 8 pins if you use a 8 bit Parallel method + Strobe
the serial transmission is used where one bit is sent at a time
IrDA-1 (the first infra red specifications) was capable of 115.2k baud and was interfaced into a UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter)
the pulse length however was cut down to 3/16th of a RS232 bit length to conserve power
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
the electrical specifications of the serial port is contained in the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C standard, tt states many parameters such as - 1. a "Space" (logic 0) will be between +3 and +25 Volts 2. a "Mark" (Logic 1) will be between -3 and -25 Volts 3. the region between +3 and -3 volts is undefined 4. an open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts (in Reference to GND) 5. a short circuit current should not exceed 500mA, the driver should be able to handle this without damage
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
Abbreviation Full Name FunctionTD Transmit Data Serial Data Output (TXD)RD Receive Data Serial Data Input (RXD)CTS Clear to Send this line indicates that the Modem is ready to
exchange dataDCD Data Carrier Detect when the modem detects a "Carrier" from
the modem at the other end of the phone line,this Line becomes active
DSR Data Set Ready this tells the UART that the modem is ready toestablish a link
DTR Data Terminal Ready this is the opposite to DSR. This tellsthe Modem that the UART is ready to link
RTS Request To Send this line informs the Modem that the UART isready to exchange data
RI Ring Indicator goes active when modem detects a ringingsignal from the PSTN
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
above is the standard port addresses, which should work for most PC'sif IBM P/S2 has a micro-channel bus, then expect a different set of addresses and IRQ's
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Engineering basics for computer interactionUSB Port or Universal
Serial Bus [50]the original motivation for the Universal Serial Bus (USB) came from three interrelated considerations:connection of the PC to the telephonethe USB provides a ubiquitous link that can be used across a wide range of PC-to-telephone interconnectsease-of-usethe PC’s I/O interfaces, such as serial/parallel ports, keyboard /mouse /joystick interfaces, etc., do not have the attributes of plug-and-playport expansionthe lack of a bi-directional, low-cost, low-to-mid speed peripheral bus has held back the creative proliferation of peripherals such as telephone/fax/modem adapters, answering machines, scanners, PDA’s, keyboards, mice, etc. existing interconnects are optimized for one or two point productsas each new function or capability is added to the PC, a new interface has been defined to address this need
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
the more recent motivation for USB 2.0 stems from the fact that PCs have
increasingly higher performance and are capable of processing vast
amounts of data
at the same time, PC peripherals have added more performance and
functionality
user applications such as digital imaging demand a high performance
connection between the PC and these increasingly sophisticated
peripherals
USB 2.0 addresses this need by adding a third transfer rate of 480 Mb/s to
the 12 Mb/s and 1.5 Mb/s originally defined for USB
USB is a fast, bi-directional, isochronous, low-cost, dynamically attachable
serial interface that is consistent with the requirements of the PC platform
of today and tomorrow
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Engineering basics for computer interaction
the USB is a cable bus that supports data exchange between a host
computer and a wide range of simultaneously accessible peripherals
the attached peripherals share USB bandwidth through a host-scheduled,
token-based protocol
the bus allows peripherals to be attached, configured, used, and detached
while the host and other peripherals are in operation
the USB transfers signal and power over a four-wire cable
the signaling occurs over two wires on each point-to-point segment
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Engineering basics for computer interactionUSB data transfers take place between host software and a particular endpoint
on a USB device, such associations are called pipesdata movement though one pipe is independent from the data flow in any other pipe, a given USB device may have many pipes; while one supports transporting data to the USB device, another supports transporting data from the USB device the USB architecture comprehends four basic types of data transfers:Control Transfers: used to configure a device at attach time and can be used for other device-specific purposes, including control of other pipes on the deviceBulk Data Transfers: generated or consumed in relatively large and bursty quantities and have wide dynamic latitude in transmission constraintsInterrupt Data Transfers: used for timely but reliable delivery of data, for example, characters or coordinates with human-perceptible echo or feedback response characteristicsIsochronous Data Transfers: occupy a prenegotiated amount of USB bandwidth with a prenegotiated delivery latency (also called streaming real time transfers)
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Engineering basics for computer interactionHubs are a key element in the plug-and-play architecture of the USB,
serve to simplify USB connectivity from the user’s perspective and provide robustness at relatively low cost and complexityhubs are wiring concentrators and enable the multiple attachment characteristics of the USB
Hubs in a Desktop Computer Environment [50]
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Engineering basics for computer interactionhubs can detect attach and detach at each downstream port and enable
the distribution of power to downstream devices; each downstream port can be individually enabled and attached to either high-, full- or low-speed devices
a USB 2.0 hub consists of three portions:
the Hub Controller, the Hub Repeater, and the Transaction Translator
the Hub Repeater is a protocol-controlled switch between the upstream port and downstream ports, has reset and suspend/resume signaling
the Host Controller provides the communication to/from the host; hub-specific status and control commands permit the host to configure a hub and to monitor and control its ports
the Transaction Translator provides the support of full-/low-speed devices behind the hub, while transmitting all device data between the host and the hub at high-speed
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Engineering basics for computer interactionData Encoding/Decoding
the USB employs NRZI* data encoding when transmitting packetsin NRZI encoding, a “1” is represented by no change in level and a “0” is represented by a change in levelthe high level represents the J state on the data lines a string of zeros causes the NRZI data to toggle each bit timea string of ones causes long periods with no transitions in the data
Non Return to Zero Invert (NRZI) - a method of encoding serial data in which ones and zeroes are represented by opposite and alternating high and low voltages where there is no return to zero (reference) voltage between encoded bits, eliminates the need for clock pulses
a data stream and the NRZI Data Encoding
J
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Engineering basics for computer interactionUniversal Serial Bus Revision 2.0 specification [50, 51] (.zip, 6.50 MB,
650 pages!) provides the technical details to understand USB requirements and design USB compatible products (12/21/2000)
the Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) specification [52]describes the register-level interface for a Host Controller for the Universal Serial Bus (USB) Revision 2.0. The specification includes a description of the hardware/software interface between system software and the host controller hardware. Some key features of the EHCI specification are:
Full, Robust Support for all USB 2.0 Features
Low-risk support for Full- and Low-speed peripherals
System Power Management
Provides simple, robust solutions to USB 1.1 Host Controller Issues
Optimized for Best Memory Access Efficiency
Minimized Hardware Complexity
Support for 32 and 64-bit Addressing
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[1] Key Components for 3G Devices, Report No. 15 from the UMTS Forum, January 2002 http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~perj/3GPP/Documents/UMTS_Forum_3g_devices.pdf
[2] ALPS Electric Co., Ltd http://www.alps.co.jp/press/new2002/f0221-e.htm[3] Mouse sensors for optical navigation. Datasheets are available at:
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financial/downloads/xtraview.pdf[10] Griffin, T. Haptic Feedback in Button Technologies, 1999,
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[16] Salem, C. and Zhai, S. An Isometric Tongue Pointing Device, IBM Almaden Research Center http://www.almaden.ibm.com/cs/people/zhai/
[17] Nozomu MATSUI and Yoshikazu YAMAMOTO, A New Input Method of Computers with One CCD Camera: Virtual Keyboard, INTERACT’01, pp. 678-679, http://www.yy.ics.keio.ac.jp/~nozomu/research/vk/
[18] The full-size virtual keyboard, http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_548253.html , http://www.vkb.co.il/
[19] Kolsch, M. and Matthew Turk, M., Keyboards without Keyboards: A Survey of Virtual Keyboards, http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/research/trcs/docs/2002-21.pdf
[20] Facial Gesture Musical Interfaces, http://www.mis.atr.co.jp/~mlyons/mouthesizer.html[21] Muscle Twitch Switches, http://www.cs.wright.edu/bie/rehabengr/Switch1/twitch.htm[22] Evreinov G., Agranovski A., Yashkin A., Evreinova T. PadGraph. In: Human-Computer Interaction:
Communication, Cooperation, and Application Design, Vol. 2 of the Proc. of HCI International '99, Munich, Germany, August 22-26, 1999. Hans-Jorg Bullinger and Jurgen Ziegler (eds.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Mahwah, New Jersey, London, 1999, pp. 985-989.
[23] Robert J.K. Jacob, John J. Leggett, Brad A. Myers, et al. An Agenda for Human-Computer Interaction Research: Interaction Styles and Input/Output Devices, http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/177873.htmlhttp://www.cs.tufts.edu/~jacob/papers/bit.pdf
[24] Mulder, A. Human movement tracking technology, 1994, http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~amulder/personal/vmi/, http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~amulder/personal/vmi/HMTT.pub.html
[25] Antifakos, S., Sensors, http://www.vision.ethz.ch/antifako/sensors.html[26] Pawluk, D.T.V., Son, J.S., Wellman, P.S., Peine, W.J. and Howe, R.D. A Distributed Pressure Sensor
For Biomechanical Measurements, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, April, 1998. http://www.med.jhu.edu/somlab/dianne/refs.html
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Pat. 5,919,150
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Engineering basics for computer interaction[29] Teodorescu, et al. Respiration and movement monitoring system, 2000, G08B 023/00, USA Pat.
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AC/323(HFM)TP/1, http://www.rta.nato.int/RDP.asp?RDP=RTO-EN-003ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFulltext/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-003/$$EN-003-ALL.pdf
[32] Alternative Control Technologies, 1998, RTO-TR-7 AC/323(HFM)TP/3, http://www.rta.nato.int/RDP.asp?RDP=RTO-TR-007ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/PubFulltext/RTO/TR/RTO-TR-007/$$TR-007-ALL.PDF
[33] Rekimoto J., HoloWall, http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/holowall/[34] Rekimoto, J., GestureWrist and GesturePad: Unobtrusive Wearable Interaction Devices,
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CHI2002, 2002, http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/papers/chi02.pdf, http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/smartskin/
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[37] J. R. Smith, T. White, C. Dodge, J. Paradiso, N. Gershenfeld, and D. Allport, “Electric Field Sensing for Graphical Interfaces,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 18, No. 3, 54 60 (1998), http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/393/part3/ref21
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[39] Aggarwal, J. K. and Cai, Q. Human Motion Analysis: A Review. In Proceedings of the IEEE Nonrigid and Articulated Motion Workshop 1997. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Engineering basics for computer interaction[40] Peter J. Berkelman and Ralph L. Hollis, Magnetic Levitation Haptic Interfaces,
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~msl/haptic/haptic_desc.html[41] P. J. Berkelman, Z. J. Butler, and R. L. Hollis, "Design of a Hemispherical Magnetic Levitation Haptic
Interface Device," 1996 ASME IMECE, Atlanta, November 17-22, 1996, DSC-Vol. 58, pp. 483-488, http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~msl/publications/asme96.design.pdf
[42] Evreinov G. Magnetic Imaging System of Virtual Objects in Haptic Space. Computer Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP2000. Proc. of the 7th International Conference on Computer Helping People with Special Needs. July, 2000, Karlsruhe, Germany, pp. 182-191.
[43] Clark, J. May the Force Feedback Be with You: Grappling with DirectX and DirectInput, 1998, http://www.microsoft.com/msj/defaultframe.asp?page=/msj/0298/force.htm&nav=/msj/0298/newnav.htm
[44] Tomi Engdal, Joysticks and other game controllers, 1996-1998 http://documents.epanorama.net/documents/joystick/
[45] PC Game Programmer's Encyclopedia, http://brand107.home.attbi.com/pc-gpe/[46] Anderson, P.H., Use of a PC Printer Port for Control and Data Acquisition, http://et.nmsu.edu/~etti/,
http://et.nmsu.edu/~etti/fall96/computer/printer/printer.html[47] Beyond Logic, (BUS & Ports) http://www.beyondlogic.org/[48] Intel’s Developer Site, http://developer.intel.com/[49] USB Developers, http://www.usb.org/developers/[50] Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 2.0, http://www.usb.org/developers/data/usb_20.zip[51] USB-2-0.com, http://www.usb-20.com/what-is-usb-2-0.html[52] Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) specification,
http://developer.intel.com/technology/usb/download/ehci-r10.pdf[53] FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS, http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/displays/hds/Presentations/-
EICPresentationsSrg2000/FlexibleDisplays/index.html[54] Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC) Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs),
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The Next Lecture:
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