New Materials on Callinicus Activities

7/29/2019 New Materials on Callinicus Activities

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Translated from Ukrainian

Nikolay I. Nikolayev.

New materials about the activities of Kallinik Evksenov in Olbia in the IV-

th century BC.

For many years the author of this article has been studying the eponymous

calendar of Olbia (osPE 2

201). As a rule, ancient calendars [1] comprise a lot of

different historical information [2]. And the Olbian calendar is not an exception [3].

As it is known, to use ancient peoples calendar it is necessary to establish its

synchronism with the absolute chronology system. However, synchronism may be

reached only if respective historical references are available [4]. A widely known fact

is, for example, execution of eponymy duties by Alexander of Macedonia in 333

B.C., and that served as fundamental for synchronization of the Miletus Molposes

catalog and subsequent Miletus social and political history reconstruction [5,p.17]. It

is traditionally considered that the chronological reference, unfortunately [4, p.46],

has not been found for the Olbian eponymous calendar. Hense, one of the most

important principles for reaching synchronism in the author's study became

replacement of a narrow chronological reference with numerous chronological spans

[6,p.154]; this caused approximate character of synchronization. However, the author

kept on searching a reliable chronological reference apt to raise synchronization

accuracy of the Olbian eponymous calendar. This search resulted in recovery of a

rather accurately dated fact in the Olbian history of the second part of the IV century

B.C., which left the trace both in lapidary inscription and coins and in the Olbian

eponymous calendar itself. Thus, the aim of this article is to substantiate the real

chronological reference of the eponymous calendar of Olbia: along with new

materials on repulse of the Macedonian siege, activities of Callinicus the son of

Euxenus known by the honorable decree [7] in 331329 B.C. and his probable

relative-eponym Callinicus the son of Philoxenus in 329+2 B.C. are described in the

Olbian calendar. It is important to mention that the new chronological reference of


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the Olbian calendar turned out to be completely coordinated with the previous studies

and does not require any correction of currently available chronological materials.

Image. 1. Fragmentary olbian eponumous calendar (osPE 2

201).

One of numerous tragic pages of the Olbian history is connected with the siege

by Zopyrionis, Alexander's of Macedonia commander. Macrobius [8] informs that

"sieged by Zopyrionis, Borysphenits released slaves, granted citizenship toforeigners, changed debentures and thus managed to stand the enemy's siege".

Yu.G.Vinogradov and P.O.Karishkovskiy pieced together fragments of inscriptions

known for a long time and introduced into scientific circulation the decree in honor of

Callinicus, Euxenus' son (osPE 2

25+31); the decree duplicates per se some

information of Macrobius. Citation of Callinicus' merits begins with some work

distribution that made it possible to increase income of the city-state. The next very

important clause relates to social disturbances among the Demos (and other

population strata?); Callinicus brought civil reconciliation by way of debts reversal.

Stamping of copper coins according to calculation was also called an important

measure. The state-city rewarded Callinicus with 1000 gold coins (!) and the bronze

statue. The publisher dated the decree by 325320 B.C. [7].

Lately new convincing prooves of reality of Zopyrionis' campaign to Olbia

appeared. Lead sling bullets with the name of Alexander of Macedonia

[][] [] [9,c.45] were found in outskirts of the city.

Yu.G.Vinogradov and G.V.Golovatchova introduced into scientific circulation the

graffito of Nicophanus, Adrastus' son, with the name of Zopyrionis, which in

publishers' opinion is connected with activities of the "fifth column" during the siege

[10,p.15]. Examination of Olbian defense installations also permits to reveal traces of

probable Macedonian siege [11,p.91]. Moreover, other data on Zopyrionis' campaign

not relating to the subject of our study were introduced into scientific circulation (e.g.


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cyzicenus treasure tesauration etc.); the reader can find the list thereof in widely

known studies, e.g. [12].

At the same time, the Olbian eponymous calendar synchronization made it also

possible to introduce into scientific circulation a number of historical data connected

with Zopyrionis' siege. The information is concentrated in the middle of the first

column of the Olbian eponymous calendar (See Table 1).

1. Critical remarks [9,p.41] concerning interpretation of the Nicophanus',

Adrastus' son, graffito as relating to a prosaic episode from Olviopolits life are

refuted with a new argument got by the author of this article. Of the eponym

Epicurus, Adrastus' son (taking into consideration the name rarity, he probably was a

brother relative to Nicophanus, Adrastus' son [10,p.15]), in 351 B.C. was mentioned

in the calendar only once without representation of subsequent generations of the

Adrastuses' clan in the eponymy [3,p.41]. This uncommon circumstance is interpreted

in favor of probable execution of the "fifth column" participants after the Zopyrion's

siege raising. Numerous interments of forcedly killed people in the outskirts may be

connected with this execution. Dating of these interments is been chronologically

connected lately with the siege [12,p.105].

2. The city walls fortifying in front of enemy's threat is widely known

[16,p.140]. The publisher of the Olbian wall builders' inscription [13] supposed that

this inscription was connected with the siege of Olbia by Zopyrionis; and improved

prosopographical dating of the inscription (332328 B.C.) made by the author

[3,p.43] confirms it. Features of prosopographical dating are as follows. As opposed

to paleographic dating (which uses peculiarities of the way of writing letters) we used

another approach to the inscription dating prosopographical. Its essence lies in

calculation of life chronology of personages named in this inscription by way of

ascertainment of: firstly, their affiliation with limited number of noble families of

Olbia, and, secondly, the personage's place in the genealogical tree of a certain family

with the help of the synchronized calendar (osPE 2

201). Thus significant

improvement of inscription dating is reached compared to paleographic method. The

author's monograph [3] is dedicated to problems of prosopographical dating.


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3. A.S.Rusyzyeva [14,p.59] considers that dedication of priests Euresibiads

(Nadpisi Olvii, 71) relates to events connected with the siege of Olbia.

Prosopographical dating of this inscription and the dedication of the priests

Leokratids (Nadpisi Olvii, 168) that may comprise one joint historical account with

(, 71) relates to 326322 B.C. [15,.21]. It is significant to note reality of

prosopographical dating, because making, delivery and installation of a big statue

required several years after the siege raising.

4. A group of eponyms in the Olbian eponymous calendar (

about 330 B.C., about 328 B.C.,

about 326 B.C., about 325 B.C.,

about 323 B.C.) do not correspond with the names of

major and minor elite clans of the city-state known by the calendar and lapidary

inscriptions. They probably belong to other elite clans, which usually did not

participate in eponymy. Hypothesis appeared [3,p.208] that here we came across

corroboration of Yu.G.Vinogradov's convincing conclusion [16,c.164] about

establishment of radical democratic regime in the city-state (though, rather short-term

one) in the post-Zopyrionis period.

5. Radical democratization of society along with political struggle stirring up in

the post-Zopyrionis period reflected in revival of various religious communities. In

the first place these are the above-mentioned communities of the priests Leokratids

(Nadpisi Olvii, 168) and the priests Euresibiads (Nadpisi Olvii, 71); these

communities were formed of members of one family. Former eponyms, elderlypersons, headed such communities; these posts were probably not too burdening

[15,p.23]. Prosopographical dating by approximately 320314 B.C. of the graffito of

fiacits Boreicos [3,p.70] descending from two interconnected unimportant families of

the Callinicuses and the Aristokratids-Socratids also confirms that information about

these communities relates to a rather narrow chronological span. The same group

may be supplemented with the graffito dedicated to Apollo by Agatin, Antimestr's

son [35,p.44], dated by the year of his eponymy 327+2

D.C. But Yu.G.Vinogradov


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[16,p.149] attributed rise of such communities to the beginning of the IV century

B.C., being guided by P.O.Karyshkovskiy's idea [17,p.88] that Molpuses', Orphics'

and Numeniasts' communities supporting tyranny in the V century B.C. "quitted the

stage" and were replaced with clan religious communities. However, after tyranny

was overthrown in Olbia, Leokratids-Euresibiads [3,c.5070] actively issued

dedication inscriptions in the first half of the IV century B.C., but inscriptions related

to communities of priests are absent among these accounts. Available materials let

suppose that clan comminities of priests really rose in Olbia during the period after

the Zopyrionis siege raising. One version of this fact interpretation is that real

democratization of society in 20-ies of the IV century B.C. and social antagonism

aggravation [18,c.185] could sharpen confrontation of powerful clans (open phase of

struggle of Dionysiuses-Leokratids-Euresibiads against Aristokratids relates to 270

263 B.C. [3,p.213]). This antagonism was caused by the struggle for power. That is

why clan communities rose most probably as sui generis parties possibly defending

clan economic interests as well. Evidently, struggle of parties in Olbia mentioned by

Minnz [19,p.452], Latyshev [20], Parovich-Peshikan [21,p.156] and others implies

struggle of clan religious communities discussed above [15,p.27].

Image. 2 . "Borysphens" with monogram of Callinicus Euxenus'.

6. The siege period is connected with a chain of measures including monetary

reform: replacement of full weight "Aeses" with "Borysphens" and else. The initiator

of these measures according to the interpretation of the decree (osPE 2

25+31) given

by the publishers [7] is an outstanding statesman Callinicus, Euxenus' son

( ).

Lately several specimens of Olbian lead coins copying gold Staters became

known. V.A.Anokhin [9] ascertained that these coins were issued during the siege


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and were the part of olviopolites' financial stratagem. A group of practically

synchronous gold, silver and lead (siege) coins relating to 331329 B.C., as well as

the first issue of "Borysphens" have the common feature the monogram (and its

graphical version ) on the reverse [22,.81.1,2;23,176,177,189,190;9]. Thismonogram was traditionally interpreted both by P.O.Karyshkovskiy and

Yu.G.Vinogradov [7, p.26;22, p.66] and numismatic catalog of the State Historical

Museum [24,.223] as , possibly with the assumption that it represented a rather

widespread name in Olbia: Hecataeon, Hecataeus.

Meanwhile, an outstanding ancient numismatics researcher O.M.Zograf in one

of his works (kept in his archive and published only recently) has recognized that

"...deciphering of monograms on coins is one of the most difficult and thankless

problems of ancient numismatics. Very seldom the author of such deciphering is

lucky to win general recognition for his interpretation of a monogram by way of

completely convincing comparisons" [25,p.33]. According to V.A.Anokhin, during

Hellenistic period the use of monograms was very multifarious: one- and two-syllable

constructions, abbreviations etc. [26,p.34]. This itself creates an element of ambiguityin interpretation, as was mentioned by V.V.Krapivina concerning agoranomos stamps

[27,.129]. However, lack of information sometimes may be compensated by rarity of

names (e.g. , ), or use of characteristic generic names [3, Annex

No.5]. But on the whole dating and historical interpretation of inscriptions on coins

are less reliable than of lapidary inscriptions. For example, ending on coins may

be interpreted both as and etc., and accuracy of

authentication may be hardly established here. Ancient tradition also provided that a

person being an eponym fulfilled duties of monetary magistrate some years earlier or

later of eponymy duties execution [28, p. 85]. Correctness of such approach for Olbia

may be confirmed, for example, by information from the decree in honor of

kybernetes of Amisos (osPE 2

35); according to it some

having executed duties of priest-eponym became archon the next year [17, p.87].

The same was discovered in the list of names of priests [3,c.170] "cared for" by the


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temple treasury from the decree on tariffs for sacrifices (osPE 2

76). Thus,

coincidences of eponyms' names with synchronous abbreviations on coins may mean

only that these coins are chronologically close to the year of eponymy execution;

functions and posts of persons hidden under these abbreviations are unknown for us.

Of course, every authentication of a coin legend has to be substantiated with

real chronological and prosopographical arguments. For example, our deciphering of

the monogram on a "Borysphen" [22, p.81. No.68] begins with the study of the

Olbian prosopographical base. The Olbian eponymous calendar has a line with the

name of an eponym of approximately 208 B.C. . It means that his

father, eponym , probably executed eponymy duties in 30sof the century B.C. The same period (several years earlier or later of eponymy

duties execution) this probably executed duties of monetary magistrate.

As a result we get confirmation of O.M.Zograf's [28,.131] and P.O.Karyshkovskiy's

[22,.82] conclusion about issue of "Borysphens" right up to 4030s of the

century B.C. This assertion is based on the fact that the monogram relates to

final mass issues of "Borysphens", and the name is rather rare for

Olbia. Similarly monetary issues of 340335 B.C. with legends ,

[29, p.238] may have relation to the father of the eponym of 300 B.C. by name

. However, unfortunately, in most cases authentication of

monetary legends being a name (or combination of a name and a patronym) of

monetary magistrate or an eponym abbreviated up to two or three letters has not

univocal interpretation.

Comparing the mentioned above monogram on Olbian coins with the text of the

decree in honor of Callinicus, Euksenus's son (osPE 2

25+31), who "...reduced (or

changed) stamping of copper coins according to calculation..." [7, p.32], based on

synchronism of events, well-founded assumption arises that the name of Callinicus,

Euxenus' son, is hidden in the monogram; at the same time the monogram should be

read not traditionally as but vice versa as , that is [] [].


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Thus, our assumption that the monogram mentioned holds initial letters of the name

and the patronym of an outstanding statesman Callinicus, Euksenus son, closes the

"circle" of historical facts and well correlates with the interpretation of the decree in

honor of Callinicus as given by the publishers [7].

According to the synchronized calendar of Olbia (osPE 2

201), during the

same period of 330329 B.C. some Callinicus, Philoxenus' son (

), executed the eponymy duties. This eponym's name is similar to the

name of Callinicus, Euxenus' son, and the patronyms have the same stem; so both

these persons probably belonged to the same Callinicuses clan. We cannot reject

arising hypothesis about possible closeness of both Callinicuses. Firstly, it confirms awidely spread Olbian tradition to assign relatives to the highest posts [3, p.34].

Secondly, this is an important numismatic, historical and chronological evidence of

of Callinicus', Euxenus' son, participation in monetary reform; thus, materials

introduced into scientific circulation by the outstanding researchers Yu.G.Vinogradov

and P.O.Karyshkovskiy [7, p.32.] are confirmed. Thirdly, this is the most accurate

chronological reference in the synchronized calendar, which is appositely coordinated

with previous results.

On this stage qualitative changes took place in the study carried out by the

author concerning the Olbian chronology system synchronization: a real

chronological reference has been added to chronological spans the year of

corresponding to 329+2 B.C. Hereinafter the chronological

reference with error will be recorded in the given form. This reference may be

presented by other methods as 3312

or more traditionally 3301

B.C. Though in

this case transition to other models of calendar would be necessary, which slightly

(up to one or two years in the first column) differ from the model accepted in the

author's monograph [3]; this will break continuity of the study and will lead to

confusion.

New restrictions-inequalities for mathematical model of the calendar also spring

from this [6]: the lowest retained line of the I column of the calendar the year of


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[? ][] is situated not higher than 291+2. B.C., accordingly,

the highest one the year of][] [] not lower than 357+2

B.C., and all retained lines of the first column of the calendar are synchronized with

accuracy of +2 years (see Table 1). Of course, there are no methods permitting to

calculate precisely number of lost calendar lines lying above 357+2

B.C. and below

291+2

B.C. However, known total number of lines (from 114 to 119) [6] lets

determine by simple arithmetic calculation that the first column in the upper part has

to loose from 33 to 53 lines, accordingly, from 0 to 19 lines were lost in the lower

part; at that, number of lost upper lines is rigidly connected with number of lost lower

lines. Similar calculations are possible for the second and the third columns.Annex

Table 1. Version of the Synchronized Eponymous Calendar of Olbia (the I

Column Only) with Annual Comments

.. '

1 2 3

401

358

. 401 .

.. .

+2 .

, , .: [3;15;33;34].

357 ][] [] . . .327, 296 214 . ..

,

(357356355 .

..), ,

,

. . [3,c.92].


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356 [] [] .

(, 71)

. .: [3, c.50

56].

355 [] .

(, 168)

;

[15,c.24].

354 [] .

353 P.

352 P

351 .

. .

[10,c.15;3, c.41].

350 []

349 . . 334, 308, 307,

215, 210, 196, 185 . ..

348 [] . :

:

[30,c.131; 15,c.24]

: .

304 . ..

[13,c.96; 3,c. 43].

347 [] 346 []

345 P.


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344 [] .

(IosPE I2

24)

344 . ..

.

(IosPE I2

166)

344 . ..

343 [] [] .

[13,c.96;3,.43].

342 [] .

341 []

340 [][] P. . (GDO,

104),

340 . ..

339 [] 338 [] . ,

(IosPE I2

25+31). . 341, 338, 329

. ..

337

336 .

[13,c.96;3,c.4350]. .:

[31,c.34;27,c.127]:

.

335 334 . . 349,


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308, 307, 215, 210, 196, 185 . ..

333 332 .

[32,c.173].

331 330 .

'

[16,c.164;3,.208)

.

329 .

[14,c.18;3,c.70]. ( ):

(IosPE I2

25+31). , ,

( ):

[24,693,702711] 330320 .

..; [22,c.811,2]

IV . ..;

[23,176,177,189,190] 360320 .

..

() (

) 330329 .


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..

, , (IosPE

I2

25+31) ..

,

.

328 . . 298 . ..

. . 330 .

..

327 . . 387 . .. , 357 . .. , 296 .

.. ?, 214 . ..; .

(, 168)

[33,c.118]; . [35,c.44].

326 .

. 330 . ..325 .

. 330 . ..324 P . :

[22,c.81.9;29,c.238] 325320 .

..; [24,c.85] 330320 .

..323 .

. 330 . ..

.322 . . 359, 212, 211,

209, 201, 188, 183 . ..

321 .


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320 . .

: [22,c.81.13,14] (

IV . ..);

: [29,c. 238] 320

315 . ..;[24, 756767]

330320 . ..

319

318 .

(, 71)

[36,c.108]. . 356, 330,

295, 217, 192, 179 . ..

317

.

(IosPE I2

179).

(.

):[22,c.81.18;24,777,778]

320310 . .. :

[26, 88,93] 330300 . ...316 .

315 .

314 313 . . 214, 80 . ..

312 . . [14,c.206]

311 .

310 .


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309 . .

308 . . 307 . ..

. . 349, 334, 307, 215, 210,

196, 185 . ..307 . . 308 . ..

. . 349, 334, 308,

215, 210, 196. 185 . ..306 .

305 .

(IosPE I2

277) ,

.

304 .

[13,c.96; 3,c.43].

. 348 . ..

;

[30,c.131;33,c.118].

303 .

302 P301 P .

,

301 . ..

' (IosPE I2

33).

,

,

, ,

175 .


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..

300 . . 299 . ..

.

.

: [38,c.308];

, : [22,c. 66]

30 . IV . ..; [29,c.

239] 340335 . ..; [26,81,

83] 330300 . ..;

299 . . 300 . .. .

298 . . 328 . ..

.

297 .

(IosPE I

2

210)

[37,14].

(297296295 . ..)

, ,

[15,c.25].

296 . . (IosPE I2

219)

. : 357 . .., 327 .

.. , 214 . ..

.

295 .


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294 P.

(IosPE I2

32);

( ):[22,c.81.28,29;24,859

869]300275. ..

293 [] .

292 [][] .

291 [? ][] . '

.

290

284

. ,

.: [3,.139].

. ; . . .

. . . . .; ., 1968.

. .

. .. . . .

IGDO Dubos L. nscrptons grecques dalectales d'Olba du Pont. 1996.Geneve.

osPE I2Latyschev B. nscrptones antquae orae septentronals Pont Euxn

Graecae et Latnae. Petropols, 1916.ZPE Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Bonn.

SC Scythica et Caucasica. .. . . . .I. 18901900; II, 19041906

.

1. Bickerman E .J. Chronology of the Ancient World. London. 1969.2. Sherk R. K. The Eponymous Officials of Greek Cities: IV // ZPE. 1990. Bd.

83. . 249288; 1990. Bd. 84. . 231295; 1991. Bd. 88. . 225260; 1992. Bd. 93.

. 223272; 1993. Bd. 96. . 267295;


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3. .. IVI . ..2008. . . 264.

4. C.. . 2000. . .5. Morgan J. D.

// . 2000. . 74. . 1734.

6. .. // 87. 100. 2009. .154158;

7. . ., . . , : IV . .. //. 1982. 4, 1983. 1.

8. .. I, 11, 33 .: SC, II. C.392; . 1949. 4..263.

9. . . //,

:. , 2010. 216.10. . ., . .

//

. . 1990.11. .. .

. , . 1985

12. . .. (VI . .. IV ...). . 2006.

13... //. 1982.

1. 14.. . . , 1992. 254 .15. ..

V. ..// 2010 4;

16. .. VIII ... .1989.

17.. . //. 1978. 2.18. .. // .

1955. 2.

19.Minnz. E. Scythians ans Greeks. Cambr. 1913. 2.20. ..

, , 1887.

21. . .: . 1974. 220 .

22.. . . , 1988.23.... , 2000.24. .... . 2005. .25. . . //

. ., .. . . ., 2005.


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26. . . -. . . 1989.

27. . . //. . 5. ;, 2004.

28. . . //. 1951. 16.

29...V . .. //. , 1960.30. . .

// HYPERBOREYS. Vol. 12. .,

2006

31.. . //. . 39., 1982.

32. .., . . //. 1977. 1. . 171175.

33. .. //. 2010. 116. 129. . 11812534. . .

//. 2011

35. . ., . . //. . 2008.

36. . ., . . //. . 11. ; , 2006.

37. . . . . 1953.

38. .. 19591960 . //. . . , 1964 .

. . IV . ..

() : 331329 . ..

,

( ); () (). , (IosPE I

225+31) .

, 330329 . ..

; (IosPE I

2201).

: , , , , ,.


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