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Workbook

Kathy Gude oxroRD

-'eiell ing in styleS. т reading, sсanning

l :.гl's best friends|.'аtching

rэnguin appea|--'le/fа|sе statements

t ' ." lt ip|е сhoiсe

I girl, a horse and a dreaml , l cc inп cоntoneдq

:эоtsteps in the mistl.' :ltiple-сhоiсe questions

'iou want to get fit, get fidgeting!\latсhing headings

:lture shoсk\'atсhing headings, Mu|tip|e сhoiсe

.] tr . . , . . . ,

S-mmary statements

]эrfliоt in the familytJ"ItipIe сhoiсe

p38

p.44

A desсription of a p|aсeAvoiding repetition p.7

PhгаsaI and prеpositiona| verbs p'3Negative prefixes, Phrasal verbswith furлComparing piсturеs p'4

Present peгfeсt and past simp|e p.5TransformationsТЕsТ YOURSЕLF p.6

Using adjeсtives, PhrasaI veгbsand idioms with up p.9Word buildingExpressing your opinion p 10

Gerunds and infinitives p 11тESТYOURSELF p12

Desсribing eventsMaking your writing moreinteresting p.13

Prepositions, Prefixes and suffixes p.l5PhrasaI and prepositionaI vеrbs,PhrаsаI vеrbs with setSituations, Еxpressing youropinion p 16

Present simp|e or present сontinuous?,Present habits p.17Past habitsТЕSТYOURSЕLF p 18

Мaking requests' Refегring baсkto questions, Levels of formality,An informal IetterStyle and register p.19

Using words сorreсt|y, Writingсomi|ex sentenсes, A studeйnewspaper artiсieTiming your writing p 25

Phrases and meanings, Wordbuilding p 21Positive аnd negative сOmmentsTalking about piсtures p'22

ReIativе (defining and non.defining) andnoun сlauses, Pronouns p.2ЗTEST YOURSЕLF p'24

Phrasа| verbs with up p'27Personаl quaIitiesStimu|us-based disоussion p'28

Past simple or past perfeсt (simp|e andсontinuous), Naгrative tеnses p.29Adjесtive or adverb?, Adverb с|ausesTЕsT YOURSELF p 30

Oгganising an argument for andagainst, Presenting anargument, An essaySupporting your arguments p,3'1

Desсribing peopIe, DesсribingWеather, A deteсtive storyPlanning your writing p 37

Prepositions, Words that gotogethег p 33Mystery and imagination, AdverbsStimulus-based discussion p.34

Present modals, Past modals andmeaning p.35Logiсal exp|аnationsTЕsT YOURSELF p.36

Body movemеnts, Prepositions andpartiоles p.39Adjeсtives, Word bui|dingStimuIus-bаsed disсussion p 40

Тhe passive p'41Passive forms with the gerund and infinitive,Causativе havе and getTEST YOURSЕLF p42

A review, Woгds that gotogether p 43

Woгd bui|ding p.45Adverbs desсribing attitude,HomonymsStimuIus'bаsed disсussion p 46

Forms of the future p.47TЕsT YOURSELF p.4B

Staгting a сareeг, Your persona|stаtement,A Iеtter of аpp|iсation p.49

Speculating about the past, Еxpressingwishes and regгets about the past p.53Нad bettеr or had better not?ТEsT YOURSЕLF p 54

An argument for and against,Writing an essay p.55

Phrasal verbs p,51Words with diflerеnt meaningsExpressing your opinion, Stimulus-based disсussion p'52

Fеe|ings p 57Stimulus-basеd disсussiоn p.58

Repoгted speeсh (statement, order,question, memos), Еmbedded questions p.s9Verbs and prepositionsTЕsT YOURSELF p 60

Living at homе or studеntaссommodation? A disсursive

Read i ngЕхаm troiningSkim reading aлd sсanning are essential reading skills. Тheуwill help уou answer queslioлs quiсklу and сorreсtlу in aneхamination'

1 Practise reading teхts in уour own language to get ageneral idea of their сontent.

2 Train уour eуe to travel quiсklу down a page uintil уou find theinformation уou are looking foц then stop and undeline it'

Sсan the text аnd answer these questions.I What kind of passengers is the author writing about?

What appears to be the advantage of a thiсk paddedhood for overnight travelling?

What сan you deduсe about a person wearing a tracksuiton а shoгttrio?

4 Why is it impoгtant to loosen youг tie when flying?

What is imp|ied about wearing |eatheг shoes during aflight?

6 What prob|ems does eating on board сause?

What is an added advantage of wearing sensibIe сlothesfoг a |ong journey?

2 Matсh the headings A-F to the paragraphs 1-5. There isone heading you do not need.A Post-trip peгfeсtionB on-board body сhangesс Long-distanсeс|othingD Pre{ravelpreparationsЕ Shoгt-termсonformityF on-board aссidents

15

тRAvЕl.Ll l{G l Пl STYLE !1 . . . . .Нavе you evеr notiсеd when you sеtt|е down for a |ong trainor сoaсh journеy, or a Iong-haul f|ight, that thе pегson nеxt toyou is wеaring somе sort of brightly сo|oured shеll suit or furrytraсksuit? lf your еyes travel suгrеptitious|y down to his fееt,you,lI sеe he is weaгing еnoгmous, Vе|сro*-strаpped, s|ip-onshoes. Latеr, if you,rе travе|ling overnight, you may notiсethat your fеI|ow travе||er pulls on a thiсk padded hood whiсhprovides support for his head, сuts out the |ight and protесtshim from the сonstant noisе. It wil| be с|еaг thеn, withouthaving to bothег with any Unnесеssary сonvеrsation, that youaге in thе prеsеnсе of a vеry еxpеriеnсеd travеl|еr indeеd.

2.. . . .on shoгt tгips, pеoplе tеnd to stay in thеir norma| сlothing. lfthе person nеXt to you turns out to bе in a traсksui! itЪ high|ypгobablе thаt whеn you gеt to whегe you,rе going, hе or shеhas to throw a javelin, run a marаthon or swim in a relay raсe.In norma| сirсumstanсes/ or on anything morе than a thгее-houг journеy, most pеop|e think sеrious|y about dispеnsingwith thеir usua| attirе and slipping into something morесomfortablе.

3.. . . .For men, this mеans that thеy саn gеt rid of thеir tiеs. This isimрortant whеn flying beсausе, as you gеt up to 35,000 feet,your neсk expands by approximatеly onе сol|аr sizе and if you

don,t |oosеn your tie, you arе.in danger of strangling yoursе|fon thе Way to BaItimorе. Simi|ar|y, the beaцtifu| |еatheг shoеsthat were dеsignеd to fit еaсh individuа| сontour of your footvery rapid|y bеgin to fее| like orthopaеdiс boots, and it,sadvisab|е to gеt thеm off quiсk|y.

4.. . . .For most trаvе|lеrs, the longer thе journеy, the morе oftеnyou,|l nееd to еat, and thе morе сhanсes you,l| havе todeposit your food down the front of your jaсkеt, shirt orblouse. Again, this is wherе a wipе-сlеаn shеlI suit сan геalIyеarn its keep. lf you,rе travе||ing oveгnight, you may Want toget somе s|ееp so, un|ess you,re wеaring a linеn suit thatlooks as if it,s dеsignеd to be сrеasеd forevег, it,s bеst to hangyour jaсkеt or сoat up and сovеr yoursеlf with blankеts.

5.. . . .|f you dгеss sensib|y for a |ong journеy, you,rе morе |ikеly toarгivе Iooking аs rеlaxеd and rеfrеshed as when you startеd it.You сan then gеt сhanged into your normal сlothes, andmake your Way to your сhosеn dеstinations lеaving behindyour brightly сo|ourеd shell suit, thе paddеd hood with еaгfIaps аnd thе еnormous Ve|сro-strappеd shoеs!

Businеss Lifе* Velсro = а mаtеriа| Whiсh stiсks togethеr аnd is usеd to fаstеn с|othеs

lD

lfnit I

CompIete sentenсes 1_5 with information from the text.1 Еxperienсed traveIlers on Iong tгips usuа|ly Wear ...........

3 When flying at over 35,000 feet, you should

4 lf you want to sleep during a journey, you should

5 When you arrive at your destination, you сan

Voсabu!ary4 Find the words or phrases in the text that mean:

1 an easy{o-wear outfit with soft lining and outer nylonсovering (|ine 3)

2 with the Iook and fеe| of animal hair (|ine 3)3 footwear that you сan put on without fаstening (|ine 5)4 paгt of a сoat that сovers the head (line 7)5 day-to-day с|othes (|ine 1B)6 neсk measuremеnt for shirts (|ine 22)7 footweаr for сorreсting foot pгob|ems (|ine 26)I with lines and folds (line 34)

Phrasal and prepositional verbs5 Matсh meanings 1-10 to verbs a-j.

1 settle down2 pull on3 proteсt fгom4 get rid of5 hаng up6 turn out7 dispеnse withI sl ip into

rs

9 get сhanged into10 Ieave behind

a do or funсtion withoutb put on an item of с|othing (the movement invo|ves

pul l ing)с make yourse|f сomfoгtabled aсt as a shiеId or defenсee forget, or сhoose not to tаkef put on different or new с|othesg happen or pгove t0 beh put on an item of сomfoгtable сlothingi to put an artiсIe of сlothing on a сIothes hangerj to be free of something аnnoying

6 Read the text аnd сompIete it with the сorreсt form ofl fhe phrasaI or prepositional verbs in 5. Тwo of the verbs

, re not needed.

I was driving my сab a|ong 56th Street whеn anold, poor-looking woman сarrying a |argе bagWaved mе down. She got in, ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in thе

' baсk seаt, and told me to drive to Simpotio, a reallytashionablе restaurant. l lоokеd at her in my rearview mirror. I thought she was сrazy. Тhe doormanwouId nеver |еt hеr in!

Now this old woman wore round glassеs with: really thiсk lеnses. However, she deсided: 2 '. these and took them off. Hег eyes

. *ere bеautiful, and very b|ue.

.. ,Can you |ook away?, shе askеd.

' whi lе l stared stra ight ahead, she з . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . a

. сomplete|y di f ferent outf i t ! Shе + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a

. beaut i fu lАrmani blaсk drеss and 5.. . . . . . . .

;. Some long e|еgant gloves. She took off her hаt and5hook out hеr lovely b|ond hаir. When | |ookеd in

: my mirror agаin, l сou|dn,t be|ieve it. My passengеr. 6 .. to be a world.famous aсtress. She. used the other с lothes to 7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hеrse|f' 8 .. poparozziand the gеneral рub|iс.

l t stopped outsidе Simpotio. Shе gavе me a hugе tip. and 9.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the bag of o ld с lothes.

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Negative prefixes

7 Write аn adjeсtive with a negative prefiх, un., in. or im.,whiсh means the opposite of the аdjeсtives a-g'a аdvisabIeb сIearс сomfoгtabIed еxperienсede impoгtаntf neсessaryg probable

8 Now use one of the adjeсtives in 7 in its positive ornegative form to сomp|ete these sentenсes. More thanone answer may be possible.1 When you travel on a long-haul f l ight, i t is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to

wear the right kind of с|othing.2 Wearing tight shoes and ties make travelling by air

extremely3 The exсuse John made seemed high|y . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . '4 It is to f|y ovеr mountains during a snow

storm.5 Pаul is a very trave|Ier. He has been aI| over

the world.6 Unfortunate|y, the direсtions they gave us to get to the

villa were extremelv

Phrasal verbs with turn

9 Choose the сorreсt phrasaI verbs with turn insentenсes 1-6, then matсh them to the сorreсt meaninga-f.1 We set off to drive to the сoast but it was raining so

heavi|y we hаd to turn back / out'2 CouId уou turn the ТV up / down' please? l сan't hear

mvself think!

6

abсdef

Pau| asked Sa||y to maгry him but she turned him down /back.Pam has turned into / up a very niоe-|ooking young |ady.Guess who turned into / up at the airpoгt to meet me?Sam!The faсtory turns out / into two new p|anes a month.

refuse an offer or the person who makes itbeсomego baсk in the direсtion you сamereduсe the soundpгoduсe or makearгive (often unexpeсtedly)

Choose four of the phrasaI verbs in g аnd use them insentenсes of your own. Write in your notebook.

11 complete the сonversation using these words andphrаses. Fina||y . Thеn . To start with . What did you do?. Whаt happened?

Adam Howwasyourjourney?Bill lt was terriblelAdаm 1.. . . . .BilI I got to the station ear|y. l found my seаt but the train

didn't leave on time.Adam Do you know why?вil| ... they didn't say anythlng'

... the tiсket сo|Ieсtor сame and toId usthat there as a problem with the engine.

. . ., the driver told us to get off the trainand wait for the next one.

Adam Real ly!5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bi|| | bought a newspaper, went to the station сafё and

waited fwo hoursfor the next train!

Funсt ionscomparing piсtures

12 Look аt the piсtures below and сompare them,аnswering the questions below.1 Aгe these people in the photos travelIing for p|easure or

on business? What makes you think so?2 What arе the advantages and disadvantages of eaсh

form of transpoгt? What other forms of transport dopeople use?

3 What form of tгansport do you prefer? Why?

@

45

10

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Grammar

Present perfeсt and past simple13 Put the verbs in braсkets into the сorreсt form, present

perfeсt or past simple.

EхвmpIеНаve уоu d*сidоd (you deсide) what to wear to the party?

1 We (never / travel) on a long-haulf|ight bеfore!

2 My unс|e (f|y) to the United StatesIast month.

3 . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . (you / ever / not iсe) how t i redpeople look when they're travelling?

4 How |ong is it sinсe you (buy) apaiг ofjeans?

5 AngeIa (disсoveф to her horrorthat the air|ine had lost her suitсase'

6 WiI|iаm (spend) a yeaг working asa tour guide before going to university.

14 Read this сonversation between Susаn and Bob.UnderIine the сorreсt aIternative for 1-8.

Susan Hi, Bob. Тhat,s a vегy smart watсh you,re

wearing. When 1 did you buу / hаvе you bought tt?

Bob Wеl|, |2 deсidеd / hаvе dесidеd that my old one

needеd replaсing soЗ !,vе gonе / lwеnt into town

this moгning to tгy and find another one. Тhe

problem is, everything I want to buy is always so

еxpensive!Susan I know what you mеan! | 4 ,ve nеvеr found /

never found anything l real|y like that,s сheap!

Bob I was luсky onсe _ | 5 bought / havе bought a

rеa|ly good pair of trainеrs in a new shop in town

- mind you, it was a pair without a brand name'

Susan So, tеl| me about thе watсh.

Bob Right. l was walkin9 along the High Streеt,

when | 6 notiсеd / havе notiсеd a man selling

designer watсhes. I knеw thеy weren,t thе rea|

thing - but they looked just as good as the more

expensive ones.Susan So you 7 ,ve deсided / dесidеd to buy one

there and then!Bob We|l, yes, l did. But I might livе to rеgrеt it!

Susan Maybe, but even if it only works for a few

months, it's worth it' Just think of the money you

8 ,vе savеd / savеd to spend on othеr things!

7lniс a

Еrror сorreсtion15 Correсt the mistakes in sentenсes ,|-8.

1 We сan't go out foг dinner untiI we phoned for a taxi.2 l,ve gone to the States twiсe.3 How |ong you have |ived in the aгea?4 l've been never to Еng|аnd.5 Haven't you stiIl finished watсhing that TV programme?6 Jim hasn't taken yet his exam.7 Тhere werе two weeks sinсe l saw my best friend.8 | didn't ea|apizzafor a whoIe month! l'd reaI|y Iikе

one now.

What's the news?

16 Matсh the subjeсts 1-8 to the prompts а-h.1 Simon (go)2 Po|аnd (win)3 Тhe banks (raise)4 ouг neighbours (buy)5 My friend Pat (be)6 Thieves (steal)7 The Chinese (land)8 My sisteг (have)

a the Еuropеan Cup / last nightb to New York / at the weekendс twins / two o'сIoсk this morningd interest rates / by two per сent / Iast Тhursdaye deсorating the house / yesterday afternoonf on Mars l after a two month jouгneyg a|| the jewe||ery in the safe / without sеtting off the aIаrm

bellh another dog / after losing their Iast one

17 Now use the prompts in ,|6 to write sentenсes in thepresent perfeсt. Then add more informаtion using thepast simple.EхаrnpIе1 $imоn hаs gano to Nэ'w YorК. L|e wеnt аt thо

woaКand.

Grammar

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Ехаm trаiningTransformations You maу need to make several сhanges toensure that уour rewrittеn sentenсe ls as slm/ar as posslb/e иmeaning to the original.

EхampleWe сame to live here last уear' (for)We have lived here for a уear.

18 Rewrite sentences 1.8 using the word in braсkets. Thefirst word of eaсh sentenсe is given.

Ехamplе|'Il сome when |'ve mended my bikе. (unti|)l саn't сoma until l,va mondod mу biкe.1 |t's a |ong time sinсe l bought any new сIothes. (for)

1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Finish tidying your room, then you саn go out' (if)

Y0u.. . . . . . . . . . .3 | went abroad on ho|iday five years ago. (sinсe)

It . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .4 Makе your phone сa|I, then we'lI have dinner. (when)

We' l l . . . . . . . . . . .5 l haven't seen а good fi|m for ages. (sinсe) 'ai S u rviv al of the sllсkesf

It6 l

Istаrted working here thгee years ago. (for) fi Just mеntiоn 1 .. ' '......... .. phrase фсе

; politiсs and еvеryone jumps

] thе сonсlusion that it has nеgativе"' сonnоtations, but 3 ......... '. ' '.. that always

{ll thе сasе? Thе word politiсs is derived

; o a Grеek word meantngсitу

'. stаtе _ thе organisatiоnal struсturе

i!fi introduсed to сrеate order into a soсiety." with diverse and somеtimes сonfliсting

i] interеsts. Сomе to think of it, сouldn,t. that dеsсr ibе al l soсiеt iеs, ?S 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:r as most organisations?;"i.E.'i*u*.*.1t*,..'*'+.o].!j]:]:]]::.:]:: i:::]]1:j:]l]ii]i1..i.!,;.]:i'ii1#]:11.]]|]i]ii.!iЁl1;l:'r1|:]ii..i']:];]:].i ...j:1] l :-i

Sendlf . . . .

7 me a text message and l'|l ring you baсk. (if)

8 Set the video гeсorder, then we сan go out. (when)Wе... . . . . . ' . ' . .

rпa7*E|r{+ l Gomplete the sentenсe with the сorreсt forms of the

verbs in braсkets'

ll My father (study) Latin for two years when he

.., z Rewrite the sentenсe with the prompts given so it has

+Т s FiII in gaps 1-5 with a suitabIe word. Use one word.j: .

", onIy In eaсn gap.т11ri$

i i i the same meaning. :

'; Тhere hasn't been anything worth seeing on ТV for аges. :

.1 l t 's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worth .seeing on ТV.

.. 3 Complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of the :i.i word in braсkets. i. i+His. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(PRЕD|CТ)behaviourhasshаkenmy

" sense of (SЕсURE). :: 4 Complete the sentenсe with the missing word. '.

However serious your finanсiaI problems aгe, you shou|d |'

.1;. i not fal l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with paying your rent. , ,

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WritingWriting a desсription of a plaсe

.!9 Read the desсription, ignoring the gаps. Deсide whiсhparagraph, 1-6, foсuses on points A-F.

A Taгtan - a historiсal imageB The natuгa| worId and Iandsсapeс tood and dгink

1 When we think of Sсotland We may сall to mind images suсhas tагtan, beautifu| sсenery and саst|es. But Sсotlаnd is amore сomplex сountry than those stereotypiсa| imagest . . . . . . ." ."" ' us '

2 Sсot|and is a forwaгd-looking сountry' The Sсottishpaг|iamеnt 2 '.,. ' . ' ' ' . ' . ' , . a modern Sсot|and and plаys animpoгtant ro|e in Еurope' Тhе Еdinburgh arts festival is worldfamous and 3 . ' . ,........... an idea of an exсit ing сountry.Еaсh year there are hundreds of peгfoгmanсes of theatre,danсe' musiс and сomedy shows'

3 Тhe ki lt is a tradit ional garment that + .......... ' . . ' .somethlngabout Sсottish сu|ture' P|ayers of traditiona| musiс on thеbagpipes Weaг a Sсottish сostume inсluding a kilt. Many o|dSсottish fami|ies, or с|ans, have a speсia| tаrtan whiсh5 ............ ' . . for thаt fаmily. Not surprisingly, taгtan is used to6 ... ' ' '.....,, '. the сountry, and tourist shops аre fu|| of tаrtаnrugs and sсarves.

4 The tourist board aIso uses the thist|e - the nаtiona| flower ofSсot|and _ and another p|ant' heather, to zSсottish mountain sсenery. CastIes сonvey a romantiс

of Sсotland, saying something about the historyof the сountry' The most impressive of these is Edinbuгghсastle, the heart of the сaрital сity.

5 Spoгt hаs a(n) 10 ...... ' . ' . . ....part to p|ay in Sсotland'sidentity' Golf wаs invented there baсk in 1457 , and there aгemany fаmous go|f touгnаments.

6 Food and drink provide many images of SсotIand. Whisky ismade from pure Sсottish water, porridge is made fromSсottish oats, and marmalade was invented in Sсotlаnd.Тhese are all trаditional, but at the samе time show a modernсountry, as they are majoг export industries.

Unit I

Now сomplete the desсription in ,|9 with these words.. important . image . gives . says . symbo|ise . rеpresent. stands . represents . show . imposing

Using the desсription in the Student's Book (page 12)аnd the desсription about SсotIand here, divide theseimаges of Sсotlаnd and the rest of Britain intotraditional and modern.. pop musiс . heather . fish and сhips . rugby . Big Ben. go|f . a business man with an umbreIIa . а cup of tea. Sсottish par|iament . footba|| . whisky

TrаditionаI Modern

Prepare a desсription of the USA. Spend about ,t0

minutes on your planning.1 Complete a tabIe of traditionа| and modern images.2 Write notes about eaсh item, e.g.

hamburger _ symbollses the whole countrу, is a traditionalfood, an internationallу reсognised sуmbolof the USА

3 PIan your desсription by deсiding on the points you wantto write about, for example:. Geography and monuments . C|othes and сustoms. Peoo|e . Food and dгink. The Iandsсape . Festiva|s

Use your notes to write the desсription (200-250words). cheсk your desсription аfter you have finished.Use different ways of making your points:. verbs: to show, to stand for, to sуmbolise, to represent. expгession s' (to be) tуpiсal, (to have) an important part to

plaу, (to give) an idea of , (to saу) something about

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20

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D Sсotland _ сompIex mix of imagesЕ Sport _ traditiona| and modernF A modern сountry

Eхаm trаiningAvoiding repetition Repetition, uлless lТ ю fo emphaslse apoint, is boring for the reader so it is imporlant to vary whatуou write. Еven changing one or two шords Ь betler thanconstantlу repeating the same thing. Keep a notebook ofdifferent waуs of saуing the same or similar things.

a

Reading

Reаd the аrtiсIe about three aсtors from the TVprogrаmme Friends and matсh statements ,|-10 withthe aсtors A-c. There are two statements you do notneed.A JenniferAnistonB Lisa KudгowC Courteney CoxArquette

Whiсh aсtor in Friends:1 was delighted when she got the job in the series? ........2 thought she hadn't done a good audit ion? . . . . . . . .3 seems surprised her friend kept some information from

her? . . . . . . . .4 wasn't suгprised when she was invitеd to attend moгe

audit ions? . . . . . . . .5 knew someone who was сrazy about one of the

aсtresses in Friends? ..,.. ' . .6 fe|t embarrassed аt not knowing who most of the peopIe

in the ser ies were? . . . . . . . .7 feeIs that whatever shape they are is сonsidered wrong?

8 wasn't free to woгk on the series at the time of theaudit ion? . . . . . . . .

9 Iooks up to the boys in the series? ........,|0 feе|s they a|| get on weII beсause they have dea|t with

prob|ems togеther? . . . . . . . .

A giГl 'Sbrst frirnds

For the last fivе years/ people in all four сoгnersof the globe have been under the spе|l of this

beautifully сrafted сomеdy, whiсh depiсts the lifeand timеs of six twenty-somеthings l iving inNеw York. ln their first сover story together,

rеporter Kate Тhornton hangs out on the fi|m setof Friеnds with Jеnnifеr Aniston, Lisa Kudrow and

Couгteney Cox Аrquette.Up сIose the girls are nowhere neаr аs defensive or as thinas thе mеdiа has painted thеm. Еaсh womаn isrefreshing|y approaсhab|e and naturally prеtty, a|thoughLisa сlaims that she hаsn,t had timе toi tne gym for thЪIast fiftеen months or so. ,|t,s too hаrd at the moment. Iwi|| make a сonsсious dесision to start again, though,, shesays through grittеd tеeth. ,You do feel pressurisedbесausе the industry watсhеs you so сarefu||y and, ofсouгse/ they get mad at you whеn you,re too thin andthey hatе you when you gain weigйt. But l,m kind of inthе middlе, so |,m oK for now.,

Тhroughout lunсh, we have а serious problem as Wе arесonstant|y interrupted by a suссеssion of film еxесutivеswho stop by to pass on their bеst wishes, but we find timefor сonvегsation.

I asked thе 9ir|s if they гemembеred thеir fiгst auditionfor Friends',l remember that they made me сome baсkthrее times, but that,s how it works. Aсtuа||y, I сouIdn,tbelieve l was gеtting сallbaсks, beсause l didn,t think I didanything speсtaсu|ar,, says Lisa.,Although l was unavailаble foг thе show, l wеnt inanуwaу,' says Jеnnifer. ,Тwo hours |ater it was a done deа|and l was beyond thril|ed. Тhen I remember they told meСourtеnеy Cox wаs p|aying Moniсa, and I was with mvfгiend Miсhae| at the time, and уou [points to Сourteniy]werе taking yoga сlassеs with him at thе timе.,,Тhat,s right,, rep|ies Courtеney.

. ,An9 he was likе ye||ing and sсrеaming, ''She,s so

bеautiful. l сan,t be|iеve you,re working йith her,'' he keptsaуing,, Jеnnifer exp|ains.

,You never to|d mе this!, says Courteney.,l knoщ but I was so nervous аnd oveгwhe|med aboutmеeting you, and thеn I didn,t want you to feelеmbarrassеd whеn you saw Miсhae|'.Аnуwaу, when l gotthе job he almost had a сoron arу,, saуs jennifеr.

Matсhing Before looking at the questions, quicklу read theartiсle so that уou have some idea of what eaсh actor saуs,then read the questions one bу one and matсh them withthe aсtors'

@

гsI

ifе

еtd

l askеd them when they a|| mеt for the fiгst time.,I met Jеnnifer down at thе studio and shе Was so! l\, € € t,, rеpliеs Сouгteney.

,I met еveryone at the first reading of thе sсript and;.аs kind of nervous, bесause l hadn,t heaгd of any of.iеm/ exсеpt for Сourteney' | сou|dn,t еvеn te|I you thе.:st of their |ast names, so I wаs total|y сonfused,, adds

| аskеd the girls if they resentеd or felt envious of the:oys in the ser iеs.

,l hatе thеm,, |aughs Courteney.,|t,s likе hаving three brothеrs, and wе hate and lovе

."еm Iike brothers. Thеy,rе your typiсa| ,boys,. lf you weгe:з |ook up the term ,boys, in thе diсtionary, you.,d sее:.еir thrеe smi| ing faсеs looking baсk at you. But wе,re a||, еry сlose, bесause thе six of us havе been theгe at the:.cssroads in eaсh othеr,s |ivеs and had to faсe up to-aking vitaI deсisions together,, adds Jennifer.

Unit 2

Voсa bu IaryUsing adjeсtives2 GompIete sentenсes 1-8 with an appropriate adjeсtive

from the list.. nervous. env|ous . emotiona| . 0ressurised . oveгwhe|med. embarrassed . worried . horrified

1 The fi lm studio Wаs .............. ' by requests for moreinformation about the proposed new b|oсkbuster with theсast of Friends'

2 Тhe President made a(n) speeсh askingeveryone in the сountry to he|p him through the сrisis.

3 Tom is a very man. He is сertain he is goingto be made гedundant soon.

4 When the fulI eхtent of the storm damage beсame obvious,people were absolutely ............... by what they saw.

5 Don't fee| ......... ' . .... by Mark's insistenсe that you makea deсision soon. He'||wait unti|you'гe ready.

6 As a сhild, I was a|ways of those who werebetter at soorts than I was.

7 | was so ............... when I real ised that I had forgottenmy lines in the play.

8 It 's norma| for aсtoгs to feel ............... before afirst-night performanсe.

Phrasal verbs and idioms with иp

3 Mаtсh the phrasalverbs and idioms in itаliс insentenсes 1-8 with the сorreсt meаning, а or b.1 As a сhild, I /ooked up to mу grandparents beсause they

оou|d always answer any question I asked them.a tried to find b гesoeсted

2 Sam really didn't want to get fled up with all the relativeshe hаdn't seen for years.a involved with b into an argument with

3 on Saturday night we ended up going to a night с|ub'a went as planned b found ourselves going

4 ItЪ up fo you to deсide whiсh job to aссept.a your responsibility b your opportunity

5 Things have been rather up and down for us reсent|y.a good and bad b unexpeсted

6 l don't feel up fo sсhooI today.а don't |ikeb don't have the energy to go to

7 WhatЪ up with Jim? He |ooks rea||y deprеssed today.а is the mаtter with b is puzz|ing

8 l haven't seen the сhi|dren for a few hours. They,reprobably up fo no good.a doing something wrong b amusing themselves

Mаriе.Сlairе magazine

o

Word bui ld ing

4 Use the text and a diсtionary to сomplete this сhart.

Noun Verb Adjectiveembarrassed

2 emotion3 envy4 . . . . . . . . . . . horrify

pressunse6 worry

thrilled/thrilling8.. . . . . . . hatе

compIete these sentenсes with words from the сhаrt in4 in the сorreсt form.' t We'reunderalotof. . . . . . . . . . . tostaythin.2 My fгiend Was ... ' . ....... when l got the job.3 Saying goodbye at the end of thе сouгse Was Very

I was so that I went red.My train was delayed, and I wasthat I would be late.I was .......... . when I saw the questions inthe exam paper. They Were so diffiсult!I never want to see you again. You're just

I

8 Тhey went on some ...... ' . .. . r ides at theAdventure Park.

Complete these sentenсes with your feelings and opinions.1 People are often embarrassed by ..............

3 I really hate

4 I find

s w^.,' p..pi;;.i;;;r;;il.y .llllll

Put the words in braсkets in the сorreсt order.We asked a gгoup of people, .What do you think of Britishte|evision?'. Herе are some of the answers.Penny 20: 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (that / th ink / Personal ly, / l ) there

is too muсh sport on ТV.Harry 19: ... (opinion / In / my), television has

got muсh better in the Iast fivе years.lаn ,t6: l want to watсh more сomedies about young

peop|e. ' (kind/thei Тhat's/of)progгamme .. .(сan lI l to lre|ate).

Maria 18: . . . (to/ me/ |t i that/sеems)thebest Еnglish |anguаge сomediеs сome from theUSA.

Alex17: . . . (point/v iew/From/my/of),ТVis а waste of time.

FunсtionsЕxpressing your opinionI Read the statement below. Write four more arguments

that agree, and four arguments thаt disagree with thestatement.Parents shou|d not aIIow сhildren under the aoe of six towatсh teIevision.AgreeChildren should spend quality time with the parents andmake friends with other сhildren rathеr than watсh TV.

DisagreeTe|evision provides a shared сu|tura| experienсe for kids, andсhi|dren who don't watсh te|evision сannot ioin in anvсonversаtion about it'

XХX

45

Grammar> .Student's Book Gr

Gerunds and inf in i t ives

9 Read the two texts expressing different points of viewabout manners. lgnore the verbs in braсkets. Whiсhtext do you think was written by a teaсher and whiсh byan elderly person?

1 0 Now read the texts again and put the verbs in braсketsinto the сorreсt form, the gerund or the infinitive.

alnix 2

CompIete sentenсes 1-8 in your own words, using theсorreсt form of the verb in braсkets.

EхаmplеI want (go) l wаnt ta Eо to the сinamd on Fridaу.1 l сan't аfford (buy)

2 My motheг is trying (give up)

3 We are all looking forward to (spend)

4 our сIass stiII hаsn't f inished (do) .........

5 | am always putting off (do)

6 | never manage (finish)

8 I don't mind (wait)

11

',. hy is it that nowadays peoplе neveгwant

зniwеф lettеrs? Whеn I was in the States a fеw years

.3o *oiking as a jouгnalist, I wrote to peop|e asking for

.l inteгviеw and I nеver onсe got a rep|y. Although

".hеn l telephoned, peop|e usua||y agгeеd. leet) mе' And as ior. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gay)

,sorry, whеn

.,*"on" lets you down ovеr an appointment, forgеt it.. modегn Britain and Amеriсa ,Nevег apologise, never

=xp|аin, has bесomе a Way of |ife. I am tired of

. (seе) o|d Iadies standing -on pub|iс

..ansport bесause no one .1s poIitе enough

оttei; them a sеat. Еven 6 (wear) the right

: othеs when you 90 out to dinneг seems to be a thing

: 'thе past! l may bе oId.fashioned but good manners

зrе simp|y a part of a сivi|ised soсiеty.

. you want (spеak) Еngl ish reаl ly weIl , you.ave to lеarn how (say) ,pleаse, and ,thank

-. cu, all thе time. |,m siсk of trying (explain) ':эstudentsjusthowimportantthis is. torexampIe, i f

- .ou keep on 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . (ask) quеst ions without

. (make) usе of these еssеntiаl Words, British :.Эeople.wi||сonсIudethatyouarееxtrеmе|yrudeand

.uoid 12 . . . . . . ' . . ' ' . . . . (ta|k) to you again. So, praсt isе :(usе) 'p|ease, and ,thank you, whеnеver

-. possiblе. You йuy,thinк that British p"opt. don,t mind :

. (|istеn) to peop|e who leтuie,' . . i

td admit) that йis *itl .nuк"'u world of differenсe _ but ,

,ou,d b € Wrong. So, even if these words arе not oveг- i

;sеd in youl" oйn lunguage, deсidе today 16 .

istaгt) using them in Еngl ish! .

|nfinitive or gerund аfter сertаin verbs We саn Use eitheг aninfinitive or a gerund аfter сertain verbs, but the meaning is different.

ExampleIwon't forget taking mу driving test. = I took my driving test (sometime in the past), and l wi|| a|ways remember the expeгiеnсe'

I won,t forget to take mу diving test.= l,m going to tаke my drivingtеst (some time in thе future), and l'm not going to miss it'

12 Put the verbs in brасkets into the сorreсt form, thegerund or the infinitive.

ЕхаmpleDon'Iforgot tо ьand (forget/send) your granny a birthdayсar0.

l never (remember / set) my a|arm с|oсk so Ia|ways wаke up late.These tгousers ............... (need / dry-сlеan); they'reсovered in mud.We .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (regret / inform) you that your jobapp|iсation has been unsuссessfuI.Тhe Spanish tourist didn't understand any Еng|ish, so l

(try / taIk) to him in Frenсh.Do you (remember / see) that James BondfiIm on ТV Iast week?l . ' . .... ' . ...... (try / open) the door of thе safe but the keywou|dn't fit the loсk.Could you lend me 20p please? I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (need /make) a phone сa||.| ....... ' . ...... (regret / teI|) my fгiend what I гea||y thoughtof her new dress.

Gerund or inf in i t ive?

(D

13 Correсt the mistakes in the sentenсes 1-5.

1 New сars are too expensive. |t's not worth to buy one'2 Can you te|l me how to doing this grammar exerсise?3 | know the job's diffiсu|t but that doesn't mean vou shou|d

give up to do it.

4 | have no ideа how use this new сomputer software.5 Do you fanсy to go bowling next Saturdаy?

14 Underline the сorreсt preposition in eaсh sentenсe.1 Тhе teaоher objeсts for I to l by our writing in biro. She

says it looks messy.2 |s anyone paгtiсu|ar|y interested with l on / и anсient

history?3 Aгe you |ooking forwaгd to l for l of уour skiing trip?

You're going next week, aren't you?4 Тhe сhi|dгen are fed up to l with / for being indoors today.

lt hаsn't stopped raining a|| day.5 |f you woгk hard, you'|| suссeed in I with / fo passing your

exams.6 lnstead to I of lforgoing foг a wa|k, why don't we go for a

bike ride?7 l'm afraid |'m no good ata|| in I at I on сooking. My

husband always does it.8 We are used with I for lfo doing about two houгs,

homework a night.

15 Rewrite sentenсes 1-8 using the words given аnd anappropriate question word and infinitive.EхаmpIeSаm stiIl сan't drive a саr.Sam stil|doesn't know how to drive а саr.,t Wheгe саn l buy a tiсket to London?

I don't know2 Who сan l ask about the сontent of the new eхam?

Cаn you te|| me3 What сan l do to get he|p?

I have no idea

Complete the sentenсe with a suitab|e word'My shoes are diгty. Тhey bad|y need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CompIete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverb in braсkets.On the way home we stopped(buy) flowers for Moniсa.Rewrite the sentence using the word given so themeаning stays the same.l сouIdn,t keep up with him as he was wa|king far too fast.He was walkingkeep up. (me)

Choose the сorreсt option to сompIete the sentenсes.You сannot . . . . . . . . making the deсis ion any more.a move out b put off с put away d move awayFilI in gаps 1-5 with а suitabIe word. Use one wordon|y in eaсh gаp.

S urv ivat of fhe s/ickest (сontin ued)Suссеssful .politiсians' arе thosе whoflnd out the pоwеr lies byobserving, watсhing what's going

and asking quеstions. Thеyundеrstand how dесisions are arrivеd at,and whеrе pеoрlе arе сoming from andwhat appеals to 3 . . . . . . . . . . .an arеa in a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . еmotionalintelligenсе сomеs into its оwn.Listеning is сritiсal Suссess,аs is sеnsit iv i ty to what 's happеningarоund you and what's mаking it happеn.

How сan l getI've forgottenMy friend had no idea whiсh bus stop she had to get offat.I to|d my fг iend . . . . . . . . .

6 We саn now speаk some Coсkney Еng|ish.We have all learnedHow is this game сa|Ied сriсket p|ayed?I want to know .. . . . . . . . .Maria didn't know the proсedure for mаking a phone сal|

to the сinema from here?

to Еngland.Ishowеd Maria

1D

*Vгit ingЭ еsоr ib ing events

' 6 Мatсh sentenсes in 1-6 to sentenсes in а-f to form aсontinuous story.

Ехвп"lple. ' , rе с]есidrd tо give Anthоny a surрr ise paГty ' 1 . . . b. . . .

,Ve told Anthony that we were going to take him to the:hеatrе. We deсoratеd the haIlwith photographsand balloons. 3 ......... We sent out lots of invitations.

We waited for Anthonv to arrive. s .......... We.lгned on the lights when Anthony entered the ha|I. о

a We worked all afternoon.b We wondered what to do foг Anthony's biгthday.с We tried to keep quiet.d We a|| sаng happy birthday.e We tried to keep a straight faсe.f We tiсkеd off the names on a Iist.

Complete the text below with the following adverbs.. enthusiastiсa||y . eventua||y . feebly . gent|y . hurriedly. ironiсa||y . miseгab|y . optimistiоaIly . steadi|y . unfortunate|y

afnit 2

Write а desсription of one of your personaI experienсes.Тhis сou|d be an unusuа| сeIebration or party, or anunusual holiday experienсe. Write 150-,|80 words. Usethese ideаs to heIp you.. Say what kind of сelebration or party it was / where you

went on ho|idаy, and who eIse was there with you.. say what made the experienсe unusua|'. Desсribe what happened'. Desсribe how you feIt afterwards'

watсhing thе storm сlouds getting

4,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . с loser. Cr ist ina

always looks on the bгight side of

things. l f ind this quitе annoying.,l suppose you,rе an expert on the

wеather, , l геpl ied 5.. . . ' . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . .

l brakеd, got out, and6.. . . ' . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . tr ied to pul l thе

сanvas гoof ovеr the сar.7.. ' . . . . . . . . . ' . , . , . . , i t was stuсk. And

then, with a loud сraсk of

thunder, it startеd to rain heavily!

18

it was a beautiful Sеptember morning on the island

of Corsiсa and the first day of our holiday. A warm

lv ind b1еw l . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . in from the sеa as Cr ist ina

аnd l dгovе a|ong in our hirеd open.top сar,

r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s inging old pop songs' Then we

nеard a noisе. Dark сlouds wеre gathering on thе

horizon. Wе saw a suddеn flash followed by a

rumblе of thunder.

,This is horr ib lе, , l сomplainеd s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Watеr

dripping off my nosе. l triеd again and again to

pul| thе roof over the сar, eaсh time morеq

, l0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . I suссeeded, but by then i t was too

late. Тhе inside of thе сar Was soaking wet. And so

was l. Cristina, however, was niсe and dry undеr

her umbrеlla. Did l say that l somеtimes find her

quitе annoying?

Making your writing more interesting Make уour writingmore interesting to the reader bу using adverbs to expressfeelings.

,Pегhaps it won,t rain,, said Crist ina з

(D

Read i ng

1 Read the text and deсide whether these statements aretrue (T) or false (F).1 |n the past, Canterbury University sought сontасt with

eduсationaI estabIishments in the north.2 Cаnterbury,s programme is unique beсause no other

university сourse is basеd on a study of the сontinent ofAntarсtiсa.

3 Students wi|| spend some time visiting the сontinent itse|fаs tourists.

4 Тhe сourse is aimed primarily аt graduates tn sсienсe.5 Graduates fгom the сourse wi|| hаve a muсn greater

understаnding of the сontinent's importanсe.6 Students travel|ed to Antaгсtiсa in groups of four.7 lt seems that disposing of rubbish left by tourists is

сausing probIems.8 one feаture of the сourse was the we|сome сnanсe to

get с|ose enough to touсh the penguins.9 Тhe сontinent makes a deep impression on those Who

visit it.10 Тhe university wiIl try to attrасt students fгom other

сountries in the future.

PЕNGUlN&WffiE&fu

Thе Univеrsity of Сantеrbury in New Zеa].and,is situatеd inСhristсhurсh, onе of thе so;thе;rnos.iсitlеs in thе world,and has long tookеd to thе "o.tь-iЬ.. -ays

to bridge thеphysiсal distanсe bеtwееn iкеrг anJ o,n.. ,.,.",.'ational5 arеas of highеr еduсation. Now it is turning its attеntion ina diffеrеnt dirесtion by offеring " р.'is."o""tе сoursе inAntarсtiс studiеs billеd as ьоnftr,еЪ.st. of its kind in thеworld.

Although Сantеrbury is not thе only univеrsity atlo whiсh Аntarсtiсa is - stujiеd, what. rr]ak"еs its programmе

H:::: 11,:ii:"'.,l1l., i::. i".lh". p,og.u.-е in popularRеlativеly'",""'in'J.,l,1:Hfl if :'fl ъTJ:"'*:J..*;"-a sсiеntifiс baсkgгould. ,Тhеsе *uс.,,i,.u."n,t pеoplе whols wili nесessarily еnd, thеir ."**-;;;;! aьre to dеbatеgеotoв".я and physiсs,, says сoursе dirесtor Gеoff Pеarman.lnstеad, thеy witl сomе out rеlatively wеll versеd inсontеmporary Antarсtiс issuеs and thе ihavе inlnte'.,utio.,ut uгrui.,. тt'*iuк", l"'ili:ffi

'*xzо thе polar сontinеnt,s fast dеpl"ti;;;;;;;l;y". and its effесtоn gtobal warming, to issuеs of intеrnatlonal law andtourism.

^".',ll: intеrdisсiPtinaly naturе of thе сoursе was madеoDvl:us to partiсiрants during thеir rесеnt еxpеdition to thеes сontinеnt - fivе hours by airЪom сrrrisisprit into s,";;; of iour ""d ;;;';;:xl.i;*ill,li,il

сontеmporary Аntarсtiс issuеs. Thеsе inсludе .h"_th;;;;;;somе evеr-dесrеasing forms of marinе litе by сommеrсialfishing, thе iikеlv fйurе'of .ес"-i;;..;i and thе issuе ofзo

]е}ins with juni фolitеly aе,иьеJi,'',ь" .ou.," matеrialas ,human artеfaсts,)

]9rt Ьr p.""i;;.;i;ito.s and its еffeсton the есosystеm.. Thе prЬgram."" ^uj'o

inсludеd thеg1thе1ins of gеologiсat anс ьo"tani.uii,iй.-ution, but noopportunity whatsoеvет to approaсh and pat thе pеnguinsзs in thеir natural habitatl

To aсquirе a bеtt€sсiеnti sts, ."..u ;;i, :H:""i' ;}.*xi? H,Ж;l.T:::partiсipants sеt out to tеst 'o-"Ъf

thеir suivlval skills _ forinstanсe whеn building makеshift ,'o. .u'",..It was a lifе.сhan

'.i";i;;;.;;#;т}1#LТхЬ";;;iъ:"'а:',i::.r,i1l1all of us' in onе Way or anothеE ьaс someiьlng of a glazеdlook by thе timе wЬ rеturnеd. It,s a piaсе that touсhеs youеmotionally and сrеativеly, as wеll i' .Ь."st, its obviousсhallеngе in terms of lеarnin8, .t,",'yoouйсtually thеrе.,Partiсiрants on this yеar,s сoursе wеrе drawn from Nеw

:;i.H'1""*.'*:'-.*: ,u, .ь" "',i.r,..''i,.tv'rr begin a

True / fa|se statements maу appear true as уou read them -but сheck them сarefultу against the teхt to make sure thattheу are, in faсt, giving the same information'

сampaign to rесruit morе ovеrsеa' g.uсuu;,'.

g

Сuordion Нigher

II

10

'/oсabularyr 'e posit ions

l Complete sentenсes 1-10 with these prepositions.. аt. of . to. in . into. on. with1 We have been in сontaсt other universities.2 The сourse is based a study of Antarсtiсa.З The сontent of the сourse is aimed students

with different eduсationaI bасkgrounds.4 Antarсtiсa wiII p|ay an important paгt ...............

internationaI deсisions about the environment.5 It is beсoming inогeasing|y diffiсuIt to dispose

the rubbish tourists Ieave behind.6 Dealing this rubbish is a big problem.7 The Antaгсtiс |andsсape made a big impression

the students.Тhe univeгsity is situated Christсhurсh.Тhe students were sp|it groups of four.CommeгсiaI fishing is a thгeat marine life'

Read the text and find words thаt meаn:1 the sсientifiс study of roсks, strata, and the earth's сrust

( l ine 16)2 an area of gas that pгoteсts the earth from harmfu| rays

fгom the sun (|ine 20)3 an inсreаse in temperature of the Еaгth's atmosphere

( l ine 21)1 an oгganised jouгney or Voyage with a partiсu|ar aim (|ine

24)5 огeatures that Iive in the sea (|ine 28)Е а .unit'сonsisting of сгeatuгes and p|ants whiсh survive in

а speсifiс bio|ogiсa| enviгonment (|ine 32)т гelated to the sсientifiс study of p|ants (|ine 33)3 the сonditions in whiсh a сreature noгma||y |ives (line 35)3 teсhniques for keeping a|ive in diffiсuIt or dangerous

сondit ions (Iine 38)" : a person who is inteгested in preserving the naturаl

environment (l ine 41)

llnit 3

Prefixes and suff ixes

4 CompIete the text with the сorreсt form of the words inbraсkets аnd a suitabIe prefix or suffix'. -less . -ful . inter- . mis- . Dost- . trans- . sub-

ln the autumn of 2002, Lее Anderson, aSydnеy-based аdvertising еxесutivе, dесided to

... (form) his |ifе. Hе had had enoughof the гat raсe. Hе wanted to еsсape a

... (stгess) саreer by undeгtaking anadvеntuгous so|o-sai| journеy from Australia toSouth Amеriсa. Leе rесeived(nationa|) pгess сovеrage for two main reasons.First, hе wаs 63 years o|d and seсond, he hadhardly аny expеrienсе of sailing! Еxperts gavеhim lots of +.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (he|p) adviсe, a|thoughthе most rеpeated pieсe of adviсe Was, ,Don,t

do it! '

Lеe 5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (сalсulated) the t ime he wouldneеd to prepare foг his journey. Afteг manydеlays he set off at the start of the winter season,and this was the сause of most of his

'.. (foгtunes). Seveге winds blew himoff сoursе and he was driven towards Аntarсtiсaand z......... (zero) tempеrаtures' He lostсontасt with Austгa|ia when his radio failеd andhis attempts at гepairing it werе not

... (suссess). After six weeks at sea,the situation sееmed ... (hope).

Fortunate|y, Lee was found by an Aгgentinеfishing vessеl and air-lifted baсk home. Leеsufferеd fгom.l0'..... (traumatiс) stress.Howevег, he was g|ad to be a|ive аnddеtermined nеvег to go sai|ing again!

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Phrasal and prepositional verbs

aсt to so|ve a pгob|eminс|udeсhoose or re|y onbreak up oг divide

6 Now сomplete the sentenсes wjth the verbs jn 5 in theсorreсt form.1 Тhe Мayor of London has tried the problems

of trаffiс сongestion,2 When it was stгuсk by |ightning, the tree ..... ' . ..... ' ' . two

с|ear halves.3 The trip ....... ' . ...... the main sights of arсhаeologiсal

interest.4 Many western сountгies poorer сountries to

supplement their work forсe.

Phrasal verbs with sefThe artiсle in 4 says .... they ... set about researсhingсontemporary Antarсtiс issues.' Sef аbout means .stiЁdoing something'.

7 Mаtсh sentenсe beginnings ,t-7 to endings a-g.1 Winter has sef и ...2 When we sef oиf this morning ...3 My сousin sef up ...4 Еvery maгket day tгaders set up ...5 Whatever you do, don't mention the

priсe of petrol, or you,ll sef Dad off '. 'J im sef outto ...

abс

67 This delay with the nеw оomputers

will sef us back

8 Now matсh the phrasal verbs in itaIiсs in 7 to thesemeanings.1 deсide to aсhieve something

7 delay someone or something

Put the сonversation in the сorreсt order from 1-8. Thefirst and Iаst sentenсes are given.Miss GIark Have you thought about what you want to do

when you finish sсhool next year? .l.l might be a Frenсh teaсher or a trаns|ator. .. 'l'm going to go to university ..,Тhat,s а diffiсult question' My favourlte subjeсtsаre Maths, Frenсh and Aгt and l сan't deсidewhiсh to study. ...Can you tell me what job you want to do? ...Do you know what you want to study? ...l think you should study Frenсh. ...Тhank you, Miss Clark' '8,

5 Matсh verbs1 look to2 dealwith3 split into4 take in

1-4 to meanings a-d.

2 begin and сontinue for a period of time3 stаrt a business4 bui|d oг put in position5 begin a journey6 make someone or somеthing begin doing something

abсd

HelenaHelenaHelenа

Miss ClarkMiss CIarkMiss CIarkHelena

Funсt ionsSituat ions

efg

his own Internet сompany two yeaгs ago.by at least three weeks.very ear|y this year with freezing temperatures in eаrlyNovember.break the reсord for sсoring the greatest number of goa|sthat season.theiг stal|s in the smа|| square in thе сentre of the town.the weаther was love|y'сritiсising the government again!

10 lmagine that your best friend has аsked for you adviсeabout what he / she should do аfter Ieaving sсhooI.Deсide whiсh of the options below would be mostsuitаble for them, and make notes of. What you think they shou|d do afteг |eаving sсhoo|, and whyl what ski|Is and quа|ifiсations they'|| need. the advantages. the potentiа| disadvantаoes.

Career options. AppIying for university / сo||ege to study. Leаrning a new skiIl:. Starting work as a(n) .. Taking a gap yеar doing . . . . . ' . . . . ' . ' . .. Other:

Expressing your opinion11 Read the question below. CompIete the аnswers with

your own ideas.Should уou earn more moneу if уou do an essentiatjob suсhas being a doctor or nurse, than if уou work in a сommerсialbиsиess2Yes, peop|e doing essentia|jobs shou|d eaгn more beсause ...l don't think so beсаuse '..

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r iammar" !..udеnt's Book Grammаr refеrerlсe, pаgе 136

: ' :sent s imple or present сont inuous?': - se one of these verbs in the present simple or the

эresent сontinuous with the adverb in brасkets to: cmplete sentenсes,|-1 0.. ^ lk. eаt. look. hate. ask.do. | ivе.go. сonsidеr. use. Мy best fr iend . . . . . . . . . (a|ways)

if she сan borrow my things. |t real|y annoys me.i '.A/hаt kind of job

rlsabel) for?

!

Paul . . . . . . . . . . . (a lways) to theсinema on Saturday in winter.N4y father ....... watсhingfootbali on TV. He'd rather be out playing it!Гt/y s ister and I . . . . ' . . . . ' going towork abroad for a yeaг.lЙy younger brothertа|ways) the phone when l want to make a сalI'At the moment, we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a:еnted fIat in the сentre of town.What . . . . . . . . . . (you) about doingafteг Ieavino sсhool?

I Please don't ask me anv questions now,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . myhomeworkl

": I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not) meat. I 'm avеgetarian.

,"эsent hаbits" ] ЭompIete the sentenсes with the сorreсt form of the

'еrb in braсkets. Use willwhere possib|e.. She (often stay) |ate at the offiсe to finish her

WOTK.

i Louis (often forget) to ring me or turn up forappointments.

з | . ........... (sometimes f ind) her behaviour гea||y irr itаting.l lЙy сat (sit) by the сupboаrd door and

(wait)for hours unt i l | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (g ive) himsome bisсuits.

5 A|i .......... (go) for a гun every morning. |t 's the most,mportant thing in her life!

: Dan (not, take off) his sunglasses even whenrе is ins ide. He . ' . . . . . . . . . . ' . ( th ink) he Iooks I ike a f i Im star!

alnit 3

Write the words in the сorreсt order to make sentencesаbout present habits.1 is turning forever for Iate he appointments up2 сaг fаst new drive his Gary too in wiII3 regularly about books issues reads environmental David4 wiIl аsk Anderson diffiсuIt Mr questions often5 a long go the on time meetings often6 phoning late always is me nightAnna at

Use the prompts to write sentenсes about annoyinghabits. Use the present сontinuous and alwaуs.1 Andy never seems to read or do аny sport. (watсh / ТV)

I hate it when Suzy asks to borrow things. (lose / mybooks)

My parents are гea||y striсt. (stop / me from using thelnternet)

4 My brotheг is driving me сrazУ' (p|ay musiс / too |oud)

5 My unс|e is very boring. (te|| / tedious stories)

6 My gir|friend is rea||y iгritating' (сritiсise i my с|othes)

16 Under|ine the сorreсt verbs in 1-10 to сompIete the text.

l,m just writing to let you know how I l spеnd / amspending my timе at univeгsity. It,s rea||y differеntfrom sсhool. Тhis уear | 2live / am living on theсampus in student aссommodation.

| з usually gеt up / am usuollу getting иp at abouteight. Leсtures and seminars 4won,t bеgin / don,tbеgin beforе nine so that lеavеs mе plenty of timeto get rеady.

You swill oftеn find / orе oftеn finding mе in thеlibrary during the afternoon. |t,s also a gгeat pIaсеto study - and it,s сheaper than buying books. l6 оm oftеn working / often work there foг two orthrее hours.

We l will sharе / share the kitсhens whiсh сan bеpretty annoying. Peoplе вwill alwaYs leavе / arеolways leoving thеir dirty p|ates аnd sauсepans|ying around. ln thе evening I g oftеn go / om oftengoing to the student baг, to the сinemа, or to асlub. l,m too tiгed to study any more! 1 lo go / wiilgo to bed at about midnight ... wеl|, maybe aIitt|е lateг sometimеs!

14

15

l

э

CD

Past habits

17 Rewrite the text using the words in braсkets with wouldor used to where possible.

Last yeаr l 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (went) to Тhai land and. (workеd) on a projeсt to help thе

endangeгed turt|e popu|at ion. l(stayеф there for s ix months. Liv ing сondit ions atthе main сamp 4.. . . . . . (wеrе) s imple butadequate. Wе 5.. . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {s lеpt) under tents,

. (took) showеrs in thе moгning andеvеning, and Z.. . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . (had) good loсal food.

on a typiсal day, we . (otе) breakfast at

Complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in braсkets.The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (UNDЕRSTAND) resulted from the faсtthаt he is st i|| very (ЕXPЕR|ЕNсЕ).Comp|ete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in braсkets.Mrs Petersen .. . . . . . (mark)her students,сompositions foг three hours now, buт sne

(only get through) halfof them so faг.Rewrite the fo||owing as one sentenсe.Some pеop|e love reading tabIoids. These tabloids aгe fullof gossip about other people.

Complete the sentenсe with the missing expression.l f you don't get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l l these oldmagazines, there wi|l soon be nowhere to sit around herе.Fill in gaps 1-10 with the best option: A, B, C or D,Runwaу lnfernoHеathrow is onе of the world's busiest airpoгts. Аll airportshave thеir own speсifiс fire and safety needs and musttake preсautions aсоording|y. Foг Heathrow, this meanshaving its own 11O-strong fire brigade. Тhere are two firеstаt ions, one at eасh end of the rUnway 1 .. . . . f i re сrewsсan reaсh ab|aze 2 . . . . . the quiоkest t ime possib|e. Butthe сhanсes of 3 . . . . . ever bеing a f iгe on the planes arehappi|y a . . . . . smal l . 5 . . . . . this e| ite group of f iгe-f ightersare high|y-trаined for thе worst саse sсenario, they maynever have to deal 6 . . . . . a mаjor aссident in their сareers"A typiсal examp|e of a fire-fighteг being сalled out is whenone of the green l ights on a 7 . . . . . underсarr iagе fаi ls B . . . ' 'on. Nine t imes out 9 . . . . . ten, i t just needs a new bulb.So the Heathгow firemen train аnd wait for a be|I 10

never Пngs.1 A so that B a|though C evеn if2 Аbу Bat Con3 Ait Bthere Cone4 Aso Btoo Cvery5 ABeсause BWhi|e CАs6 Ain Bfor Cout7 Aplanes Baplane's Caplanes'8 A сome B сoming C to сome9 Afor Bof Cby

'10 Aand Bwhose Cbut

(worked) long days! - then.., (travеllеd) by boat to thе beaсhes.

Тhis l l (fook) about an houг. At thebeасh wе ] 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . (сovеrеd) thе turt|es, nestswith a proteсtivе сovеring to prеvеnt any of thеbaby turt|es or ,hatсhl ings, from еsсaping, and we

... (mеasurеd) the nеw hatсh|ings.There ]a.. . . . (wеrе) thousands of thеm! Wеa|so ,|5.. . . . . . . (сol lесtеd) thе hatсhIings and, l6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . ' (p lасеd) them in speсiaI nurser iesbeсausе the shе||s of the baby turtIеs nеed aboutеight days to hardеn. Aftеr Iunсh, we 1Z(tronsfеrrеd) thе hatсhlings that(wеre) ready to Iive in the wiId to the Araguaiа rivеr.I , l l nevеr forget thе f i rst t ime l ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (sow)a|I thosе tiny turt|еs сraw|ing into the Watеr.l 20.. . ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . ( fе l t) real|y emotional!

18 Correсt the mistаkes in sentenсes ,|-6.

1 | сan,t stаnd it! She wouId Wear mV сIothеs withoutasking.

2 onсe we used to see Mаdonna jogging in Hyde Park.3 I am never getting up early on Saturday morning!4 When I was sixteen l would |ive in Еdinbuгgh.5 We аre often going danсing at the weekend.6 In the morning we would visited the art galleries and

museums.

6.30 - we s.10

D sinсeDinD anyD muсhD WhenD withD a planeD сameD withD that

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**' г i t iП9r i :к ing requests

' l Read the email below and find seven requests Martaтakes. Тhen сomplete sentenсes 1-7 with one of theшays of making a request.

send me the names of some hotels?2 Do you .... сheсk to see if thегe are many

exсursions from the town?3 PIease '... find out the сost of an averaoe

meal?.1 . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . and let us know al laboutyour new job.5 Peгhaos . сaIl me with the information.. |,d ,. ' . ....... сontaсt me before next Friday'- Could .... to aггanoe a taxi to meet us at thе

airpoгt?

'аs deIighted to heаr that you've got into university! You.

-st wгite and tel| me how you get on!-lank you for offering to help with our holiday

,.:ngements. A|ex and I hаve been disоussing our pIans-: have deсided that we don't want to sоend too much*э in London and Oxford * we'd muсh rather get off the.;:еn tгaсk. We're both very keen to spend a week. : ng in the New Forest. |f it's not too muсh tгoub|e,. - c you сontaсt the guest house you mentioned and::( Us a twin гoom for a week from 24th August? Don't...v if you саn.t do it - | сan phone from here and,:: l ise my ЕngIish!Sэme friends visited Coгnwa|l |ast summer and strong|y

..:тmended that we go suгfing there. I think they used а

. :' Vr,s sut.fboагd but do you think you сould сheсk to.. I it's possible to hire a board for a day?,', ren I was studying in Britain I never went to York

. .stег and l rea||y want to see it. |'d be grateful if you: : - : flnd out about opening times and aссommodation in.n эгea. Perhaps you сan aIso find out if there are any, ... оathedra|s in the area?

: эx is keen to get to Sсot|and beсause she wants to. ' !dinburgh. Mum's fгiend Doгis stiIl lives neаr there:эuld I ask you to ring and аsk if she'|| give us a bed

' . right? Her mobile number is 07602 340823.. -st one |ast favouг: |'m trying to сontасt my |and|ady._ 3гighton but she hаs moved house' P|ease would. :эntaсt her son Adam Bradbury, who works at the- -all in Bristol, to find out where his mother is living

to put you to so muсh troubIe.,', shеs,

afnit 3

Referring baсk to questions

20 Finish Sаm's emailto Mаrta and answer eaсh of Martа'srequests.

Dear Maгta,Thanks for your email. First, you asked me to tell youhow l'm getting on аt university' We||, it's alI veryexсiting, and I've met some interesting new peop|e.

|'m de|ighted thаt you're сoming to visit the UK.You wanted me to ...

.^

v

Levels of formality

21 Deсide whether phrаses ,|-6 are more suitabIe forwriting formal or informal letters.1 Wе were de|ighted to heаr that '..2 We're not sure what to do about ...3 We apo|ogise sinсere|y for . '.4 As far as where you сan stay is сonсerned ...5 We would strongly advise you to ...6 You're welсome to pay us a visit.

Mаtсh phrases a-f to their more forma| or informаlequivаlents in 21.a We aгe unсertain about ...b You real ly must ...с |t was greаt to get your |etter te||ing us ...d Monday wou|d be a сonvenient day for you to visit.e We're so sorry about ...f With regard to your aссommodation, ...

informal letter

You have reсentIy reсeived a Ietter from a friend inBritаin saying that they wouId Iike to come and visityou' Write a repIy Ietter in ,|20-150 words, сovering thefollowing points:. say that you are de|ighted but you aгe away for the first

week he / she suggests,. Say that you have booked a hotel for him / her for part of

his stay.. Suggest a way of spending time together.

Give гeсommendаtions of one or two olaсes to visit inyour area.Say what kind of weather to expeсt and suggest с|othingand/or other things to bring.

22

An23

Style and register lt is impoftant fo use a suitable stуIe andregister, e.g. formal, semi-formal or informal, when writing aIetter' You will lose marks in an eхam if уour stуle is unsuitablefor the kind of letter уou are writing'

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Read i ng1 Read the text quiсkIy and сhoose the best titIe.

I How to get a good job in publishing2 How to write a best-selling novel3 Нowto be a good reader

Title:

; f you havе еvеr finishеd rеading thе latеst

t bloсkbustет, thought that it Was a total disastец

l and dесidеd that you сould havе dоnе infinitеlybеttеr yoursеlf, you might сonsidеr adopting thеfollowing tесhniquеs. You may not grab a litеraryprizе, but if you,vе got an undеrstanding of thеpublishing industry, it сould bring you somefinanсial suссеSs and еnablе you to bеat thеopposition.

Bеforе you dесidе on your subjесt mattеr, bесunning and examine thе сurrеnt markеt. If youсan provе that historiсal dramas arе rеtulning topopularity, сonsidеr that typе of story but with auniquе twist, and avоid thе lеss appеaling gеnrеs.Start by looking around you _ in nеWspapеrs, on TV_ for storiеs, сharaсtеrs and sеttings. Bеaring inmind that thе US markеt is fivе timеs thе sizе ofBritain,s, you,vе got to admit that a novеl sеt inNеw Еngland will havе gтеatеr salеs potеntial thanonе sеt in Dеvon, Еngland.

Howеver, сhoosе a gеnrе and subjесt mattеr youfееl сomfortablе with. Thorough rеsеarсh will addto thе strеngth and dеpth of your writing and givеyou morе сonfidеnсе. Read rеlеvant history books,biographiеs and travеl bоoks to gеt thе fееl of yourсhosеn pеriod or sеtting. onсе you havеfоrmulatеd your сharaсtеrs, work out possiblе storylinеs and loсations. Start to skеtсh out piесеs ofdialoguе and diffеrеnt sсеnеs. only thеn shouldyou sеt about writing your novеl.

Ask yoursеlf thе following quеstions as youwritе: arе thеrе important issuеs involvеd? Dо thесharaсters leap out of thе pagе at you and appеarlargеr than lifе? Doеs drama run throughout thеnovеl, making thе story Wolth rеading? Arе thеrеmultiplе points of viеw? Do thе сharaсtеrs сontinuеto gIoW and not bесomе obsеssеd with trivia? Doеsthе stоry opеn with a сrisis? You should bеanswеring ,yеs, to еaсh quеstion.

Onсе thе novеl is сomplеtеd, you must find anagеnt. Мany lеading publishеrs will only сonsidеrsubmissions via an еstablishеd agеnt and willlargеly ignorе unsoliсited books. Again, rеsеarсh isthе kеy. Look fоr an agеnt that rеprеsеnts yourgеnrе and stylе.

Finally, dо not fоrgеt that thе book has to bеmarkеtеd onсе it is publishеd/ So you, thе author,will bесomе onе of thе novеl,S ,Uniquе SеllingPoints, and you will nееd to promotе yoursеlf. Bothyou and thе book will bеnеfit from having a goodstory to tеll.

lэ

@

The Еditor (The Сuordion)

I

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Bhd

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Ехom trаiningMu|tipIe сhoiсe Read the stem or question in the multiple-:hoice task. If possible, try to complete or answer it withoutooking at the options, then сheck уour answer against:te posslb/e opfloлs. This will help уou foсus on the,ight answer.

Read the text agаin and сhoose the best answer' a, b, сoг d, to questions 1-6.

1 Тhe artiсle сontains adviсe for peopIe who want t0a read a wideг гangе of |iterary material.b understand the publishing industry better.с win a Iiterary prize for their writing'd сompete with suссessfuI writers.

2 A noveI wil| have more сhanсe of suссess if ita is based on historiсa| faсt.b сan be serialisеd in a newspaper or on TV.с сan appea| to a laгger number of readers.d is set in the сountry the writer lives in.

3 What does .one' refer to in the seсond paragгaph?a a marketb a bookс a Ioсationd a сharaсtеr

4 Whiсh сomment is mаde in the third paragгaph?a As you do your researсh, you wi|| get the fee| of your

сhosen period and setting.Тhe strength and depth of your noveI wil| depend onthe time you spend writing it.P|an your setting аnd story lines before you сreateyour сharaсters.on|y write pieсes of dia|ogue onсe you have staгtedwriting the novel.

Writers need an agent beсauseа pub|ishers don't usual|y aссept manusсгipts diгeсt

from writers.b agents сan suggest what kind of researсh is

neсessary.с agents offer help and support when things go Wrong.d pub|ishers usual|y deа| only with writeгs they know.

You should remember thatа books need to find а market.b different markets need different kinds of books'с authors need to he|p in the marketing of their books.d authors should be good sPeakers.

afnit 4

Voсab u la ryPhrases and meanings

3 Choose the сorreсt meaning, a or b, of the phrases ,|-5

ассording to how they are used in the text'1 subjeсt matter (|ine 10)

а the сontent or topiс of a book, play, etс.b a heading in a pieсe of text

2 сurrent market (|ine 11)а modern p|aсes where goods are bought or soIdb numbeгs of peop|e buying or se|ling at the moment

3 a unique twist (l ine 14)а an unexpeсted deve|opment of eventsb an unusual kind of setting for a story

4 bearing in mind (lines 16-'17)a suppoгting what someone is sayingb remembering and сonsidering

5 ignore unsoIiсited books (|ine 43)а take no notiсe of books whiсh have not been

сommissionedb show no interest in books sent to them by agents

Word bui ld ing

4 CompIete the сhаrt. Use a diсtionary to help you.

Adjeсtive1 appealing

Noun Verb

234567

сonfidenсe

benefit

xxxx

differentfinanсialobsessive

I xxxx

popularitysubmission

Now сomplete sentenсes 1-8 with the сorreсt form ofthe words in 4.1 The сhi|dren аre . ' . ............ with sсienсe f iсt ion nove|s.2 Pau| staгted up his own сompany but the who|e thing was

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d isaster.3 Тhe manusсript whiсh that new agеnt '........ ' . .... Iast

week is a masteгpieсe!4 Some books are so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that they sel l mi l l ions of

сopies.5 lt makes no ............... whethеr the novel is good or not.

lf you don't have an agent, we сannot aосept it!6 We сan see no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . whatsoever in publ ishing a

novel nobody is going to read.7 Can you te|| me why historiсa| nove|s ............... to

peop|e so muсh these days?8 Some authors suссeed, others don't; perhaps it's a

quest ion of how muсh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they have.€

Posit ive and negative сomments

6 Reаd these quotes and mark with a plus (+)the positiveones аnd with a minus (-)the negative ones.1 ... this remаrkab|e novel brings a frеsh eye to the

subjeсt. . .2 . ' . r iсh in emotionaIdepth and inteIIeсtuaIсuriosity...3 .,. possib|y the most mind-numbing drive| l have eveг

Гead . . .4 ,.. this book is diminished by some glaring omissions and

gross inассuraсies...5 ... a gripping сIoak-and.dagger story that wil| keep

readers guessing until the last page ...6 . ' ' unorigina| and uninspirrng but a great сuгe for

insomnia.. .7 ... another winner from one of the giants of the pгivate.

eye genre ... an exhilarating read ...8 '.. a depressing but сompe||ing ta|e of deсeit and

mistrust ...

7 Now put the words and phrаses from the quotes in thetwo сoIumns. Use your notebook.. сompe||ing . depth . drive| . eхhi|arating . fresh . gripping. inaссuraсy . mind-numbing . omission . remarkabIe. uninspiring . unoriginal

Positive (+) Negative (-)

Complete these sentenсes. Use your ideas and wordstnL

My favourite book isIt is bothand

Тhe book I hate most isI think it is

9 Underline the сorreсt аlternative from the phrases in't-5.

lnterviewer 1 Cheers!/Ехcuse me, do you have а fewminutes?

Mr Jenkins Yes, I do.Interviewer 2 Can уou tell me/Do уou know how manу

mаgazines you buy eaсh week?Mr Jenkins I'll have to think about that for a moment ... I

oссasiona||y buy a footba|| magazine but I don,1buy one every week.

Interviewer oK'З Would уou mind/And l'd like to knowifyou ever borrow magazines from other people.

Mr Jenkins How shal| l put it? .... I usua||y гeаd my wife'sfashion maoazines...4 l'd like to ask уou about/Could уou tell me ifyou ever read foreign |anguage magаzines?No, ldon't .5 Could уou telt me/Can уou saу agaи whiсhmagazines you like best?

Mr Jenkins WeI|, |et me see ... I enjoy FootbatlWeeklуbutmy favourite is Cosmopolitan.

Funсt ionsTalk ing about piсtures

10 Look аt the photos below, and make notes about thefollowing questions.,| Are there any situatjons where сomputers wiII eventuа|ly

rep|aсe books? Do you think peop|e wilI reаd literature(for examp|e, noveIs, poetry oг p|ays) on a сomputer?Give reasons.

2 Aгe books better than fi|ms at te|Iing stories? Тhink of anexample of a book and a film of the same story torllustrate your point.

lnterviewer

Mr JenkinsInterviewer

Ф

an0

r "ammar" Student's Book Grammar referenсе, pagе 136 )

; i аt ive and noun с lauses.] Read the texts and underline four relative сlauses and

:ne noun сIаuse beginning with whaf, and аnswer:uestions 1-2.. Arе the reIative с|auses you found defining or non-

тWo food myths еxposedlмYтH l

Skipping brеakfast makеs you lose weight

lfnit 4

Def in ing and non.def in ing reIat ive с lauses

13 CompIete sentenсes 1-6 in your own words with eithera defining or a non.defining reIative сIause.

2 Ihaveasister

3 Тhe house

6 My favourite restaurant is the one

Pronouns in relat ive сlauses14 Reаd this extraсt from an аdvertisement for an organiс

food festival. Seven relative pronouns are missing. Putthem in the сorreсt plaсe, as in the example.

ORGANIС F.ОoDFЕSTIVAI, OF'FЕRYou сouId bе one of the |uсky pеopI"/#,l'.*,"two fгеe tiсkеts to thе organiс Food Fеstivаl, is

being he|d at thе Royal Hortiсultural Halrs,

London SW'l on J0th July.

Тhе fеstiva| is your сhanсe to find out about

oгganiс food produсts. Among the attгaсtions

aгe sеvегal сelebrity сhefs, wilI be giving сookеry

demonstrations, and expert gardеners, ТV

progгammes on gardening are wеI|-known and

tips on organiс gardening сan help you grow

youг own organiс vеgеtab|es, even indoors!

Еven if you aге not one of those wins a prize,

you wilI sti|I rесеive a fгeе pгogrammе to thе

show. To еnteг, simply write your name and

address on a postсard, shou|d bе sent to thе

following address:

'l My brother,is younger than I am.

dеfinino сIauses? . . . . . . . . . Was in the middIe of the сountryside

2 Does the noun сlause replaсe the subjeсt or the objeсt of 4 The oId house in the сountrvthe sentenсe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' be|ongеd to my grandmother.

5 Fast food restaurants, . . . . . . . . . . . ......., аге very popu|ar with young peop|e'

^q thе day on аn еmpty stomaсh mеans thatyou are more |ike|y to. -1vеiqht Ьs you,|l feсlI hunqrУ and stаrt nibbl inq later Choosе a.. ' brеЪkfast ihаt wiII give yЪu еnough energy to |аst you t i l l Iunсhtimе--ln who go to sсhooГwit6out brеakiаst peйilrm lеss we|I aсadеmiсally'

rиYтH 2Starсhy foods arе fattening

= tvho orew uр thinkinq thatfoods Iike potatoes, r iсе and breаd are. . .q f ind it hаrb to beIiе1е thаt they arеn,t. What is truе, however, is..еiе foods аrе аn еssеntial pаrt ofЪ wеll-balanсed diet. Fоods whiсh

- , . е a |ot of fаt are pastry, bisсuits and puddings.

Rеodеr,s Digest

.:se to refer peop|e аs well as to things'

:rample--: lvriter whose book you've lent me is Argentinian.-.з movie whose remake we're going to see wаs dirесted by- ".эd Hitсhсoсk.

Combine these pairs of sentenсes using a non.definingгeIative сIаuse with а suitabIe relative pronoun.

€'хtзttzplе-hese shoes were a bargain. I bought them in Paris.

1toвe *tlоa*, w!эiсh t bшg|зt iп Раris, w&re. а bаrgаin-'1 James is a reporter. His father is the editor of a national

newspaper.

Patsy won a |ot of money in a сompetition Iast week. Sheworks in our offiсe.

Тhe Sandy Lane restaurant is a|ways fuI|. Its menu isfamous.

1 0ur nearest restaurant seгves only fish. |t opened |ast year.

1 The сastIe is often used as a setting for fiIms. The ownerof the сastIe is a prinсe.

II

" : r .def in ing relat ive c lauses

. . +|liitrl:I!P|.Ii!\!|в:1|]1ш\|rЙ|!lп|Р1н:i||W\n1t|н\|xli1iq|Й1Ш||!!tl.|||Ёjnнн|\11*гe relative pronoun whose We саn use the re|ative pronoun

@

Noun сIauses15 Combine these sentenсes using noun сlauses.

1 Тhe teсhniсian is exp|aining something. lt'sinсomprehensible.What.She has seen a film' |t's rea|Iy exсiting.ТheMost people hate Monday mornings. I understand why.

You aгe saying something. I don't believe it.

He is doing something. lt is illegal.What

6 They are Iaughing about something. I don't know what itts.

Word searсh16 Read the following text. ln some lines there is an extrа

word that you do not need. Cross out the extra word.тick (/) the five lines that are сorreсt.1 There are two mаin types of newspapers in Britain.2 One of these types of newspapers is being сaIIed3 broadsheets. ln the past, broadsheets whiсh werе printed4 on a |arger shеet of paper than the other type: tаb|oids.5 Most broadsheets are no longer ones printed in a large format .. . .6 but their сontent is still diffеrent from that of the tab|oids.7 Broadsheets feature serious news stories, оommentary8 from whose experts, and art reviews, for example.9 Тab|oids are popu|ar and beсause they write |ess about

10 serious matters and morе than about сeIebrities oг sсandа|s. . .. .

complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theword in braсkets.Wearing сopies of designerс|othes is аn .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wayof keeping up{o-date. (ЕXPЕNSЕ)

Gomplete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverb in braсkets.It's no use (ask) him for money. He's alwaysbroke.Rewrite the fo|Iowing as one sentenсe.I сannot remember the name of the direсtor. His fi|m wasawarded an osсar for the best sсгeenp|ay.

FiII in gаps 1-10 with the best option: A, B, G or D.Cookery writerCooking is a teсhnique to be |earned and Ne||ekeLaunspaсh has her own с|oselу guarded seсrets, and not

reason: the materia|for a сookery bookshe had planned to publish several yearswas sto|en by an assoсiate. Its pub|iсation

resulted a сourt сase in whiсh she hadto prove that the ideas сontained in it were unique|y

. She won, but as 6 result, wasunable 7 the name of her new book, due outthis autumn, just before pub|iсаtion. Wewere not а||owed to photograph herdеmonstrating her originaI teсhnique for steаmingmusse|s, whiсh we enjoyed the first Iunсh-сourse on the terraсe in the oсtober sunshine in Franсe.

1 Awith B for

2 Awhose Bwhom Gwho's Dwhiсh3 Asinсe Bwhi le Cago Dwhen4 Ain Bto Cat Dabout5 Aher Bown Chers Downed6 Athe Bsome Cany Da7 A to revea| B revea|ing G revea|ed D reveа|I Aduring Bfol lowing Cunti l Dfor9 Aon|y B evеn C eveг Djust

10 Aso Bаs c| ike Dsuсh

сD

alniX 4

нi/г i t ing. s ing words сorreсt ly

l - Complete the text on the right with these words andpnrases.. neveгtheIess . аII in alI . aссording to . without doubt. aрaгt from . unfortunately . on the way baсk, on the way there . in high spirits

l\ ' . i t ing сompIex sentenсes

1 ts Use the information in 1-3 to write one complexsentenсe for eaсh, using fewer words.

ЕхвnrltlеSome studеnts from St Andrews Sсhoo| went on the

'Vaгwiсk Cast|e outing |ast week. Тhe outing Was on Friday.-hе students reа||y enjoyed themseIves. [24 words]|hе *tudrrctв f,r*rп st Аndrr.уl* *chаа! шfтр wgшf ош'а*? l:riсlaу,* oаsfinE fu WаrwiaК &аst!* rе'вllу *цjoу*d' Ь еrж*o|vg*, [1 B words]1 The саstIe is around 1,000 years old. It is situated just two

miIes from the M40. |t hаs а programme of enteгtainmentаnd games whiсh take p|aсe every daу' |29 words]

2 From May to September theгe is a Medieva| FestivaI' Youсan exoeгienсe medieva| |ife first-hand. You сan observethe dai|y life of сrаftspeop|e. [23 words]

3 It was a beautiful day. lt was summer. lt was very hotindeed. We hаd Iunch in the speсtaсular |andsсapedgardens. [21 words]

Eхаm trаining .L

Тiming your writing See how long it takes уou to plan' writeand сheсk lhls tаsk. Do this eaсh time уou do anу writing - thiswtll help уou to use уour writing time effectivelу in the eхam'

/ l ' i t ing a student newspaper art ic le

1 9 Write a short artiсle of about 200-250 words fora student newspаper desсribing a visit to a buiIdingof historiсa| interest in your сountry. Don,t forgetto mention:l wheП the visit took plaсe and who eIse went on the visit. Where you went and how you got therе. whЭt you did there. any unusual things that happened. a quote from a person on the visit, how you felt about the visit

%t,gшqнfr ff;"rmщ Жrн

Wаrшiсk СаstlеLast month, our с|ass travеlIed by сoасh to thеhistoriс сast|e in Warwiсk. Thе сast|е is ovеr аthousand years o|d and, ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the guidеbooks, thе sесrеts of its past hidе in thе sЬadows ofits walls.

wе stopped at a motorway serviсestation for brеakfast. As we had left homе at thесraсk of dawn, but without anybreakfast, wе а|l deсided to have baсon, sаusagеsand eggs. Тhе mеal was dеl iс ious but, 4When We got baсk on the сoaсh, Jamеs Johnson,who is not а good trave||er, suddenly bеgan to fеeliII and we had to stop at the next sеrviсе stаtion,whiсh delayed us for about haIf an hour.

, we arrived in good time for our guidedtour of thе сastle.

Тhе саstlе itself is quite magnifiсent аnd thеy haveusеd modеls to rесreate what evеryday Iifе musthavе beеn | ikе сenturiеs ago. leаrningabout Viсtorian lifе from thе сostumed guides, wesаw the Еarl of Warwiсk preparing for his finalbatt|е, and wе | istеnеd to the сhiI l ing tale of thеghost who is said to haunt thе tower. Еvervonе wasexhausted by thе end of thе day. 7 . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . , . , УУehad had a great timе. Fortunatеly, James did notfeеl il l 8 so wе arrivеd on timе at thеsсhooI, wheгe wе аlI went our sepaгate ways.

, the visit was a peгfeсtway to disсovеr our history andenjoy oursеlvеs with our с|assmatesаnd teaсhers.

@

qReading

Six sentenсes are missing from the artiсIe. Read theartiсIe аnd сhoose from sentenсes A-G the one whiсhfits eaсh space. There is one sentenсe you do not need.

At the time, sсientists were p|anning to let a herd ofthe horses roаm wild over an aгea in the south ofFгanсe without humаn intervention in а pioneeringstudy of thеir naturaI behaviour.

Claudia deсided to faоe the сhal|enge by сoming upwith a p|an to fenсe off a vaIley, provide a sourсe ofwater and start again with the right animals.

.What a сreepy p|ace,,whispered C|audia as theyentered the оhi||y grotto.

'lt looks just Iike the frieze,'Claudia shouted injubi|аnt mood,

During а later trip to Еranсe, Claudia visited a zoowhere half a dozen Mongolian horses were on view.

Тhe toughest сha|Ienge was to сonvinсe zoomanаgers to send her their best horses for breeding.

Bасk home in Zuriсh, Clаudiа made spaсe amongthe animal posteгs сrowding her bedroom waIls foг apostсard of the сave horses.

A girl,a horsе

and a dreamStuсk in the hot baсk seat of the fаmi|y сar,

Claudia Feh gгoaned when heг motheгannounсed that a сave Was their next stop. 0nho|iday in south-western Franсe, the fami|y soon

aгrived at the Lasсaux Cave.

But she had a stunning surprise. Lit by e|eсtriс |ightbu|bs, a proсession of amazing anima|s гoamеd the roсksabove her heаd. Afrieze of e|even |ittle horses сonfronted her.with big hеads and brist|y upright manes. One guarded its foaI:another kiсked its baсk |egs up in the aiг. '|t's |ike a family,'thegirl muttered.2 ...... shе also began to |ook up information about the horsespаinted by сavemen ,17,000 years ago. Тo her amazement, shefound that the primitive horse of Mongolia (or Przewalski'shorse, afteг theiг Po|ish disсoverеr), the с|osest reIative of allmodern brеeds, was stil| a|ive.3 ...... Peering exсited|y at them, CIaudia аt first thought thehoгses had wandered out of the сave paintings. 'Just |ikeLasсaux,' Claudia thought. Тhen she notiсed the vaсant |ook inthe сreаtures' brown eyes. 'They shou|d be free in the wi|d, |ikethey used to be,' she thought.

From university, C|audia followed the projeсt withinterest. Then shе eagerly aссеpted a p|aсe on the гesearсhteаm. After а whi|e the horses, сondition deterioгated and theprojeсt was not а suссess, but C|audia, despite her fгustration,did not give up. From her rеsearсh she knew that if a herd hadbeen brought up togetheг, they wou|d be ab|e to survive. lt wasvital to allow them to form stable family groups by themselves.5 ...... she reсeived a |ot of suppoгt and sponsoгship. Herinstinсts and enthusiasm eventua||y pаid off. Тhгee foа|s wereborn in the reserve, and, with her suссess, C|audia wonreсognition, |t had been worth al| the hard work. Now herexpеrtise is sought after by sсientists p|anning the return of thеMongo|iаn horse to its lаst wild home - the Gobi desert.

@

] Read the text quiсkly and answer the questions.1 Where is the Lasсaux Cave?2 What did C|audia see on the walIs of thе сave?3 Where does Claudia l ive?4 When weгe the paintings mаde?5 Who origina||y disсovered thе primitive Mongolian horse?6 Why did the horses in the zoo have a .vaсant Iook'?7 Was the гeseaгсh projeсt in the south of Franсe

suссessfuI?I What was the problem?9 Where do sсientists intend to return the Mongolian

hoгse?.0 Was Claudia's plan a suссess?

n'осabularyj The pairs of verbs in ,|-3 are аII in the text. Mаtсh the

'vords with their meanings, a or b.1 . spot. gaze

a Iook at steadily for a long timeb notiсe suddenly

2 . wander. strol la go for a slow, leisurelY walkb walk s|ow|y in no partiсu|ar direсtion

3 .whisoer. mutteгa speak veгy quietly so that others сan't hearb speak in a Iow' quiet and sometimes angry voiсe

. = , ,,vеeks ago, stro|ling past the site, C|audia spotted eIеven. ::s On the ridge. As she watсhеd them, a foаl гan сirсles. : lts mother, then kiсked up its Iegs and ga|loped off. 6 ......

:: : moment, she was a сhi|d agаin, gazing spe||bound at a, . эainting. Thanks to her determination, the horses of

. : : - a .;X had gal|oped out of the сave - to |ifе.

7'niс 5

4 Find another three words in the text, eасh of whiсhmeans the sаme thing аs one of the pairs in 1-3.

spor, gazewander, strollwhisper, muttеr

5 Now сompIete sentenсes ,|-6 with one of the verbsfrom 4 in the сorreсt form.,t We weгen't in a hurry, so We .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . a|ong the r iver

bank before going baсk to the сar.2 My friend leaned towards me and the answer,

but the teaсher heard her.3 Amу |oving|y at the kittens; she сouIdn't take

her eyes off them.4 Mark when his mother suggested visiting

another museum.5 |t was a beautifu| sight _ the hoгses .. aII over

the valley.6 We a fox in the garden yesterdaу, but it ran

away аs soon as it saw us.

Phrasal verbs with up

6 In eaсh pаir of sentenсes, matсh the phrasaI verbs initаliс with their сorrect meaning, a or b.1 Nobody believes me but l'm going to give up smoking!2 The gunmаn deсided to give himseIf up to the poliсe.

a suгrender b stop3 l was brought up in the сountry.4 Who brought up the question of money at the meeting?

a introduсed b grew up5 We have сome up against a |ot of red tape, l'm аfrаid.6 Have you сolne up with an answer to the prob|em уet?

a thought of b faсed a diffiсu|tyWe are hoping that sales will plck up afler the summerholidays.I think l'II pick up |ta|ian quite easiIy as l know Frenсh.a improve b learn informallyMy brothers а|ways stand up for me if l'm having аnargument at home,

10 You should learn to stand up fo bullies!a defend yourself against b support

Now use the phrasaI verbs in 6 to сompIete thesesentenсes.1 I always my friends if they are in trouble.2 Ithink I 've managed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a solut ion to our

oroblem!3 lt's pouring with rain at the moment but they did say on the

foreсast that the weather might .... ' . .... ' . ... Iater on today.4 My paгents Were . . . . . . . .

mountains.in a smal lv i l lage in the

5 I know that too muсh сhoсolatе's not very good foг youbut I don't th ink | сouId i t . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . '

12з

Rеodеr,s Digеst

Ф

Personal qual i t ies

8 Match the words 1-4 to the сorreсt definitions а-d.aptitude a a natural ability to do something wellqua|ities b the abi|ity to do something espeсia||y

physiсaI or manuaIc naturaI abi|ity to aсquire or Iearn a skil|d good оharaсteristiсs

9 Complete the sentenсes with the words in 8, 1-4.1 He Ieaгned his сarpentry .... .... .. from his father.2 She has a remarkable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foг |anguages. She

really should study them at university.3 She hаs aIl the of a good teaсher: patienсe,

sense of humour and dediсation.4 He has a gгeat musiсaI and hе сan p|аy any

tune after he has heaгd it just onсe.

10 CompIete the word maps with the сharaсteristiсs thatyou assoсiate with the сareers.

. ana|ytiса| . €Fеative. inte||igib|е . independent

. hаs initiative . inspiгed . inspiring . instinсtive . intuitive

. сharmiщr. organised . рr€}rt+еa|.. energetiс . good speaker

11 Use the words in ,|0 to сomplete these sentenсes.1 My best friend is

He/She should be a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SuссessfuI |awyers are ..аnd.. ' . . . ' . . . . . . . . .Suссessfu| асtoгs are .....ano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SuссessfuI musiс ians are . . . . . . . . . . . .and.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 Complete the сonversation using these expressions.. I think you shou|d . |f I wеre you, . Why don't you think abou:. You сouldFather 1,.. working in the university ho|idays. l 'd Iook for аг

offiсe job.Kerry oh, no Dad. I сan't stand the thought of working

indoors all the time.Father 2... |ook for a job in faгming or bui|ding. Then you'd

be outside all the time.Kerry You may be right but I don't |ike getting wеt.Fаther oK, you don't want to be in аn offiсe, you don't

want to be outside in the rain.3... get a job whereyou move around a Iot but don't alwаys have to beoutside or inside!

Kerry Can you think of a job wherе | сan do that?Father No, | сan't but a... do some reseаrсh on the Internet

Funсt ionsSt imuIus.based disсussion

13 Ana|yse the materiаl presented below аnd answer thequestions.

Desсribe the oiсtures.What qua|ities do spoгtsmen and women need to oothese spoгts?What information does the table show?What do you understand by the expression peakpeiormance?What spoгts are you good at, or wouId Iike to be good аt

12

3 ski l l4 talent

12

34

Nothing suссееds likе suссеssWhiсh аre the most important for aсhieving peаk performanсe?

1 Diеt П 4 Stгength П2 Stamina - 5 Аdеquate rest ]

3 Proper hydгation П 6 Regu|ar tгаining П

# I

ffir

@

r rammar" siu

::st s impIe or past perfeсt?" А Put the verbs in braсkets into the сorreсt form: past

simple or past perfeсt.

:].:;эЁfJfg-he сompany р;.а&fя*iз*d (pubIish) thе сhildren,sэlсyсlopedia 25 yeаrs аg0.

1 Thе author of what is now a best-sel|ing nove|..... (never / write) a book befoге.

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . (you / have) any exper ienсe ofbusiness before you (start) up your ownсompany?

3 The first amusement Park(appeaф in this area about 20 years ago.

4 Before | . . . . . . . . . . . (arr ive) in Br i ta in, I. (not i expeсt) to find |earning the

Ianguage so diffiсuIt.5 l . . . . . . . . . . . . (go) baсk home beсause I

. (foгget) my passport.6 l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (r ing)the bеlI , . . . . (wait)

for a few minutes, then . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (try) toopen the door.

7 The audiеnсe (give) the performeгa standing ovat ion. They . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (never /heaф anyone as talented before.

8 Whi|е Tim was trying to deсide what to do with his Iife, he... . (сome) aсгoss an adveгt isement in

the |oсa| paper.

: зst perfeсt simple or past perfeсt continuous?. j Use these verbs in the past perfeсt or the past perfeсt

сontinuous to сompIete sentenсes 1-5.. foгget . think . study . make . trave| . walk

..:.эs?Ёfff*:э.:# &**gз ът*Jнз*g а|l daу and my feet fe|t as if they

эid not be|ong to mе.

Unix 5

Narrative tenses

16 Read the artiсIe about reсord Iаbel boss James LavelIe.Put the verbs in braсkets into the сorreсt form: pаstsimp|e, past сontinuous, past perfeсt or past perfeсtсontinuous.

y the oge of 12, he I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (persuode) hismum to give him o yeor,s poсket money oI l ot onсe.Now his independent reсord |oЬeI Мo,Wоx is oneof the mоst suссessful in thе |ond. And he,s on|v 24.

|, i Ё ,\r

{, ,\ , .3,!,1

Tlu;t

{

' "1

Johnny Dovis meets Jomes Lovelle..]omеs Love||е knows о thing or fulo oЬout pull ing off thе

unехpeсtеd. Тhough his Мo,Wox ]сЬeI smосks оf Аmеriсonstrееt сu|ture, his ,strеet,

wou|d Ьe onе inmlddie-сloss Oхford, homе of thе dгeoming spires, wnеrе nе

: (grow) Up. Нis fother, o iоwуеr, fu l|y(ехpeсt) h]s son to go to universi1у os thе гest

of thе fomi|y {do) Ьrfoге him. But Jоmes. (hоve) other ideos Нoving persuoded his

mum to givе him o уеoгЪ poсket money in one go, hеiЬuу) о poir of tuгntоЬlеs ond so

,1 | . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . (often)of staгt ingup феgin) his сoгeеr os o Dj. By the t imе hе wos ]Z, hе

in business on my own but never had the.our"ug. й go wьll" ь. n .... l::::,ъ.)il3J:::Ц*:Ы:ь.*l;i t a|one. с rесoгding сompony in London, hе ]O . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . (moke)

2 The f i rm . ' . . . . . . . . . . . сars for many o dесis io i to stoгt Uр his оwn pгoduсt ion ouif i t . Heyears before they deсided to diversify and start . (woгk) os с DJ when he . {bеgin]manufaсturing сyс|es as wel|. to writе o геgulor сo|umn in o musiс mogozine. Shrеwоry, ne

3 My gгandparents . . . . . . . . . l ' . (use) this сolumn to Onnounсе his

(neveфabroadbeforetheywentontheirtr ipto|taIy. in iеnt ion to stort his own reсord |oЬe|. Whotla

4 | . . . . . . . Spanish for seven (hoppen) . nоxt, o сonstоnt strеom of superЬ|y рoс[.оgеdyeаrs before I made the deсision to сarгy on with it at rе|еosеs, . (еоrn) him on unrivо||ed ieputotion on

university. |he British musiс sсеne.

5 I phoned the dentist's surgery as soon as t realised thatI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . my appointment.

Ф

Adjeсtive or adverb?

Adjeсtives fo|lowing сertаin verbs Аfter verbs expressиg feelingsaлdsensаfloлs, or a сertain state, We use adjeсtives, not adverbs'These are: be, seem, appear, Ioolt sound, smeI|, tаste, feeI, beсome, oet'EхampleТhe food looks dе|iсious. = Thе food hаs а de|iсious appearanсe.Remember that tle rule is onlу true и fhis seлse of the above verbs'/л olher seлses, We сan IJse adverbs, for eхample:The deteсtive|ooked suspiсous|y at the thiеf.

Use these words in their аdjeсtive or adverb form toсomplete sentenсes 1-6.. slow . hard . noisy . happy . OaSy . wondeгfuI

1 You сan't . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . teасh yourse|f to speаk anotheгlanguage.

2 Petra looks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , doesn't she? She hasn't stoppedsmil ing al l morning.Тhe roses sme|I Who gave you them?Тhe tгaffiс Was so that | оouldn't get anysleep.

5 Can you p|ease speak а l i t tIe more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .? lcan'tquite understand what you're saying.

6 We've been woгking so ............... today that we hаven'thad time for lunсh.

Adverb сlauses

18 Matсh sentenсe beginnings 1-6 to endings a-f.1 James took a yeaг's poсket money in one go ...2 |f Jаmes hadn't borrowed the poсket money from his

motheг, .,.3 James Was so suссessfu| ...4 When James was sti|l at sсhool, ...5 James eventually got what he wanted .,.6 He sought the he|p of a major reсord IabeI сompany ...a so that hts own labelwould be able to survtve.b he was already working as a DJ.с that he is now earning a lot of money.d he would never have been so suссessfur,e beсаuse he wanted to buy а paiг of turntab|es.f although it wasn't easy.

19 Now сompIete these sentenсes in your own words.'l lf I have time tonight, I ...2 l bought this diсtionary beсause .,.3 When I was very young, ...4 The test was so easy that ,..5 Although I don't feel very well this morning, ...6 I am studying Еng|ish so that '..

1 CompIete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in braсkets.

"r When | (rea|isе)Maгtin1:r (not take) his key, Ii., (deсidе) to |eаve the door:i. un|oсked.

17

2 Complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thel words in brасkets.. Ji|| used her enormous (CRЕAТE) whi|e

workrng for The Posf as a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (COLUMN).

' 3 Rewrite the foIIowing as one sentenсe, using the. word in braсkets'

Pau| was afraid. He deсided to enter the room. (spite)

4 Complete the seсond sentenсe so it means the sameas the first.Heгbert hаs a|wаys been friend|y towards me"Herbert has always treated me . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Fill in gaps 1-'10 with a suitable word. Use one wordon|y in eасh gap.

photographed and саta|ogued by my trusted assistant of22уears, Debbie, and then p|aced on a b|oсk аnd kept ina temperаture-сontrolled room on the third f|oor of myhouse..And the stage and ТV сlothes, pагtiсu|аrly

.. . . that won her a plaсe on the annual l ist ofWorst Dressed Аmeriсan Women yеar 6 . . . . . . . . . ' . . ' . Уearin the 1960s аnd 1970s? .Тhey сou|d be pretty extreme _to the extent that a |ot of peop|e only tuned in to the Soллyand Chershow to see what l7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wear ing. Mostwere designed by Bob Maсkie аnd he has kept them all.They go to exhibitions, or on loan to museums. lt's almostas o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they have a l i fe of their own. ' Chersays this with the deadpan intonation of one who findsnothing suгprising more. But then sne

seen and done it all!ir:i 'фl:{il.; ' l.. l.,. ':.;.+

34

ii Cher artistryi1 Cher was аnd still a phenomenon. Anothеr

9uy' аnother new pгojeсt, and another new wig to go' t it! But 3 happens to them all?+i

.We|l,'says Cher, . Еасh I wear is

@

Writ ingЭгganis ing an argument for and against

.]0 Whiсh pаragraph in the сomposition suggests the ideasa-d?a Suссess probab|y depends on both abi|ity and |uсk.b Тhere are two points of view about suссess.с Suссess is determined by abi|ity.d Suссess is often a matter of who VoU are.

3*ес.еss ёs not o mottеr o{ choncе

_ sцcc.еss сs somе|hСь1 thot vеrу {еиl

pеoylе ochСеуe с.otn2kcеlу сn thеir lсуeso

ьl+l,'oa1h 'aost 2еo2lе d.o tnononе to

lцl{сl thеСr oсtas frottt tс"Йе to tс'Йe.

}otnе 2еo2lе soу thoi sцeс,еss /.e2еn&s

cn ЬеСь1 ёь thе fсз^+ 2loc-е ot the rсn^с

titnе uhсle othеrs ofnце tlat trце

sцс.с:еss d-е2еn&s еntСrеlу oь oЬilч.

. дs {or os I с:oь seе7 s|.ccеssfцl 2еo2lе

уе o{tеn vеrу co2oЬlе oьd. shoиl

ьstoьСshin1 Сolеь{ ёь thеСr ehosеь |cеll.s.

ahеse 2еo2lе hoуе olso taod-е o d-еtertnСnеd

е#ort to rеoc.h с^е l\есз^ts e{ t|\есf

pro{еssёon, o{tеь s|ad-усьn or troс^.^n

iorl {or "'a^у уеors Ье{orе reochf,ьn с^есf

1ools..- oь thе othеr

^o^&' сt сs elеor thot

ьеёьn Ьorn ёьto o {вtaсlу uhich co^ Pfo|сaе

loц uith |hе rс1h* stott сn lс{е оnцst Ье

.-oцьtеd os o 1rеot oАrontonе. А sеcеnё

otvoьtonе сs t^ot tt1o^у sцccеssfцl

polсtсcсons, Ьasсnеss 2ee2k, еtе.

xtte^d.еd- цьСуеrsСtСеs t.lhеrе {heу tае{

pеo2lе o{ t^е so?nе сь|еllё1еt.c.e lercl

en/. ЬocК1foцnd. os thеtasеlvеs, thцs

тaok{.ь1 цsе{цl contocts'

Unix j

Presenting an argument21 Find the expressions in the сomposition on the Ieft

whiсh hаve a simiIаr meаning to ,|-8.

1 oссasionalIy2 the way I see it3 сonverseIy4 anotheг positive thing5 therefore6 to summarise7 support the view8 сonditions

Suppoгting your arguments Make reсommendations orsuggest alternative soiutioлs for both sides of уour argument ifposslb/e, This wilI show that уou have thought positivelу aboutboth points of view before making уour own final conсlusions'

Writing an essay22 Use the notes and ideаs beIow to write an essay in

200-250 words. Present your argument with somephrases from 2'1.

. To sцta u2э ёt ьloцld Ье uroьn to

ьssl/с?v.e thot slLс;с:еss d.е2еь&s еxclusсvеlу

е{thеr oь oЬсlс+у of o^ lцck. I'

реrsoьoll|ь o"n iь {oуoцr o{ thе orxьtnеnt

thot Сt d-еpеьLs oь Ьoth o| t^еsе {octors

an& thвt uСthoцt еСther oЬсlссу or lцck

^o sцс.r.еss l!сll еуer Ье ochСеtе&,

Art orlvaLe LraпэPo€ эhouldЬe Ёanned €rorn Еo.^sn aпdсLLg cе^L(еэ.IпLroduсLioп

oЬvlouз / Lrq€Сtc a yoЬiem

Еndleэ5 argumeпLэ aЬouL эoluLlon

Т1.,e argumenL €or

AаvaпLa3eэ1 г\o more сongеэLlon. / эa€е

рeaeзLriй-onlg zoneз ) no рoltuLloгr

ReеommепdaLlonэl qllo^r dellverleэ qnd рuЫLс

LronэPorL ЬэL Ьqn р'rlvaLe LraпзPorL

щDlэqdvqпLq8eз: L^сonveпLепL qпd unрoрular

AlLernqLlve зoluLlonэl crеq|-е more сqr Pq(Lэ

) еЬar3e cqrэ for drlvсч LпLo сLL9 cевLrеэ

,z aшo,s сar5 Lп oгr alLernqLe da9э

сoпсluslon

Your o^sn conсluэLon3., (eqФr\э €or 9ouroРLпLoг\

Summln8 UPl 9с)Ur overqll сonеlu5lon

cl)

Reading1 Read the text quiсkIy and сomplete the notes.

1 Nаme of the сreature on the mountain:2 Name of the mountain: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Size of the сreature: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Year of the best known inсident: . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . .5 Aсt ion taken by Pгofessor CoII ie: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Most Iike|y exp|anаtion: phenomenon known

as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Тhе enсounters fгequentIy involve eхpеrienсedсl imbers aссustomed to mountain сondit ions,inс|uding weIl-known upIands enthusiasts, forеxamp|e aсtor Br ian Blessed. Strange andinexp|iсab|e sounds are thе most сommonly arguedover phenomena, though oссasiona||y fear-striсkenwitnеssеs speak of seeing a mysterious three-metrе-high grеy f iguге str iding through the mist _ henсethe |еgend of the Big Grey Man.

Еaсh yеar, the repoгts сontinuе, and Iike thе LoсhNess monstеr, thе Big crеy Man attraсts his fair shareof сranks, hoaxеrs, UFo* hunters and еven rеligiouspilgrims. Yet at thе hеart of thе hysteria, theгеpеrsists a сonstant strеam of rеports made by rеliableindividua|s, not given to pIaying triсks on feIlowmountaineers.

onе of thе best-known inсidеnts oссurrеd in1890, involving Profеssor Norman Co||iе of theUniversity of London. Whilе he was making his waydown from the desertеd summit of Ben MaсDui, hesuddеnly beсame aware of footsteps behind him.,For еvеry fеw stеps I took, I heard a сrunсh, as ifsomeonе was wа|king aftеr me, but with rеgularmovеmеnts, taking steps thгее or four times thеIength of my own., Professor Сollie Was a high|yrespeсted sсholar who did not tolеrate foo|ishnessand yet he pub|iс|y testifiеd to this. ,I was seizеd withterror and took to my heels, staggering blindlyamong bou|dеrs for four or fivе miIes and eventual|ymaking foг thе Rothiemurсhus Forest.,

Еxperts have sought a sensib|e thеory to exp|ainaway the footsteps and thе other strangе sounds asmere|y the aсtion of the wind howling through thеnarrow gu||ies, or roсks expanding and сontraсtingwith сhanges in temperature, whi|e sightings arеdismissed as other сIimbers, trees, deеr аnd whir|ingsnow. A more p|ausib|е explanation is сonnесtedwith an optiсal phenomenon known as the Spесtгеof the Broсken, whiсh was first observed on the HarzMountains of northеrn cеrmany. The effeсt oссuгswhen the sun,s low angle сasts the observer,s shadowon an opaque wall of mist, resulting in the apparitionof a greyish figure, distorted and magnified as if in afаirground mirror.

Тhe truth behind the enigma brings a steady floи.of speсtrе hunters to the Сairngorm rеgion еaсhyear. Despite thе Big Grey Man,s enduгing аttraсtion"for Pгofessor Сo|Iie thе tеrror of one enсountеr wasmorе than еnough. ,Тhere is somеthing very stгangеabout thе t ip of Ben MaсDui, аnd l know l wi|| not gсbaсk thеге again by myself,, he deсlarеd. Нe nеvеrset foot on the mountain again.

FllllTSTEPSlШ T}lЕ MlsT

Yeti in the UK? The Sсottish Сairngorms, itsеems/ Iay с|aim to theiг Vегy own Abominab|еSnowman, for the footsteps in thе title be|ong

to the Big Grey Man of Ben MaсDui. tor more than20О уеars, hiI l wa|kers and mountainеers havereportеd eеriе happenings on the ruggеd slopеs ofBеn MaсDui, Sсot land,s sесond highest mountainafter Bеn Nеvis.

@

* UFo: Unidеnt i f iеd F|уing objесL cNЕR magaziг=

Ехom trаiningMu|tip|e-сhoiсe questions Аfter уou have chosen уourenswer, сheck all the other options again againstthe teхttonake sure thev are not сorrect'

2 Read the text again and сhoose the best аnswer' an b, сor d, for questions 1-5.'l Ben MaсDui is a mountain in the Sсottish Cairngorms

witha the highest peak in SсotIand.b gentle foothills for walking.с few tourists and visitors.d rough, uneven suгfaсes'

2 Many of those who сIimb Ben MaсDui area terrified аt the thought of seeing the famous Big Grey

Man.awaгe of what сan happen in the mountаins.famous for their knowledge of strange phenomena.unaссustomed to hearing stгange sounds.

3 As Professor CoI|ie desсended the mountain in 1B90, hea saw a strange сreature running between some

boulders.heard some irregular movements behind him.beсame aware that he was being fol|owed.notiсed something that made him too frightened tomove.

4 The most likely explanation of the sightings of the BigGrey Man is thata the сreature was another с|imber on the mountain.b an animaI сouId resembIe a human in a bad

snowstoгm.the shape is a paгtiсu|ar triсk of the Iight in themountains.he is merely a shadow of a tree against the mist.

5 lf Pгofessor Co|Iie hadn't heaгd the footsteps, heа would never have gone baсk down the mountain.b might have с|imbed the mountain again'с wouId have to|d peop|e about them.d wouldn't have сIimbed the mountain again.

llnix 6

Voсabu IaryPrepositions3 complete sentenсes ,|-8 with the сorreсt preposition.

. in . of . on . to . through . with

1 Еxpeгienсed с|imbeгs aгe usual|y aссustomed ......stгange mountain сonditions.

2 Professor ColIie was not a man to play triсks ...... hisfellow mountaineers.

3 He was prepared to testify ...... the faсt that he hadheard footsteos.

4 He was seized ...... terгor when he heard the footsteps.5 Тhe wind was how|ing .... ' . the trees.6 The sightings mаy have been сonneсted ...... an optiсa|

i l lusion.7 Тhe i|Iusion сan гesu|t ...... the observer seeing the

shape of a figure.8 The terror ...... hearing the eerie footsteps was enough

to stop him going baсk'

Words that go together

4 Matсh the adjeсtives in itаIiсs to the сorreсt expIаnation,аorb.1 eerie happenings

a interesting b strange2 ineхpliсable sounds

a unbelievable b unexplainable3 fear-striсkenwitnesses

a iIl b teгrified4 mуsterious figuгe

а wel|.known b unidentified5 plausibleexplanation

a unbeIievab|e b сredibIe6 opticalphenomena

a something seen b something hearс7 opaque wall

а transparent b diffiсuIt to see through8 enduring attraсtion

a lasting b likeable

bG

d

bG

d

CD

Mystery and imagination

5 Choose the best word a, b or с, to сomplete thesentenсes.1 Тhe man appeared to waIk through the waII! |t must have

oeen aa magiс b triсk с mystery

2 When he saw an eag|e attaсk a smaI|eг bird, he had аthat a disaster was going to happen.

a prediсtion b pгemonition с antiсipation3 After foгty days in thе dеseгt, the prophet |ooked up and

had a . of a fiery оhariot raсing aсross the sky'а V|eW b fanсy с vision

4 Although she сIaimed to have seen a ghost, there mustbe a less explanation.a rationaI b гeasonable с irrationа|

5 one of the strangest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 've ever had oссurredthree years ago On a сo|d winteг night.a experienсes b experiments с fee|ings

6 Harry's blood froze when he heard a ... sсгeam.a terrifiс b terrifying с terrify

7 Have you read аny of ЕdgarAlаn Poe's taIes? He had anextraordinarya fantasy b imaginary с imagination

8 Aссording to |egend, vampires are extreme|yto daylight.a sensib|e b insensib|e с sensitive

9 Don't reаd this book when you are on your own. |'venever been so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in my whole l i fe.a sсагed b a|armed с paniсked

10 Peop|e are so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . They aссept the mostridiсuIous things as faсts.a сredulous b inсredibIe с сredib|e

Adverbs

6 compIete sentenсes ,|-6 with the correсt adverb.. oссasiona||y . high|y . сommon|y . mere|y . pub|iс|y. blindly

1 Peter rаn down the hi|I in terror, staggering ............ ' . .between the trees and bouldeгs.James Brown is a ............... гespeсted sсientist.I had visited the mountain but wаs not fami|iarwith the different гoutes uo it.

7 Put the words in brackets in the сorreсt order.Journаlist I beIieve Vou saw whаt vou think mioht be a biс

Fаrmer

сat, suсh as a puma or mountain |ion, on yourfarm. Can you tell me where you saw the animal.|t was near some sheep. l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tгratstгuсk / |t / me) there must be a prob|embeсause the sheep Were Very frightened.

... (notiсed / I / then / that) therewas a lагge wi|d сat in the сorner of the field.How big was it?Let me think ... ... (would / I / it /was / say) more than a metre long.|s there аnything eIse that you сan teII us?It had a |ong tai| and 4. ' . . . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . . (d ist inсt|уremember / l) its eyes - they were yellow.

... (say / but / сan't / сertаin / I / forI think it was b|aсk or daгk brown.

Funсt ionsStimulus.based disсussion8 Analyse the mаterial presented beIow аnd аnswer the

questions.

JournаlistFarmer

JournalistFаrmer

23

Тhe Pennine range of mountains isthe bасkbone of Eng|and'Тhe сIimbers testified that they had heardfootsteps behind them on the deserted mountainSure|y the noise was thе branсh of a treebeating against the window!

Known as

1234

Пtтls0GlПl BEllAUl0U t ll ]|ltEllт0 PEпs0]|AllтY llls0пllEtsSсhools and familiоs

сould do morr tostop bad bеhaviour

Desсribe the oiоtures.What sort of behaviour is .antisoсial'?

What information do the headlines give us?What other reasons сan Уou think of for antisoсialbehаviour?What do you think сan be done to enсourage peop|e tobehave гesponsibIy?

@@

l

l

GrammarGrammаr

Present modals

9 UnderIine the modals in sentenсes 1-9, аnd then matсhthem with meanings a-h.1 Еveryone in the сIass must study harder. .....2 That must be our new teaсher. .....3 | сan гemember my early сhiIdhood very с|ear|y. .....4 You сan't be hungry. We,ve just had Iunсh! .. ' . .5 May I ask you a favouг? . ' ...6 We might be able to go саmping with you next summer.

7 You mustn't tell anyone what I've just told you! .....8 You needn't get up early tomorrow. It's the weekend. .....9 You shou|d think сarefu||y before spending your hard-

earneo money.. . . . .

afniX i6

11 Reаd the сonversаtion about сoinсidenсe аnd сompIetethe text with аn appropriate past modaI and the сorreсtform of the verb in braсkets. More than one answermay be сorreсt.

Dan Тhеre,s no suсh thing as сoinсidеnсe, you know. i

Тraсy of сouгse thеre is! Let mе te|l you about a.

rеal|y weird thing that happenеd to me a fеw

years ago.Dan Oh, what was that?Traсy Wel|, when I was still at sсhool, I was quite

talI for my age and al| the boys I knew weге

shorter than I was. So, I inventеd this

boyfriend сal|ed Alan Davies. And then, I

don,t know exaсt ly why, but | 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(forgеt) aIl about him beсause l stopped

thinking about him.Dan WеII, that,s not muсh of a сoinсidenсе, is it?

l t 2 . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . (happеn) to anybody!

Tracу Hang on a minute! l haven,t finishеd.

Anyway, one night, some timе later, I wеnt to

a danсe. l t 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) aгound Chr istmas

time. lt (take) plасe in thе

summer bесausе l rеmеmbеr it was frеezing

сo|d outside.Dan And .. .?Tracу ... and at the dаnсe, l met this mаn. He was

Very niсе and he said his name was Alan. He

was also very tall. So, l started to remеmber

this boyfriеnd I,d invеntеd.

a permrssr0nb possibilityс a |ogiсa|exp|anation

(two answers)d ability

prohibitiona lасk of neсessityan obligationadviсe

efgh

Рast modaIs and meaning

10 Whiсh past modal in sentenсes 1-6 сan express themeanings а-f?1 You can't have fиlshed your homework alгeady. |t's on|y

taken ten minutes!

abсda

EI

I could have passedthe exam but I didn't do enoughгevision.I haven't heard from Sam yet but he mrghf have phonedwhile I wаs out.I сan't find my keys. I must have /osf them.You needn't have brought an umbrella. lt's not going torа|n.You shou/d have told me about the party. It wasn'tsupposed to be a seсret

abilitypossibilityobligationсertaintyIaсk of neсessityimpossibility

of сourse not! Hе o

mad oг something!

(think) I was

Dan But you (tеll) him, you know. He(bе) able to exp|ain the mystery

- Why it happenеd! l meаn you 9

(tе|l) him everything * iust that it was a name

you,d invented for somе reason!

Traсу Ьerhaps, but whethеr l shou|d or 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(not/te||) him doеsn,t matter now!

Dan Why not?Тraсy Beсause wе,ve beеn going out together

ever sinсel

Dan

Traсy

DanTraсу

But it s (bе) thе samе person.

45

You,d inventеd him!Еxaсtly! But then, later, heDаvies - A|an Davies.So, did you tell him about

said his namе Was

it?

@

Negative modаI verbs in the perfeсt form When we need fo use аnegative modal in the peleсtform (e'g' сouId have done/, иze puf notafter the modal verb. not afterhave.ЕxamplesShe might not hаve got the |etter. Nor She might hаven.t gоt the |ef;e*You oughtn't to hаvе forgotten. NoТl

12 choose the сorreсt а]ternаtive to сompIetesentenсes 1-5.1 Sure|y you cou|d not have forgotten / сould hаve not

forgotten about the party we're going to on Saturday?2 Going to the beaсh in Marсh might not have been /

might have been the best ideа, but we enjoyed the wa|kalong the sea in the rain.

3 You should not hаve bought / shouId hаve not boughtme а present but l appгeсiate the very kind thought.

4 l'm g|ad We |eft ear|ier. We wouId have not сaught /would not have сaught the train otheгwise.

5 I should not have brought / should have brought anumbreIla! There's not a с|oud in the sky.

Logiсal explanat ions

13 Write three sentenсes using modаls to expIain thesituations in 1-5. Write in your notebook.ЕхаmplеJohn's been at the poIiсe station for two hours.t|a must bo on dutу.tle might hаve been аrrested.tle could be reporting a robbarу.1 Mаria's been сrying.2 l hаven,t heard from Mike late|y.3 Тhe f|at next door hаs been empty for 3 weeks.4 There's smoke сoming fгom that o|d building over there.5 That's Russe|l oveг theгe, isn't it? | thought he'd gone on

holiday.

Еrror сorreсtion14 Find and correсt аny mistakes in these sentenсes.

1 The Pyrаmids in Еgypt сouIdn't have built withoutthousands of people to help in the work.

2 We needn't have to worried about the test beсause itwas easy.

3 Switch on the answering maсhine beсause Mum mighthad phoned while we were out.Тhat dreadfuI new housing deve|opment ought to havebeing stopped.Aссording to the weather foreсast, it may snow tomorrow.

CompIete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in braсkets.Wi|d anima|s have . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . (|NsТ|NсТ) fear any kindof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (CAPT|VЕ)

Comp|ete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in braсkets.It's the third time tonight somebody(telephone) me and (apologise)for

(get) the wrong number.CompIete the sentenсe with a suitаble phrase.I ' l l dr ive and . . . . . . . . . . . . up on the way to thetheatre.Rewrite the sentenсe with the word given in braсketsso it has the same meaning.Why did you answer a|| the questions? It wasn't neсessary.You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a l l thequestions. (answerеd)

Rewrite the following as one sentenсe, using theword in braсkets.Тhey were too far away. Тhey сou|dn't hear me. (с|ose)

6 Fill in gaps 1-10 with a suitable word. Use one wordonIy in eасh gap.

Ballooning GloryModern ballooning most people brrngs oneimage to mind: massive hiteсh g|oba| orbiters . And formost people, round-the-world ballooning seems tobe 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u|t imаte сha||enge. But aсcordiпg

those in the ballooning fraternity, there isanother and, some argue, greater сhallenge: ba||ooning tothe North Pole. ln beсoming the first man to get there in ahot air balloon, David Hempleman-Adamsprope||ed himseIf into the reсord books yet аgain. So

is the North Po|e suсh a сha||enoe when thedistanсe аnd a|titudes are modest сompared with theround{he-wor|d effoгts? Apaгt 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . majorsuгviva| сonоerns, suсh 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prediсt ing theweather pаtterns and the dangerous|y |ow temperatures(-40"с)' there is the inсredib|y сomp|ex prob|em ofnavigat ion. You сou|d pass the Po|е 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . everknowing it! And with all the variables of weather, theсhanсes of gett ing anywhere 9 . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . i t areextremely slight. Returning is a(n) greaterunсertainty, and that weighed heavi|y on the team'sminds.

i

i,i]l

- - - --: i - : -- l

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WritingDesсr ib ing peopIe

15 You are going to write a short deteсtive story with thesefour main сharaсters. Matсh the words to the сharaсters(some mаy apply to more than one сharaсter).. with fair hair . smart-looking . of medium height ' elderly. gгey.haired . round-faсed . daгk-haired . with сur|y hair. tall . middle-aged

ffi----(J--

16 Now write a sentenсe to desсribe eaсh person in 15.

Alnit tG

Desсribing Weather17 Use one of these words to desсribe the winter weather

сonditions in a-e. More than one word or phrase maybe possible.. iсy . freezing . temperaturеs . frosty . fa||

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . below zero d a(n) . . ' . . . " " " " ' windb a(n). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n ight e a(n) ofsnowс . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . сold

18 Now сomplete the paragrаph with one of theсombinаtions а-e in 17.|t wаs a . |n London а long |ine ofpassengers quеued impat ient|y in 2 . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . forthe 82 bus, stamping theiг feet in an effort to keep warm. A(n)

was blowing and a . . . . . . . . . .had been ......... sinсe just after middаy. AnearI ier 5 . . . . . . . . . had mаde the nearby sma|loark |ook Iike an iсed сake.

Writing a deteсtive story19 Your deteсtive story is going to be about а murder on a

сrowded London bus. Plan your story.1 Set the sсene using the desсription of the weather in 17 .2 Deсide who is going to be the murder viсtim.3 Invent and introduсe the сharaсter who is going to

investigate the murder, e.g. a famous ,teenage deteсtive'.Intгoduсe аnd buiId up the сharaсters you desсribed in 15as passengers on the bus.Desсribe how the murder was disсovered, e.g. bуanother passenger.

6 Deсide who is going to be the murdereг and why, e.g. agreedy, distant relative wanting to inherit money or ajealous business сo||eague eager foг promotion.

Follow the ideas in ,|9 and the instruсtions beIow towrite your own story in 200-250 words.

20

1

2

3

4

Ехаm trаiningPIanning your writing Deсide on the сharacters, main eventsand ending of a story before уou write the story' Make noteswhile уou are planning to help уou remember details of thesfory as уou write it. Follow this plan:1 Give уour story a title'2 Cheсk that уou have given уour readers at least one сlue'З Don't leave уour readers without a solution! TelI them who

the murderer was and eхplain at the end of the story whуtheу did it'

€D

Read i ng1 Read the аrtiс|e quiсkIy аnd find out whаt the writer

means by'fidgeting'. lgnore gaps 'l-6.

If you wantto gеt flt, gеtfldgеting!1 . . . . . .Forgеt diеting, wеight-lifting and all thosеworkouts, thеy may havе nothing to do withkееping flt _ try fidgеting instеad. This is bесausе,aссording to radiсal nеW lеsеarсh from a US сliniс,tiny exеrсisе pеrformеd oftеn еnough сan havе asbig an еffесt as rigorous еxеrсisе donе lеssfrequеntly.2.. . . . .Life,s fidgеts, thosе сompulsive fоot-tappers, head-noddеrs and fingеr-dtummеrs, havе bееn fоund tobе natural-born wеight losеrs. Thеy may irritateсоllеaguеs and makе their lovеd onеs unеasy withthеir seеmingly outragеous antiсs, but rеsеarсhеrshavе disсovеrеd that sеrial fldgеts сan burn up toten timеs as many сaloriеs a daу as thosе who arеreluсtant to indulgе in suсh involuntarymovеmеnts.

З.. . . . .Еight hours of vigorous foot-tapping, for instanсе,may еqual onе work-out session in thе gym, or 30minutеs of tеnnis. Мany foot-tappеrs havе bееnknown to kееp going for suсh long pеriodsobliviоus of thе faсt that thеy arе doing so.4 . . . . . .one partiсular surgeon in Glasgow walkеd up andthеn down a flight of stairs bеtwееn еvеIyopеration hе сarriеd out. FIе was absolutеlyadamant about stiсking to this еxaсting routinе

and сarriеd it out maybе 12 timеs a daу' Еven whеnhе was sitting down over сoffее, his foot would bеtapping stеadily and his flngеrs drumming onpiano keys that Wеtеn,t thеre. Hе was also in vеrygood physiсal сondition.5.. . . . .Just why somе pеoplе fidgеt and othеrs don,trеmains unсlеar' Howеvet, somе psyсhologistsbelievе fidgеting is only found in partiсularpеrsonality gIoups. Pеоplе who arе anxious, от fееlundеr plеssule aIе among thosе thought to bеplonе to foot.tapping and fldgеting, whiсh arеknown to work as a сomfortеr.6 . . . . . .Nevеrthеlеss, thеrе is a сruсial downside for thosеwho may now havе a сhangе of hеart and sее foot-tapping as a soft option. Apparеntly pеоplе сan,thave it both ways: thеy arе еithеr fldgеts or thеy arеnot - and no amount of training will turn a non-fldgеt into a toе-tappеI. For thеm, alas, thе gymrеmains thе only propel way to stay flt!

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Thе Guаrdioг

Мatсhing headings Before уou look at the headings, try toidentifу the keу points in eaсh paragraph'

2 Matсh headings a_g to the сorreсt paragraph 1_6.Тhere is one heading you do not need.

obsessive but fitness-induсingUnfoгtunate but trueЕxoensive but woгthwhileSmall but effiсientGenetiс but stress-red uсingI rritating but suссessfuIlnvo|untary but effeсtive

3 Reаd the text again аnd deсide if these statements aretrue (T) or false (F).'l Dieting, weight-lifting and workouts have nothing to do

with keeping f i t . . . . . . . . . .2 Frequent smaIl movements сan be as effeсtive аs Iеss

reguIar vigorous exerсise. .........3 Fidgets сonsume far more еnergy during the day than

normal people . . . . . . . . .4 Peop|e who |ose weight irгitate their сol|eagues and |oved

ones.. . . . . . . . .5 30 minutes of tennis is equivalent to a work-out in the

gym... . . . . . . .6 Fidgets may tap their feet for up to eight hours without

knowing what they are doing. .........7 A surgeon in Glasgow walked up and down a flight of

stairs duгing every operation' ' . . ' . ....8 Fidgeting саn inсrease anxiety in сeгtain groups of

peopre. . . . . . . . . .9 Fidgeting is not an option for losing weight available to

everybody. . . . . . . . .,|0 Foot-tapping сan be a sourсe of сomfort to peop|e who

feel under oressure. .........

UnitT

Voсabu laryBody movements4 Matсh the verbs 1-7 to the parts of the body whiсh

usuaIly perform the аctions a-e. More than one answermay be сorreсt.

а fistb handsс headd fingerse foot / feet

1 tap2 nod3 drum4 sсratсh5 с|ap6 stamp7 shake

Whiсh of the aсtions in 4 might you do in thesesituаtions?EхаmpleYou are |istening to some musiс you enjoy.1 You don't know the answer to something.2 You have enjoyed the p|ay at the theatrе.3 You аre сoId and trying to keep warm.4 You are very angry at someone.5 You agree with what someone hаs said.6 You are impatient|y waiting foг something.

top уour foot

Preposit ions and partiсles

6 Gomplete these sentenсes with the сorreсt word.. to . out . about . into

1 William is absolutely adamant not going to thepaгty tonight.

2 |f you stiсk .............. this type of exerсise, you'l| be f it.3 Children aгe very prone ... ' . ......... саtсhing сoIds in

winter.4 l,m sorry, but you сan't turn your bedroom .............. a

gym.5 The hospitа| сaгries about 50 operations a day.

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Adjeсtives

7 Matсh the adjeсtives in itаliс in 1-6 to their meanings ina-f.1 rigorous exerсise2 compulsivefoot-tappers3 natural-born

weight-losers4 vigorousfoot-tapping5 involuntary movements6 an eхaсting routine

Complete these sentenсes with one of the phrases 1-6in 7.1 The bird was making odd . . . . . . . . . ' ' . . . . with i ts neсk.2 . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . оan aсtua||y be damaging foryour hea|th.3 Peop|e who f idget аre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Athletes fo l low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to keep f i t .5 Appaгent|y сan do permanent damage to

youг toes and heels'6 ............... aгe often very good danсers as they deve|op

a sense of rhvthm.

Word bui ld ing

9 Now сomplete the tabIe' Use your diсtionary to heIpyou.

Verb Adjeсtive

сompuIsive

f idпat

invigorate vrgor0us

soft

Underline the сorreсt alternative from phrases 1-5.Alex lf you've got exams, 1don't уou think that / уou must

staгt going to bed earIier.Nina |'ve got too muсh revision to do before the exams.А|eх 2You should / Do уou fancу make а revision timetabIe

and inсIude some time for reIaхation every day.Ninа I'm too busy revising!А|eх з lf уou don't / You ought to get more s|eep, you wi||

make yourself rll.Ninа No, Iwon't.AIex Yes, you wi||. aConsequentlу / Don't уou realise thatif

you are ill you won't pass any exams?Ninа What do you think I should do?AIex Let me see ....Um .... 5whу don't уou / if ! were уou,|'d

do three houгs revision every evening and then re|axbefore going to bed.

Ninа Тhat's a good idea, thanks.

Funсt ionsSt imulus.based disсussion

11 Look at the photos, and make notes of your answersthe following questions.

,t Whаt are the best ways to maintain or improve yourhealth? Justify your opinions.

2 What are the advantаges and disadvantages of doingsport individually and in teams? Justify you opinions.

@

bс

de

natuгa||y abIe, nothaving had to learnсontinuous or repetitivewithout wanting ormeaning todemandingstrong, energetiс and fuIIof lifestriсt and severe

10

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Grammart i t

-he passive

'2 Put these sentenсes into the passive or passiveinfinitive form and make any other necessary сhanges.Some words аre given to help you.1 Тhey have deve|oped a new form of energy.

A new form2 The teaсher stopped the exam before Kate had finished

the Iаst questionThe exam

3 We hope someone will meet us at the airport.We hooе

4 They will finish editing the film tomorrow.The editing of the film

5 Тhey are restoring Miсhe|ange|o's sоulpture of David atthe moment.Miсhe|ange|o's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 They had buiIt the new airpoгt deve|opment quite near aсoUntry town.Тhe new аiroort . . . . . . . . .

7 Nobody has seen this painting by Piсasso before.This painting

"|i!!.|i,!i!,,'\|iili!;liiiii;r:|.'iifi!i|i!il||iфl!l|t|l#ii !i1!ii{rti'lndireсt objeсt аs the subjeсt in the pаssive The indkeсt objeсt ofthe aсtive sentence сan be eхpressed in two dtfferent waуs in theоassiye, lt сan beсome the subjeсt offhe pаsslve sentenсе'ЕхamplesThe doсuments will be given to you. Тhe job hаs been offered to me.

Тhe indireсt objесt can also remain the abject lл the pаsslve sеntenсe,'without a signifiсant сhange in meaning'ЕхamplesYou wiIl be given the doсuments. l've been offered the job.

I3 Write two answers of your own to questions 1-5.Use the passive.

{х*жзрlrHow has your neighbouгhood сhanged over the Iast five years?А new supormаrKat hаe been built.\ome old buildingэ hаve baen KnoсKod down.

1 How do shops try to attract сustomers to buy theiroroduсts?

2 How has Iife сhanged sinсe youг parents were сhildren?

Whаt improvements have been made to tгanspoгt in yourсountry in thе last few years?

4 How has teсhnology сhanged the Iife of students?

Tlnit 7

Complete the text with the verbs in braсkets in theсorreсt form of the aсtive or passive. More than oneanswer may be possible.

Board games (usе) by pеople for thousands of

years both for fun and stimulating entertаinmеnt. Thе

oIdеst z. . . . . . . . ' ' . . . . . .(be) a k ind of baсkgammon. Тhis gamе

(invent) in thе геgion that is now southern

lraq. Boards (find) in the royal tombs of Ur

whiсh are up to 5,000 yеaгs o|d.

A game simi laг to сhess 5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (p|ay) in India aгound

450 АD. l t 6. . . . . . . ' ' . . ' ' . . ' (сal l ) сhaturanga in Sanskr i t . Not

surprising|y, this was a mi|itary word. Тhе еarliеst boards

whiсh z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' (d isсovеr) in Еngland 8.. . . . . . . . . ' . . ' . .(datе) to about 950 AD. Another popular game, draughts

or сheсkers (p|ay) sinсe at |east 1600 Bс.

Boаrds from this t imе ]0.. . ( f ind) in Еgypt and the

gamе r1 (ment ion) by both Homer and PIato. |t

. (adapt) to use the 64-square сhessboard in

the 1 .100s.

14

IIIa

One of the most popular modеrn board gаmes,

. (fiгst / introduсe) into thе USA in

though thе ruIеs,14.. . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . (th ink) to be too

сompliсated for thе genera| publiс, the game 15

(be) a phenomena| suссess and oveг 200 miIIion

. (se|I) woг|dwide.

New gamеs l7 (invent) a|| thе timе. As nеw

tесhnology 18.. . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . . (offеф morе fгee t imе, how19.. . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . (th is free t imе i f i I|)? Who knows how mаny

new сomputеr gamеs 2o.. . ' . . . . . . . . ' . . . (сreatе) by the end of

the сentury?

Monopoly,,l 935. Еvеn

5 What will life be Iike in the future?

CD

Passive forms with the gerund and infinit ive

15 Use a passive gerund (being done) or a passiveinfinitive (to be done) to rewrite sentenсes 1-8beginning with the words given. You mаy need to makeother сhanges to the sentenсes.1 I'll never forget the tour I was taken on of Sydney

Harbour bridge.I rememberPаu| likes his gir|-friend to drive him home from work.Paul enjoysSomebody wiII meet me at the airpoгt, hopefuI|y,lam hopingP|eаse inform us if there are going to be any de|ays.We would l ike . . . . . . . . . . . .I get irritated when people ask me silly questions.I resentRod gets angry when people tell him what to do.Rod doesn't l ike . . . . . . . . . . . .l сan't wait for James to show me around London| 'm |ooking foгward to . . . . . . . . . . . . . .You shou|d te|I me if there is something Wгong.lwant

Causative have and get

16 Complete sentenсes 1-8 with the сorreсt form of theseverbs.. bui|d . fi|| . pierсe . stea! . mend . serviсe. brеak into . oub|ish

1 Yesterday, my father got the оar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .2 After the long wa|k, Sa||y had to have heг shoes

з wr.'.' r.'. went to the dentist, Brian had a tooth4 The IoсaI hoteI has had an extension5 on my fouгteenth biгthday, l deсided to get my ears

6 While she was shopping, Mum had her bag7 Тhe writer eventua||y got her bookI While we were on holidav, we had our house

Complete the sentenсes using the сorreсt form of hаyeor gef and the words in braсkets,EхоmplеWe,re going |o hаve food delivered (food i de|iveQ for the paф.1 We're going to (сuгtains / make) foг the sitting

room.Where did you (hаir / сut)?David ............. (teeth / f i l l) at the dentist 's yesterday.I've got holes in my shoes, I must ............. (them / mend)Eve . . . . . . . . . . . . . (mobi le phone / steal) last night.We ............. (сar windows / broke) by vandals |ast night.Тhe TV is broken. We'|I have to . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( i t / repaiфThese trousers are muсh too |ong' |'|I have to(them / shorten)

..... ,| Rewrite the foIIowing as one sentenсe, using the. phrase in braсkets.

.' Both sides made some сoncessions. They wаnted to'' l..u.n a сompromise. (so that)

:;:

Complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in braсkets.When | (arrive) at Bob's party,everybody (have) a great time;they . . . . . . . . . . . . (a lready eat) a l l the food andthere . . . . . . . . . . . (not be) muсh wine lefteither.

comp|ete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in brаckets that fits the сontext.| 'm аfraid the information this ' . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . (APPLY)provides about himseIf is not fu||y (RЕLY)Rewrite the sentenсe using the word in braсkets.Shei|a |oves it when peop|e сompаre her to Madonna.Sheila Ioves(сompared)

Fill in gaps 1-10 with а suitable word' Use one wordonly in eaсh gаp.on the rails in Rиssiа|t was 1 а fami|y ho|iday to Russia in 1998that we took the train from St Petersburg to Мosсow |t'sabout 2 12-hour journey. We boarded in thelate afternoon and travelled overnight, having had dinnerin the smart din ing сar. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you |еave StPetersburg, the imprеssive sky|ine, 4 . ' . . ' . . . ' . . . . . . i tsсhurсhes and pa|aсes, gradua||y fаdes and you sudden|yf ind 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in thе greаt Russian Steppes. Iremember ki|ometre after kiIometre of beautifu| birсhforest. |t was Ju|y. Тhe days were hot and sunny and theevenings pIeasant and |ight we were so fаrnorth. 7 the end of eaсh сoaсh there is asamovar, so you оan go and he|p yourse|f to hot waterwhenever you fee| it. As you get с|oser toMosсow, the |andsсape beсomes muсh 9industгia| but the сentre of Mosсow is beautiful. Getting ataхi at the station 10 sometimes be a problem,but our daughter, Car|otta, was ab|e to interpret foг us.

1:.l,:.l.l'll.:.:';:l..:l.:l.l...il.]..].iЁ.:.t.iii.:,:.]:::';];..]:'il]]i.:..]]:]::i::.:i(]::;i:.

17

234567I

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гVrit ingffrit ing a review

] 8 Read this review of a fiIm and mаtсh topiсs a-f toparagraphs't-6.a Тhe reviewer's opinionsb ТeсhniсaI detaiIs of the perfoгmanсec Subjeсt of the reviewd Recommendationse Introduсtion to thе сharaсtersf Brief summary of the plot

Moшlin Rougе't

\Ioulin Rоugе' is a musiсal sеt in thе famоus Paris:lsht сlub in l899. It is a uniquе соmbinatiоn оf musiс,.ostumеS and sеts.2?згis has nеvеr lооkеd sо spесtaсular, althоugh thе imagеs

','еrе еntirеly сomputеr-gеnеrаtеd and all thе aсtion was'imеd in various studios. Thе dirесtor usеs advanсеd film:сhnology and thе spесiаl еlfесts Wеrе vеry ехpеnsivе to:тoduсе. Wе sее a fairytalе Paris.

5

lЪе fllm stars Niсolе Kidman as Satinе, thе night сlub's.l pефrmеr, and Еwan MсGrеgor as Сhristian, a

:еnnilеss writеr. Jim Broadbеnt plays Zid|e\ thе ownеr of-rе Mоulin Rougе, and Riсhard Roхburgh plays thе Dukе-iМonmоuth.4. hristian mеrts a group of writеrs аnd pеrformеrs and.tаrts writing a show for thе night сlub. Hе falls in lovе

'.ith Satinе' but shе is dying оf tubеrсulosis. Zidlеr istоking for nеw businеss and thе еvil Dukе offеrs flnanсial

:.lppoft, оnlу if Satinе bесomеs his lovеr. Thе film followsSзtinе and Christian's trasiс lovе stоry.

1,.,. u." many wоndеrful sсеnеs flllеd with соlouц light.nd sоund. l rеally еnjoyеd thе pеrformanсеs and thе.;mptuоus So|1g аrrапgеmеnts.I was еxhilaratеd by thе:зauti l sеts and magnifiсеnt musiс.

6\{oulin Rоugе' is imaginativе and magiсa|. |t is visuаllу':пlпiпg and thе brilliant sound trасkwtllhavе you

.Lnging alоng. I would uttеrly rесommеnd it tо anуonе.

UniGT

Words that go together

19 compIete these sentenсes with one of the phrases initaIiсs in the review.. song аrrangements . сomputer-gеnerated . star performer. SOUПd traсk . speсiaI effeсts . visua||y stunning,| In this f i lm, the сonvinсing .. monsters and

aIiens do not сompensate for the |aсk of p|ot .2 If you I ike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . you wi l l enjoy this f i lm with i ts

amazingly realistiс battIe sсenes'3 I loved the film. It was weak on dialogue but it was

As a fan of this musiсa|, I wanted to see what the.. Weгe |ike in the f i lm.

I enjoyed everything about the fi|m exсept for the.. whiсh was of very poor quality. At times l

сou|d hard|y understand what the aсtors where singing.He wasn't right for the part. He was meant to be the

in a саbaret but his singing voiсe wаs terrib|e.

Write a review of a film or play in 200-250 words. Usethe model in 18 to heIp you order the informаtion.

20

Ехаm trаiningWriting a review Choose a film (or book or plaу) that уouknow and are able to write about. Plan the review before уoustart writing; remember to give background and generalinformation before уou give details of уour opinions, and do nottell the whole storу or give awaу the ending' Use preseлtteлses aлd make уour review interesting bу using a varietу ofadjeсtives and adverbs' Remember to include уour own ideasand views, and уour recommendations'

(D

ReadingFuture shoсk

Reсent reports on whatlifе will be like in Europein 2O5O say that withinthe next two dесadesЕuropeans will be a lothealthier and wealthierwith more leisurе timе.

Some reports suggest thatpeop|e wil| be moге flеxible, wi|Inеed varied skil|s and wil| have fewer tiеs to theiгemp|oyers. By the end of their сareer they wil| haveсhanged jobs sevегa| times and wil| probably havееxpегiеnсеd peгiods of unemploymеnt.offiсеs wiI| bесome less impoгtant and 10o/o ofсompanies wi|l be virtual with no physiсa|headquarters at a|I. An amazing twenty-five peгсеntof a|l workeгs wil| woгk from homе, sitting at amultimеdia work station Iinked to thеir сol|eaguesby the lnternеt, so thеre wi|I bе less сommuting.The woгking week wi|l shrink. At the еnd of anaverаge week a workеr wi|| havе workеd 25 hoursover threе oг four days.

HowеVeг, otheг reports aге less optimistiс.Unemp|oyment сou|d inсrеasе and retiremеnt takеp|aсe latег. lt is pгеdiсted that with an ageingpopu|ation in Еuгope, peop|е wi|l сontinue towoгk afteг the age of 65. Some сommеntatorsthink that our homes wil l bе without power foгlong pегiods with no |ight or heat. High enеrgydemand aсгoss Euгope wi|| exhaust supp|ies whiсhwi|| then havе to be souгсed from Wеst Afгiсa andthe Middle Еast.

So|aг-powеrеd сaгs wi|I havе bесomeсommonplaсе and magnеtiс levitation trains wiIIzoom bеtwееn сitiеs at 350 mi|es peг hour, s|ashingjouгney timеs. Unfortunately, with the inсreasе in

сars, it wi|l takе longer to get aгound the сountryon the гoads, and therе wi|l bе grid|oсks with day-Iong tгaffiс jams. Hеliсopters wiII havе to airlift theсaгs whiсh aгe сausing the bloсkages.4.. . . . . . . . . . .Health wil| impгove and wе wi|l |ive Ionqег, asgenetiс researсh improves sсiеntists, knowledge ofhow ouг bodies woгk. Wе wi|| even be ab|e to usеlifestyle drugs to help with stress or shyness. Butwith inсгeased |ongevity old peopIe may beсomepooгer as they wil| not havе madе suffiсientprovision for the futurе. Тhеy may have to move inwith thеir сhildгen and this wi|| lead to moгееxtеnded housеhoIds.

Finding a partnеr wil| be less гomantiс and moresсiеntifiс. Interеstinglу, bу 205О you may have mеtyouг idеa| paгtner through a proсess ofpsyсho|ogiсa| profiling, and dating agenсiеs wilIoffеr suppoгt not onIy for people finding a paгtneгbut a|so if thеy bгeak up.6.. . . . . . . . . . .Surprising|y we wi|l not bе any happier. Wе willsuffer from ,сhoiсе fatigue, and tuгn to shoppingсonsu|tants and finanсial advisoгs for hеlp. Living ina сonsumег soсiеty wе wilI have a lot of unmetеxpесtations whiсh wil| сause unhappiness andstress. ln the yеar 2050 peгhaps pеopIе wi|l bеthinking nostalgiсa|ly about our Iivеs today.

Ф

Matсh headings A-G to paragraphs 1-6. Тhere is oneheаding you do not need.A RomanсeB Happinessс Hea|thD The eсonomyE TravelF Old ageG Work

Read the text аgain аnd сhoose the best answer' а, b, сor d.1 The aгtiс|e is about Iife in Euгope in 2050. lt is

a extreme|yoptimistiс.b mostly positive.с Very pessimistiс.d slightly negative.

2 |n 2050 the average worker wiI| woгka longer houгs than now.b for Iess than 40 hours а week.с a five day week.d for a ouaгter of a week.

3 Some сommentators be|ieve that in 2050a people will work after the age of 65.b people wiil retire at the age of 65.с peop|e won't want to retire.d most people will be unemployed at the age of 65.

4 What does the artiсle say about traveI in the futuгe?a Тrаffiс сonditions wiII beсome better bесause

everyone wil| traveI by solar-powerеd сars.Solaьpowered сars and magnetiс levitаtion trains wiIItrave| through spaсe'Еveryone wi|| trave| by he|iсopteг.A|though there wiII be improvements t0 transpoгt,tгaffiс сongestion wi|I beсome Worse.

5 o|d people wil| have to move in with their сhi|drenDeоauseа they wil| be lone|y Iiving on their own.b they wi|I |ive |onger and get siсk.с they wi|I |ive |onger and not have enough money to

live.d they want to Iive in extended families.

6 Тhe artiс|e suggests that peop|e in 2050a will not be happier beсause the сonsumer soсiety wi|l

make peop|e have desiгеs that they оannot satisfy'b wi|I have сonsu|tants to he|p them and this wiII make

their life very happy.wi|| be happier beсause aII their expeсtations are met.wi|| enjoy alI the сhoiсes that life сan pгovide themwith.

atnit8

Voсabu lary3 Find the words аnd phrases that meаn:

1 сonneсtions (|ine ,t0)

2 beсome smaIler in size (line 20)

3 use up or finish entirely (line 30)

4 seen often (line 34)

5 something that is preventing things moving along (line 41)

6 preparation for the future (line 47)

7 сreating a desсгiption of someone's peгsonality from theirpast behaviour (line 53)

8 dissatisfied (line 60)

Word bui ld ing

4 Use a text and diсtionary to сomplete this сhart.

Noun Adjeсtive

1234567II

tie

flex

demand

inсrease

demandinginсreаsingХХХsupply

improvementsсlеnсe

researсn

xxxexpeсt

xxxG

d

G

d

complete the sentenсes with the сorreсt form of thewords. More than one answer may be possible.. Iead to . inсrease . orediсt . сontinue . expeсt . rеsu|t in

1 lt is that one in three workers will be aged 50or over by the year 2050.

2 The pursuit of happiness wi l l . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . t0 be a ma1ornuman сonоern.

3 By 2050, we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , robots to be able to display arange of simple emotions.

4 There wi|I be an inсreasing abundanсe of |eisure time,a demand for new forms of еntertainment.

5 Тhe r ise in adults over the age of 50 wi|I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anexplosive interest in the study of reversal of ageing.

6 Тhere wiII be an use of the lnternet by theend ofthis deсade.

(D

Adverbs desсribing attitude

6 Complеte the sentenсes with an appropriate adverb.More than one answer may be possible.. amazingly . surprising|y . interestingly . unfortunatе|y. historiсa||y . fortunately . eventua||y

, unemployment сould rise to extremely high|eve|s by 2050 and this сou|d result in an inсrease inpoverty.

, men are dгiving the next гetaiI revo|ution..|3% shop oveгthe lnternet сompared to 2% of women,

, the situation is not al| negаtive. Theinсrease of workers over 65 is beсause a |ot of worкersdon't wаnt to leave the workp|aсe.

, in the future, B0% of the gas used to fuelBritain's power stations wi|I be piped from сountriesthousands of miles away.

, there has been a re|tanсe on aneсdotaIevidenсe in researсh exploring the Iink between mind andbody.

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in Japan there are already over a mi l l ionсars with some soгt of navigationa| сapabi|ity.

7 . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , the developments in сommuniсat ions thatare enjoyed in Europe will take a long time to bedeveIoped in poorer сountries.

Homonyms7 Complete the sentenсes with the following words. Use

eасh word twiсe.. stress . power . jam . train . heat1 l f I get through this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , I ' l l be in the semiJ inals.2 Тhe сontinentaI breakfast сonsists of сoffee or tea. rol|s.

butter andТony B|air сame to in the UK in 1997.| 'm сaught in a terr ibIe traff iс . . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . . l 'm sorry butI'm going to be home late.Тhere was no e|eсtriсity |ast night. There was no

in any paгt of the сity.I have to thаt this сontraсt is essentia| for thesurvival of this сompany.Athletes should every day if they want tomaintain their level of fitness.Тurn on the fan, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' is insufferabIe,I сan't stand the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of exams. I hate them.Howаrd took the to work every day.

Funсt ionsStimulus.based disсussion8 Ana|yse the mаteriаl presented below and аnswer the

questions.

34

Skills shortagе iп Gonst]шсtioпand building trades

Тhоusands go in tесhnоlogymarкrt соllapsе

Desсribe the oiсtures'What do you understand by the words .сol|apse'and'skills shortage'?What information do the headlines give us?How do you think peop|e сouId be enсouraged to dounpopular jobs?

12

34

II

10

@

i siLrrffiItrr

G rammarGrаmmar

torms of the futureMаtсh sentenсes 1-5 with the future forms a-e.1 She's seeing Alexander on Wednesday afternoon after

Iunсh.2 Тhey'lI have сIeared up the house before their parents

get home.3 |'lI ohone the restaurant and book a tаb|e.4 I'll be flying on the plane to New York when you read this.5 I'm going to try and finish my essay before the weekend.

a gorng r0b the future oerfeсtс the oresent сontinuousd wil le the future сontinuous

10 Now mаtсh sentenсes ,|-5 from 9 to the followingmeаnings.а a definite arrangementb an intentionс a deсision you have just maded an aсtivity whiсh wiII be finished by a speсifiс time in the

futuree an aсtivity that wiII be in progress at a future ttme

11 Write exampIes for eaсh use of the future (10 a-e). Useа time phrаse where possible'

t,хаmplеl"m Eoing tо leаrrl hоw tа driva. |'vr bоoКed mу firstIeвeon fвr naх| wаaK.

WilI, going fo or the present сontinuous?.l2 Use one of these verbs in the иlI, going to or the

present сontinuous form to сompIete sentenсes ,|-8'

More thаn one form may be сorreсt.. be. have. say. Write. ra in. g ivе. 1.11gg{. $O1 l сan't have Iunсh with you on Fr iday. I . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . an аII-

day meeting with the managing direсtor.2 What you . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . about in your sс iеnсe

fiсtion story?Bye! | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .you a r ing tomorrow evening.What on eaгth . . . . . . ' . . ' . . . . . We . . . . . .about the damage to the сar?

to your father

you . . . . . . . . ' . ' . . . . and get me a сUp of сoffee,pIeаse?What t ime you . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . your fг iends aftersсhooI?Do you think it this afternoon?Next year | . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . 25 yeаrs o|d.

UniXS

The r ight form

13 Read the сonversation and сhoose the сorreсt form ofthe future for 1-8.

Paul By the way, l foгgot to tel lyou. We1 wi l lhаvе

moved / witt bе moving into ouг new house on

Friday. Тhey,vе |ust finished building it.

Dianaoh!Тhat,sgгeat.Butarеn,tyoufoг9ett ingthat2 we,ll bе going7 wе,Il havе gonе to thе с|ass end-of-

tегm party on Friday?Paul Don,t Woгry. з t,It stiil be oble / I am still bеing

аblе to go to the party.Diana But you 4 won,t bе finishing / won,t havе

finishеd moving in by then!

Paul Oh, I wouldn't worrY about that '

Diana Look, 5 I,llсome / I,m сoming and help you soгt

out youг room nеxt wеek if you |ikе!

PauI That,s a Vеry kind offer, but l think 6 you,rе

rеgrеtting / уou,ll regrеtit|Diana WhY?Pau| You haven,t seеn alI thе junk 7 l,m tаking / I take

with mе!Diana Well, s you,ll havе / уou,ll bе having to have a

thгow-out session bеforе you lеave your old housе.

PauI Тhat,s easieг said than done!

Future сontinuous or future perfeсt?

14 CompIete sentenсes 1-6 with the сorreсt form of theverb in brасkets, future сontinuous or future perfeсt.' l By this t ime next week | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f in ish) a l l my exams.2 Тhis t ime next Saturday morning We .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( f|y)to

Soain.3 What (you / do) at this time neхt year?4 Do you think we (read) books on сomputer in

the future?5 They (invent) a гobot whiсh does aII the

housework by 2050.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (you / do) your homework by s ix o 'с|oсk

tonight?

34

The prepositions by and until in the future l4le иse until fo tаlkabout a situation or stale that will continue up to a moment in thefuture, and we often use it with future сontinuoш yerbs. We use bу totalk about an action or event that will happen at or beforе a monentin the futurе, and we often use it with future perfeсt verbs.Еxamplesl,l| bе waiting unti| tomоrrow morning.l'll have left by tomorrow morning.

7I

@

15 Answer these questions so that they are true for you.Use сompIete sentenсes.1 What aгe you going to do this weekend?

2 Where are you going for your holidays this year?

How will you сe|ebrate if you pass all your exams with topmarks?

4 When wi|| you have finished a|l your sсhooI exams?

5 What will you be doing this time next year?

Еrror сorreсtion16 Find and сorreсt the mistakes in these sentenсes.

1 By the end of the summer teгm, we'|| have finish thisbook,

2 What you will be doing this time next Friday?3 |'ve deсided |'m not going to go to the disсo with Brian

after all.4 Where shall we go for dinner? I know! We are going to

that new |ta|ian p|асe.5 By midday, we'll done everything we need to do.6 |n future, many peoр|e wiI| be work from home,7 Where wi|| you be go when you trave| round Еurope?8 I don't know if wiII I be able to go to the сonсert on Friday

night.9 By 2050' there wiII being a rise in the number of fatheгs

who stay at home to |ook after сhildren,

Rewrite the sentenсe with the prompts given so themeаning is the sаme.Тhe po|iсe towed away Jason's сar |ast night.Jason had last night.compIete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in braсkets'Mr. Garson pгesented the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (|NVЕST) as а Very

(PRoF|T) dea|, but the board of diгeсtorsregarded i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' (sUsPЕсТ)Gomрlete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in brасkets.Why сan't you drive a bit faster? By the time we

(get) there, al| the tiсkets. (sell out).

Gomplete the seсond sentenсe with a suitabIeexpression, using the word in brасkets, so it meansthe same as the first sentenсe.She сan't wait to see hеrAmeriсan сousin.She.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . herAmeriсan сousin. (FoRWARD)Fill in gaps 1-10 with a suitable word. Use one wordon|y in eaсh gаp.Who,ll own уour bodу?The Human Genome Projeоt is the beginning of arevoIution in bio|ogy and mediсine. Being ab|e to readthe genes in eaсh one of our сe||s wi|| enab|e us to findout eхaсt|y what it is to be human. More impoгtantly, it

g ive us a2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . greaterunderstanding of сomp|ex diseases. As welIсreating new drugs to fight disease, the projесt сou|dmark the beginning of a new eга of personalisedmediсine. Pеop|e tend to гeaоt very diffеrent|y

the drugs they are presсribed. Up to 50% ofpеop|e given a speсifiс drug wiII either not find it effeоtive,

will suffer unaссeptab|e sidе-effесts. Thrshit-and-miss approaсh i ' u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . appalI ing waste oft ime and money and сan put I ives / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r isk. Animpoгtаnt part of the so|ution is embedded in the genome.It turns B . . . . that 99.9% of our DNA seouenсe isident iсaI to 9 . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . of a|| other human beings and i tis the 0.1% dif feгenсe that aссounts 10 . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ouгindividuaI responses to dгugs аnd susсeptibiIity to disеase

' r ' i r i t ingStart ing a сareer. Read Mark's personaI stаtement and сhoose the сorreсt

word to fiII eaсh gap.. aptitude . сontгol. responsibiIity . liсenсe. post. сourse. сontаоt. aоtivity . oppoгtunity. work . ambition. literate

\amе: Mark Wilson

Тl.Lе ro1е of wildlifе in a modern world has

: ' l l r ,ays fasсinatеd mе and my 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . is to

: ind 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in this f ie ld. I have always

.njоyеd partiсipating in any kind of

.гhiсh involvеs with wildlife, and I

:iave takеn еvery to pursuе this

ntеrеst. I hаve еvеn takеn a б . ' . . . in animal

-'r'еlfare, and I wеnt on a safari tо Kеnya at thе

.lgе of nine with an organised eхpedition.My

irobbiеs are reading, mountain biking and skiing.

I am in possеssion of a сurrent driving

and am сomputеr . I wili

irave finishеd my full-timе еduсation by }une this

r'еar and I would bе frее to takе uP a 9

efter thаt time.

I enjоy сoping in diffiсult situations and I am able

to kеep my еmotions under 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in a

сr is is.I also feеl that whi lе I havе an 11 .. . ' . . . . . . . . . . .

fоr working as a mеmber of a team, I would

rvеlсome taking on 12 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . fоr othеrs.

r ,/г i t ing your personal statement

I Write a personal statement for yourself. Use thestatement in 17 as a mode|, сhanging the detai|s so thаtthey apply to you.

afnit 8

Writ ing a letter of appl iсat ion

19 CompIete Mark's Ietter of appIiсation. Some gapsrequire more than one word.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to apply for thе job ofadvеrtised in 2

I notiсe that the suссеssfulrequired to 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thе post in 5

will be

whiсh would be extremelУ 6 . . . , . . . . ' . for mе.Pleasе f ind7 my s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and

?^ ,together with my сompleted10

i look

Yours

Mark Wilson

....... to hearing from you.

20 Follow the model in 19 to write in 120-150 words yourown Ietter of appIiсаtion inсIuding relevant informationabout yourself.

APPoINТIvtЕNTs

Preston цl i\d\ ifa Ъanсtuaг'1rеouirеs an assistant to the Direсtor to aid in thе dailу running of

the sanсtuary and in thе p|anning of futuге dеvelopments

Interviеws to takе p|aсе in AugUst

Post beсomеs Vaсant in September

Plеasе sеnd CV persona| statement

and сompleted appliсation form to thе addrеss bеIow

@

Reаd i ng1 Read the text quiсkIy and сhoose the best titIe for it.

1 Leaгningdiffiсu|ties2 Aгtistiс eleohants3 Animals and their keepers

2 Read the text and answer these questions.1 Who wаs Ramona аnd what did she do?

2 What did Ramona's keeper, Jumadi, fail to do?

3 Who сreated the animal artists projeсt?

4 When did thev staгt workino with anima|s?

5 How are elephants trained to paint?

How do e|ephant aгtists, personaIities сompare withthose of human artists'?

3 From the statements 1_10' сhoose five whiсh refIeсt theсontent of the text.1 Ramona was thought to be the brightest artist in the

sсhooI for eIephants.2 Ramona deсided she no |onger wanted to paint.3 Ramona's keeper was abIe to peгsuade her to pick up a

paintbrush again.4 Komar and MeIamid knew exaсtly how to handIe

Ramona.5 Ramona was brought up in Bali.6 Komar and МeIamid сonсeived their e|ephant projeсt in

ThaiIаnd.7 The type of brush used depends on where the elephant

сomes fгom.8 Brighter e|ephants put togetheг their own сombinations of

сoIours'9 Ba|i e|ephants сan now understand human speeсh.

10 Animals regard aгtistiс сreativity very different|y fromhumans.

Title:Suddеnly Ramona dесidеd it was timе shе gavе upbеing an artist. only thе day bеforе, shе had handlеdthе brush with graсе, playing with it bеforе сovеringthе сanvas with dеft strokеs, varying in stylе bеtwееnа kind of Imprеssionism and Сubism. Shе wasimmеdiatеly proсlaimеd thе star оf Bali's first sсhoolfor еlеphants.

And thеn disastеr struсk. Thе four-yеar-old thrеwhеr brush in thе air, shе starnpеd hеr amplе fееt, shесrashеd hеr big hеad against thе сanvas. Nothingсould induсе hеr to gеt baсk to thе wоrld оf art:nеithеr thе harsh rеprimands оf hеr .kееpеr and lifесompanion, Jumadi, nоr a suссulеnt сhunk of youngbanana stеm. It was a full.blown сasе of thе strеsslеvеls оf artistiс dеspair.

Hеr spiritual guidеs, thе сrеators оf this multi-national intеr-spесiеs proiесt, stood in silеntсonstеrnation. Vitaly Komar and Alеx Mеlamid,сonсеptual artists from Nеw York, сould not fathomthе innеr workings of this еlеphаnt with thе twinklingеyеs. Ramona was brоught to thе Еlеphant Safari Parkin Taro, in thе hеart of thе Balinеsе forеst, tоgеthеrwith a dozеn or so of hеr kin from thе island ofSumatra. Bali is a rеlativеly privilеgеd spot, with itsflourishing art sсеnе. Howеvеt, еlеphants aIе notnativе to Bali.

From thе timе that artists Komar and Меlamidаrrivеd in Nеw Yоrk in thе 1970s, thеy havе workеd indireсt сollaboration with animals. Тhеy startеd rnanyyеars ago with a stray dog from Jеrusalеm, whiсh,paintеd, a bonе with paw prints. Thеiг tесhniquе ofworking with еlеphants, whiсh was roughеd out forthе flrst timе in Thailand, has now bееn pеrfесtеd'only thе shapе of thе paintbrush variеs from сountryto сountry aссording to thе shapе of thе trunk of thееlеphant nativе to that partiсular land. othегwisе, thеprinсiplе is thе samе: thе еlеphant stands in front ofthе сanvas, and thе kееpеr еnсouragеs it to strikе thесanvas rеpеatеdly with thе brush dippеd in paint.Саns of paint with vivid сolours arе linеd up in frontof thе еlеphаnt, and disсеrning, giftеd pupils rapidlybеgin to сhoosе thеir own сolours.

Bali,s еlеphants still havе somе way tо go bеforе thеyсatсh up with thе brainpowеr of Thаiland,s animals,whiсh arе gеnеrally bеttеr еduсatеd' Thе latter сanundеrstand morе than 500 words of human spеесh,whiсh now inсludе thе сommand ,Paintl, Thе Тhaiexpеrimеnt with еlеphants was so suссessful that itgavе thе imprеssion that pеrsonalitiеs wеrе not a faсtоrwhеn еlеphants Wеrе taught to paint. Thе inсidеnt withRarnona in Bali provеd thе oppositе: whеn it сoшеs tоart, animals arе as volatilе as humansl

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The С'uardian

4 Ghoose the sentenсe that best summarises eaсhparagraph.Paragraph 1a A|| e|ephants at the Ba|i eIephant sсhool сan paint in a

variety of artistiс sty|es.b Ramona, an e|ephant with extraordinаry aгtistiс abiIity,

unexpeсtedly stopped painting.с Ramona was a student at the Bali aгt sсhoo| with

extгaordinary аrtistiс skilIs.

Paragraph 2a Various teсhniques were used to enсourage Ramona to

сhange her mind.b Ramona's refusal to paint demonstrated all the emotional

exсesses of an aгtistiс persona|ity.с |n spite of a|l their efforts, nothing сould be done to make

Ramona сhange her mind.

Pаragraph 3a The сreators of the projeсt didn't undeгstand why

Ramona wouldn't Paint.b Vitaly Komar and AIex Melamid, were upset that Ramona

didn't l ike Bali.с Тhe elephants were brought to BaIi for its live|y art sсene,

important tourist industry and luxurious hotels.

Paragraph 4a Komar and Melamid have worked with all kinds of

animals since the 1970s.b Е|ephants have сomp|ete artistiс freedom to сhoose the

сoIours they want to paint with'с Apaгt from using differently shaped brushes, Komar and

MeIamid used the same approaсh with the e|ephants.

7'niс 9

Parаgraph 5a Ramona's laсk of eduсation was the main сause of her

refusal to oaint.b The suссess of the Тhai experiment Ied to the mis|eading

сonсlusion that personality wasn't a faсtor in e|ephant aгt.с BaIinese eIephants understand |ess ЕngIish thаn Thai

eleohants.

Voсabu lary5 Find words or phrases in the text that mean the same as:

Paragraph'l,| smooth and сontro|Ied movement2 skiIfuI and ouiсk movements3 deсIared

Pаragгaph 24 persuade5 sharp statements of disapproval6 juiсy' tasty pieсe

Paragгaph 37 shock and amazement8 undeгstand or work out9 a plaсe with paгtiсu|ar advantages

Paragraph 410 working together11 Iost or separated, without a home12 hit

Paragraph 513 the seсond (of two)14 something that сauses or influenсes something else15 сhanging quiсkly and suddenly

Phrasal verbs

6 The verbs 1_5 appear in the text. Matсh them to theiropposite meаnings a-e'1 rough out2 give up3 сatсh up with4 get baсk to5 bring to

a take fromb fal lbehindс take Upd depart frome desсribe in detail

7 Complete these sentenсes with the сorreсt form of oneof the verbs 1-5 in 6.1 My unс|e tried to smoking but he just сou|dn't

do it.2 lf we run quiсk|y we might just the others'3 When we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the hotel , we found that the main

entranсe was Ioсked.4 Don't forgetto yourdiсt ionaгies. . . . . . . . ' . . . . . .

the lesson tomorrow.5 Here's a p|аn l have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for the design of the new

sсhoo||ibrary.

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Words with different meаnings

8 one word from the text сouId be used to сompIete eaсhpair of sentenсes. Can you find the five words in thetext?Eхаmplea Тhere was quite a 6с&na in the restaurant when the

сustomer refused to pay the bil|'b The first sсana of the p|ay takes p|aсe in a forest.

1 a Disaster сan often when we least expeсt it.b You shouId never. . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . anyone in angeг.

2 a Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her foot in rage and announсed thatshe was not going to go to the party.

b Тhe date was on the hoteI biIl.

3 a Thегe is a very niсe down by the river tohave а piсniс.

b You've got a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of ink on yourjaсket.

4 a We must. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the impoгtanоe of keeping to theoath.

b Peter is under a |ot of beсаuse his iob isvery demanding.

5 а Тhe President made a сampaign . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . ontelevision last night.

b Psyсhiatrists are сarrying out a study of сhiIdren,spatterns.

Complete the sentenсes with the сorreсt form of theword in braсkets.1 Piсasso was perhaps the most artist of the

twentieth сentury. (experiment)2 Miсhe|angelo was a painter, and arсhiteсt.

(sсuIpt)3 Well, Ramona may be an elephant, but I found her

pаintings surprising|y .. .. .. . (aгt)Crit iсs praised the design and ........... ' . . ' of heг woгk.(сompose)The paintings of Gauguin and Vаn Gogh, with their bIues,reds, yellows and greens, are extremely(сoIouф

6 He produсed both abstrасt and .....(figure)

.. pаintings,

Her paintings show a attention to detail.(photograph)Many ....... ' . ...... art ists don't physiсa|ly make their ownwork, they simp|y сome up with the ideas. (сonсept)Bil| VioIa is a сontemporary video artist who exp|ores the

сrisis of modeгn man. (spiгit)His book were extremely popular withсhiIdren. (i||ustrate)

10 Put the сonversаtion in the correсt order from 1-11.The first and |аst sentences are given.Teасher So how did the inteгview go at the ad сo|lege? lTeaсher And?' . . . . . . . . .Teaсher Тhаt sounds oK, What happens next? ..........Teаcher What did they ask you? . . . . . . . . . .Teaсher Weгe the questions diffiсu|t?Eve First they spent a Iot of time looking at my

paintings. Тhen they asked me |ots of questionsabout whiсh aгt ists | | ike. . . . . . . . . . .

Еve Finаl|y they asked me a few questions about thehistorv of аrt . . . . . . . . . . .

EveЕveЕve

Teaсher

I have to wait to hear from them. . . . . . . . . . .I'm not really sure but I think it went OK.No, they weren't. I think they just wanted to сheсkthat I knew something about it!Wel|, good |uсk. Let me know what happens. ll

Funсt ionsExpressing your opinion

11 Reаd eaсh question, then write three reasons tosupport your opinion.,| Do you think that the work of aгtists working today wi|| st

be famous in hundreds of years time?2 Аre sсientists or artists more impoгtant to soсiety?

Stimulus.based disсussion12 AnаIyse the materia| presented below аnd answer the

questions.

Outrage over д20'000рrize for grаffiti аrtist

lf it isn't beaшtifulit сan't bе art

,| Desсribе the oiсtures.2 What information do the headlines give us?3 What do you understand by the word 'outrage'?4 Why do you think graffiti is unpopular?5 What soгt of art do you like and why?

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Grammar>

Speсulat ing about the past.I3 Read the extraсts about three famous scientists, then

сomplete sentenсes ,|-6 with the verbs in brасkets inthe сorreсt form.1 l f h is brothers (not die), Bet l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not /

emigrate)to Canada.2 If he (not / invent) the telephone, global

сommuniсat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not / beсome) possib|e.3 l f Babbage . . (finish) what he stагted out to do,

he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (be) a сentury ahead of his t ime.4 If the neсessаry manufaсturing teсhniques

(еxist), Babbage (f inish) building hismaсnlnes.

5 lf Franklin (not die) earlY, she ..(won) a Nobel prize with Criсk and Watson.

6 If she (not investigated) the struсtuгe of DNA,our know|edge of genetiсs (not be) so greattodav.

afnit 9

Gombine the sentenсes in 1-10 using the seсond orthird сonditionаl.

Еха*lplеJohn p|аyed loud musiс lаst night. He's got a headaсhe now.|f {*hn |lаdn,t plауе'd tоud musiс tаst ni7ht, ha wauldn,thвva а hваdасhв now",| |sadora s|eot in. She was Iate for sсhoo|'

tf2 | have no money. I want t0 buy а сar.

lf3 Luke's no good аt Maths. Unfoгtunаte|y hе'd Iike to train

as a pi lot.t f . . . . .

4 I didn

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speсiaI meа|.

| сan't enjoy the peaсe and quiet of the сountryside. Idon't Itvе here.

6 I'm glad you phoned. I heard the news.

7 You passed your exam! That's beоause you studied so hаrd.

l"'lllli l''"ll:::'To'

't know you Were сoming. I wanted to оook you a

is my adviсe to you. Don't worry so muсh!9 Тhisrf . . .

,|0 |'m g|ad I сame to Iive heгe. I met you!rf

Expressing wishes and regrets about the past

15 Rewrite these sentenсes. The beginning of eaсhsentenсe is given.

{хвmplrWhy didn't we read the instruсtions moгe сarefu||y?|f on|y w* hвd raаd thв. inetruсtian* rf,or> саrфllу,

1 l regret the faсt that the atomiс bomb was ever invented!Iwish . . . . . . . . . .

2 |'m sorгy l didn't invent a working сomputeг!I wish . . . . . . . . . .

3 Wou|d vou like to havе been a riсh and famous sсientist?DoI'm sorryl f only . . .

Bell invented the teleohone!

I wouId Iove to have disсovered the theory of evoIution!lwish . . . . . . . . . .oh, why didn't I work harder at sсhooI?l f on|y.. . . . . . . .Would CIive Iike to have studied something different atuniversity?г\^^^LJUUь . . . . . . . . . .

I knew we shouIdn't have spent aII that money on a сar.l f only. . . . . . . . .

Sсiвntifiс Pionerrs1 Alexandet Bell \1847-1s22)Sсottish-born invеntol of thе tеlеphone

and thе tеlеphonе еxсhangе. His parеnts

\vеrе еxpеrts in tеaсhing pеoplе to spеak

сlеarly. His two brothеrs diеd of tubеrсulosis

so thе family emiglated to Сanada. Bе1l

аlso taught dеaf pеoplе to spеak' formеd-

thе Bеll Tеiеphonе Сompany, and founded

thе Nаtiоnаl Gеogrаphiс mаgаzinе'

2 Gharles Bahhage (1792-18т1)An Еnglish mathеmatiсian who bui1t the

fiIst сomputеr and bеliеvеd otheт

сountliеs wеrе supеrior to Blitain. нe

nеvеr flnishеd anything he made, mainly

bесausе the maсhinеs hе was building

\vеrе a сеntuгy ahеad o[ thеir t imе, and

thе manufaсturing tесhniquеs they сallеd

for simply didn't еxlst!

3 Rosalind Franklin (1e21-le5B)Еnglish sсiеntist who invеstigatеd thе

struсturе of DNA. Thе sсiеntists Сriсk and

Watson saw hеr rеsеarсh and usеd it for

their own work. Shе diеd tragiсally young

and nеvеr sharеd the Nobеl pтizе with

Criсk аnd Watson as it is not awaтdеd

posthumouslY.

Foсus magaztne

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Had better or had better not?

16 Give two pieсes of adviсe to а friend using had hetteror had hetter not.ЕхаmpleI've missed the last bus home.You,d botter get а tахi.You,d better not wаlK home boсаuse it.e lаte.I I've got no money to get the bus home.

2 I've had an argument with my parents.

3 I don't feel well.

4 Mv hair 's a mess.

5 l never seem to get аny exerсise these days'

1 Rewrite the sentenсe, using the word given inbraсkets.I regret not studying properly Iast term.I wish last term. (studied)

2 complete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in braсkets.

.1, (you go) away this weekend? We(think) of

(go) to the zoo. . . . . . . . . . . . . (you jo in) us?3 Choose the сorreсt option: a, b, с or d, to сomplete

the sentenсe.Suсh а dаngerous experiment wou|d have to be сarried

under striсt сontroIbond off

Rewrite the sentenсe in the passive with the promptsgiven.Тhe сustoms offiсeг made Mati|da open aII her сases oneafter another.Mat i|da . . . . . . . . . ' . ' . . . . . oПеafter another.Fill in gaps 1-10 with a suitable word. Use one wordonly in eасh gap.What is a mammal?Тhеre is huge benefit 1 .. . . . . . . . understanding exаct|y

.. . . makеs a mamma|. Wе сanmake sense of the bewi|deгing variety in the mammа|ianwor|d, it might just he|p us to understand our own speсiesbetter. There are various сharaсteristiсs that define amamma|: i t is an animа|with a baсkbone,4 . . . . . . . . . . .body is insulаted by hair; lt produсes mi|k to feed itsyoung, and its jaw design is unique. Тhere is

obvious point at whiсh we сan say thatrepti|es and mamma|s sp|it into diffeгent types of аnima|,but сhanges to the shape of the jaw about 220 mi||ionyeaгs ago are usua||y taken as a staгting point. However,

of the biggest сhanges in deve|opment wasin the way mamma|s fed and сared foг their offspring.Dinosaur babies were born 7 . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ' miniatuгеversions of theiг parents. feeding theiroffspring with milk, mammals took сare of their young for|onger, У meant they thrived and reaсhedadulthood at a faster rate. Тhis may 10.. . . . ' . . ' . . . . . g|Venmamma|s a major сompetitive advantage in evo|ution.

i . i .1.. i i r i1.,; l i ] i] l i . '#i i11i: iЁi i l : i i . !] . i i i . : i i | i . i l i ] . , i l i ' . ] ' ' ] . j . , ' .1,1.]] '] .]. l l ] . . l . l . :]].]]:|]]]]! l]]. l ' .1: ' . ' . . .

Negаtive infinitive folIowing had befter Afterhad better, we usethe infinitive withoutto. The negative form ls had better + not +infinitive withoutto.EхampleYou'd bеtter not Ieаve too early. Nolг\bsd+ef;effl€+]о]eaYe too eаrlуt

a outс forwaгd

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Writ ingAn argument for and against

17 Read this short essаy about eduсation' Matсh theparagraphs A-E with the topiсs 1-5.1 Intгoduсtion2 Arguments for сhoosing a subjeсt you |ike3 Aгguments against4 The writer's ooinion5 ConсIusrons

lf уou go to universitу, it's more important to studуa subject уou're interested in than one that's relevantto уour future сareer'

A other peop|e say that it's better to сhoose a voсationa|subjeсt and be sure that you're going to get a wel|.paidjob afterwards. Going to univeгsity is expensive, and it,shaгd work' lf you сhoose a subjесt that doesn't he|p youfind a job afterwards, you're going to be poor for a longtime.

Students shou|d think сarefu|ly about what subjeсt toсhoosе, beсause it might not be something you do justfor three vears. but for the rest of vour life.

To sum up, I think it must be better to study a subjeсt thatyou |ike. |t wil| be more enjoyаble to study, and may he|pyou to get a job in a сareer thаt you |ike. Studying asubjeсt that you aren't interested in сannot be the bestthino to do.

Some peop|e агgue that it's best to study a subjeсt you|ike аnd are interested in. Firstly, beсause you need to besure that you wi|| do wel|. Seсondly, if you're notinterested in the subjeсt, you're going to be miserable forthree vears.

lt seems to me that emp|oyers are not neсessari|yсonсeгned about the subjeсt аs long as you've got adegree. lt's |earning to think that is impoгtant. Тhatmeans that a degree in any subjeсt wi|| give you anadvantage in your сhosen сareer. However, my ownopinion is that if you don't Iike the subjeсt enough towant to study it, it сan,t be the right subjeсt for youгсаreer, and the гest of vour life.

Itnit !9

You аre going to write a short essay of 200_250 wordson the topiс below. Write down the arguments for andagаinst before you begin to heIp you plan.To learn a foreign language уou need to spend severalmonths in the countrv where it is sooken.

For Against

Plan your essay. Divide it into five paragraphs. Mаkenotes for each paragraph.. the introduсtion. the arguments suggesting you need to spend trme in a

foreign сountry. the arguments suggesting you do not need to spend time

in a foreign сountryо }oUГ own opinion. the сonсlusion

Write your essay in 200-250 words.Use some of these expressions:Some peoplе saу / believe '. 'other people argue / сlaim ' './f seems to me . ..Mу own opinion is '..Toсonсlude,',

Ехаm trаiningWriting an essаy Follow this workplan.

1 Gather all the necessary baсkground information'2 Decide how manу paragraphs уou'll need, and what the

main idea is in each paragraph.3 Make notes for all the keу points уou want to include in

each paragraph.4 Write arguments that support the keу points уou make'5 Write a draft, and сheck that уou have eхpressed уour

opinion cIeaflу'6 Write уour essaу.7 Choose a suitable title for уour essaу (if it is has not been

given).7 Cheсk уour writing. Check that fhe essay is clear, and f ree

of errors' Check that уou have included all the informationvou wanted.

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Read i ng1 Read the text quiсkIy and answer these questions.

1 What problem did the family have?2 How did thev solve it?

I was a bit dubious about thе сontraсtat first but I сan sее it,s bееn drawnup propеrly, and thеrе,s bееn a muсhniсеr atmosphеrе at homе sinсе wеsignеd it. Whеn I first rеad it, Inotiсеd that wе had a lot mоrе rulеs

lЖffi undеr thе сhildrеn,s hеading thanour palеnts had, so wе all put in a lot of еffort tomakе it morе еqual. I,m not happy that wе сan,thavе our mеals in thе loungе any morе; that,swhеre the сablе and satеl]itе TV aте. But in awaу Iсan Sее thе logiс of it and Martin and I тесkonМum and Dad will givе in if thеrе is somеthingrеally spесial on.

I got fеd up with nagging thесhildrеn. I now put thе еmphasis onenсoulagеmеnt rathеr thanprоhibition. Еvеryonе сan сhoosе atrеat еvеry now and again, if wе havеall fоllowеd thе сontraсt. I fееl it,sсruсial to havе sеt pеnaltiеs for sеt

misdеmеanours. And so far, so good. I fееl morе inсhargе and thе сhildтеn aIе so muсh niсеr! I justhopе it,s not thе lull bеforе thе storm!

Тhе сontraсt,s OК in my book. I,mrеlativеly сonfldеnt that I won,t strayfrom it, оthеrwisе I wouldn,t havеsigned. If I forget mysеlf and startshouting at Мartin and Sally, thеn I,11takе thе сonsеquеnСеs. I,m more that.lhappy to takе thе punishmеnt. I havе

so many сhorеs on my list - onе morе won,t makеmuсh diffеrеnсе!

СO}{FLIСT II{THЕ, FAМILYJust imaginе thе sсеnario: сonstant alguing,shouting, sсIеaming, yеlling, and flghting. Abattlеfiеld? No. Just what happеns in manyhousеhоlds nowadays. It was after just suсha daу that thе Brown family lеsolvеd thatthеy had to do somеthing about it, еvеn ifit involvеd making saсrif,сеs. They dесidеdto draw up a сodе of bеhaviour whiсh allthе mеmbеrs of thе family agreеd to stiсk to_ and thеy сrеatеd a family сontlaсt. Butwhat arе thе сhanсеs of a сontraсt of thiskind working? Is it a morе dеsirablе Way oftтying to makе pеoplе do things thanyеlling and sсrеaming at thеm? ,Yеs. Aсontraсt offеrs сonsistеnсy so еvеryonеknows what is and is not еxpесtеd of thеm.,says Hеlеn Taylor, of thе National ParеntingAssoсiatiоn, ,Providing that it is wеll.organisеd and sеnsitivе.,So how did thеfamily farе? This is what thеy said aftеrtwo wеeks.

I

Things havе rеally bееn far bеttеr *еvеryonе,s сalm and happy and wе allgеt on. I сan,t wait for Мum to brеakthе сontraсt as hеr punishmеnt willbе tidying up my room _ and it,s atip! I,m not surе that it wоuldn,t bеbеttеr to talk than to follоw a sеt of

rulеs though; but I supposе sinсе wе havе allsignеd up to it ... Aсtually, onе of thе things I amworried abоut is thе ,no violеnсе, rulе bесausеpеoplе tеll mе I havе a bit of a tеmpеI.

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2 Read the text agаin and сhoose the best аnswer' a, b, сor d, for questions 1-6.1 HeIen Tay|or feels that a suссessfu| fаmi|y сontraсt is one

in whiсh eaсh fаmily memberа makespersonaIsaсrif iсes.b knows what the rules are.с сonsuIts fami|y members с|osely.d сhanges the rules when neсessary.

2 How does Martin fee| about the сontraсt?a He admits he would rather not talk about it.b He suspeсts he might not be ab|e to stiсk to it.с He сonfesses that he is rather angry about it.d He implies that his parents will not break it.

3 Po||y is anxious about the faсt thata things might not be so peaсefu| in future.b сertain punishments sti|I need to be given.с the сhiIdren aгe not given enough treats.d the сhiIdгen don't reсeive enough enсouragement.

4 What does the word ff refer to inline 44?a Having a Iot of rules to obey.b Not making a mess in the living room.с Not being al|owed to watсh TV when eating.d Drawing up a сontraсt.

5 Po|ly beсame tirеd ofa preparing meals for the whole family.b сonstant|y asking the сhi|drеn to do things.с keeping сa|m when she rea||y felt angry'd giving |ove and reсeiving none in return.

6 Tom feeIs that hеa wi|| find it diffiсuIt to fo|Iow his part of the сontraсt.b shou|dn't have signed the сontraсt.с won't be ab|e to remember the terms of the сontraсt.d won't obieсt to the outсome of the сontraсt'

afnit AO

Voсab u IaryFeel ings

3 Matсh the words in italiс in phrases 1-8 to theirmeanings in a-h below.,l the sceлarlo (|ine 1)2 how did the fami|у fare? (|ine 20)3 it's a tip (line 27)4 nagging the сhiIdren (|ine 47)5 set pеna|ties for set misdemeanours (|ine 54)6 the /и// before the stoгm (|ine 56)7 straуfrom it (|ine 58)8 so many chores (line 64)

a a pile of rubbishb boring jobs that must be doneс сa|m (noun)d minor.сrimes'e not stiсk to or move away (from something)f a|ways сomp|aining about something to someoneg be suссessfuI or unsuссessfuI in somethingh a sсene

4 Now write short sentenсes of your own using thephrases 1-8 in 3. Use your notebook.

5 Gomplete the expressions about feelings in 1-6 with apreposition from the list.. of . to . that . with . about

be worriedbe a bit dubious ..be happysee the |ogiс . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .get fed up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .be reIativeIv сonfident

Now сomplete these sentenсes, saying how you wouldfeel аbout drawing up а сontraсt in your family.1 I would probably get fed up . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 I wouId bе reIative|v сonfident

3 I wouldn't be happy

4 | wouldn't be ab|e to see the Ioqiс . . . . . . . . . . .

5 I'd be a bit dubious

6 I'd be worried

GD

Complete the text. Use the words.. riva|ry . |enient . sib|ings . divorсe . bereаvement. splitting up

hеre havе always bееn familiеs with stеp-parеnts but in thе past these tеndеd to bebесausе of rеmarriagе aftеr the dеath of

еithеr thе mothеr oI fathеr. Howеvец morеrесently, rеmarriagеs havе bееn bеtwееn pеoplеwhosе frrst marriagе еndеd in 1 .. ' . .... ' . ..... rathеrtlnan 2 So, although stеp.familieshavе always bееn hеre, thе way in whiсh thеyarе formеd has сhangеd and this сan сausеpartiсular problеms for thе сhildrеn in thеfamily.

Thе сhildrеn will probably havе sееn thеdесlinе of thеir parеnts, rеlationship and thеirunhappinеss. Vеry oftеn сhildren bеliеvе _wтоngly _ that they are rеsponsiblе for thеirparеnts so thеy fееl guilty and thеymay dеvеlop behavioural pтoblеms suсh asdrugs оr truanсy.

Whеn a nеW family is еstablishеd thеrе willusually bе tensions as еvеryonе gets usеd toеaсh othеr. Thете arе enough problеms betwееn

in anу family but in stеp-familiеs theresеntmеnt and .' bеtweеn thеstеpbrothеrs and stеpsistеrs сan makе tifеdiffiсttlЬfol еvеryone. Furthеr, thе parеnts maysubсonsсiously trеat thеir natural сhildrеn andstеpсhildrеn diffеrеntly. For еxamplе, they maybе morе to onе group or еvеn bе!еalotis of thеit nеw partner,s сhildrеn.

CompIete these sentenсes with the сorreсt form of thewords in 7' Тhere is one word you do not need.1 They after going out togetheг for fivе years'2 Тhe1udge gave a ...... sentenсe beсause the

сriminaI was under 1B yeaгs o|d.Their f i rst exper ienсe of . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . was when theirgrandmother died.

sometimes сompete for their parents' attentioгThe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . between the s isters сont inued evenwhen they were both adults,

Funсt ionsSt imulus.based disсussion

9 Analyse the mаterial presented be|ow and аnswer thequestions.

45

Spend time with familySpend time with fгiendsSpend more time alone

ТUs b|аmed for

123

you do with friends.

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7096 0f hoр spеnd апhoш оr morсс0mpшtеr gaше!

breakdown iп family life

Desсribe the oiсtures.What information do the headIines and statistiсs givе?What are the advantages and disаdvаntages of peoplеwatсhing TV?What are the reasons whv families soend Iess timetogether?What aсtivities do you do with your family and whаt dо

шH0 ll0 Y0ш sPE]|Il тll] tul0sт TI]UI]lillTH lt 0uтslll] sGlloolfl

10-14 yeаrs

B2o/o

13o/o

5%

15-18 years

з0o/o

55%15%

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Grammar

Statement, pol i te order or quest ion?

]0 Matсh sentenсes 1_3 with the type of reported speeсha-с.,| The Woman wanted to know how faг it was to the town

сentre.2 Тhe man to|d us to wait heгe.3 Тhe Woman said that she was a visitor to the town.

а reporting an oгderb repoгting a stаtementс reporting a question

Report ing direсt speeсh

auхiliary do.ЕхampIes'Who аre уou? Where do you live?,. she asked.She wanted tо know who i was. iVoIМShe wаnted to know where l Iived. NOIМdid-].]iр+.

11 Report what the people in 1-6 said. Make all theneсessаry сhanges to the sentenсes.

1 ,Carry on straight down the road and you'l| сome to thetown сentre,'the boy said to the woman.The boy told . . . . . . . . . . . .'P|ease don't aгgue,'sаid the teaсher to the сhiIdгen.Тhe teaсhеr asked . . . . . ' . ' .'Where is the nearest саr park?'SaI|v asked thepoliсeman.Sally asked,Do you Iive near the town сentre?'Jane asked Dаvid.JoI lЕ. . . . .

.|'ve never been to this paгt of the worId before,,remarked MrТay|or.Mr Taylor'Could you tell me what's happened?' Paul asked apasser-0y.Paul. . . . . . . . . . .

Report ing memos12 Here аre some memos left for stаff in an offiсe' can you

report what the memos said? Use the verbs in braсkets.Eхarnple

Sиe,

Ple4se ring Mr Brauм

at lиnchtiwre, Dave

Dave (ask)Dаvr аsKad 8uе if *ha aould ring / tв riоg tу1r Фrвwn аtIunс'htimв"

РЬil, J!,)fi +".,"r ro o$lhаt have уou

dotпe аt*eyrd thJ

with the ryrицаl аiжT*vиeetiчve7o*2. Эavй' Г'.',.

!*\, o Нl},:l:,. -"-1PCov'|,d.уot'l ?ossiЬ|у cil iь" Ьol"], Directar .w1e |4ter ta disсйss {ar lцnch lovr'owow,,

тlre rиаrketiиq Witl.аиncavn7aign? МaЙ.

Jirr, oGel so,n,.e

"a$feewhevl yaи 9a aиt, will

уaи? We,ve rиn aurtlSаllу

1 Sarah (ask). . . . . . . . . . .2 Pete (remind)3 Maгk (enquire)4 Wil l iam (invite)5 Sally (tel l) .

Embedded quest ions

13 Rewrite 1-5 as embedded questions, using the wordsgiven.I What time does the Natural History Museum open?

afnit aO

Could you2 Why is the museum so interesting?

Do you knowHow manv visitoгs did the museum have Iast veaг?I wonderWhen was the Iast big exhibition?I want to knowHave you ever visited the museum befoгe?

- 1ц#жWffi' цlW wt1MЙwil! fu |WiffiMfr

Reporting questioпs ln reported questions the subjeсt normaltусomes before the verb' as in statements, and we don't use the

I don't know

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14

Verbs and prepositions

Use one of these prepositions to сomplete sentenсes't-5.. for . about l 61 о щi{fi о f6

1 Тhe teaсher congratulated the с|ass ............... theгesuIts of their test.

2 Sam crit icised me............... doing something hе haddone himself.

3 The bank сashier pleadеd the aгmed robberto put down his gun.

4 Dan eхplained me why he сouIdn't сome toIunсh on Sunday.

5 | argued with my parents ............... whether I needed amobile phone.

Now use one of the verbs in itaIiсs in 15 to сompIetesentenсes 1-5,1 Mrs Wal l is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to me why she had arr ived so late.2 We a|| еvening about whiсh fi|m we wanted to

go and see.3 We Ann and Мaгtin on their engagement at

the paгty Iast weekеnd.4 Тhе hostage with his kidnappers to reIease

him.5 Тhe managing direсtor the staff for not

making their сomp|aints known ear|ier.

Reporting a Gonversation

16 Report the following сonversation between SalIy (amanager) аnd Jason (her аssistant). You may need tomake severaI сhanges to the originaI сonversаtion. Usethe сorreсt form of these verbs.. ask . assure . explain . 0lead . remind . tell

Have you donе the month|y гeports, Jason?

2 Jason: Yes, I have done them l сan assure Vou.Jason

But if you гemembeг l asked for them two days ago.

4 Jason:Well, you see, it's Iike this ... just after I finishedthem my сomputer сrashed.

Jason

Sal ly:Well, you'lljust have to do them again onsomeone eIse's сomouter.

Sal ly . . . . . . . . . . .Jason: Cou|dn't I do thеm over the weekend, p|ease? |'ve

got an appointment in ten minutes.6 Jason

Sally:

sentenсe with the сorreсt form of thewords in braсkets that fits the сontext.|t 's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (BЕL|ЕF) that suсh an unimportant eventсou|d get as extensive (сOVER) as it did.Rewrite theso it meansIt would be a

seсond sentenсe using the prompts giventhe same as the first sentenсe.good idea if you remembered to сheсk this

15.t'

i i5

exerс|se agaIn.You hadсheсk this exerсise again.Rewrite the foI|owing as one sentenсe, using theword in braсkets.Тhe weather сonditions Were Very bad. Тhe f|ight wasdeIayеd. (BЕТТЕR)

compIete the sentenсe with the сorreсt form of theverbs in braсkets.Тhe с|erk said he Was sorry he . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(not prepare) the neсessary doсuments and promised he

(do) it immediately.Fill in gaps 1-10 with a suitable word. Use one wordonIy in eaсh gap.GlobalisationSome eсonomists с|aim g|oba|isation is a positive forсefor the good, making us wealthier and enabling us

Iive bettеr, hea|thier Iivеs and trave| tnewor|d spreаding our г iсhes. But many 2 .. ' . . . ' . ' . . . . . , aresсeptiсa| about the benefits. |f it is suсh a good idea, theypoint out' why is the internationa| eсonomyin suсh turmoiI? Around the wor|d, workers are suffering

a resu|t of mergers and aоquisitions. Manyсharities and environment groups beIieve thаtg|obа|isation is to b|ame |ower wages, сutsin soсia| serviсes and inсreasing poverty. Аnd they aссusetransnationaI сorporations of shifting produсtion fгomriсher оountries to those wheгe they сan drive downWages. Тhey a|so worry that the сorporations arebeсoming more poweгfuI and inf|uent ia| 6 . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . .demoсratiсa||y eleсtеd governments. Тhe protestors mayhave a point. 7 big internationa| сonferenсes,presidents and prime ministers often oeobseгved сouгting the finanсiers and industria|ists. Thegroups now mobiIising against есonomiс g|oba|isation arevaried, but unites them а|| is a bаsiс feаrthat globalisation is harming the weakest and poorest and_ pеrhaps the 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . impoгtant e|ement of att _the olanet itself.

u,o

1 Sal ly:Sal ly

3 Sally:Sal ly

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Well, I suppose so!

WritingLiv ing аt home or student aссommodat ion?

] 7 Read the essay and tiсk the points beIow which areinсIuded.Living at home1 you have to live by your parents' rules2 уour parents he|p you with your work3 you're Iooked after. . . . . . . . .4 i t 's сheaper . . . . . . . . .5 you have to eat with your parents .........6 you don't have to worry аbout biI|s ..... ' . ..

Living in student aссommodation7 you develop l i fe ski1|s. . . . . . . . .8 you сan eat what you wаnt . . . . . ' . . .9 you Iearn how to be independent . . . . . . . . .

,t0 it may be diff iсuIt to сonсentrate .........11 you сan make Iots of noise . . . . . . . . .12 i t 's exoensive . . . . . . .

Homе or awaY?Going to university is a very impoгtant time in a studеnt,s l ife.Depеnding on the сourse they сhoose, some students stаyat home with their family, whi|e otheгs go away. There areаdvantages and disadvantages to both situations.

There are many arguments in favour of staying at home.First|y, you aгe |ooked after * you have seсurity, and yourparents wil| a|so be there to give you suppoгt. Seсond|y, itis muсh сheaper, as youг parents wi|l be paying the heatingand food biIls. As a resuIt you wi|l have more spare сash togo out and enjoy yourself.

Тhe negative side is that your parents may inteгfere, ordiсtate гuIes to you. Although some parents may do a|| thehousewoгk, others may insist that you do your share ofhouseho|d jobs. This may in turn |ead them to treat you аs асhi|d beсause you are stiIl in thе fami|y home. Some peoplethink that |iving at home сrеates nothing but problems, as itrеsults in сonfгontations about behaviour and routines.

Тhe advantаges of living away from home have a |ot todo with being independent. Living away fгom home is aneоessary part of bеing an adult, and going to univегsityis not simply about studying but also about taking on adultгesponsibil it ies. |t teaches you Iife ski|Is suсh as beingorganised, handling money and гunning a home'

A drawbaсk is that your housemаtes may not he|p in theо|eaning oг tidying. You mаy not Iike finding the kitсhen amess, And another argument against l iving аwaу from homeis that it is very expensive. A|so shared aссommodation maybe noisy аnd it сan be diffiсuIt to сonсеntrate on your work.of сourse, this is the greаt advantage of l iving in a studenthouse too. You Iearn to get on with different pеop|e аnd bеadaptable.

ln сonсIusion, there are advantages and disаdvantages toboth expeгiеnсes _ еaсh student nеeds to make thеir owndесision about what is best for them'

UniG llD

Find words in the text that hаve the same meаning asthose in 1-7.

fee|ing of being safe and not having fеars or worriespгaсtiсa| and emotionaI helpseгious arguments between two peopIe oг gгoupsabIe to make youг own deсisions without reIying onsomeonr to help youan aspeсt of something that makes it |ess good or UsefuI

6 to think с|ear|y and сarefu||y7 able to сhange and fit in to deal with somethinq

suссessfu||y

You are going to write an essay of 200-250 words onthe topiс beIow' Write down the arguments for andagainst before you begin to help you plan.1tudante ghould economisr whilo thеу studу, аnd not gеtinto dabt.

For Against

20 PIan your essay. Divide it into four parаgraphs' Makenotes for eасh pаragraph,. the thinking behind the tit leo arguments for. arguments against. сonс|Usion

Writ ing а disсursive essay

21 Write your essay in 200-250 words.Use some of these expressions:. some people argue / claim. mу VieW is, firstlуo seсondlУ / in addition, finallу / lastlу. nevertheless, in conсlusion, to sum up

18

1234

19

GD

Asking for informationЕхсuse me. Could уou tell me where the bus stop is?

Can уou tell me if the bus has left?Do уou know...?You wouldn't know . '. , would уou?I'd like to know ..., please.And there's another thing I'd like to know . ..

Asking someone to repeatCould уou saу that again, please?Would уou mind repeating that, please?Could уou repeat that, please?

Expressing uncertaintyl,m not reallу sure but lthink '',I can't saу for certain but ' ' 'lt's difficult to saу eхaсtlу but perhaps ' ' '

Saying you don't knowl'm afraid l сan't help уou'I'm sorry, I don't know.

Giving instruсtions / direсt ionsMake sure ,,,Remember ... (to dd.Be сareful '', (notto do)'Go straight on.Take the first / second left.Turn Ieft / right.Go along Нigh Street as far as the bank'Take the number 10 bus.Get off at .'. (plaсe)'

Asking for adviceWhat do уou think I should do?What would уou do (if уou were in mу situation)?What would уou advise me to do?

Giving adviсel think уou should .'' (do).You could ... (do).Whу don't уou ''' (do)?lf Iwere уou' l'd ',' (do)'

Cheсking instruсtionsАre уou with me?Did уou follow that?Have уou got that?ls eveфhing сIear so far?So, what I should do ls ...

cheсking that you've understoodSo, I / We have to ...Do уou want me / us to '.'?Am l / Аre we supposed to '''?Should I ..,?

Thanking and respondingManу thanks'Thanks a lot.Cheers!That's very kind of уou'Not at all.lt's a pleasure. / Mу pleasure'You're welcome.Don't mention it.Anу time'That's ОK / all right'I'm glad to have been of some help.

Sequenсing act ionsFirst of all, ...Neхt, ' '.Then,. . .Afterthat, ...Finallу, ',.

Showing interestUh-huh!Right!Reallу!That's interesting!Аnd?What then?

lnv i t ingWhat are уou doing on Saturdaу?Нave уou got anу plans for Fridaу?Would уou like to . ' ' (do)?Do уou fanсу @oing)?What about (doing)?

Aссepting an invitationYes, I'd love to,Yes, that would be great.

Refusing an invitаtionl'm afraid l'm busу on Saturdaу. Нow about neхt Saturdaу?I'm sorry, I can't. I'm going to the theatre.

Making suggest ionsShall I / we .., (do)?Let's ... (do).Whу don't I/ we ''' (do).How about (doing)?What about ... (doing)?I think v're should . . . (do).

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Agreeing to a suggestionYes, I think that's a good idea.That's probablу the best option,Sure, whу not?

Rejeсting a suggestionYes, but wouldn't it be better to ... (do)?That's a good idea, but ...

PersuadingBut don't уou agree that '..Yes, but l'm sure уou'd agree that ' ' 'Don't уou think that ' ..

Asking what somebody thinksWhat do уou think?|Цhat's уour position on ' '.|Цhat's уour reaction to . ' .

Presenting an opinionPersonallу, l think that'''lf seems to me that ...From mу point of view, '''ln mу opinion, '..

Agreeingl'd probablу agree with that.l think that's probablу right'That's about right, Ithink.Sure/ Ihaf's what Ithink.Аbsolutelу! That's eхaсtlу what I feel'

DisagreeingУes, buf ...True, but ...I see whatуou mean, but '''Уes, but onthe other hand '''I'm afraid I disagree / don't agree / can't agree .. .

Giving yourself time to thinkWell, Iet /??e see.Let me think ...Um, well, that's a difficult quesfion / that's an interesting point.I'll have to / Let me think about that for a moment ...lthink it's diffiсult to answer that question .,'How shall I put it? ...

OrderingFirstofal l , . . .To start with, ...Secondlу, ,,.Another thing is that .. .On the one hand ..., but on the other hand ...Alternativelу, ,''Last but not least, ...

Giving examplesFor eхample, ''.Forinstanсe' ',,one eхample of fhЬ Ь . ' 'To give уou an idea, ' .,Look atthe сase of .' '

GonsequencesАs a result, .. 'Consequentlу ','Beсause ofthis, ,''

SummarisingSo whaf it comes dovtn to is ...The point I'n trying to make is ...Let ne just reсap what's been said so far,ln short ...To sum up ...

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ReadingMult ip le сhoiсe

1 You are going to read an extraсt from аn artiсle aboutbeauty. For questions .t-8, сhoose the answeц a, b, с ord, whiсh you think fits best aссording to the text.

Bequty is in the eуeof the beholderYoung is bеautifшl. Тhin is bеaшtiful.Or so would the mеdia havе youbeliеvе. Еvеry day we arе bombardеdby images of waif.like сelеbritiеswalking down сatwalks at fashionshоws, or waving at their adoring fansand, еvеn morе importantly, at thewatсlrfшl eyеs of thе сamеras of thegathеrеd prеss, from rеd-сarpеtedthеatre entranсes at film prеmiеrеs -holding up for all thе world to sеe abеauty idеal as rrnattainable to шostof us as thе сеlebrity status thеy enioy.

And it is all too еasy to assumе that thеWestеrn bеauty idеal has always bееn this: thеimagе of thе grown.up Woman, еtеrnally loсkеdin thе body of an undеrnourishеd tееnagеr. Butthis obsеssion with allthings thin only startеd asrесеntly as thе 1960s _ if you look at bеauty iсonsof thе 1950s, likе Marilyn Monroе, thеy appеarpositivеly obеsе сompared to all thе LindsayLohans and Katе Mossеs of today. And Marilynhеrsеlf would sееm undеrwеight nеxt to any ofthe womеn in thе paintings of thе 17th сеnturyDutсh mastеr Rubеns.

So whеrе doеs thе idеal of young and thinсomе from? Part of thе rеason is in thе mind: wеall fееl thе inеvitablе passing оf timе. Wе all fееlnostalgiс about thе ,good old days, of our youth- thе timе wе would nеvеI bе ablе to rесlaim or

rеturn to еvеn if, in faсt, Wе Wеre notpartiсularlу happУ in thosе tееnagе yеars. Thisyearning for what сannot сome again seemsеtеrnal and univеrsal, and еvеn anсiеnt folk talеstalk about the sеarсh for thе fountain of youth.

Also, with all thе pIoglеss madе in modеrnmеdiсinе, wе livе longеr than bеforе, whiсh alsomеans wе spеnd morе yеars in adulthood, andthеn in old agе, than bеfore. And with thеplethora of body trеatmеnts on offеr, wе сan atlеast try to look young. Somе of us еvеn 8o toеxtremе lengths to prеsеrvе oul youthful looks:plastiс sulgеry to rеmovе thе wrinkles of lifееxpеriеnсе from our faсеs, or сhеmiсal inieсtionsto frееzе thе smilе on our plump lips. Yеs, thеsеdays еven turning baсk timе is possiblе. But isthis a good thing? Do forty-somеthings rеallyhavе to try and look likе thеir own tееnagеdаughtеrs?

Thе tidе, howеvеr, sееms to bе turning. Justreсеntly, a major fashion show in Spain bannеdall supетmodеls who wеrе сliniсally undеrweightfrom appеaring on thе сatwalk. Еvеn сosmеtiсsсompaniеs arе bеginning to sеnsе thе сhangе:Dovе, for еxamplе, staтtеd thеir Campaign forRеal Bеauty _ promoting hеalthсarе and bеautyproduсts with imagеs of womеn of all agеs anddress sizеs. Just onе look at thеm, and you,rесonvinсеd: bеauty is not about how young youarе, or how littlе you wеigh _ bеauty is thе hеalthand happiness shining in youт faсe.

Тhe writer says the media shows us a beauty idea|a only aimed at people who are young and thin.b whiсh isn't rea|istiс for most peop|e.с that's stiI|the same as in the 17th сentury.d that appeals to everyone living in the Western world.

|f we сompare the beauty iсons of today to those of the1 950s,a the Women from thе 1950s Iook even moгe underfedb today's staгs appeaг a |ot thinner.с we find that they have a|ways been young and thin.d it is easy to see how new beauty pгoduсts have

improved Women's аppearanсe'

What does the writer argue might explain the oгigins ofouг beauty ideа|?a The infIuenсe of advertising on our peгсeption of

beauty.b Тhe images in anсient fo|k ta|es.с The happiness we fe|t as tеenаgeгs.d Psyсho|ogiсa| reasons: the desire to bring baсk our

youth.

What does the writеr sаy about the deve|opment ofmodern mediсine?a Dгugs сan now make us |ook younger and heaIthier.b It enсouгages us to take eхtreme measures to bring

baсk ouг youth.с It has extended our Iives, so we spend more years as

adults and old people than before.d She doesn't think modern mediсine has made any

differenсe to how we view beauty.

How does the writer feeI about p|astiс surgery?a She doesn't believe adult women should try to look

like teenagers.b She thinks it's wondeгful that we сan remove wrinkIes

to make the skin look younger.с She's surprised that extreme beauty tгeatments сan

aImost turn baсk time.d She wou|d Iike to try p|astiс surgery or сhemiсal

injeсtions to make heгself |ook younger.

The wгiter thinks that the key to гea| beautya lies in the |atest produсts of the beauty industry.b is employing models of different ages and sizes.с is banning underweight modеIs from fashion shows.d is f inding health and happiness in our l ives.

WritingAn informal letter

2 You hаve reсeived a letter from an 18.year.old friendfrom another country who is сonsidering moving toyour town. She would Iike to find out:. how young peop|e in your town Iive (e.g. do thеy Iive with

parents? do they move into shared aссommodation withfriends?);

. where young people go to soсiа|ise, and how soсietyviews relationships between young people (e.9. is itaссeptabIe for unmarried gir|s to soсiaIise with boys? howaгe young peop|e expeсted to behave in pub|iс? areexpeсtations different for boys and for gir|s?);

. what ru|es and regu|ations exist that affeсt young peop|e(e.g. the IegaI age for driving, drinking aIсohol, smoking, oгgetting a job);

. if there are any speсia| сustoms or expeсtations in yourtown that she might find surprising or different from herown eXDer|enсe.

Write a letter to your friend in 180-200 words, inсIudingthe points mentioned. Do not write any addresses.

SpeakingPiсture.based disсussion3 Look at the four photos below that show the different

stages in a peopIe's lives. Disсuss the foIIowing issuesabout eaсh stage:. the advantages and disadvantages. relationships that aгe typiсaI. main сonсerns аnd issues. your own expeгienсes of сhiIdhood and teenage years. how you imagine youг own Iife as an aduIt and in o|d age.

Debate

4 Read the following statement. Deсide if you agree ordisagree with it, and prepare arguments to supportyour viewpoint. Тhen' in pairs, disсuss the issue,responding to аny сounter.arguments your partner has.

The keу to the integration of immigrants is guaranteeing theirfreedom to preserve their own сulture and сustoms'

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Use of Engl ishopen сloze1 Read the text about reсyсling, and think of the word

that best fits gaps 1-8. Use only one word in eасh gap.There is exampIe аt the beginning (0).

Spr ingtown Тown CounсiI is сommitted 0.. . . ' . ' . . . . .improving its reсord on the proteсtion of theenvironment. From 1 |anuarу, wе wilt beintroduсing a rеvisеd rесyсling sсhemе forresidеnt ia l areas, whiсh wi l l rep|aсe 1.. . . , . . . . . . . . . .сurrent weekly rubbish сol leсtion. Domestiс rubbishwi|l now bе сolleсted other week (daysVarи sеparatе |eaf|ets wi|l bе distributed With detai|sabout youГ own neighbourhood), a|tеrnating

the seIeсtivе reсyсling сol|есtion.

Springtown Тown Counсi| wilI provide, frеeсharge, p|astiс boxes for thе

rесyсling сategories:

A) yе|Iow boxes for papеr (no сaгdboard in ye|lowboxes, please),

B) b|ue boxes for сardboard,

C) brown boxes for glass (any сo|our _ pleasе гinsebottlеs and jars гeсyсling),

D) 9rey boxеs for drinks сans and food tins (сlеanсans and tins on|y, please), and

Е) white boxes for PEТ p|astiс bott|es on|y. Weapo|ogise but wе are сurrent|У 6.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . toaссept any othег typеs of plastiс waste.

lf you a|so own a gaгdеn, you сan rеquest freеreсyсling bags for garden waste.

Any unsortеd гubbish wi|l сontinue to betransportеd to the |andfiIl sitе as before.

We bе|ievе that our new and impгoved rесyсlingsсheme wil| benefit thе environmеnt as wе|l asrеsidents of Springtown.

We would like to ask you to be patient whi|е We arеironing any minor pгob|ems during theintгoduсtion of the nеw sсheme. However, if youwish to any сomments on ouг serviсе,you сan сontaсt Janе Ho|den, Тown Rесyсlingoffiсеr by phoning o1821 975 з10'

WritingA letter of appliсation

2 You have found the folIowing advertisement in the loсa|newspaper' and deсided to apply for one of theаvаiIаbIe positions' Write a letter in 180_200 words torequest more information about the job, outlining yourskills аnd experienсe, аnd why you feel the job wouldbe partiсularIy аppeaIing to you,

lnterested in the medio?Wont to get some reo|.life exPerienсe?

The Town Gozette is looking for young sсhooI-leovers foг summer work experienсe.

There ore oosts ovoi|oЬ|e in:. press editoriolo photo reseorсhо designо produсt ion ond print ingо odministrot ion.

Competitive rotes of poy. Working hours vory.

For more informofion, write fo:

The Тown GozetteHR Deportment29 West Stotion WoyHoymorket HY23 5Gс.

Pleose indiсote whiсh post you wou|d Ьe mostinterested in, ond the period when you ore ovoiIoЬ|ein the summer.

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SpeakingPiсture.based disсussion

3 Look at the two photos of animals below. Disсuss thefollowing questions;. What different uses have anima|s been domestiсated for?

How has the use of domestiс animaIs сhanged in the pastfifty years?

. What problems or issues сonсerning domestiс anima|s areyou aware of?

. |n what ways does mankind affeсt the hаbitats and livingсonditions of anima|s in the wild?

. What do you think сan or shouId be done to proteсt wiIdIifein your сountry?

Debate

4 Read the foIlowing statement. Deсide if you agree ordisagree with it, and prepare arguments to supportyour viewpoint. Then, in pairs, disсuss the issue,responding to any сounter.arguments your partner has.

Ihe sfroлgest influenсe on our lives nowadaуs is theinfluence of the mass media.

Read i ngMatсhing

1 You are going to reаd a guidebook extraсt aboutBristol, a сity in the south.west of England. choose themost suitab]e heading A-G for eaсh paragrаph ,|-5.There are two extra headings that you do not need touse.

Тhe man who disсoveгed the Ameriсan сontinentShopping and enteгtainment in the сity сentreThe foundаtion of сounty аnd сityThe history of Bristol CathedralThe sourсe of BristoI's wea|th: the s|ave tradeA сity of hi||sAn impoгtаnt harbour

ABnDEF

Thе off iсiaI histoгy of BristoI bе9ins in thе 14thсеntuгy, whеn King Еdward lII foundеd the сountyof Bristo| (|ater Avon) in 1 З7З, bу гoyal сhaгtег.oddIy enough, Bristo| on|y beсame a сity twoсеntuгies |atег, when King Henгy V|| dесided tohavе a сathеdгaI bui|t on thе hiII r ising abovе thеharbour, in 1542.

The harbour, at the point whегe thе rivегs Avon andFromе meеt, Was a natuгaI foсus point for thе basisof a suссеssfuI сity: trading. Bгistol today is awеa|thy сitу, madе гiсh bу genегations upongeneгations of merсhants, whosе o|d warehousessti lI гing what is Iеft of one of the main sеaports inthe estuaгy of thе Rivеr Sеveгn. The seaport todayoperates a few mi|es out of the сity, in Avonmouth,and the old harbour in thе сity сentгe has beеnсonvеrted into a сu|tura| and Iеisure сompIеx.

J

But the harbour has not aIways been assoсiatеdwith сulture and |eisure. ln faсt, onе of thе mainaсtivit ies that brought famе and fortune, or shou|dWе say notoriеty and i|I-gainеd wealth, to BгistoIwas the trianguIar sIave trade: BristoI mегсhantstranspoгted brass and gIass to Afгiсa, then sIavеs tothе Caribbean sugar p|antations, and rum baсk to

Bгistol again. Тhеsе Wеге daгk t imеs, butfoгtunate|y, the slave trade was not the onIymarit imе сhapter in thе history of the сity.

An ltaIian expIorег, Ciovanni Caboto (who is bettеrknown in Bгitain as ,|ohn Cabot) еmp|oyed by thеKing of ЕngIand, Henry Vl l, sai|ed from Bristo| in1497 to f ind a route to Asia. lnstеad, Iikе CoIumbusonIy 5 yeaгs bеfoгe him, hе disсovered Amегiсa! lnfaсt, Cabot was the first Еuropеan (if wе Ieavе theVikings out of thе quеstion) to sеt foot on thеAmeriсan main|and itsе|f. His bronze statue nowsits pensive|y in Bristol,s F|oating Haгbouг, gazing atthе сгowds gathering aгound theiг сappuссinos toсatсh thе sunshinе on thе tеrraсе of the Aгno|finiсultuгaI сеntre _ itsеIf a сonvегtеd oId mегсhantwarehousе.

5

BristoI has a variеd geography, with stеep hiIls|ooming oveг thе town, and Waterways сгiss.сrossing thе vaI|ey below. Тhе сasuaI visitor is oftеnrеwarded bу astonishing viеws whеn hе Ieastexpeсts it - just turn a сornеr on St. Miсhael,s HilI,for example, and praсtiсa||y the whoIe сounty ofSomeгsеt opens up in fгont of you. Тhе priсе youpay for thе viеws is thе haгd exегсise you gеt byсl imbing thе preсipitous slopеs of CIifton.

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WritingA disсursive essay

2 Choose one of the fo|Iowing heаdings, and write anessay in 180_200 words, disсussing the main points.A The main sourоes of pol|ution in my town, and how to

гeduсe the damage to the environmentB Graffiti: an urban art form oг vandaIism?с Proteсting endаngered speсies in my сountry

Writing an essay1 Planning: organise уour keу points into paragraphs2 Writing: suppott уour opinions with сonvinсing argumentsЗ Cheсking: сheсk that:

, уou have eхplored all the keу points уou wanted, уour arguments are clear and easу to follow. уour writing is сlear of errors'

SpeakingPiсtu re.based disсussion

3 Look at the two photos of sport below, and сompаreand сontrаst the following aspeсts of sport:. professionaI spoгts and regu|аr exerсise. team soorts and individual sports. speсtator sports аnd partiсipating in sport.

Debate

4 Read the foIlowing statement' Deсide if you agree ordisagree with it, and prepare arguments to suppoЁyour viewpoint. Тhen, in pairs, disсuss the issue,responding to any сounter.arguments your partner has.

Sсleлсe fiction allows writers to eхolore lssues и their ownsoсietу through creating imaginarу parallelworlds, orprojecting todaу's trends into the future,

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Use of Engl ishMult ip le.сhoiсe с loze

1 Read the text about life in the Solar System, аnd deсidewhiсh word or phrase: a, b, с or d, best fits eасh gap1-8. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0a almost roundb almost сirсIe@ near|y сirсuIard nearly rounded

zА

0

А+

f,

6aD

.l

B

0

d

alikesuсhresemblingsimilar

mightshouldwil lmust

fгombetweenwithamong

by nowso fагunti ltodayup to this

the waythathowas far as

сonсIudesendsfinishesсompIetes

holdsкeepsinсreasesсauses

making upinс|udingсreated frommade up of

1

b

0

{

ab

0

5

b

0

I

d

Depending on whose viеws you aссept, theгеarе ninе or ten major p|anеts in the So|aгSystеm. our home, Еarth is thе third of thеseplanets геvolv ing in 0.. . . . . . . . .9. . . . . . . . orbits roundthe сentra| star of the system, the Sun, and

.. We сuгrent|y knoщ thе on|y p|anetto сarry life.Тhe planets have very diffeгent сhaгaсteristiсsfrom one anothег. Thе two planets that aremost 2.. . . . . . . our own worId are Vеnusand Mars. Both have so|id suгfaсеs, and arеsurroundеd by a Iayer of atmosphеre. But therethe similarityln popular f iсt ion, writers often imagined al iensoсiеtiеs Iiving on both p|anets. Тhey envisagedIush grееn jung|еs on Venus, and watеr-f i l ledсana|s on Mars. Entertaining though these

storiеs ... be, We now know that is al lthey rеmain: imaginaгy stories.Venus is inhospitab|y hot. Тhe greenhousе effeсtof its dеnsе сarbon-dioxide atmosphеre

.. thе surfaсе tempеrature at 475degreеs above zero, and the prеssurе is about90 timеs grеater than on Еarth. In 1975, twounmannеd Soviеt spaсeсraft, Vеnera 9 and 10visitеd thе p|anet, and sent baсk imagеs of hot,stony dеserts and сraters.Mars 's atmosphere is very thin, only about ' lpеr сеnt that of Earth. Howevеr, thetempеrature usual|y ranges .. ' l0"сand -75"C _ not too different from thеfluсtuations observed beyond thе Arсtiс Cirсleon Еarth. Mars evеn has po|aг iсe сaps

.. snow, iсe and сarbon dioxidе. Andwherе thеre is water, life is possib|e. Or, at |east,not impossibIe. Тhe p|anet has beеn visitеd byunmannеd spaсесгaft sеveral timеs, but

.. thеsе have not found l ifе. Someсampaign for a mannеd mission to Mars,hoping that astronauts might bе moresuссessful whегe maсhines havе fai led.

WritingA personal aссount

2 Think about a memorable event from your personalexperienсe' |t сouId be an event from a pаst tripsomewhere as а tourist, or a сu|turaI event thаt youattended. Think of whаt made the event partiсularlymemorab|e' Write an aссount of what happened in180-200 words.

SpeakingPiсtu re.based disсussion

3 Look at the three photos showing the role of art in ourIives. Disсuss the foIlowing questions:. HoW imooгtant is art eduсation for сhiIdгen? What are the

benefits?. What ro|e does aгt pIay in young peop|e's Iives (e.g' out|et

for сreativity, enteгtainment, sсhooI subjeсt)?. In what Ways сan aгtists reaоh their audienсe?. Do you think aгtistiс and сommerсiа| aspirations сan be

гeсonсiIed?

Debate

4 Read the foIIowing stаtement. Deсide if you agree ordisagree with it, and prepare arguments to supportyour viewpoint. Then, in pаirs, disсuss the issue,responding to аny сounter.arguments your partner has'

People should be encouraged fo use publiс transpoft moreand their own саrs /ess'

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New

MatrixA new edition of the сhallenging seсondary сoursе whiсhPrePares students for suссess in their sсhool.leaving exams.

Popu|ar featurеs improved and updatedin гesponse to teaсheгs'feedbaсk:о thought-Pгovoking topiсs and authentiс tеxtso dеmanding matегials to bui|d сonfidеnсео systеmatiс еxam trarning: еxam tasks, tips and teсhniquеso grammar aсtivated thгough сommuniсative taskso еnhanсed сovегage of сu|turе in Сulture foсuso еmphasis on еffесtivе pгoduсtion:

- spеaking on a range of invo|ving subjесts- stеp-by_step guidanсe in wгiting

o геgu|aг revision and гесyс|ingо authеntiс еxtгaсts from liteгatuге in Rеoding for pleosureo gгammar rеfеrеnсeo diсtionary-sty|e woгdIist

WhatЪ new?o building of key voсabu|ary to сover the exam topiсs in еvегy unit

in Word foсusо improvеd grammaг pгaсtiсе |еssonsо imProvеd wгiting devе|opmеnt With a wider variety of tеxts

New MatrixStudent's BookWorkbookТеaсhег's BookC|ass Cassеttes / C|ass СDs

OXFORDI,NIYЕRSIтY PRЕss

rБгtl oxFoRD ENGLISн

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