New Nationalism• Heightened nationalism (emergence of
American literature, art, history) • Expansion of army and navy• Revive Bank of the United States• Rebuild a newer, better capital/White House• Building a national turnpike• Defeating the Barbary Pirates 1815
“The American System”• Tariff of 1816
– first protective tariff in US history,20-25% of dutiable imports
• Henry Clay’s “American System” 1. Strong Bank available credit2. Protective Tariff encourage manufacturing
AND pay for canals and roads3. Canals and Roads connect and integrate the
growing country’s economyNOTE: Republicans defeated federal support for stateimprovements, ergo Erie Canal, etc. paid for by States
Era of Good Feelings – Really?
• Election of 1816: Republicans crush Federalists, 183 to 34 (see election.org)
• James Monroe is 8th President of the United States• Monroe is the ambassador of Nationalism• Monroe’s administration was called the “Era of
Good Feelings”WHY?
ANSWER: With no Federalists, the US seemed united
THE PANIC OF 1819Over speculation on the frontier causes first national
recession since Washington was President.
Bank of United States demanded payment from Western banks chain reaction of foreclosures, bank failures, bankruptcies, unemployment.
Westerners are especially hard hit giving rise to Jacksonian democrats
Is the Era of Good Feelings over?How do you explain the election of 1820?
Growing Pains out WestNine Western States added from 1791 – 1819
States admitted slave or free alternatively. WHY?FACTORS DRIVING WESTWARD MIGRATION?
• Immigration from the older states and from Old World
• Land exhaustion in tobacco states
• Ending Indian threat on frontier
• Improved roads and highways
• Invention of steamboat
• Land speculation
• Economic hardship new opportunities
Western Demands1. Cheap acreage Land Act of 18202. Cheap Transportation Federal
subsidies3. Cheap Money “Wildcat” banks
SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM, BALANCE?
Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state threatens the balance of power.
• Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory• Tallmadge amendment prohibits growth of slavery
in the territory, South fears federalist intervention in South itself
• Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling behind more and more
• Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise of 1820• A little horse-trading:
Maine will be admitted as a free stateMissouri will be admitted as a slave state (defeating the Tallmadge Amendment)
• This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12.• Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the
northernmost boundary of slavery• True compromise: nobody very happy with result!• Lasted for 15 years, until “Bleeding Kansas.”• Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails
http://media.maps101.com/SUB/STATE_THEMATIC/kyhist3.gif
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819ISSUE: Can the state of MD tax the national bank?
(States v. Federal Government)DECISION: (Marshall) Federal government CAN create the
national bank (due to implied powers) AND the state of MD CANNOT tax the bank b/c
“the power to tax implies the power to destroy” &“a power to create implies a power to preserve”
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Marshall creates the legal theory of
“loose constructionism” with this decision.
Cohens v. Virginia, 1821ISSUE: The Cohens appeal decision of State Court of
Virginia convicting them to Supreme Court.
DECISION: Virginia Court’s decision is upheld.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Marshall establishes the Supreme Court’s right
to review the decisions of State Courts.(Big blow to states’ rights!)
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824ISSUE: Can one state (NY) control interstate
commerce (by granting a monopoly to a ferry company).
DECISION: No, only Congress may control interstate commerce.
HISTORICAL DECISION:Affirms the Constitution,
power of federal government,and limits the states’ rights re: commerce.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
ISSUE: Can legislatures violate private contracts?
DECISION: No. Affirmed private property rights over and against popular legislatures.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Strengthened property rights
against attacks by democratic institutions
WEBSTER AND MARSHALL
Federalists may be dead, but FEDERALISM is alive and well!!!
Q: What is the legacy of Webster and Marshall?
A: A strong federal government and a uniform and stable environment for business
“The Rush–Bagot Agreement between Great Britain and the United States demilitarized the Great Lakes and defined the border between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel. Negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the Rush–Bagot Agreement eliminated some of the most contentious issues between the United States and Great Britain.” http://www.historycentral.com/NN/
Rush.html
Rush-Bagot Treaty- 1818
Oregon and FloridaJohn Quincy Adams, Sec. of State, negotiates Treaty of 1818
1. Established the boundary w/ Canada2. Est. important fishing rights off Newfoundland3. Est. 10 yr. Joint occupation of Oregon
1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida under guise of pursuing “outlaws” and exceeds his “authority”from Washington, deposing Spanish governor and executingprisoners. John Q. Adams takes advantage of Jackson’s bloody zeal and forces Spain to concede Florida.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)Pres. Monroe, inspired by John Quincy Adams declares:
1. Europe may no longer colonize in the Western Hemisphere2. Europe may no longer intervene in the Western Hemisphere
Directed at monarchies in Europe, esp. Russia who were threatening American and Latin American republics.
ENFORCER? Britain!
Why?
