Overview of Opportunities in Battery Energy
Storage
&AESKB: Test Setup/Circuit Topologies/Data Logging/Web Interface
Nesimi Ertugrul
University of Adelaide
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Centre of Energy Technologies
AESKB Knowledge Sharing Event and Workshop 25 November 2016
Issues in Distributed Power Generation
• Demand is unpredictable, generation used to be predictable (!) to meet demand
• Renewable energy generation is unpredictable
• Australian Network:
• It is weak, long and thin (rural farming and community loads)
• It has limited import/export opportunities (between the states)
• It has large load variations (associated with heat waves, or mining loads, or faults)
• It has low power system inertia (due to decommissioning old power stations)
• Issues In Australia:
• Fringe-of-grid areas, isolated or islanded systems, and remote/very remote areas
(mining sites) are likely to experience reliability and power quality issues.
• Voltage fluctuations are the major issues with the integration of renewable energy
• The randomness of large loads (such as in mining) and their co-incident
simultaneous operation. The demand cycle of the multiple loads might have a
very large short term power variation incidentally.
• Steep ramps due to large PV penetration: Lower base load and relatively
unchanged peak demand (utilities would need to increase or decrease baseload
generation capacity )
• Demand is unpredictable, generation used to be predictable (!) to meet demand
• Renewable energy generation is unpredictable
• Australian Network:
• It is weak, long and thin (rural farming and community loads)
• It has limited import/export opportunities (between the states)
• It has large load variations (associated with heat waves, or mining loads, or faults)
• Battery storage systems can respond very fast in grids with low power system inertia
(P for f and Q for V)
• Issues In Australia:
• Fringe-of-grid areas, isolated or islanded systems, and remote/very remote areas can
accommodate battery storage and also quickly respond to power quality issues.
• Voltage fluctuations can be controlled by controlling Q (in 4-quadrant drives)
• Large short term power variations can be provided from battery storage
• Steep ramps due to large PV penetration: localised/distributed baseload generation
capacity by battery storage
Opportunities in Battery Storage in Australia
Battery Storage Opportunities in Utility Scale Applications
Generation
Level
Transmission Level Distribution Level
Fast-response
frequency
regulation
Black start
Spinning
reserve
Back-up and
mission
critical power
Power plant
hybridization
Ramp rate
management
Peak demand
management
Mitigating
intermittency
(firming)
Dynamic line
rating support
Dynamic stability
support
Reducing
interconnection
cost
Voltage support of
long radial circuits
Energy storage for
utilities
Facilitating high PV
penetration
embedded
microgrids
Energy arbitrage
Ramp-Rate control
of PV inputs
Increase asset efficiency and utilization and
ancillary services
Loss reduction
Voltage support
Peak-shaving, load and time shifting
Power quality improvement
Power reduction in curtailment events to shut
down to mitigate issues associated with
generator loading, export to the grid, or
certain planning conditions.
Renewable integration
(wind and solar)
Asset deferral
Reactive power control
• It is predicted that (by Navigant Research) 11 GW of energy
storage capacity will be installed annually by 2020 in
22 countries (1/3 is in Asia and Oceania)
• Predicted growth of battery utilisation in vehicles
(mainly busses): 11 GWh in 2015 to 500 GWh in 2025.
• Greater opportunities in islands, remote area
applications, and in utility, industry and domestic scale
battery storage applications in Australia and in Asia.
• Diverse skills, knowledge and design requirements in
every application, including communication, control,
safety, protection, programming, IoT, and high power
density and high efficiency conversion efficiency
• Data collection and analysis of BSS components
• Optimisation of BSS for dispatchibility of wind farms
Opportunities in Battery Storage in Australia and Asia
Driver cost >> battery cost !
Developments of Key Components of Battery Storage Systems
Bi-directional
CONVERTERBATTERY
AC Side DC Side
PCC
Battery
Management
System
Control and
Communication
Cooling and protection system
CONVERTER: Bidirectional and ideally 4-quadrant
DC SIDE : DC protections, DC voltage ranges, DC current ripple, keep safe operating conditions.
AC SIDE: System operator related, flexible, ancillary, reactive support, black start, ramp rate control,
isolation and stepping up.
PERFORMANCE: Harmonics, time response, efficiency, power deratings, cooling, safety and protection.
CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS: Frequency, power input/output in medium voltage, the state of
charge, the control mode by battery management system, historical view of data, alarms.
EPC (Engineering, procurement, construction) AND INTEGRATION: Requires companies and
individuals with suitable skills that are highly multidisciplinary.
GRID INTERCONNECTION: Interconnection point (distribution line , transmission line, suburb, urban/
rural), safety, noise, location, lightning , grounding, communication/protection requirements by the T/D
providers, ability and cost of interconnecting, size of the distributed generation system, voltage
considerations
Opportunities in Battery Storage in Australia and Asia
REFERENCE
No BSS
Single
BSS at
Substation
One BSS
per wind
turbine
Multiple
BSSs in
optimised
locations
Power quality Low Medium High High
Reliability as generator
Medium Medium High High
System cost Medium High Very
High
Medium
Intermittency High Low Low Medium
Dispatchability Very
limited
Medium Medium High
Response time low high high high
Reactive power
control/rate
Limited 4 quad/
high
4 quad/
high
4 quad/
medium
Back up
capacity
Very
low
Medium
High
High
Power
consumption
0.1% >0.1% >0.1% >0.1%
Power/
Energy
Power Power/
Energy
Power/
Energy
Power/
Energy
Availability 95% >95% >95% >95%
Utilization of battery
None Low Medium High
BSS: Battery Storage System
Effects of Intermittent Wind Farm Energy Sources on Grid
Without and With BSS Configurations
Large battery market for existing and future wind farms !
Opportunities in Battery Storage in Australia and Asia
Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank (AESKB)
ARENA Project/University of Adelaide
The aim is to “accelerate growth of energy storage industry in
Australia by real tests on system components and applications,
knowledge sharing and training”.
It will have a central repository to include case studies, trial / test
data, network performance outcomes, storage system level,
environmental data, battery level data, link with other databases /
projects around Australia and the world, reports, research
publications.
It will have a mobile system with standard termination arrangements
for interconnecting cables from battery, smaller distributed
controllers facilitate customisation at BMS interface, access to
software by the university facilitates delivery of custom interfaces at
the BMS interface, and Internet of Things controller architecture.
• It is an extended version of a modern energy storage system
• It can be a nanogrid
• It is a smart grid ready system
• It can be used in future DC powered houses
• It can be used as an electric vehicle charging system testing
Diesel Gen
Solar PV
DUT (Spare)
3 x PCS100
ABB Inverter
Modules
270kWIsolating
Transformer
(360 kVA)
MV Distribution Line
(or microgrid)
Container
Local LV load
(Embedded
Microgrid)
Load bank
(200kW)
Safety Interlock
Normal Duty
Battery(LG Chem, 273 kWh,
3 strings, 820V dc)
Battery (DUT)
Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank (AESKB)
Test System Architecture (Nano-Grid, Smart Grid Ready)
1. Parallel to Mains only, No Islanding
OR
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
2. Parallel to grid / with islanding of MV tail section
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
3. Parallel to Mains with islanding of LV network section
E. Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
4. Embedded LV Microgrid
*
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
5. Isolated diesel-dominant microgrid (PV integration and load
threshold support only):
*
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
Test Set points
6. Testing other energy storage installations
Example 1 (Absorb excess PV + Evening Assist)
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
Test Set points
6. Testing other energy storage installations
Example 2 (Ramp Rate Control)
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Operational Modes of the Test System
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Hardware System
• Custom container to accommodate switchgear,
control, battery systems and measurement
hardware
• The weather station (with pyranometer), both 4G
antennas, and the GPS antenna and lightning
protection system are located outside of the
energy storage enclosure • Physical layout of the data logging system
Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank (AESKB)
Network Plan
The 4G router/VPN gateway allows for remote monitoring of the data acquisition system
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Weather Station and Antenna External Cabling
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Data Logging System Diagram
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Data Logging Software Data Flow Diagram
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Data Handling Process
Australian Battery Storage Test System
Web Site Summary
EES’10 #24
Figure shows the improvement in wind power dispatch with battery energy storage
relative to no energy storage by plotting the probability of power dispatched to the
grid equalling or exceeding the reference signal representing target base load
power.
Over the target base load power range from 0.10 pu to 0.60pu, the probability of
power dispatched to the grid equalling or exceeding the reference signal is between
15% and 25% higher with a utility scale battery than with no energy storage.
• Magnitude of improvements depends on the battery specs
• Battery power can only substitute for a fraction of the power generated by a
commercial wind farm.
Battery technologies
A technical comparison between different battery chemistries
Battery Safety Standards
There are no mandatory requirements for lithium battery
safety testing !
Since product safety is important, certifications are a means
of demonstrating product safety as raising brand image and
liability.
Standards primarily include abuse tests, transport and
recycling …..
Standards
Battery safety standards related matrix
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage
Generalized Nanogrid/Microgrid Structure
Distributed Power Generation/Battery Storage
Technical characteristics of battery storage applications
Technical Characteristics
Common Storage
Applications
Power
(MW)
Backup
Time
Cycles
/Year
Storage
Response
Time
Spinning reserve ~100 hours 20-50 sec to min
Load levelling ~100 hours 250 minutes
Black start ~100 hours seldom <1 min
Investment deferral ~100 hours >100 minutes
Power regulation
with intermittent sources
<10 min 1000s <1 min
Integration of non-
predictable sources ~10 min frequent <min
Power quality <1 min <100 10s - 1 min
Line stability ~100 sec 100 ~ cycles
Power oscillation
damping <1 sec 100 ~ cycles
Power versus Energy !
