The term "nutraceutical" was coined from "nutrition" and

"pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice, MD, founder and

chairman of the Foundation for Inno-vation in Medicine (FIM),

Cranford, NJ.

According to DeFelice, nutraceutical can be defined as, "a food (or

part of a food) that provides medical or health benefits, including

the prevention and/or treatment of a disease.“

Nutraceutical Definition

Carotenoids

Saponins

Tocotrienols

Tocopherols

Simple

terpenes

Coumarins

Tannins

Lignin

Anthrocyan

ins

Isoflavones

Flavonones

flavonols

Amino acids

Allyl-S compds

Capsaicinoids

Isothiocyanates

Indoles

Folate

choline

Asorbic acid

Oligosacchari

des

Non-starch PS

n-3 PUFA

MUFA

Sphingo

lipids

lecithin

Ca

Se

K

Cu

Zn

Probiotics

prebiotics

Isoprenoids (terpenoids)

Phenolic Compounds

Protein/Amino Acid - Based

Carbohydrate &

Derivatives

Fatty Acids & Struct.

LipidsMinerals Microbial

NUTRACEUTICALS

We are looking for

• Natural, healthy food

• Nutritional

• Wholesomeness

• Low fat

• Low sugar

• Fibre rich

• Specific health benefits

Class /components

Source Potential benefit

Fatty acids Milk & Meat Improve body composition, reduce cancers

n-3 FA(DHA,EPA) Fish oils, & maize. Reduce CVD & improve mental, visual function

PolyphenolsCatechinsFlavononeproanthocyanidine Saponins

Probiotics/Prebiotics

FruitsTea,vegetables,Soya beanSoybeans, chick pea

Dahi, yogurt

Reduce CVDReduce risk of cancer

Lower cholesterol, anti cancer

Improve GI health

EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

Caroteinoids

- caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat & maize fodder, Carrots, vegetabels,fruits

Nutralises free radicals

Luteine vegetabels Healthy vision

Zeoxanthine Eggs,citrus,corn

Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate cancer

Dietary fiber

Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast, colon cancer

-glucan Oats Reduce CVD

Whole grain Cereal grains

NUTRACEUTICAL SCENARIO IN INDIA

The Indian Nutritional market is estimated to be

USD 1 Billion.

While the global market is growing at a CAGR

of 7%, the Indian market has been growing much

faster at a CAGR of 18% for the last three years,

driven by Functional food and beverages

categories.

India’s nutritional supplement market is

expected to more than double in the next four

years at over Rs9,500 crore.

Functional Foods

• Functional foods are ones in which concentration of one or more

ingredients has been manipulated to enhance their contributions to a

healthful diet. - Institute of Medicine, US. 1994

• Functional foods are modified foods that help to improve health and

prevent diseases when ingested. - Wyllie, 1994

• Functional food is a food, which has been tailored to meet a specific

dietary health concern. - Turner, 1995

Functional foods – GOOD FOR US

To get more benefits from what you consume

The health functions :-

Immune supports

Energy enhancement

Healthy joint functions

Stress relief

weight loss

Overall well being

Functional Food Development – creative art

Probiotics, herbal extracts, plants sterols, betaglucans, essential fatty acids

and antioxidants.

RECENT ADVANCES IN EXTRACTION OF NUTRACEUTICALS

• Soxhlet Extraction

• Accelerated solvent extraction

• Supercritical fluid extraction

• Microwave-assisted extraction

• Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Soxhlet extraction

• Soxhlet- used for a long time, is a standard technique and the main

reference for evaluating the performance of other solid–liquid

extraction (or leaching) methods.

Practical issues- Advantage& Disadvantages.

Solvent choice Hexane Boiling point- 63-69˚C Isopropanol+ Hexane- Increase yield & Extraction kinetics.

Alternative solvents

Isopropanol, ethanol-less recovery-decreased low molecular affinity Between solvent &

solute.

Matrix characteristics Particle size

Operating conditions Extraction & Evaporation Temp- Effect on final product.

Advantage Very simple & cheap, no filtration requirement.

Disadvantage Time is long, Large amount solvent required, Agitation – Not provide to accelerate the process. More solvent- Evaporation & concentration procedure.

Supercritical fluid extraction

Principles and mechanisms

Supercritical state - achieved when the temperature and

the pressure of a substance is raised over its critical value.

CO2 gas critical point – Temperature of only 304K and

pressure of 7.3MPa.

Solvent choice CO2 gas- Non Flammable & Non-Toxic. Good solvent- Non Polar compounds ,Ex: Hydrocarbons. Dissolving power Higher diffusion coefficient & lower viscosity & surface

tension. Extract polar compounds- polar SCF- Freon-22, nitrous

oxide &hexane.

Plant materials High moisture- cause mechanical difficulties. Particle size- Large particle cause long extraction.

Operating conditions Temp & Density of fluid Lower molecular weight & less polar compounds- readily

extracted.• Advantages Heat sensible compounds. Directly coupled with chromatographic method.

Ricebran N-3,n-6 Fatty acids

safflower Phystosterols

Sesame Carotenoids

Almond Oryzanol

Amaranth Glycolipis

Avocado Lipoproteins

Practical issues - Advantages & Disadvantages

Review of work done by using SCF Extraction

Ref: Herero et al./J.Chromotography A1217 (2010) 2495-2511

Accelerated solvent Extraction

Principles

ASE is a solid-liquid extraction process

Performed at elevated temperature ,

usually between 50 and 200°C and at

pressures between 500-3000psi.

The solvent used in ASE is usually

organic solvents.

High extraction Temperature Degradation of thermo labile compound.

Christen et al.(2002) Phytochem.anal.13, 105-113

ULTRASOUND –ASSISTED EXTRACTION

Principles

Sound waves, which have frequencies higher than

20 kHz, are mechanical vibrations in a solid, liquid

and gas.

Expansion pulls -molecules apart

&compression pushes them together. The

expansion can create bubbles in a liquid and

produce negative pressure. The bubbles form, grow

and finally collapse. Close to a solid boundary,

cavity collapse is asymmetric and produces high-

speed jets of liquid. The liquid jets have strong

impact on the solid surface(Garcia, 2003)

Important factors & Advantages, Disadvantages.

Plant matrix Moisture content Particle size Solvent Frequency Pressure Temperature

Excess Sonication time – damage the quality of extracts.

Efficient Method for extracting bio active compound from

Solvia officinalis (Salisova et al., 1997) and

Hibiscustiliaceus L. flowers (Melecchi et al., 2002),

Antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis (Albu et al., 2004), and

Steroids and triterpenoids from Chresta spp.

UAE is cheaper & Easier.

Microwave –Assisted Extraction

Microwaves are electromagnetic

radiations with a frequency from 0.3 to

300GHz.

Water within the plant matrix absorbs

microwave energy , cell disruption is

promoted by internal super heating ,

which facilitates desorption of

chemicals from the matrix.

Matrix characteristics• Impossible to perform- completely dry material & very wet samples.• Plant particle size- 100µm-2mm. Solvent choice• High dielectric constant.• Hexane –acetone. Operating conditions• Solvent volume must be sufficient to ensure that solid matrix is entirely

immersed.• Temperature. Disadvantage • Filtration required to remove the solid residue.

Ref: Christen et al.(2002) Phytochem.anal.13, 105-113

MICROENCAPSULATION

Microencapsulation is a processing method in which

small quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous

materials are packed into a wall matrix; which forms

microcapsules. It has been observed that these

microcapsules can release their contents at controlled

rates over prolonged periods of time (Champagne,

2007).

The basic steps in the microencapsulation involves the preparation of a

stable emulsion to be processed; homogenization of the emulsion;

atomization of the emulsion; and dehydration of the atomized particles

(Shahidi & Han, 1993).

What are all encapsulated

Flavors

Amino acids

Antimicrobials

Bases

Colorants

Edible oils

Leavening agents

Minerals

Salt

vitamins

1. Wall / Capsule

2. Core materials

Common terms used in Encapsulation

solubility

viscosity

inert

diffusibility

film forming

emulsifying properties

Wall Materials

Microencapsulation by Spray Drying Technique