NEW RESEARCH AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

TRANSITIONING FROM FOSTER CARE

The Adolescent Brain

Older Youth and Young Adults in Foster Care

One quarter of all children who enter foster care are age 14 and older.

These have longer stays in foster care than do younger children.

High numbers of youth are placed in congregate care settings (61,000 in FY 2010).

Youth of color are overrepresented in foster care Since FY 2002, more than 200,000 young people

“emancipated” from foster care. Emancipation is more common among those who enter care as older youth.

A FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CHILD WELFARE PRACTICE WITH OLDER YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS

IN FOSTER CARE

The Emerging Knowledge Base

Why the Focus on Adolescent Brain Development

“Adolescence is a time of enormous opportunity and of enormous risk. And how the teens spend their time seems to be particularly crucial. If the ‘use it or lose it’ principle holds true, then the activities of the teen may help guide the hard-wiring, actual physical connections in their brain.”

Dr. Jay Giedd

A Map of this Presentation

Connected by 25Emerging adulthoodSocial capitalAdolescent brain developmentThe impact of trauma on brain development,

resilience and neuroplasticity Positive youth developmentRecommendationsQuestions for the field

Connected by 25: Needed Supports

Family supportsEducation and training opportunitiesEmployment as a link to a career pathSocial and civic engagement and

opportunities to connect to one’s communityAdequate health and mental health supportsA web of supportive relationships that give

meaning to life

Emerging Adulthood

Emerging

Adulthood

18 to 25 years

Emerging Adulthood

Gradual transition to adulthood: linear increases over time in separation and gradual independence

Gradually completing the many developmental tasks necessary to transition from adolescence to adulthood

Interdependence

Emerging Adulthood and Social Capital

Social networks and social relationships; a bonding between similar people and a bridging between diverse people

The value created by investing in relationships with others through processes of trust and reciprocity

Fundamentally about how people interact with one another

Sources of social capital for youth: family, school, community and neighborhood,

and peers

Emerging Adulthood and Adolescent Brain Development

The Brain in Adolescence:A period of gradual and continuing brain maturation –

beginning in puberty and continuing through the mid-20s

A period like early childhood – a need for rich opportunities to support youth through a cognitive, social and emotional development process – experiences that can lead to healthy and constructive adulthood

“Exposure to a variety of influences [has] chances of lasting positive effects” (Minden, 2004)

Adolescent Brain Development: A Brief Science Lesson!

Gradual development of the prefrontal cortex

Shifting levels of dopamine

Pruning and myelination

The Adolescent Brain

“Neuroscience, the scientific study of the biology of the brain, has made great strides over the past decade in revealing that remarkable changes occur in the brain during the second decade of life. Contrary to long-held ideas that the brain was mostly grown up – “fully cooked” – by the end of childhood, it is now clear that adolescence is a time of profound brain growth and change.”

Weinberger, Elvevag, & Giedd, 2005

Trauma and Brain Development: Key Concepts

Early relational experiencesSynaptic pruning in early childhoodToxic stress and traumaDelays in brain maturation Reactions in adolescence to earlier trauma

Complex traumaAmbiguous loss

Complex Trauma

The dual problem of the child’s exposure to multiple traumatic events (persistent poverty, discrimination, abuse or neglect, separation and loss of family, multiple moves, relationship disruptions) and the impact of this exposure on immediate and long term outcomes

Strong relationship between trauma and emotional and behavioral challenges

Ambiguous Loss

No verification of death or no certainty that the person will come back or return to the way she or he used to be

No clear boundaries, no clear ending, often no culturally recognized rituals for grieving or acknowledging what has been lost

Ambiguous loss for youth in foster care

Resilience

The ability to overcome adverse conditions and to function normatively in the face of risk

Interactive process:

Presence of risk factors

Level of risk exposure

Strength of protective

factors

Rewiring the Brain After Trauma: Neuroplasticity

Changes in the brain caused by trauma are not necessarily permanent.

The brain is constantly forming new neural pathways, removing old ones and altering the strength of existing connections.

NEUROPLASTICITY: The ability of the brain to alter its structure in response to experience.

Rewiring the Brain

Healthy relationships with at least one caring adult

+Programs and services that provide young

people with opportunities to learn through experience and develop skills and abilities that they can carry throughout their lives

Positive Youth Development

Youth surrounded by a variety of opportunities for developmentally appropriate engagement with adults encounter less risk and show evidence of higher rates of successful transitions to adulthood.

A positive youth development lens is a neurological imperative.

Recommendations

#1. Take a positive youth development approach to all opportunities for young people in foster care

The neurological principle of “use it or lose it”

Formation of multiple positive relationships with family and community/internal and external assets

Engagement in new and meaningful opportunities that support healthy risk taking

Recommendations

#2. Provide “interdependent” living services that connect young people with family and caring adults

Diverse social relationships and networks – family, school, community and peers – are crucial to healthy development and act as protective factors.

Interdependent living approaches are essential in supporting youth in building social capital and gaining needed skills

Recommendations

#3 Engage young people in planning and making decisions

Authentic youth engagement/youth-driven processes

Provision of corrective relationship experiences to “rewire” the adolescent brain for effective decision making as adults

Use of teaming to create opportunities for maturation

Recommendations

#4 Be trauma-informed to promote healing and emotional security

An operational understanding of the impact of trauma on the developing brain

Understanding the impact of ambiguous losses

Understanding the power of neuroplasticity and positive corrective experiences

Recommendations

#5 Extend foster care to age 21

The realities of emerging adulthoodThe need to address age-specific

developmental needs of older youth and young adults in care

The urgency of achieving permanent family relationships

Some Questions for the Field

Reframe foster care for youth ages 18 to 21?Develop trauma-informed and trauma-specific

expertise?Better understand the impact of psychotropic

medication on brain development?Fully incorporate the new knowledge base

into practice?