New Scientist Magazine - 27 February 2010

8/8/2019 New Scientist Magazine - 27 February 2010

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NE5 EDITORIAL tinin ltii it

lt t6 UPFRON S t i tt. NS

i lt tn8 SPECIA REPORT

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1 ECHNOLOGY

Wil itn Wi Fi, Whtxt ti ' itl

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25 ne ine h tli t it Pl l l i

26 LETERS Hth, C mi 28 The pene esn n

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Lacon Hu Tel +4 () 2011202 4 Thbl' d [email protected]

do WlX NS Dsply Advetisig + ()2761120 174 77 Fax 44 20 711 250 j.ab@ss.

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COVER SORY

Earth's

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27 Fbuay 2 Newetist 1 9



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wee aess t te ie wgss esrcted y e a fare.

2009 tey were h red as

vestgatos y a leg al tea

apea ing aga st the vio o

a ved o soal ed "d hs fr

the M ost Xox. Beause these

u he L inux opeatng sysem

a d als at the ist ediio o a

Xbx gae called MehAsau a

vl neab l iy ca ed a bffe overfw

wi a ows ew sets f inst tns

t e ru wh en ns eted t e

games de

So they wroe se L nx-b ased

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vlneab liy. t eab ed the to br

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a ds (Da Ieiao 01:O.06/j.di i.00.00) e

ap ea was tiately lost ut te

pai say sh dataaessing expois

oud have fthe ses pryig data

fo AM in oer losedeosyste

deves sch as eb k eades ad

ps en abe the osle t u p ated smathes.

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be pyight laws. Te defee

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f fes vesigat s o say

destp PCs. So ow ld tey ge a

eek a ts RAM? M rsft d t

he becase as te ae f Xx

t was wokg wth e roset .

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f fasiatg stuff rovdi ng c

"he tool ued or theore emto oy deto P oto o the Xbo

fes data says N Fuea x

C5 ech Brist U Bt care as

t e take n t t ate te daa says

5ha p grave f frenscs im

5 5eveaks U As ong as

evidetal neg iy s ma taied we

oside al dataextaci methds

t e va d Pu •

27 Ferary 2 1 NewSietist 1



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A LAS-OIN G Boe i le

two miile ot o the ky erlierhis on u desie is pree the enton i o k

o e rwn od i is serc or imissle lserweo,

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i it lo i o wi en i n1 d s si ed e ei

ele d ill i o oer udet

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1 ii 1 2 u20

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etied in e A ltet etoos o eoe he res o is

i reted eney reer deto sereoo eo ese e l,

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the mni mm reqi reme of km ,Te ie oer whi e reeess ook pce s no een

i loe t it i eieed o e

eliel ho, e ess wi l one r ot it ook li ke thecheicl oe io ie l se COIe t nt elier eth eery

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ay mdl d t dgnd alys bli iftt bilt t mpt tht bh admly fxam t d t pdit pd ss tlg md d t tm apaity tat i ammii sym nd.

as jst an't

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" bggt imt is gig dpig d itiat dn adit nng h says. h na .

mewt-l power more

cop pcke i l kli lserwi e l i emted y voriedl kl mels suc s esim or

potim, o Lwree

Liermoe tiol Lbortoin l fori hs shown sh serse toower ro tht reee oer lses mk in h empotetill uitle for oni nedirore spe

oweve te mot owerfuexmle yet reoted del iered

jus s o ws owere ewte A ee, I t w mmore effiiet n e A 3 per et ompred wt pee n the eolo hold

le well ut din it o tepoi where eu te AL

missil eei fes ls week wilke ome ime f h .



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get a copy of the latestNew Scitst book'Do Po ar Bears gLonely?



Keep ca lm and cary onlime ie ae looig pey eeaguee g ow.Alan Torp ow wha i eel e fom he e

Te i ed te Nt

Evime ese C w

ds e Ks me sene.

e eeli w 30 e'

ese expeiee

WA s e beg a lmatesientis at te mmen? Nt

mu u s bit like yr next egr beng ause f ime d eeyne te yy le nludng yse eg tld tey e esus pn as ell Asatsb ak f ntegry deet bia are flyig i and fst

ms lmate setss ese sats seem eeplynfar mstakes may ae beenmade but it is rng t ndemne le limate siee s

inmpeent ru pt r se.D limate ietis ae a

ase r batte t as sme ritis seem t mplyI d tk s. am nt

1 NewSietist 1 2 Febay 20

enmentalst bt rater eirmental seis e

is tntin s ral sienes e amula fnledge nt fgig ause

nalss ften say atietis sld g efense t te btle lmte ge t I agreee nly tle t seists ty t n s fr arme e e t prese and dete kedge t sety age We mt ese isnledge is aaile fr tes

piy-mers ad te publ teide at t t ake t its t te lmte set sts re mme a piyesns sld e take

e setf metd s eng este Sme ay

e nders f imate eserly suppr rk tat sets pe tat glbal armng isase by mas A peeee as a me f qyntl prpss ddgs as been rsed asmerely a ay giig te nd se e l e a keepgt se are t.

B e a lk at te fats.mpetit f eerundig is fere r exmple

my gatn te UKs Nralnment esear unil(NER) sppts ess ta qter f prp smitted An sene by ts nate s

qetig and septi esets ae eleted n te glyri y in sientstee ea er resear

ppss pbng a gslyallenging assmptns. minime e ptei f gu pnk s mng eees eas te et s ely s psibleOr des-makg panels dnt e ixed membesp b ary fm year t year

ee ee f esea ndgs imilly igr and septie system s nt peret t 'se be e e ae.

Wat f te esear tsel?Oe ay tik limatesiene s s attemp tete ypess t te mge e see er te pst0 year ad mre is aued mainlyy greense gases dmpent e atmpere by masis yptesis as matedese i a bee kn siee 9t ety at er gase e atmspere arm elimate n t mans ae

een ing mre tese gasesnt e atmperelme ietts ae bee

yng t fnd eene ldspre t ypesis repst 0 years me. S fa teye e

We t d t isnt tepsslty at te ypess ng ere re e ays i te lmate a m esu perd ftime . is is ysien iss re yig t ssess te

sigifane f te y te sered glbalarmg uld be rg. nt stes eg tatsepsm ad allenge f



omme o ee oe wwwNewSeomopo

t knd e fndmentl petf te y tt lme ene ed ut.

t umbet n t e lm t e ene edt bn fd bdy f peeeeed edene teypte e S eye fled t d dnt tnt t ex.

O ue u ndetndf mte e tll mynetne b ee ne em p Sen emde ue dne deeu y n ny pedt

t lme ll e butl t etme te ze enetny n t pedtn n ey t mmuntey e netny ee nd b t d e e etm bette t t. Bt eentne ede nentynludn e NE pmmen le en ultn nddf e e ye dte e fe bpee.

I 't th yu ulre ry uh le ee yu te t

ep te mt tnnllen e e t lmteene d npy tnd ent n mnyunte. m blutelyned tt t t dttk y ld ne ne

n t e m ent,een f yu nted t.Lke t t, e et f

edee tt e mtde tt mn ty lmt enly e ef te een lbl mnt uld be peee tnde tee

l mte ee nN db mte ll be mdel e y; ent emn ben t fln

lke nyne ee B ety uely ble t t nt temet f lme eet n e bby tt te b te.•

. .

Pa u l Rafa lW ile vsig al e secies o gea a es ef e wilA sraa's celebae aveure wer a a few ose saves

ae et kow f yo ae

each f caal at ae you tu

y atte t te ea aes?

n my ri o ia I e ee i he effes o

loi oai ad he aoa ade, oessae becoi n l e deses and he u mbes oae are li , I aioaely wae o brin

e li o he noie o eole wo mih beable o o omei n o ave he, o e myel

a ques o see al e secies ad subseieso ea aes i he wl I eseialy wae oee e ros river orila a ubeie of he

wese olla, ee ae onl y 3 le andno reorer a ever viied em before,

e o he laces y tavele t

ae t be o, yet yo

stll we y?

Looin a aive ae oe' ell yo m h

aboem, In e wild eac sbseces o aehas is ow clue ad beavo , Is e eaaes' a lu a he ab ias ae i some o

e mos viole orr laces o ear, B ifyou ae oi o eoa wa yo ave o o an

ee or yorelf and if you are oi n o reo oea aesyou ave o o e same

wee chae y a hat e silveac

a w did y eac?

Id bee ol a if you ay dro o youees ad u some l eaves n you mo eyeeraly are' oi n o ea you o I di j u

a I you n yo cold ovoe a case ade hey m h ie a hu o o you e,

Fores eleas ae scarier: is amai ow asa oveweih m id le-aed ciy-wele ca move

wen reaee y a anry elea

y o have ay ohe oeay

eadly ecoes?

owi h e aes, oobos ae vole he

oanas were woerfl an e him

wee oly vo le owas eac oe, yo aealway i aerom oer man I e eral

Aica e li we ae acoss a cam se byoaer e fie ll war heir slee i ma

PROFILEaul al a uraiaj orali a

vii o o worl o aowil, e ribe i u o e all e ra

ae i i ew oo h G

saced in a l e Tha was errifyi ecase wedi' now ow close ey wee, ey ave -rifle ad lare-bore on o il eleanan yo eve ow how hey wl l ea weyo ro a, B remembe e uy yi n

o oec ea aes have o ace hs evey day.

he ed y ee aw a ve oia the w ee y sa oed?

hey were ere eard a male hm i he

in wain b hey id sow emseves,Im ay abo a I'm leased haey ae

huas a e o o or way, Ta imovesei cances o svva.

a te ea aes be aved?

he o ly way o ua aee ee will be some

le i he wild i 0 yeas is o ave oces oheaviy eeed haba wih ai-oa

al a eas a wel aed a he oahes

he i mes a e ni us coe owee overnmen an ey mu eue

a i oes whee i is eeedeview y ehae a

2? Feay 200 1 ii 1 5





Fo mor s and to join h at, vist www.NwSctisto/lrs

goods rs fro hng osur o nd rg sof osu dnd fo goods

d rs uftud n t d brod. t t r son fro th produton oportd good d ss wroughy 84 go.

our w, td o f kgwy rpor o osuson oond by DEFRA otyt b pubd t g bo nstng to thnk boutwy so w otr gotn dutrd ounrs

yd op orgn oth sos.Dh UK

Hot rocks, hot topic

Wii hp Uvt fo; H Hof MGilUvi Mo WtUvi of oh Wk Ln' rt o orgof oxygn on Erth s ky

pon whn dusg th fossrord Fbruy p 3

r tons 3-b oyod totot th Aprt ofWstrn Aust duon wtr ty boog strototo ro oy on of knownstroot uts odr t 3bon y tototr of y typs foud ndr sg udg o

fos th k r odrnogu, rur t prs of yr of ob oorgst t o ok foroAl Revw ofth P io p 33).

Fos fro th Apx ht W Aur h bsow to b ur d horgn ws PbRh, o 158 p 141). suppotof ts dy D goo ndowok onudd tt t

sry of Apx orgnt ps t Apxrob-k fur rpstuthn bog orgt Gg o 37 p 31 .

Moror, os utorswo port tht tprurdurg orton of t Apx

rok woud h b too hgh ouppor t tt tr tudynno b xndd drty toth roo o th Ap hrtte eoe o , p 40

W n oud oboog org tr tgoog rod d tousdof bo otop nys ott wt t pr ofutorop wh sythorgn tr fro orgotut dtng bk to 3

bo ys goAddtoy, hydorbo

bokrs .boyodAustn s tod th rt wr prt trok whn thy fod Eth Plt Se eto3, p 33) s r boks rok of sr g fro outhAr Pbi Reo p ths dnt ss r o u tt thrgrob bot w n s3 b o yr go. Ag o US

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o S Ben putng tt w gt ot kowdg sow to op your uthosd t y tt tht tgh hppn t utur

3 Jnury p 3Mo softwr updtd ryfw ots d s frqunyopty wrt, w rsut rors dg th

od progrs h n b r prob for th nggysts pn d shp,

fo xp, wr urtnoton ndd onn d rpr thdds fr thy r but.

Ad wh bout t oputrod h po sytsr sf? yrs to o, od owg LrgHdro odr s f y noogr b tuswoty trr gnros of upgrdsto t sofwr

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noton or okpg odoputr w no p, snpop n th fuur w ot oyd dt, y w h oundrtnd t Ad fo otw d of prob trs or dfut uodo w know ow o t pop toundrtd th od ods

My ow wok n thdopnt o tndd or og-t hg d rtrof rrft produ dt suggttht th pobs r no r s t t suggtsBo UK

eesswap

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bow Drw ouo 3Jury p 34 wr gnopb of hdy nd uofs und n g orgs

drsdg ts pouon por t pro tt ot stoppd just bu ouoprop hs trd hoottn of g ortonbtwn org ogsppn t nudngn un bgs wh t surys orous rpruson

our urt gorn oozon g t whoud rt our pts ths wt gr r. UK

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Cr Wson nos th rgou of r ddtd oth upprso of pt odou Dbr 00, p 4.

h b wpg y rpwt tytd prt s dod odou h b our p dp ouo to pob. tys wy for dy swty sur d y rptsr o ongr rrttd by dyppos of dodorts

Mlbo o At

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el i te wa paa t

t te e t x Ge R

ee ta was infi te nt te

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b 6 Febr} eri

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ap e rm M Ea I f

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au 00 t 0.

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Tol o L X NFx: + tt@wcttco

u ll n lh (ss e e l) l W h h lRe Be I h s sussos s s cl z n n h

27 Feay 20 I NewScietis 1



G

Sn iffing out th truthabout phromonso sycrose peos to sexual attaco any beeve tatp eomoes rue ma beaviou. But t ees just o evence fo

suc ce ca ges eve amas says Richard L. Doty

FR ore ta yes reearcers ayo proe ces ae asdat sge o a ses o e bocecrgger behoa ad edoce epoes as ofte sae pecs ee ageseer checay detfed, were beedpeooe e er w borowed fosect des o he ey 193 whee repaced ecooroe (exea hooeo decbe he ge bochecas wcrgger predctabe repoes eateyspe orgas

I wa ot t the 9 tat te qest tofd perooes as becae reaybg dea I Scc 19 edocoogAa akes ad Hd ce wote edocroogy a foweed gcety e a 4 yea eocoogy owbo o bo sso. e fater of socoboogyE Wso sggd the posb thapheooe ae a spec sese e eaceors of oro a 9 iAmc ace. e Ae Cofo ahoo 9 bet-eeT oy x arged

u papr tat peroos wrekey to ex aSce te a pethora o tdes a

pced peooe ay aactte cdg sx, atra beofgg, es g ad e ecogo ofeber of oe' ow spece Perooe

PROFIL o s di co ivrsiy o

Pen l ml d Te en Hi wdicl US Naiol nss o Hal's ams

no wr (996) h oii fo

Cmorci on Sc ins' ol awa ood ing i men i h emil ene

(, is ssay s asd on is o h G o i iveri Pr)

8 1 ewSietist 27 Febuay 200

he bee ad to cceerate te oet ofpbety, bock pgces ad fceoestro cyces d ooa sge aage of a, atogh o oe hsee detfed he ge oed.

I a perooe ae bee cedo fece sexa beho ood egto esa cyces ee wch se peopecoose wg oo y , dozes obads of pefe d afeshaes coedpposed pheooes corbg o atbodoar dsy. so,

te eto o weter a hepeooes was sed by i aog theop 1 asweed scec esos

I y book Th G omo hI arge o bo eprca ad teoretcagods h aa pheooe do oext. Podyg ew arros ch dre'poe Th g f k ggete ha-cey-og seac o aaapeooes a bee sk t.

ot oy ae aa pheooeot bee fod bt te dea oespfe

e ate of checa coco aoga. Peooe h o oe cetfcae descbg cecay edatedbehao o edoce poceses haoo adoos orochaoe wod decbgpeoea created by oceca st

ot spr gy cet do ot agree owha defs a pheoo ad atp byce o dety ch pate ageh aed Aog he ay o o sare s tat te bas c teet of te cocep at oe or a ew horoek checas

pecfc to ec speces, e tgges of ocabeaor wog aas chcayeded beao are arey d-wed,d ot bocecas od coco bewee ebes of e

sae peces are ot specfc o h speces

ad copre y copod, oe oe feced by de s es d ohe cos.e wo a cses o peroos

sad o est as ae eease(boceca tat ec ptcarbehao espose ohes) ad "pe(bocecas tat ater edoce co oer fac eary pheoeabed o eeae a oto deped o earg cotext, or oeyak g peeeces Wh ce o aA are fostered as babes wt ce of ra ey ted to prf to at w ce atr

a wth A ce her ow geec sra.heooe eed o b oked to ccoto t beaor as ca be epa ed by hes of oster s e otred cee ay wt ce ha e he e



o moe opo e d o o omme wwwNewSecomopo

e erig me cn o efe birt,

wit dut offpring of nmbe o peeinding mn, wig tgepeeece fr fod d me o wc teirpegnn me wee eped

A fo pimer permoe, i mmm

In mammas hemallymediated behavioursare rarely had-wired"

mot pemen red to tem t utt refet pyioogic d pyoogi

repoe t bnom cnge in te ndpy envirnmen u te And wenit me t omne d e endone yemtoe uece come frm mny ce.

Anote pobem w e peomoe

oept i ce cmpex bevi

d tmi ito two egie permod o-pem eetiy ne dered. utuy excuve tegore cote tibute o ete nd o i fediotomy precude mtpe egoie orotin, nd o nowy epeet tediverity mmmin evir

e evoutinry bigi yrge t te utin i even moecompex, pntig ot t te tegoie finnte d ened e no n ft, mtyexive In tice iAec Sctst i74, y ne te exitene e

prgm t e t vryig degee pen rcoed o ge codig o experenepgm tt e ttn o gee.A ne exreme e toe prgrm, nd tebevi g w em, w nn

eul e in u e e

ehan e cheica gg

be modified, nd t e e e toe wicre oty pen to mditiontit nd oren ougt og

imi ie ggeig nimexi o pee wit toe t oe edvig exemey peied intintvebevor ptern, nd toe t te otered vng bevor ptern muc moreope t ppive nto pingy,moe inegent pecie mmmf ito te te tegoy.

Amng te m pb iced cim eexiene of m peomne met

ynony Ate epoe t ppoedperome, te mentu yce cefiend nd rmme e id to yncrieo t ome point te peiod ovep perme ve been idetied don it god one peiod wioverp or igificnt mot ofime iwome wit igty differng cye engt

Atopoogi yde Wion of teUivey f ii, ombi dbiopygit efey k o eUivey f ifri Dvi repted tte it nye ed n mentyoy tde re wed i my wy.

eiter i tee y ovicing bgic orevotioy bi ment yony.A nopgit evey tmnn tte Unverity of icign n An Aborepied n 17 rAhrpgyrte, pegnny nd ctti, otmentr cying, tke p mt of teepdive ye f wmen i ietiewee t cnro i ot typy ptedete wi pemy efet e nomdurig e mjry m evutn

e Dogo o for exmpe womementre e 10 tme i ifetmeA ey re egreged wie ey mentruetey fom n ide tdy gou p. U igormoe pofie d oter tecnieto oveome te ii pbemtrmn d evidece for yoyin wome wo e d wred tgeter.

A i , it oo "peomonoogy beme mde-dy preoogypovdig impe t fe epnton fomot emiy medied oi evid endorie repoe, iig ny

te w eek impe nwe t mpexpenomen. ep once te ide ttmmm ve pemne dipe ed,we cn work owrd ppecitin fte e e emi py i tei ive.•

27 Febua y 20 1 NewSetist 1 9



3 1 NewSietist 1 2 Febay 20





ACID OCEANSBoudy: Gla l aeage aagnie

auao aio we a 275P-dul vl .

Cu v 290:

go afe o w u e ean

w o e e d-e

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bni id , i h inuil vti h pf n uf h fl fm 86 t 85

uil n p i i hin f hdg

diii p i pom bu i hi knck-n c h c cni, T m impt f h t

w mu lci m b div w,

Ti d u ig nw, u t tili wil d i w bm lw ngi m liu m bn d b

n gnim i ncld g l ui d l, Blw ri ld gi l

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un ti f b 25bd w qu i w wld hppn t

m c m g w ci ic

w, I uld t d g f mn lld pind ll n d l cd

wming w, Emti n wld

l ig g ll wming vn c w ing i p ut Rktm pp i g vg

glbl gi i i bv .:1 . wud n kpig phi lv blw

bu 4 pr mil li n wi i lw tn t pm ii i h p imf gl wmig ,

OZON E DEPLETIOBoudy eage e ao o apei

oe no owe a 276 D

Cu v 2B D ugo: afe a ovg

T z l t fd i th v

ci in 1 w clic ml

3 1 ini 1 2 ebuay 200

T n f

u m n l

vnmnl i ppng pi zdtighil il p h fi gid ntilh bpl d xcl cud z v i t h i w w n l in pig,

bd w it mng d ud t tim cmi p phic cldk n-din g mi m p

d in g t uw z ih wd cd u ckl l l W f lp i mi l w d tw h dg pd,

I v nti hw, n i gll wig Tppg h l t' l p l, hi h i tp ul d g ldug i mig f m iin g n

ing ml in t tmph p up l nrthn nin ,

w m pl w lk l t n kwn qi mpi m

w ng ip u up, Rkm nd Pl h Pdm Ii f l imt m p im w w hi l i n-l

hi mnd pnig ttphi cci id h pl gin o

llg m n 5 t lw glvg f 7 un mm f

d phi zn) W thin zn-t il f lli g it m

li kl w wll wihi i l bd,

FRESH WAER

Boudy oe a ileeof fe wae e e ea

Cu lv 200 kmee pe ea

go Bua w e apoae

-e

n w cl h wd' v

mi g dvig mn f hm d,Tn t u rt f wl iv m g c p

, Ti i ding wh f ldpmpin g wd nd ig ii,

Ex wt u m in

w g i nki ng w l ii gi gl nd g i l m t p

dm i in cl i v di u , Wit h fl f h

clm h i gi h cm i



W e have redy ovestepe tee of ni e letr bous e grve sk o rnsgessig seve oths

P a

Cutr lvl

V L

IWe need to l i m he cos mpto of ive waerto aod 4000 c ic k lo ees p e year, t wehave a way to go eore we hi ha li

sm mer oler i wier ad moe ari al year,

eaw ie a rier rn dry we ae io ever moe o e ern reseres el inte ore o ro many of them fil reeve tawll eer e relaced y e ains, d we areisrui er ars e ylocal yle by

ra ni n wetlan and rai fores, eforetatio he Ama wil l rece eaoaio raes i etroia Amera otetiall y ani weaterates n te nohe eis here icldi ne sia mnsoo,

Rckstrm wo s a ylot e thatreeni eioal waer csesro sr or

lbal lie-ort yem wll reure im e

cnsmi o riverwaero arou cicklometre e year Tat roy one- thi o f thelow wn accessi le riers ecui remoentaed river ai nfoet and the rti. e ae

a way o o eoe we ha im . urre se i s

aout 26 bi kl oetre, Bte exe i

laely omm ited already for iiati the neee o ee he rowi worl o lai says

Rokstrm kee wit the o ay wi leeedi e world we ih hae crb iiaiof onfoo lie oto or biofel

BODVERSTYBouday: ua p t ra

th p m i p y

Curret level at 1 p n p y

B nd y d

mas are rivin secies eici on bylouh o avi oertheir ha itats y

iruc al ie seies ike ras an wees byooin tem with oltio y ntin tem

or od an ireasily y chai he ci mae,

Iniv dua eie may not atter u o tei

ow bu co leciely h ey r ecosysems haroie a rane o vial ecosysem serices" sch

a recyl waste cleani wate asi n carbona maina nin he cemis he oceas,Aouh we kow tat i leel o bioiveriy

ae esseial o eal hy ecosysems i is o yeea how m a e lt efore eoyte

col lase or wic sei es are e key layers i aie ecosysem, So ocsr's eam sele o

e extintio rates a e bet nterim i niatoo he sae ecosysems ey u e crenention ae a moe ta extio e

ml lio seies er year a risi , a omaresw a naal acr exiion rae o

an ., t 0 er ent of al ammal b r

a aib ia seies wil l be reaeed wiencion s ce,

Ti an not o o n afey rent rate may eenmrorhose he "i ve" mass eincos o e

at halfbi l i year di te meteorite triketat i for the iosa ur hl e e world carried on

after thoe eent i t wa aiely trafomed, Toaoid a reeat tey et a safe lo-erm anu alencion ae o mo re a 1 er il io

eie er year, y at meare ey ayma niy has already eee ee i no a aer

zone i e rret extitio rate is utaied",

NITROGEN A DPHOS HORUS CYCES

Bounday th a i n t

nt d t tpr pr ya

Cuent evel 11 il t p y

a B dy d n

w

Bounday: tha 11 i tn

phphu t lw t th pr y

Cuent evel tn p ya

a B d y t yt

itroe i a eential omoe of all l ii

is ye only a smal amou o e lanessck o iroe is a orm a iv n i ns ca

aob Ts is fixe t of the ar y acteia arane lem is las u yo can ave oo

mh of a o thi, o other iroe deitrifyecosems oertin the eleent ack ntoorms o aailabe r lii is, hs is e

nitroen cycle,armers ave aways ierere wih e yle

eae nitroen avai la il y ote lmit the erlity

o soils ey ave bse co by lai more le mi nou ros l ike love

en a ery ao e iroe cycle caedforeerwe Fitz Haer a erma emit

inee a i sial rocess r ixn iroe >

27 Febuy 2 0 1 ii 1 33



fro the tmere t mke emi fetiie rTody 8 i l io n tone f itroe i fixed fro te

mopee i i wy ech yer n red ono

the wrld fielu ig ieiciece me h ms isitroge ru of e lnd into river d oen.

u c e iroge e ge i cs i lerexreted y hm io ewer. e rterf ixitroge y ltitin legme d ur g fil

uel imber d co. P ll gee wefix roud il io tone nitroen yer r

re re de d re cn ce.Te exe itrogen idifyig l ili g

lere eie nd tutig eoyte

hhey lse e bi iy reycle e iroge bckto the r Mewile ome overerl ied le

d e i eily ed rei ll wi bloom ic le whi he de nd decmose

ki g l l e xye t o e wte in teroce. he l egcy uh l i noxi c edzone t te lt ot there were more tn

h one n te oe oveng reilomeres icl ud g ps o e Gl o exc e

Blt i e d wter etwee J d KoreRcksm e ively ses e se leel or

m d iti o te ni trogen yle t ot

3 m il lo es yer oe-rer e urrenl. Rechig h ige wile coii g o ee

the world i o y te le og k .

Phsphr ls ed erliser i enilyrt of e me ble rnd 2 il io tone soru i m ned rom roc deis lyd bo h o h ends i he oce bou

eight me the rl inlux were it otriet bloom d ed oe. otr' tem

etite tht we n dd p t mil lo e ohopo er yer witho er ou reerio

LAND USEBoudy o o t p t

o f l t f pCu v p t

Dgo: Bo w ppo

y m ty

Te red f frm to tr eoyemespecilly roicl re oues pce. l he

world' trol i noet re goe d rge ref rsld oe e o wldi fe re ow fened i nr lieoc c ng. Accing cksrm e

expnon of ri ltre e r drier ei o ecsem ervices d rees o

exebte limte ge dme te

reswer cycle. ewhl e r es epredi ro moe deey po uted regon

i ke e nd s Ai upe nd N Amerc.Rokm et hi nd e o t the

ersi o more hn 1 er ce glob

3 1 NewSietist 1 2 u 200

e -free l d gwi rop Bt he y hw fe

h wil l proe eeds lo on owwe se he l.il i ologiclly rih d hydlogiclly ipo

eytem e roeed? il rm be l owed temp riers d il he wier wrld wi ioge

il itie ot ther pll tinCrely we e cveed nd 1 er en

o ieree ln to rmi ot mil lo qre

ilomere. The boury wll li kely be reche ihe nex ew decdes. o vid goi eyo i wi l

eqie oe ll oentrti fig moeenively in e odcie re whil eoinig wider i mp

CL MAE CHANGEBoudy: Amh tt

i 35 t p mi P-dul v pp

Cu lv 387 p

Dgo Bo

Ti i te i oe Volui iril eviene

hw h co dioide i e mosphee ise ne mi thermo d t rig oeion wrm te lnet. e e oe

t i pde y burig fil e l ing

"Havg oe ose to eso g te ozoeaer, we sepped ak fom t e i k Tatsows aon is poss e - a a e sessfu

L i tlwithi e im it li m g i



atmopri lv om a p-n ut rial 280 artp mi li o to rrnt 87 pm Poi tiian til

a wha a agros lv mig b

Roktrm am avi b yJam Hani cor o ASs oar In si or Spactu i w Yok ay w pa t artrsol mor tha 0 yars ao wn w 50 pp m,

Wy oo 50 ppm At al w av pa

a al ray a w ar sil r, answ is haw av't yt pin a ll t wami rom

a amo o CO ot y a lo ha k,Ev r o warmig a irtly y O

i apl by ak r lti a i

poss ak oa wi as ah pl aaborb or oar hat Wamrtmprat

inras vapoao a o rais amosphri lvlso wa vao an or pon grhous gas,Th a ar t ai ort IP' wan

a a warm o °C o C wil scala oaro 3(

I may t v wo, om l iat sistsoaly ans ar a r ar ohr lowbak, o ampl wam i wi l vtaly

sai li s aral rsrvs o C an aorro ga tha tor in oil a

pmaros. I so warmi o o O ovnualy scala o 6 ,

T i artoo mh to a ay Rokrm,

o kp b olar ic shs arly iaa pv maiv looig wll rqur im i

warmi ng o j s , wi yacp argo achv a is 40 ppm i sowbacks a corrc w wl l av o pl O

lvl bak 50 pm to ra tat artT oo w at w ay hav a it o m

as os logrm acs will ak a wl

to ik in ly robaly

AEROSO OADI GBouday Nt et det fed

Diagoss now

ma ativ ity u p t at rati ng twil ur oal n osts an rop watil aopr wi oot ul pat a otrpail W hav mor ta oul th gloal

cocnraio os arosols snc pn usrialtim ha haz ilu liat an i a

hra o man al so aoso loai hou cosr a poal plaa bona,

T ipat ar hily varab o om

aosos l k s lpas rlc solar raiaionauin oolig , Otr li oo ao a

rraat it asig warmi, T loal aano s hag an cool i cs is uclar,

Arool alo at li at in otr way

or amp ar pma brown aaro outhr a atr Aia i a j o

is rsarh as i appars o inl nc ohh mi a posiioi ng o mosoon,

awhi aosos ru rop yl y all i

on ils a aso cog p ma ls coriinto i lio o a om n a har ia,

ama ro arosols ca gra b irhigly va rial mpacs l ocksm's am na l

to t a mr o a l imit,

CEM ICA POUTOBouday Nt et ide tfed

Dagoss now

h a aprahi 00000 i r uma nma mial ompos i us aron tworl oay i i l io n o it po,Atioal ompou ar rat a y-p

o anacuri,m al ar manly a wory ba o thir

impac o alh o mas a wil, Amongto o ratt o a to avy mtal l ila orai poll uta that amlat ti

a raioaiv ompons,A ha l o t ar alray ooll or

ina i ry on rss oraipoluas wich ic DD PCs a iois a ontrol t okol onvtio on

Psis raic Compons, mpac omot or rmai n iago, n v

apary in ial may obi toproc oic s grar an m o

ti i via ft ia cosir y Roksrms ro i s a

atim a AD i ilr ay rult ro th

wspra posr o low cocraions ococai ls o hs ical s i h viro

ating watty all a sil pam o tl

nro-vlomnal isorrs in ciln possilyo a gloal al",

A all- compassig cmcals oa coul valabl u say aors i is oo arly o

ay how or w it ol b t.

COCLUSONHwevr y ut it r ife-spprtyt t i g sp ninburi e ge biivery

rg ixi be xeee W ft ppig ie f h f fr wter e eifiin ny ses t be ngi . r tw th ringth w n yt e te ien t egues wr te ries re.

ev n pie f g ew. Hvig t estyg the n yeexpg bth v eysst ngu i in we vefuy tepp bk r th br e is gruy ig h i

be gre. At t it w i pie seu. •

Fe Pee is Nw Scn's sei nvirt

orrspo

27 Feay 200 1 ii 1 35



Pu n fpn i n he hp py lve f r m h

pe. Al f ny ick re e lye i n pc be e exe y Pat onaghan n Birkead

Who's the daddy?

EE t o roantic votonaroogt know at xa pod ction ar a aono afair. Aong

o ghr ania it i ofn prcatdon ighting, how on-panhpxpoaion an dcpton har Da rwihi drw at i, whn t ohi ida on xa cio o xpain thvoio o tait tat prov atingavantag itr thog ontt btwnbr of th a x o b icaingaractiv to t oppoit x. Mch of

what Dawn a i g o ikig.owv inc t idth cntr it aco ca hat or o cfprodtion tan r opaton

rong ofprg o xpnivan othing of a gab a o wanta partn with good-ait g tat aopat wit or own and oono povid fctiv and iab chidcattng or ofpring af fo oncptiono adthood a g nvtnt o tqton of which parr a onro ovr

isriminain femalesdret he ourse ofreroduion far beyondhe matin roess iself

36 1 NewSietis 1 2 Febuay 20

poc i v poran. W now kowat coptio o gt gn nto nx gaton i oght o an fotot on nn god wi t aprodtiv a and tat vito o noawa i wr ight appar

n votionar tr, an oti a t, a an fa fgho gt th axi podciv otptor th ini npt. Idnting wihx win ha a og hior an ran ahigh ontovria aa of bioog tha i t f of rpri Y th io o woprva n i pariar batt of t x too ptng to dii. o, awng onh ot rnt ovi an o ownxprin on th fotin of i rachw onid how attd hav awovr th cnr ad atpt to idntiwhc x a a th ppr ad whn ito to podcio.

Fro th a da of civiaton popnotd pn of gg in th natrawor and rcognd ir gra portanc.

gg to b w bgan ad ioration ad a proond nfc oan apct o acint ocii a ndigio a o a oi gg fo whia iving ing aro wa wprad a araton h ar wa ogia viwd aa fa igr an th gg a powrf boo tiit. Evn ow w i fr oothnar and t gg ain nra to oatr cbration.

Ear vation knw ha gg wprodc b fa, ad aono a abo th a cotibton to

prodction Evn b Ho a i h an 8th nti C, a w thogho co pgnan hrogh othing nh air or pib b a divin t o00 ar a thagora an thn Aito

proo th ida that it wa no airnor od, t a who cotrtd haa-portan " ohing, and th fawa rga to a v in wich tho vop o wa born a hoontivw o podction tat changd itt forva hndd ar Evn th 7thntanatoi Hiron Fab, aka "thar of oog b iv that npf t gg.

actr viw wa vtaang in 15 b a Engihphic ia Wia Har n Diputiooch ig the Gerato ofa. ar a oh bivd tat tranfrwa invov in rpocion h wan toid ot xact how. ha whr i tobgan. n h nro diton, h tidan faid o ind vidnc of a o fo within h a bod o h rcantca o cocion tat a that i aivco fo t gg.

It wa't og, howv bfor thoocnric vw got a nwd oot. ,

a Dh drapr a Anoi wnhok, t ath o th crocop dcovd that th n of han andor ania conain hoan oaiac corct nifid aat pa ohing nd for th aiono a w idivida. D p th gra pa rn i bwn gg and p, h ia a a onribion wa ppro a wwith h adona citiccoit. h wa ch a ofporaton : t ida tat iid ahpr a i pfor han wa biding it

i ti a gg od prov it w aitab pa o grow icoaa Hartok aogng pp of Lwnok, vnprodcd wha ca an ion drawig o honc h hogt cod >



27 Feay 200 1 NewScietis 1 3



l p iid hm prm. vryn w i. h pi

i Jo y or ky h-yfigur, h o nrl hi oy i69 book Wm G, Ry rgd prformio w nkly in my

o po omli wld b doom ifoly on prm w for h gg Luwnho ogh n ry vro P do " vry pm i, Ry on od o b wful h rr of ido wodrd ow f prmo ould k viging vr ml omuling iid h i o hmul ri o Ri do .

qua pprtuties?Wi om biolgi ill rgig o primy o h gg ii opiio bmpolid vi d prmi wglovr wo h h ppr d i prodinwll io 9 ury. Howvr, w iovy ofrilion y rmnoog Hrwig i 8, obvi f gg n pm gv ri i ofpring wr i f n of i wop r w problm, og. Wilm fur f fprg d idd mo i i p, my did o. Ev Drwnd w bdng ory bfor

omg o h olio i w o mo piipl o ihi d in id no y v nw.

E rgor Mdl Hi xprimni m9 nry o rino imp ri i p ppnly nknowno Drwi oug d Mdl wromporr prvidd wr Afrdom mixng of g r gg dprm fprig hi o illyqvl form o h g om p. om o ll r

mi ov or m p dng do ppy. omim l rom hmor would win o d omm from h fr

h dwn f gi gr mw y r bwn ovi dprmi Drwi' id o xullo ok h flm of om piogi. I hi onrovri 8 k sc f Sci R x Dw rg h indvl o bohx volv mopology bvormo lly o pvid hm wi ig

u i mig gm.Dwi fo ri nflu

of ml i ompio or ofml nourgd my mpori ovw ml rgly pr rr

38 1 NewSietist 1 2 Febuay 200

piip i mig. A ri biologiWl Hp i 93, m hor i prr n i xpd o rgy: m i piv dry, wo wior r prnr. Hwvr, Drwi o gud fml i o driv voluon f

ony xu ri i i m fml mig pi d ooml r ir w n wh wi hiri blim Wm, lom o oh p urly i no v ogiv py o b o ig.

r by viorl d volorylgi w ll Drwi w igo h impo of fml m hi.r fom ng p iv ply fml oi n mporn driv of x lio.W' mor, irmiig ml r or o rpodi fr yn h

mig pr if n in wy h Dwioul rdly v imgid.

W ll milir w lbrom n wpony vlop minyy ml o w ppoy i of pok' il o g nlMuh l wll kown r ompxrl ur i h mhv volv o ir ir orol ovw prm lly il h gg my pi fml m wh mor o ml n fr pm r mprdiv r olld rypi fmlo pl rog g ofmm iludig liv pmog d prm jon

Ml v of or r o hi hng.

B x

"en after fertilisationthe two sexes battle itout oe whose eneswill be most nflu entia"

n io oh rpoiv powrgg y hv volv ll mr ofonm o oil m ir( bl, f ild rgi dur o hir pop fwinig ompio wi or mprm d v xpli rom h fmlprod iv r ry rnly, for xmplrr Hrv ivy ovrd w prm rom vrl ml dr mi pr fml rprodiv r prm from m m n rogni

n ok up wih on or. Joiig fr brohood r o g o gglw m o vl fr irng o of hir mb w i hkpo u D 8w. .

Y mig n h frilio hour gm i ovr fr ll xm q gi riuio o iroprig. o would wog. gigy g ino ofpig nogh wvid i mrgng h h rm ou v r frio w wox bl ig i o ovr wo gn will bmo inluil pig oogy nvior f i pig n ow mhim rgy m ivd i m.

imporn d m hv

Mal es and feales o varius species ep ly eret measures a outereasues to wi the battle fo colofeilio

i0!G

-

w

MALE TRAI: Tw-p copulto corsi p ic lu es tapi g feae abd ome witi le wvi g g i t rM AL AT Fele reeses egg f or fertilisati o y ater copultor cortsip

MAE TRAI Si , daagi pha lu eer female fro mag wih oerMAL A: hkee oviutwll to i mie aae urig oplaio

MAE RAI: "Tc ie i ti o" i ctl tog th bd wall.vidi barri ers females mi ght ave evlved i their r epodctve tractMAL A: A ove i xokto u im nt occ to

speral ege iqu e strucure coaii ay i e cell s to ii is e the sk f ifeti

MAE RAI: Suot l oci olt wt lMAL AT Feles i meiatey ejec sper o uwate maes

MAE RAI Foc ti co lti MAL A: Atoica ly coplex oviuctt divert r blo p halu s



to py e see ie of te egg retiveto the spe. ddito to the gees dsoe cri tries egg so coti coti of ooes, ogees todestods d As of erorg hese re ow to ifece growth

hoo ce peroity beviord pos iby eve se soe ces teps 15 yes, tee s ee sbstiicese i iestigtios to e te othese te efect o offprg d sowete they be ped by feescordg to circtce. We ow ow forepe, h ee birds ter the ees otesto seoe the yo o the eggdepedig o e tcipted chig odeofthe chs soci codios whee they eeig, d ee the trctiveess of the

fthe creg testoeoe c e soeesig oe co petite t oes

press useht' ot . ecet esec sow thtcoty to w ws previoy pposedspe so coribe oe th jt geeto the egg. I y s it i ot jt eDA-oig per ed h peetesthe egg he woe thig t d goes tserig thod of esege Ad protes These gh e ivoed i

diect g ebryo deeope perhp evecoterctig soe itrtos fro eegg cytop oe o ese e RAs eof the type cotos gee epresio sothe efects o the ebyo od be ery

ipott e gee ctvity t be eyocested i e deveopet of ebryo. As yet, eir roe s cer

oetheess, e test ie of esehggest the egg si hs e ppe hd icoes fo bgeoig iteet i ocedepigeet efes ges i te wy geesre eprssed wito e eed o ter theDA seqece sef.

Isde ce geetic tei tes the foof cope pge of DA d hstoepoei ced hoti It is odito ofth stctre cooy by ddg eygrop i poes ow s etyio tteds to epgeetc efets. pgeetc eectsc be dced by sigs fro withi e ceo fo ote ces Epose to tioceic or py eoet fcors

sh s food hotge or tepere hgec est i ifeog cges fo te ogisoeties epgeetic efect re ee psedo to te e geeto i whh cse theproes ow s geoic ipriig t iths tt poides othe e fo ecofict if oe pe seectey switches ofor si ece gees oig o te oer.Hee ees see to wi ot.

Wit geoic priig wic gee sepesed depeds o wic pet it cefo. f corse, tis cotees oe o ebc tee of Medei geetics th

ee ro the othe d fther refioy eive eereesgeoic pig hs so f ee idetiedi ber of orgis ostys d oweg pts, with possy

my m l

m r h gg

bgg ei h my

v

ew fihe Whie oy few gee ve beeipited ey pper to e gific.he prted gees icde seer w oe i ebyo gowt d deveopet,ost of wc e o epresed i e beig tt ey tr ie body siecogitive biity d peso ity gh beoded by epgeetc eritce

e itigig osetio i tht geoicipitg ppers to be socied withspecie i whih the othe rtes teebryo iside her body so cotribtigfr oe to it r t does e he

his eve ote potetiy ope toepoitto ifthes od pe geeepressio i teir ofsprig o o frthericee te iveste the ebryo. oce gi, ees re step hed.

eoc iptig i e bese ost ofthe ety grop h hve cted o DA over idd ifete re stippedwy foowig etiisio. Howee, oedo e it thog o he et geetiod few yes go te ed by o ot s ersity i p di sovered toe ppe o ipte is poes.ey od tt deeyio osy ffectsthe DA tt ebryo iheit fro the fthewie the oe's DA is poected y speci potei i te egg podced by geeced Nu Boog o , p 4.o t te st po wee ee s oicover oro of ofspig deeopet d teeve of iveste its gow, ctoysees o e fiy with the othe I oosie eggs re fter

is te coto of gowt ddeveopet hs soe fscitig

ipitos es t, or y o thet ipott i te ig ge, sc body ie d i fctio, the ersgees igt ot be s ieti s heoers. o perp he fe detis of wh pi e oos ie e o s potto fees s bioogists he ee pt o i.sted wt ee cod rey be erwe ey coose te pe of oe e oveother is e e wose gees they ost eiy ipte eid the cees.If so tht c or ge e-p he wywe view e seecio •

P is fes e dee

ly vn l a

Gl s K. T B e d is fess ehvi

vn Uv il K

27 Febay 200 1 NewSetis 1 39



ow are wises orn,an wy o ey ie? ray sks onaoAl ley o n o

5 E 00 It ' d-e d I ttn wh up feh dt p t thw

Neb. Thee w b ftet eqpt hed n te nd then we et ff F we e bt th p f wht w h bnhut f wee d.

h jd he be td ht

hty he w-e, $ pjet,ed ef the f Rtt Td Epe TX bn 0 Mywth the f ed f hft t, he ete d.

4 1 ewietst 27 Febu ay 200

A e f e thn 00 ehe hd n npdntd ty uen whh t hp w ede t e up the eet. t tdy huh, h hd t t p.

e he hee-d--hfwee, hnd tb h ted t ee thuh x e AeMdwt, h pe, he

hue thde tht pw ndeThd hd n u thh h t the0 ehe hd p eh th depd hy ed jt wh the fde w

"The sor s2 k o ees awayad travelig saghtowads s, We haea hgh p robab l iy of a

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New Scientist Magazine - 27 February 2010

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