New SOLUTION - Frank Edu · 2019. 9. 30. · Ans. An email address, for example,...

SOLUTION

FOUNDATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

10

Contents

1. The Internet 1

2. Internet and Web Services 7

3. Database Management Tool 14

4. Database Queries 21

5. IntroductiontoWebPageDesigningUsingHTML 26

6. MoreElementsinHTML 31

7. Lists,TablesandAnchorsinHTML 37

8. IntroductiontoXML 46

9. Security Issues of IT 57

10. BenefitsofICT 65

1

1The Internet

A. MCQs.1. ThefirstpredecessorofInternetwas__________________.

a.TAPnet b.NSFnetc.ARPANET d.noneofthese

Ans. c.ARPANET2. NamethetechnologyuponwhichWWWisbasedupon?

a.Webserversandwebbrowsers b.HTTPc.HTML d.Noneofthese

Ans. a.Webserversandwebbrowsers3. Whichofthefollowingisbestsuitedtodefineawebpagewhichbringsinformation

togetherfromdiversesourcesinauniformway?a. Web server b. Websitec.WebPortal d.Allofthese

Ans. c.WebPortal4. Whichofthefollowingisnotawebbrowser?

a.Wikipedia b.InternetExplorerc.GoogleChrome d.AppleSafari

Ans. a.Wikipedia5. Whichofthefollowingisnotaprotocol?

a.HTTP b.FTPc.HTTPS d.HTML

Ans. d.HTML6. WhatistheothernameforURL?

a.WebAddress b.Webpagec.Webportal d.Webserver

Ans. a.WebAddress7. WhichofthefollowingprotocolisnotusedbyEmail?

a.POP b.IMAPc.SMTP d.FTP

Ans. d.FTP

2 Foundation of Information Technology – X (Solution)

8. Internet isa.alocalcomputernetwork b.aworldwidenetworkofnetworksc.aworldwideInterconnected d.allofthesenetworkofcomputerswhichuseacommonprotocoltocommunicatewithoneanother

Ans. b.aworldwidenetworkofnetworks9. EachcomputerconnectedtotheInternetmust

a.beaPentiummachine b.haveauniqueIPaddressc.haveawebbrowser d.haveamodemconnection

Ans. b.haveauniqueIPaddress10. World Wide Web

a.isanothernameforinternet b.worldwideconnectionforcomputersc.acollectionofworldwide d.acollectionoflinkedinformationresiding

information oncomputersconnectedbytheinternetAns. d11.Awebpageislocatedusinga

a.UniversalRecordLinking b.UniformResourceLocatorc.UniversalRecordLocator d.UniformlyReachableLinks

Ans. b.UniformResourceLocator

B. Fill in the blanks.1. ComputersthatstoretheinformationweseekontheinternetarecalledServers.2. Acollectionofrelatedwebpagesformsawebsite.3. Web sites are located on Webservers.4. AWebbrowserisusedtobrowsetheweb.5. HTTPisaprotocolusedfortransformingawebpagefromawebservertoabrowser.6. Downloadingreferstotheprocessofloadingfromawebservertoalocalcomputer.7. AnothertermusedtorefertothewebaddressisURL.8. 192.168.1.141isanexampleofIPAddress.9. The FTPprotocolisusedfortransferoffilesovertheinternet.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Thefirstpagethatyouseewhenyouopenawebsiteiscalledthestartup.-F2. GoogleChromeisthenameofawebserver.-F3. Addressbarisaspaceinawebbrowserwhereyoucantypeoutawebaddress.-T

3The Internet

4. TheStopbuttonofawebbrowserallowsyoutostoploadingawebpageinyourwebbrowser.-T5. IPaddressissameastheURL.-F6. TheTCP/IPprotocolisusedfordownloadingoruploadingafile.-F7. HTMListhelanguageusedtobuildweb-pages.-T8. HTTPisaprocedureusedfortransferringawebpagefromawebservertoawebbrowser.-T9. Ablogisonlinedigitaldiary,whichisusedtopostmessagesforpublicviewing.-T10.Thetermuploadisusedtotransferafile/webpagefromawebsite/webservertoalocalcomputer.-F

D. Answer the following.1. WhatarethedifferenthardwarecomponentsoftheInternet?Ans. Thehardwareoftheinternetincludesthecablesthatcarryhugeamountofdataeverysecond

to the computers in the network. Other hardware are routers, servers, cell phone towers,satellites,radios,smartphonesandotherdevices.

2. Nametheprotocolusedfortransferringfilesovertheinternet.Ans. TheprotocolusedfortransferringfilesovertheinternetisFTPi.e.FileTransferProtocol.3. WhatarethedifferentwaysinwhichyoucanconnecttotheInternet?Ans. ThedifferentwaystoconnecttotheInternetareusing:

• Dial-UpConnection• BroadbandConnectionwhichincludes-CableModem,DigitalSubscriberLineandSatellite.• LeasedLines• WirelessConnectionwhichincludes–Wi-Fi,Wi-FiHotspots,WiMaxandInternetDongles.

4. NamethetechnologiesbaseduponwhichtheWorldWideWebiscreated.Ans. TheWorldWideWebisbasedonthesetechnologies:

• WebServersandWebBrowsers• HTTP-HypertextTransferProtocol• HTML-HypertextMarkupLanguage

5. WhatisaWebPage?AlsostateitsrelationshipwithaWebsite.Ans. Awebpageisadocumentthatstoresinformation,whichcanbeviewedintheinternet using a

webbrowser.AWebsiteisacollectionofrelatedwebpagesstoredinawebserver.6. ExplainthesignificanceofaWebBrowser.Ans. Awebbrowseristhesoftwarethatfacilitatestheretrievalofinformationfromawebserver.

Theinformationthatisrenderedbyitmaybetext, images,videosoranyothercontentandsometimes third party plugins are used to display content insidewebbrowsers. Some verypopularwebbrowsersareInternetExplorer,MozillaFirefox,GoogleChromeandOpera.

Thusawebserverandawebbrowserworkinunisontoachievethesatisfactionoftheconsumers.


7. StatethesignificanceofIPAddressinanetwork.Ans. AnIPAddressisagroupofnumbersseparatedbyfullstopsthatidentifieseachcomputerusing

theInternetProtocoltocommunicateoveranetwork.ThereforeanInternetProtocoladdressgoverns online communication by identifying both initiating devices and various Internetdestinations,therebymakingtwo-waycommunicationpossible.

8. GivethegeneralsyntaxofanURL.Alsoexplaineachofitscomponent.Ans. ThegeneralformofaURLsyntaxisasfollows: Protocol://domainname/<directorypath>/<objectname> Forexample: https://www.openoffice.org/why/why_compliance.html9. Stateoneuseofeachofthefollowingprotocols:

a. HTTPb. FTP

Ans.a. HTTP:HTTPisaprotocolusedtotransferdataovertheWorldWideWeb.b. FTP:FTPisaprotocoltodownload/uploadsafilefromaserverusingtheInternetortoupload

afiletoaserver.10.Explainthesignificanceofthetextbeforeandafter@anemailaddress.Ans. Anemail address, for example, [email protected] ismadeupof a user-name

(Anubhav.sharma),a@symbol, thenadomainpart (example.com).Thedomainpart isnotcase-sensitive,buttheuser-namemaybe.Inpractice,themailframeworkatexample.commaydecidetotreatAnubhav.sharmaasequalanubhav.sharmaorevenanubhavsharma.

Mail frameworks regularly constrain theiruser’sdecisionofname toa subsetof technicallycharactersandmaysometimesadditionallyrestrictwhichaddressesitisconceivabletosendmails to.

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. MrDeepak has designed awebsite for a schoolwhich constantly updates the contents by

addingnewpagesandcontents.Thisresultinadifficultyforkeepingtrackofchangesofthefilesintheserverandthelocalcomputerwherehedoesthedevelopmentwork.Hewantsasoftwarethroughwhichhecanautomaticallyupdatethesitewheneverchangesaremadeandwhenhe isconnectedtothe internet.SuggesttheprotocolandasoftwarethatMrDeepakrequires.

Ans.Protocol:FileTransferProtocol Software:CuteFTP,FilezillaorSmartFTP.

5The Internet

2. MrRupamisthesalesmanagerinMaroconInternational.Heisalwaysonthemoveandvisitsdifferentplaceseverymonthtolookafterthebusiness.HisprofessionalrequirementsmakesitmandatoryforMrRupamtoaccesstheInternet.ButthedifferentplacesandhotelswherehestaysindoesnotalwaysprovidestheInternetfacility.SuggestamethodbywhichMrRupamwillbeabletoaccesstheInternetonthemoveusinghislaptop.

Ans. MrRupamcoulduseanInternetDongleoraWi-FiDongletoaccesstheInternetontherun.3. VivekanandaInternationalPublicSchoolaveryfamousschoolinBirbhumisplanningtocoach

theirstudentswiththeteachersofareputedcoachingcentreforentranceexamination.Thecoachingcentre is ready to teach thestudentwithhighspeedbroadband internet.But thelocationoftheschoolissuchthatthereishardlyanysuchinternetconnectivityandthelandlinecompany isunable to givea leased line to the schoolbecauseof theirpoor infrastructure.Suggestasuitabletechnologythroughwhichtheschoolwillbeableaccesstheonlineclassesofthecoachingcentretofacilitatelearning.

Ans. The situation presents a situation such that terrestrial communications (using traditionaltelephony grids) are not present or working optimally. Thus perhaps the best method ofcommunication would be to use VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) for communicationthrough satellite.

4. Identifydomainname(s)andURL(s)fromthefollowinglist:a. [email protected]. DoYogaEveryday.comc. www.doYogaEveryday.com/old/index.htmld. 192.168.0.1e. www.performingarts_school.org/backlink.htmf. http://cbse.nic.in

Ans.a.DomainName:yoga.comb.DomainName:DoYogaEveryday.comc.DomainName:doYogaEveryday.comURL: www.doYogaEveryday.com/old/index.htmld.IPAddresse.URL: www.performingarts_school.org/backlink.htmDomainName:performingarts_school.orgf. DomainName:cbse.nic.inURL:http://cbse.nic.in


5. SulekhahasheardthetermURLandIPaddress.Butshedoesnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Explainherthedifferencewithexamples.

Ans. ThedifferencebetweenURLandIPaddressare:1. AnIPaddressjustspecifiesthelocationwhileaURLspecifieslocation,protocol,andspecific

resource2. RLrequiresaDNSserverwhileanIPaddressdoesn’t3. RLsareunlimitedwhileIPaddressesarelimited4. IPaddressesandURLshaveaonetomanyrelationship

6. ABCcompanyanewscompanywantstosetupaweb-sitewhichwillbringinformationfromdiversesources inauniformway.Whatshouldthecompanybuilda)webserverorb)Webportal?Explainwithreasons.

Ans.Web servers are computers that deliver (servesup)Web pageswhereas aWebportal is a speciallydesignedwebsite thatbrings informationfromdiversesources, likeemails, forumsandsearchengines,togetherinauniformway.Thusforthecompanythewebportalwouldbemorepreferable.

7

2Internet and Web Services

A. MCQs.1. Whichamongthefollowingisasearchengine?

a.Wikipedia b.Ebloggerc.Bing d.Rediffmail

Ans. c. Bing2. Whichkeywordisusedtogetthemeaningordefinitionofawordingoogle?

a.Meaning b.Dictionaryc.Define d.Allofthese

Ans. c.Define3. Whichofthefollowingisusedtosentafileinanemail?

a.Inbox b.Outboxc.Attachment d.Subject

Ans. d.Subject4. WhichamongthefollowingwordisusedinGoogletoseethedictionary?

a.Define b.Meaningc.Botha&b d.Noneofthese

Ans. a.Define5. WhichamongthefollowingisaVideoConferencingSoftware?

a.Gmail b.Skypec.EBlogger d.RediffMail

Ans. b.Skype6. Talkinginrealtimeusingtextualmessagesiscalled__________________.

a.chatting b.videoconferencingc.socialnetworking d.noneofthese

Ans. a.chatting7. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistruefor‘BCC’ofMailBox?

a.Youwanttheemailaddresstobevisibleto‘To’and‘Cc’.b.Youwanttheemailaddresstobevisibleto‘To’butinvisibleto‘Cc’.c.Youwanttheemailaddresstobevisibleto‘To’butinvisibleto‘Cc’.d.Youwanttheemailaddresstobeinvisibletoboth‘To’and‘Cc’.

Ans. d.Youwanttheemailaddresstobeinvisibletoboth‘To’and‘Cc’.


8. WhichofthefollowingwouldyouusetofindpeopleovertheInternet?a.SearchonGoogle. b.SearchonSocialNetworkingSites.c.SearchonBlogs d.Allofthese

Ans. d.Allofthese9. Whichamongthefollowingwebservicesisrequiredbystudentsforlearning?

a.E-Banking b.E-Commercec.E-Shopping d.E-Learning

Ans. d.E-Learning10.WhichamongthefollowingstatementsistruewithrespecttoE-Shopping?

a.Talkingaboutaproductinasocialnetworkingsite.b. Search for book using a search engine.d.Downloadafreebookavailableoverapublicdomain.e.Buyorsellproductsonline.

Ans. e.Buyorsellproductsonline.11.Namethepopularserviceusedforbookingaseatinrailwaysatthecomfortofyourhome.

a.E-Commerce b.E-Bankingc.E-Reservation d.E-Learning

Ans. c.E-Reservation

B. Fill in the blanks.1. Google is a search engine.2. Usequotes to searchforanexactwordorsetofwordsinGoogle.3. To create an email account you need Signupfirst.4. The OutboxofanEmailaccountshowsallmailsthathavebeenalreadysentbyyou.5. TheabbreviationccinamailboxhasthefullformasCarbonCopy.6. Wikipediaisthefreeonlineencyclopedia.7. The InboxofanEmailaccountshowsallmailsthatyouhavereceivedinatableform.8. FacebookisanexampleofSocialNetworking site.9. Chattingistheprocessoftalkingbytypingintexttootherpeopleatrealtime.10.ForsendingfilesusingEmailAttachment is used.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. YoucantypeinaURLontheaddressbarofawebbrowsertojumptoaparticularsite.-T2. SearchinginGoogleiscasesensitive.-F3. ItispossibletouseGoogleasanUnitConverter.-T4. Youcansearchforpeopleusingsocialnetworking.-T


5. DisposableEmailisforpeoplewhowantsapermanentemailaddress.-F6. Whilesendingemail,youcannotsendfiles.-F7. TheInboxshowsallmailsthatissendfromyourmailbox.-F8. UsingGoogleMapyoucanfindarouteforadestination.-T9. Blogsmaybeusedasaconstantlyupdatedwebsite.-T10.ThefirstNewsgroupwasUsenet.-T

D. Answer the following.1. WhatisthesignificanceofWikipedia?Ans. Wikipediaisanonlinefreeencyclopediathatallowspeopletoshow,addoreditinformation.2. Whatisasearchengine?Nameanytwopopularsearchengines.Ans. Asearchengineisasoftwarethatlooksforanddistinguishesthingsinadatabasethatcompare

toessentialwordsorcharacterstaggedbytheusers,utilizedparticularlyfordiscoveringspecificdestinationsontheWorldWideWeb.ExampleGoogleandBing.

3. StatethemethodbywhichyoucanfindthefollowingusingGoogle:a.Findtheweatherofacity.b.Activatethecalculatorc.Findthedefinitionofaspecificterm.d.Convertfromaparticularunittoanotherunit.

Ans.a.Type“Weather”followedbythecitynameintheGooglesearchfieldwhoseweathercondition

youwanttoseeforthepastoneweek.b.TypeinanymathematicalexpressioninthesearchfieldofGoogle,whichinturnwillstartthe

GoogleCalculator.c.Typein“define”followedbythetermwhosedefinition,whichyouneedtofind.d.Specifyfromanyunittoanyunitconversion.Tryitout:3km to inches

4. WhatisE-groupsusedfor?Ans. Ane-groupcanbedefinedasagroupofpersonsorindividualswhocometogetheronlinefora

specificorcommonpurpose.5. Statethedifferentmethodofsearchingforanindividualovertheinternet.Ans. Tosearchforanindividualyoumayusethefollowingtechniques:

a) TypeinthenameofthepersoninGoogleSearch.b) Goforablogsearchinhttp://www.google.com/blogsearchc) SearchforthenameinSocialNetworkingWebsites.d) Youmayuseanonline“people”searchengine/finder.e) TryMyspace.comandBuddyFetch.com.


6. Whatwouldyoudowhenyouwanttoavailafreeserviceovertheinternet,butdonotwanttopartwithyourEmailAddress?

Ans. Adisposableemailaddressmaybeusedincaseyoudonotwanttopartwithyouremailaddress.7. HowdoesaCaptchahelpinsecurity?Ans. ACaptchaisacomputerprogramorsystemintendedtodistinguishhumanfrommachineinput,

typicallyasawayofthwartingspamandautomatedextractionofdatafromwebsites.8. WhatareAttachmentsinamailbox?Ans. AttachmentisatermusedinEmailtosendafilealongwiththeemailmessage.9. Statethedifferencebetween‘Cc’and‘Bcc’inamailbox.Ans.CcstandsforcarboncopywhichmeansthatwhoseaddressappearsaftertheCc:headerwould

receiveacopyofthemessage.Also,theCcheaderwouldalsoappearinsidetheheaderofthereceived message.

BccstandsforblindcarboncopywhichissimilartothatofCcexceptthattheEmailaddressoftherecipientsspecifiedinthisfielddonotappearinthereceivedmessageheaderandtherecipientsintheToorCcfieldswillnotknowthatacopysenttotheseaddress.

10.StatetwoadvantagesanddisadvatagesofE-learning.Ans.

AdvantagesofE-learning:• Learnershavetheoptiontochooselearningmaterialsthatmeetstheirlevelofknowledge

and interest.• Learnershavetheflexibilitytochoosetheirowntimeorschedule.DisadvantagesofE-learning:• Ithasbeenseenthatlearnerswithlowmotivationorbadstudyhabitsmayfallbehind.• Learnerswhoaremoreusedtowithtraditionalteachersmayget lostorconfusedabout

courseactivitiesanddeadlines.11.WhatisE-shopping?StateanyadvantageanddisadvantageofE-shopping.Ans. E-shoppingisaformofe-commercewhichallowsconsumerstodirectlybuygoodsorservices

fromasellerovertheInternetusingawebbrowser. Advantages of E-Shopping: Reduces Cost: Since the retailer do not require a showroom,

involvinghugecostcanpassonthebenefittotheconsumerbysellingaproductatapricelesserthan the market rate.

DisadvantageofE-Shopping:Sinceyouarebuyingaproductonline,theproductmightnotbephysicallysameasseenintheimage.Thismightleadtodissatisfactionamongonlineshoppers.


ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. ShravanJoshiisastudentofPoliticalScienceandisakeenresearcherofpoliticalissuesrelated

tovariouscountriesandstates.Hewantstosharehisresearchandhisownopinionontheseissuesonday-to-daybasiswitheveryoneonWorldWideWeb.Heisalsointerestedincollectingviews of others to enhance his research and knowledge related to his area of interest. Hebelongstoapoorfamilyandcannotaffordhisownwebsite.Alsobeinganontechnicalpersonhecannotcreateadynamicwebsitetodealwithday-to-dayinputs.a.SuggestaneasywayforShravantoachievethesame.b.NametwopopularlyusedfreeservicesthatcanhelpShravaninthisregard.

Ans.a. Mr Shravan can run a Blog that is given as a free service over the Internet.b. EbloggerandWordpress

2. As life gets busier, it becomes difficult for everyone to keep trackwith school and collegefriends,oldcolleagues,oldneighboursandfavouriteteachers.Itisimportanttokeepintouchwithall yournearanddearones.Attimes,people sittingmilesawaydoing similarkindofactivityorsolvingsimilarkindofproblemcanhelpyouachievegoalsfasterbysharingtheirexperiences.Similarly,peoplebelongingtodifferentsocio-economicbackgroundcanchangeyourperspectiveandenhanceyourunderstandingofvariouscultures.a.Suggesttherealtimetoolsthataresuitablefortheabovementionedactivities.b.Whatisthegenericnameusedforsuchtools?

Ans.a. RealTimeToolslikeFacebook,Twitter,etc.maybeusedforpostingmessages,chattingand

video conferencing.b. SocialNetworkingSites.

3. Sankit is a student at St. Thomas High School Guwahati and has got problems in learningmathematics.Hefindstheteacheratschooltoofastandsometimesithappensthathecan’tevenretainwhathehasstudied.Hisparentsareveryconcernedandwantstoensurehelearnmathematicsathisownpacewithoutanypressureandwheneverherequireshecanreviseprevious topicsuntil the conceptbecomes stronger. Suggest Sankit somemethods throughwhichhewillbeabletolearnathisownpace.

Ans. ForSankitthemostpreferablemethodoflearningwouldbetouseE-Learning.Hecanusethe

followingmethodologies:Buyae-learningcourseinaCD/DVDfromthemarket.Goforqualityfreeonlinecoursesonmathematics.Getanonlinepaidcourseoranonlinetutor.


4. DrSaptarkaneurosurgeonatDenkin’sHospitalCochinisverypopularamongpatients.Eachdayheseesalmosthundredsofpatient,somuchsohehardlygetstimetorelaxandsometimesevendonotgettimetohavehislunch.Eventhoughlifeisdifficultheenjoyshisworktothefullestextent.RecentlythemedicalCouncilofIndia(MCI)wantedtofelicitatehimatDelhibythePresidentofIndia,forhisselflessworkandinvitedhim.Beingsobusyheisunabletogototheairlinesbookingofficetobookaticket.Neitherdoeshecompriseonmiddlemen.a. Suggestamethodbywhichhewillbeabletobookaticketwithoutphysicallystandingina

queue.b. Statetwoadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsuchamethod.

Ans.a. DrSaptarkcanusetheE-Reservationsystemtobookanair-ticketathisowncomfort.b.AdvantagesofE-Reservations:

1. Ine-reservationsystemindividualsdon’tneedtogoanywheretobookaticket,theycaneasily book it at the comfort of their home.

2. E-reservationisarealtimeprocessforexample,ifyoubookaseat,itwillautomaticallyupdateitsonooneelsecantakethatseat.

DisadvantagesofE-Reservations:1. Fortakingtheadvantageofe-reservationyouneedinternetandPCexperience,whichis

hardly 10% in a country like India.2. Becauseoftheneedforexchangingsensitivepersonaldata,suchashomeaddressesand

bankandcreditcarddetails,theonlinebookingprocessisanattractivetargetforcybercriminalslookingtostealthisinformation.

5. MrGobindSharmaaretaileratThiruvananthapuramisachemistanddoesbriskbusiness.Theonlyproblemhefacesisthatwhenhewantstomakepaymentstothedistributorsfromwhomhegetsthestock.HeusuallyneedstovisitStateBankofIndia,ICICIBankorAxisBanktomakemoneytransfer,astheaccountsofhisdistributorsareinsuchbanks.a.Suggestmethodbywhichhecanmakesuchfundtransferatthecomfortofhishome.b.Whatarethedifferentmethodsofsuchtransfers?c.StatetwodisadvantageofE-Banking.

Ans.a. MrGobindSharmamayuseE-Bankingfortransferofinter-bankmoneyatthecomfortofhis

home.b. Thedifferentmodesofinter-bankmoneytransferare:

• NationalElectronicFundTransfer(NEFT)• RealTimeGrossSettlement(RTGS)


c. DisadvantagesofE-Banking:1. E-bankingisgenerallysecure,butitcertainlyisn’talwayssecure.Identitytheftisrunning

uncontrolled,andbanksareinnoway,shapeorformresistant.Andonceyourinformationiscompromised,itcantakemonthsorevenyearstocorrectthedamage.

2. Beforeusingabankingsitethatyouaren’tfamiliarwith,checktomakesurethattheyareaffiliatedtoReserveBankofIndia(RBI).

6. Dineshhadcreatedaprojectone-shoppingandwants to conclude it statingat least threeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofe-shoppinginthefollowingformat:

Advantages1.2.3.

Disadvantages1.2.3.

Ans.

Advantages1. EasyStart:Itiseasytostartabusiness,astheinitialcostinvolvedislow.2. RoundtheClockServices:Allows24x7services.3. HelpComparison:Thedigitalmiddlemanmodelallowsconsumerstocompareproductsofthe

same category before buying.

Disadvantages1.Youneedtobeverycarefulwhenshoppingonline.Beforepurchasingaproductfromsuchsites

youneedtocheckforitsauthenticity.Therearefewfraudulentsitewhichmaygeteasyaccesstoyouruseridandpasswordofyournetbankingaccountordebitcardorcreditcard.

2.Theremaybehackerswhomighthackintoyouraccountandmisuseit.3.Sinceyouarebuyingaproductonline,theproductmightnotbephysicallysameasseeninthe

image.Thismightleadtodissatisfactionamongonlineshoppers.7. MrsSudhaaretailmanageratNewYorkwhoisalwaysinmoveandhardlygetstimetomeet

hisfriendsandcousins.a. Suggestamethodbywhichhewillbeabletoconnecttohisfriendswithoutcompromising

hertime.b. Suggestatleastthreeexamplesofsuchsites.

Ans.a.MrsSudhamayusetheSocialNetworkingWebsitesforconnectingwithherfriends.b.Examples:Myspace,Friendwise,Friendfinder,Yahoo!360,Facebook,OrkutandClassmates.

14

3

A. MCQs.1. OpenOfficeBaseisa_______________package.

a.WordProcessor b.Spreadsheetc.Graphics d.Database

Ans. d. Database2. WhichamongthefollowingisnotpossibleinDBMS?

a.Theabilitytoupdateandretrievedata. b.RecoveryofDatac.SupportConcurrentUpdates d.Createdifferentcharts.

Ans. d.Createdifferentcharts.3. Whichamongthefollowingisusedtouniquelyidentifyarecord?

a.PrimaryKey b.CandidateKeyc.AlternateKey d.DegreeKey

Ans. a.PrimaryKey4. Thecandidatekeythatdonotformtheprimarykeyiscalledthe_____________.

a.PrimaryKey b.CandidateKeyc.AlternateKey d.DegreeKey

Ans. c.AlternateKey5. TheDBMSthatformsthepartofOpenOfficepackageis:

a.OpenOfficeWriter b.OpenOfficeCalcc.OpenOfficeImpress d.OpenOfficeBase

Ans. d.OpenOfficeBase6. WhichofthefollowingistheextensionofOpenOfficedatabase?

a. .base b. .dbmsc. .odb d. .dbf

Ans. c. .odb7.ItistheleftpaneofOpenOfficewindowiscalledthe________________:

a.ObjectsPane b.DatabasePanec.OpenOfficeWriterMainwindow d.FormsPane

Ans. b.DatabasePane

Database Management Tool

15Database Management Tool

8. WhichofthefollowingobjectcannotbecreatedintheDatabasePane?a.Tables b.Formsc.Queries d.Fields

Ans. d.Fields9. Nametheobjectofadatabasethatgivesawindowedinterfacethatyoucancreatetomanageor

manipulatedatainatableorgroupoftables.a.Tables b.Formsc.Queries d.Reports

Ans. b.Forms10.Whichamongthefollowingistrueforregistereddatabase?

a.ItallowsthedatabasetobeadatasourceforotherOpenOfficepackages.b.Itdoesnotallowthedatabasetobemodifiedaftercreation.c.Itdoesnotallowreporttobecreated.d.Itdoesnotallowqueriestobecreated.

Ans. a.ItallowsthedatabasetobeadatasourceforotherOpenOfficepackages.

B. Fill in the blanks.1. ATableisacollectionofdataarrangedintheformofrowandcolumn.2. Thenumberofcolumnspresentinthetableiscalleditsdegree.3. Morethanonefieldwhichiseligibletoformtheprimarykeyarecalledcandidate keys.4. Right-clickonaTableiconintheObjectsPaneandclickonEditoptiontomodify.5. FieldTypeisawayofdictatingBasewhatkindofdatawillbestoredinafield.6. ThePrimarykeyuniquelyidentifiesarecordinatable.7. The Recordisarowofdatainatable.8. The Field is a column of data in a table.9. TheextensionofanOpenOfficeBasefilesis.odb.10. The Task Pane shows what may be done for the corresponding selected object from the

DatabasePane.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Thenumberofrecordsinatableiscalleditsdegree.-F2. TheDatabaseWizardhelpsyouincreatingadatabaseinOpenOfficeBase.-T3. ItisnotpossibletoopenanexistingdatabaseusingtheDatabaseWizard.-F4. SeveraldatabasescollectivelyformsatableinaDBMS.-F5. TheTaskPaneoftheOpenOfficewindowisusedtoshowwhatmaybedoneforthecorresponding

selectedobjectfromtheDatabasePane.-T


6. RegisteringadatabaseensuresthatthedataisavailabletootherOpenOfficepackages.-T7. Dataarrangedinrowiscalledafield.-F8. Theextensionofadatabasefileis.odx.-F9. Alternatekeysarethefieldsthatformtheprimarykeys.-F10.TheCardinalnumberofatableisthenumberoffieldsinthetable.-F

D. Answer the following.1. WhatisaDatabase?Ans. ADatabase refers to collection of data stored in an organizedmanner,whichmay be used

structurallytoprovideyouwithinformation.2. WhatisaDBMS?GivefewexamplesofDBMS.Ans. A DatabaseManagement System (DBMS) is a software package that enables you to store,

modify,andextractinformationfromadatabase.Examples:OpenOfficeBase,MySql,MicrosoftAccessetc.

3. Statethedifferencebetweenarecordandafieldinatable.Ans. Eachrowinatableiscalledarecord(ortuple),whichcontainsdatainterrelatedtoeachother.

Thedatacontentofatablerepresentedbythecolumniscalledthefieldorattribute.4. Whatisatable?Ans. ATableisacollectionoftabulardataorganizedintheformofrowsandcolumns.5.“Theremaybemorethanonefieldwhichcancollectivelyformtheprimarykey”Illustratewith

anexample.Ans. Forexample,lookatthefollowingStudentTable:

Roll Class Section Name Phone No.1 1 A SailendraRoy 98334789322 2 B UneshBarman 73455669833 1 A Tamal Sharma 92234455672 1 B SatishGupta 88345678923 2 B SameerAhmed 8243769345 Asyoucanseefield“Roll”cannotalonebethePrimarykeyasitdonotuniquelyidentifyeach

record.Butifthefields“Roll”,“Class”and“Section”arecombined,itcancollectivelyabletoidentifyeachrecorduniquely.Thus“Roll”,“Class”and“Section”collectivelyformtheprimarykey.

6. Whatisarelationaldatabase?Ans. ARelational databaseisacollectionofdataorganizedasasetofstructuredtablesfromwhich

datacanbeaccessedorreorganisedwithrespecttorelationsbetweentheminmanydistinctwayswithouthavingtoreassemblethedatabase tables.


7. StatethedifferencebetweenCandidateandAlternatekeysinaTable.Ans. ThefieldswhichareeligibletobecometheprimarykeyinaTablearecalledCandidateKeys.

AmongthecandidatekeysthatdonotformtheprimarykeysarecalledAlternateKeys.8. StatetwofunctionsofaDatabaseWizard.Ans. TheDatabaseWizarddialogofOpenOfficeBase:

1. AllowsyoutoquicklycreateaDatabase2. Openanexistingdatabasefile.

9. WhatarethedifferenttypeofdatabaseobjectsyoucancreateusingtheDatabasePane?Ans. Thereare4differentDatabaseobjectsyoucancreateusingtheDatabasePaneviz.:

• Tables• Forms• Queries• Reports

10.StatethesignificanceofregisteringadatabaseinOpenOfficeBase.Ans. Registering a database ensures that the database be a data source for other OpenOffice

packages.ForexampleincaseyouneedtouseaBasedatabaseasdatasourceforaddressesinWriterforMailMergeinOpemOfficeWriter,youneedtousearegistereddatabase.

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. St. Lawrence school Amethi thought of computerizing the school into a database and has

thoughtofsegregatingthedataintothefollowingtables:

Students Teachers Non-TeachingStaffa. Suggestatleastfivefieldsfortheabovetables.b. Statetwoadvantagestheywouldgetincomputerizingtheschooldatabase.c. The school also thought of computerising its library apart from the human resources.

Suggestatleast6fieldsfortheLibrarytable.Ans. a.

Table StudentRegno Name Class Section Address

Table TeachersTno Name Address PhoneNo Salary

Table Non-teachingStaffsNTno Name Address PhoneNo Salary


b. Advantagesofusingcomputeriseddatabase:i) Computeriseddatabasewilltakelessspacecomparedtopaperdatabase.ii) Storestudentperformancedetailsandtracktheirimprovement.

c.

Table LibraryBook_Code Book_Name Author Publisher Date_of_purchase Quantity2. IdentifythePrimaryKeys,CandidateKeysandAlternateKeysfromthefollowingtablestructures:

a. AnestateagentusesatablecalledPropertiestostoredetailsofallthepropertiesforsale.

PropertyId HouseNumber Locality CarpetArea Price LoanAvailabilityAns. CandidateKeys:PropertyId,HouseNumber

PrimaryKey:PropertyIdAlternateKey:HouseNumberb. Aschoolusesatabletostorethemarksobtainedbythestudents.

RegistrationNo. English Mathematics Science S. St. Percentage

Ans. CandidateKeys:RegistrationNo.PrimaryKey:RegistrationNo.AlternateKey:Nonec. Aschoolusesatabletostoretheinformationaboutstudents.

Class Section Rollno. Reg.No. Name Address PhoneNumber

Ans. CandidateKeys:Reg.No.,(Class,Section,Roll)PrimaryKey:RegNo.AlternateKey:(Class,Section,Roll)d. AbankstoresthedetailsofitscustomersinatablecalledAccounts.

Ac.No. Ac.Type Name Address Balance PAN No.

Ans. CandidateKeys:Ac.No.,PANNo.PrimaryKey:Ac.No..AlternateKey:PANNo.


3. Studythegiventableandanswerthefollowingquestions:

RollNumbers Names Addresses1 AditiSharma Kolkata2 Trilok Dewan Mumbai3 Aswin Thakur Delhi4 AshisKarmakar Chennai5 SauravAgarwal Mathura

a. Whatisthecardinalitytheabovetable?b. Whatisthedegreeoftheabovetable?c. Whatwillbethechangeincardinalityanddegreeif4morerecordsareaddedand2more

fieldsareaddedtothetable?d. Identifytheprimarykeyinthetable.

Ans.a. Cardinality=5b. Degree=3c. Cardinality=9 Degree=5d. PrimaryKey:RollNumbers

4. MsPoonamistheclassteacherofIII-Cinaschool.Sheiscomputersavvyandwantstokeepinformationaboutherstudents inadatabase.Sheneeds this informationfor the followingpurposes:• Shehastocontacttheparentsfrequentlythroughphonecallsoremail.• Shehastokeepcommentsaboutthestudents.ThesecommentshelpherduringPTMs.Suggestanysixfieldsandtheirdatatypestokeeptherelevantinformation.

Ans.

FieldName DataType Description

Roll INT To store the roll number of the student.

Name VARCHAR Tos store the name of the student.

GName VARCHAR TostoreGuardian’sname

Phone BIGINT TostoretheLandLineNumberifany

Mobile BIGINT Tostorethecellphonenumberifany.

Email VARCHAR Tostoretheemail-idifany.

Comments LONGVARCHARormemo To store any comments about the child.


5. Lookatthefollowingfieldswhichareusedtokeepvoters’IDcarddatainatable:CardNo, VoterName, Address, FatherName, DOB

a. Suggestthedatatypeforeachofthesecolumns.b. Suggestthecolumnname(s)whichcanbeusedasitsprimarykey.

Ans. a)

FieldName DataTypeCardNo INTVotername VARCHARAddress VARCHARFatherName VARCHARDOB DATE

6. The management of a medical store, GetWellSoon Medicos, decides to computerise itsinventory.a. Suggestanytwotableswhichmustbepresentinthedatabase.Youalsohavetosuggest

fieldsoftheTablesalongwiththeirdatatypes.b. Mentionanytwobenefitsthatthemanagementwillhavebycomputerisingtheinventory.

Ans.a. Table:Stock

FieldName FieldType DescriptionPID CHAR Tostoretheproductid.PNAME VARCHAR TostoretheproductnameQTY INT Quantityinstock.REORDER INT Quantitytomarkthereorderlevel.PRICE FLOAT CostPriceoftheproduct.

Table:Purchase

FieldName FieldType DescriptionPID CHAR Tostoretheproductidoftheproductbeingpurchased.DOP DATE Tostorethedateofpurchase.QTY INT Quantitypurchased.PRICE FLOAT Priceatwhichtheproductispurchased.REMARKS VARCHAR Commentsifanyforthetransaction

b. Thetwobenefitsofcomputerizingtheinventory:i) Keepstrackoftheamountofstockavailablecurrently.ii) KeepstrackoftheproductbeingpurchasedandalsoaccordinglyupdatetheQTYinstock.

21

4

A. MCQs.1. NametheObjectinanOpenOfficeBasepackagethatisusedtocreateaconditiondepending

uponwhichdatawillbefilteredoutofaTable.a.Query b.Reportc.Forms d.Noneofthese

Ans. a. Query2. Queriescanbedesignedfrom:

a. Tables only b. Queries onlyc.Bothaandb d.Noneofthese

Ans. c. Both a and b3. WhichofthefollowingcanbeusedforcreatingaQuery?

a.Tables b.SaveButton.c.Reports d.Forms

Ans. a. Tables4. Entries in____________ rowof theQueryDesignviewallowsyou to setmultiple conditions

wheremultipleconditionsarepresentbutallneedstobesatisfied.a.Visible b.Functionc.Criterion d.Or

Ans. c.Criterion5. Therelationaloperator____________isusedtocheckwhethertwoquantityareunequalornot.

a.> b.Notequalc. <> d. ><

Ans. c. <>6. Entries in____________ rowof theQueryDesignviewallowsyou to setmultiple conditions

wheremultipleconditionsarepresentbuteitherofthemneedstobesatisfied.a.Visible b.Functionc.Criterion d.Or

Ans. d.Or7. Entriesin____________rowoftheQueryDesignviewallowsyoutoselectthefieldforviewing

inthequery.a.Visible b.Fieldc.Criterion d.Or

Ans. b.Field

Database Queries


8. Entriesin____________rowoftheQueryDesignviewallowsyoutospecifywhetherafieldwillbevisibleinthequeryornotwhenexecuted.a.Visible b.Fieldc.Criterion d.Or

Ans. a.Visible9. A ____________ is used to design an interface for the user to enter or display data from

a database.a.Form b.Tablec.Report d.noneofthese

Ans. a.Form10.The____________objectisusedwhenitisrequiredtoprintorviewinformationonlinefromthe

databaseinaformattedandorganizedmanner.a.Forms b.Tablesc.Reports d.noneofthese

Ans. c.Reports

B. Fill in the blanks.1. The Queryobjectisusedtofilteroutdatafromatableoraquery.2. The VisibleoptionintheQueryDesignviewallowsyoutoseethefieldwhenthequeryisexecuted.3. Doubleclickonthequeryobjecttoexecuteaquery.4. The CriterionrowoftheQueryDesignviewallowsyoutoinsertaconditiontofilteroutdata.5. The=relationaloperatorisusedtocheckforequality.6. FieldswhichtakespartinaQueryforacondition,butwhosecontentisnotdisplayediscalled

Virtualfield.7. The default name for a Query is Query1.8. The Relationaloperatorisusedtosetupaconditionforthequery.9. The Orcriteriaisusedwheneitherofthecondition(s)needstobesatisfied.10.IfyouhaveconditionsintheCriterionrowformorethanonefield,itissaidtohaveAND criteria.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Queryisusedtoderivespecificinformationfromadatabase.-F2. ClickontheQueriesbuttonontheDatabasepanetocreateaqueryinOpenOfficeBase.-T3. YoucanclickontheInsertbuttonontheAddTableorQuerydialogtoaddaquery.-F4. KeepingtheVisiblecheckboxselectedensuresthatthefieldcontentisdisplayedwhenexecuting

thequery.-T5. Query1isthedefaultnameofthefirstquerythatyoucreate.-T

23Database Queries

6. TheConditionrowpresentintheDesignmodeofthequeryisusedtoprovideacriteriatofilteroutdatafromatable.-F

7. TheANDcriteriaisusedwheneitheroftheconditionneedstobesatisfied.-F8. Virtualfieldsaredisplayedinaquery.-F9. Formsallowyoutoprintatable.-F10.Reportsallowyoutoprintatable.-T

D. Answer the following.1. WhatisaQuery?Ans. AQueryisadatabaseobjectthatsearchesforrecordsthatmatchtheexactcriteriayoudefine.2. StatetheadvantageofcreatingaQueryinDesignViewcomparedtocreatingaQueryusing

aWizard.Ans. UsingDesignViewgivesyoutheflexibilityofdefiningthecriteria(s)fromscratch.3. HowmanyTablescanbeaddedtoaQuery?AlsostatetheprocessofaddingaTableusingthe

Design View.Ans. YoumayaddanynumberoftablestoparticipateinaQuery.ToaddaTablethefollowingsteps

areused:a. Openthedatabaseforwhichyouwanttocreatethequery.b. ClickonQueriesobjectontheDatabasePaneandfromtheTasksPaneclickonCreateQuery

inDesignView.c. AnewQuerywindowappearsshowingtheAddTableorQuerydialogbox.Itshowsalltables

inyourdatabasewhenyouclickontheTablesoptionbutton.d. SelectatableandclickonAddbutton,whichgetsaddedtotheQuerywindow.Incaseyou

wanttoaddmoretablesyoucancontinuedoingso.Oncedonewiththeaddingoftablesinthequery,clickontheClosebutton.

4. WhatdoestheFieldentryoftheDesignViewofaQueryindicate?Ans. ItisusedtospecifythefieldswhichwillparticipateindesigningtheQuery.5. WhathappenswhenyouremovetheCheckboxfromtheVisibleentryoftheDesignView?Ans. IncasetheVisibleentryisuncheckeditwillcreateaVirtualfield,whichiseligibletoparticipate

inthequerybutdonotshowitscontent.6. StatethefunctionofAliasentry.Ans. TheAlias isusedtogivealternativenametoaFieldwhichwillbevisibleascolumnheading

whenthequeryisexecuted.7. WhatisthedefaultnameofaQuerywhensaved?Ans. ThedefaultnameofaQuerywhensavedisQuery1.


8. StateanyonemethodofexecutingaQuery.Ans.

a. Openthedatabaseforwhichyouwanttocreatethequery.b. ClickonQueriesobjectontheDatabasePaneanddouble-clickonthequery.

9. StatetheprocessofeditingaQuery.Ans. ThefollowingstepsareusedforeditingaQuery:

1. FromtheDatabasewindowclickontheQueriesobject,whichinturndisplaysthequeriesintheObjectsPane.

2. FromtheObjectsPaneright-clickonitandselecttheEditoption,whichinturndisplaystheQueryinDesignView.

3. YoucannowmakeanychangestotheQuerydesignhere.10.StatethedifferencebetweenANDcriteriaandORcriteria.Ans. TheANDcriteriaisusedwhentherearemultipleconditions,butallneedtobesatisfiedforthe

resultanttobetrue.TheORcriteriaontheotherhandisusedwithmultipleconditions,butonlyoneconditionneedstobesatisfiedfortheresultanttobetrue.

ApplicationOrientedQuestionsMrsSudeshnaistheclassteacherofclassXIScienceatDaisyPublicSchool,NewtownKolkata.Shewantstokeeptrackoftheperformance(withrespecttomarksobtained)inScience(Physics,ChemistryandBiology)byherstudents.

a. SuggestaTablestructuretoaccomplicetheaboveprocess.SpecifythefieldnamealongwiththeDataTypeofthefields.

b. WhichwayofcreatingtheTablewouldbemorepreferable,TableWizardorDesignView?c. AssumingthedataisinsertedbyMrsSudeshnaperformthefollowing:

i. Displaythetotalmarksobtainedbyeachstudent.Themarksinindividualsubjectneednotbeshown.StatetheFieldentriestobedisplayed.

ii. StatetheCriterionentryforthefieldstodisplayallinformationofstudentswhogotabove90inPhysics.

iii. StatetheCriterionentryforthefieldstodisplayallinformationofstudentswhogotabove90inallthesubjects.

iv. Incasethemarksofthestudentsinthethreesubjectswerethefollowing:

Physics Chemistry Biology78 86 5597 82 7863 52 8891 73 54

AndtheFieldentryinDesignViewwas“Physics”+”Chemistry”+”Biology”andAliasentrywouldbe“Total”,SortentrywouldbeascendingandVisibleentryischecked.WhatwouldbeoutputoftheQuerywhenexecuted?

25Database Queries

Ans. a.Table:Student

FieldName DataType DescriptionRoll INT To store the roll number of the student.Name VARCHAR To store the name of the student.Physics INT Tostorethemarksobtainedbyastudentinphysics.Chemistry INT To store the marks obtained by a student in chemistry.Biology INT To store the marks obtained by a student in biology.b. ‘DesignView’wouldbemorepreferableasitgivesmoreflexibilityindeclaringtheconditions

tofilteroutthedata.c.

i. FieldentriesoftheQueryfromthe‘Student’Table

Roll Name “Physics”+”Chemistry”+”Biology”withAliasentryas“Total”ii. Physics>90iii. Physics>90,Chemistry>90,Biology>90iv.

Total203218219257

26

5

A. MCQs.1. WhichamongthefollowingmaybeusedtowriteanHTMLcode?

a.MicrosoftExcel b.OpenOfficeBasec.Notepad d.Noneofthese

Ans. c.Notepad2. Double-clickingonanHTMLfilewillexecuteitin_____________.

a.InternetExplorer b.MozillaFirefoxc.GoogleChrome d.defaultbrowser

Ans. d.defaultbrowser3. CommentsinHTMLaregivenusingwhichtag?

a.d. <TITLE>ProgramminginHTML</TITLE>e. <AHREF=“facebook.com”>VisitFacebook</A>f. <BODYVLINK=“GREEN”>g. <BODYRIGHTMARGIN=“80”>

31

6

A. MCQs.1. Thetagusedtoforcealinebreakis___________________.

a. b.<LINE>c.<BREAK> d.<HR>

Ans. a. 2. The…tagisusedtomakeatext___________________.

a.Italics b.Underlinec.Bold d.LeftAligned

Ans. c. Bold3. IftheALIGNattributeoftheparagraphtagismissingthendefaultalignmentfortheparagraph

tagwouldbe___________________.a.JUSTIFY b.CENTERc.RIGHT d.LEFT

Ans. d.LEFT4. ThenumberofheaderelementsthatcanbeusedinaHTMLfileis___________________.

a. 3 b. 4c.5 d.6

Ans. d.65. Thedefaultfontforapageshouldbeprovidedusing___________________tag.

a.FONT b.BASEFONTc.DEFAULTFONT d.noneofthese

Ans. b.BASEFONT6. Whichoneofthefollowingisanemptytag?

a. b.c. d.

Ans. c. 7. Whichofthefollowingtagisusedtochangethedefaultfontofawebpage?

a.FONT b.DEFAULTFONTc.BASEFONT d.FONTFACE

Ans. c.BASEFONT

More Elements in HTML


8. Whichofthefollowingisnottrueforthe<HR>tag?a.Itdrawsahorizontallineofcertainwidth.b.Thedefaultalignmentof<HR>tagisCENTER.c.Thewidthofthehorizontalrulecannotbechanged.d.Theheightofthehorizontalrulecanbechanged.

Ans. c.Thewidthofthehorizontalrulecannotbechanged.9. Whichofthefollowingofthe<HR>tagisusedtocreateahorizontalrulewithoutanyshading?

a.TRANSPARENT b.SHADENOc.NOFILL d.NOSHADE

Ans. d.NOSHADE10.WhatshouldbethevalueoftheALIGNattributethatalignsboththeleftandrightmargin?

a.LEFT b.RIGHTc.CENTER d.JUSTIFY

Ans. d.JUSTIFY

B. Fill in the blanks.1. The SIZEattributeoftheHRtagisusedtospecifytheheight.2. The NOSHADEattributeofthe<HR>tagisusedtodrawahorizontalrulewithoutashade.3. ThedefaultalignmentofaparagraphisLEFT.4. There are sixheaderelementsthatareusedtoprovideheadersinvariedtextsizesbasedonthe

header level.5. The Utagisusedtounderlineatext.6. ThetagisusedtomaketextBold.7. The header tag <H1>hasthelargestfontintermsofsize.8. The JUSTIFYalignmentgivesaproportionateleftandrightmargin.9. The WIDTHattributeofthe<HR>tagallowsyoutodrawahorizontallinewithlesserwidth.10. The COLORattributeofthe<HR>tagisusedtorenderahorizontalrulewithacolourasspecified

inthisattribute.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Youcannotchangethedefaultcolourofthedefaultfontinhtml.-F2. TheFONTtagisusedtospecifythebasefontforthedocumenttouse.-F3. Youcannotchangethesizeofafontinhtml.-F4. TheHRtagisusedtoforcealinebreakinHTML.-F

5. TheBODYtagisanemptytag.-F

6. Youcannotchangethedefaultfontofapage.-F

33More Elements in HTML

7. The TRANSPARENCY attribute of the <HR> tag is used to draw a horizontal rulewithout anyshade.-F

8. Thealignmentofaparagraphisbydefaultright-aligned.-F

9. Therearesixdifferentlevelsofheadertags.-T

10.The<BASEFONT>tagalwayssupersedesthetag.-T

D. Answer the following.

1. NameanythreeattributesoftheFONTtaganditsuse.

Ans. The3attributesoftheFONTtagare:

SIZE:Itisusedtospecifythesizeofthefonttobedisplayed.

COLOR:Itisusedtospecifythecolourofthefonttobedisplayed.

FACE:Itisusedtospecifythefonttobeusedtodisplaythetext.

2. WhatisthedifferencebetweenFONTandBASEFONTtags?

Ans. TheBASEFONTtagisusedtospecifythebasefontforthedocumenttouse.Thisbasefontisappliedtocompletedocument.ThuswhentheFONTtagisnotusedtheattributesspecifiedbytheBASEFONTisshownbydefault.

Thus the font specified with the <BASEFONT> tag is applied through out the page unlesssupersededbythetag.

3. Whyisthe tagcalledanemptytag?

Ans. The tagiscalledanemptytagbecauseitdoesnothavetheclosingtag.

4. Nameanythreeattributesofthe<HR>tagandtheiruse.

Ans. The3attributesofthe<HR>tagare:

SIZE:TheSIZEattributeofthehorizontaltagisusedtospecifytheheightofahorizontalruleinpixels.

WIDTH:TheWIDTHattributeofthehorizontaltagisusedtospecifythewidthofthehorizontalruleinpixelorpercentage.

ALIGN:TheALIGNattributeofthe<HR>tagisgenerallyusedtoalignthehorizontalruleeitherattheLEFT,RIGHTorCENTER.

5. ExplainthesignificanceoftheNOSHADEattributeofthe<HR>tag.

Ans. TheNOSHADEattributeofthe<HR>tagisusedtodrawahorizontalrulewithoutashadeunlikewhichbydefaultproducesashadedhorizontalrule.

6. WhatarethetagsusedtoemphasizetextinHTML?

Ans. Thetagisusedtochangethetexttobold.Thetagisusedtochangethetexttoitalics.Thetagisusedtounderlinethetagenclosedtext.


7. WhatareHeaders?Writetheheadertagtodisplayalevel2heading“Computer”whichshouldbecenteraligned.

Ans. Headers area simple formof text formatting that allowsus to giveaheading toapageorheadingstoanewsectionorsubsectionofapage.Thesixheaderelements(H1throughH6)areusedtoprovideheadersinvariedtextsizesbasedontheheaderlevel.<H2ALIGN=“CENTER”>Computer</H2>

8. Writethetagsrequiredfordisplayingthefollowing:a. Thistextisnormalwhereasthisisinbold.

b. Thisisinitalicswhereasthisisunderlined.

c. Thistextisunderlinedaswellasbold.

d. This text is underlined.

But this text is in bold.

Ans.a. Thistextisnormalwhereasthisisinbold.

b. Thisisinitalicswhereasthisisunderlined.

c. Thistextisunderlinedaswellasbold.

d. Thistextisunderlined. 

Butthistextisinbold.

9. Whatis<IMG>tagusedfor?Ans. The<img>tagdefinesanimageinanHTMLpage.The<img>taghastworequiredattributes:

srcandalt.Note:ImagesarenottechnicallyinsertedintoanHTMLpage,imagesarelinkedtoHTMLpages.The<img>tagcreatesaholdingspaceforthereferencedimage.

10.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterms‘subscript’andsuperscript?Ans. Thesuperscriptfeatureisusedtoraiseacharacterorgroupofcharactersabovealineoftexton

thewebpageandinsubscriptisusedtoloweracharacterorgroupofcharactersbelowalineoftextonawebpage.The…tagisusedforsuperscriptingand…isusedforsubscripting.

ApplicationOrientedQuestionsObservethefollowingwebpageandwritetheHTMLcodetogenerateit.

35More Elements in HTML

HTML

HTMLstands forHyper-TextMark-up language. It is a computer languagewhich isdevised for websitecreation.ThesewebsitescanbeviewedbyanyoneelseconnectedtotheInternetwithabrowser.Itwasdevelopedintheyear1990byscientistSirTimothyJohn‘Tim’Berners-LeeofEngland.

ThisisanexampleofBookmanOldStyleoffontsize14.

ThisisanexampleofBoldText.

This text is in italics but right aligned.

Thistextiscentered,underlinedandbold.

Notethefollowingpointswhilegeneratingthewebpage: Titleofthepageshouldbe“BasicHTMLExamples”. Thedefaultfontstyleforthepageshouldbe“TimesNewRoman”ofsize12andBLUE

incolour. Thetext“HTMLstandsfor…ofEngland”shouldbedefinedinaparagraphofGREEN

colourandshouldbehavingJUSTIFYalignment. TheHorizontalRuleshouldbeREDincolourofheight2. The4linesjustafterthehorizontalruleshouldbediscretelines(i.e.notinaparagraph)

butwithlinebreakhavingthefollowingcharacteristics:• Thefirstlineshouldbeleftalignedandshouldhavethefontstyleas“BookmanOld

Style”ofsize14andMAGENTAincolour.• Thesecondlineshouldbeleftalignedbutboldtextindefaultfont.• Thethirdlineshouldbeinitalicsbutrightalignedwiththe“BookmanOldStyle”

font.• The fourth line should be bold and underlined and should have the alignment

centered.Ans.

<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>BasicHTMLExamples</TITLE><BASEFONTFACE=“TimesNewRoman”COLOR=“BLUE”SIZE=“12”></HEAD><BODY><H1ALIGN=“CENTER”>HTML</H1>


<PALIGN=“JUSTIFY”><FONTCOLOR=“GREEN”>

HTMLstandsforHyper-TextMark-uplanguage.Itisacomputerlanguagewhichisdevisedforwebsitecreation.ThesewebsitescanbeviewedbyanyoneelseconnectedtotheInternetwithabrowser.Itwasdevelopedintheyear1990byscientistSirTimothyJohn‘Tim’Berners-LeeofEngland.<HRSIZE=“2”COLOR=“RED”><FONTFACE=“BookmanOldStyle”SIZE=“14”>ThisisanexampleofBookmanOldStyleoffontsize14. ThisisanexampleofBoldText. <PALIGN=“RIGHT”>Thistextisinitalicsbutrightaligned. <PALIGN=“CENTER”>Thistextiscentered,underlinedandbold.</BODY></HTML>

37

7

A. MCQs.1. WhatarethedifferenttypesoflistthatcanbecreatedinHTML?

a.UnorderedList b.OrderedListc.DefinitionList d.Allofthese

Ans. d.Allofthese2. Whichamongthefollowinglistdisplayssymbolsasbulletsforthelist?

a.UnorderedList b.OrderedListc.DefinitionList d.Allofthese

Ans. a.UnorderedList3. WhichamongthefollowingisnotusedassymbolforUnorderedList?

a.Square b.Rectanglec.Circle d.Disc

Ans. b.Rectangle4. WhichamongthefollowingisnotusedinNumberedList?

a.A b.ac.i d.@

Ans. d.@5. WhichamongthefollowingattributeschangesthestartingsequenceofnumberinginanOrdered

List?a.BEGIN b.STARTc.INDEX d.Allofthese

Ans. b.START6. Alistprefixedwithasymbolbeforeitiscalled_________________.

a.UnorderedList b.OrderedListc. Both a and b d. none of these.

Ans. a.UnorderedList7. WhichamongthefollowingsymbolswillbedisplayediftheTYPEattributeofthe<UL>tagisgiven

thevalueas“DISC”?a.• b.○c. d.□

Ans. a •

Lists, Tables and Anchors in HTML


8. Whatisthedefaultnumberingoftheorderedlist?a.1,2,3… b.a,b,c,…c.i,ii,iii… d.A,B,C…

Ans. a.1,2,3…

9. Whichattributeofthe<A>tagisusedtospecifyanametoanAnchor?a.HREF b.NAMEc.TYPE d.Noneofthese

Ans. b.NAME

10.Nametheattributewhichyouusedtospecifythesourceofanimage.a.WIDTH b.HEIGHTc.SRC d.SOURCE

Ans. c.SRC

11.The_______________attributeisusedtospecifythebordercolourofatable.a.BCOLOR b.BRCLRc.BORDERCOLOR d.BC

Ans. c.BORDERCOLOR

12.The_____________attributeofthetabletagisusedtospecifythedistancebetweentheadjacentcells in a table.a.SPACE b.CSc.CELLSPACING d.noneofthese

Ans. c.CELLSPACING

13.The_____________attributeofthetableisusedtospecifythedistancebetweenthecellcontentand cell boundary.a.CELLPADDING b.CELLSPACINGc.SPACING d.CELL

Ans. a.CELLPADDING

14.WhichTARGETattributevalueoftheanchor<A>tagisusedtospecifythatawebpageistobeloadedinanewwindow?a._SELF b._BLANKc._PARENT d._TOP

Ans. b._BLANK15.Ifwewantanimagetobethehyperlink,thecorrectsyntaxis:

a.<imgsrc=image.gif><ahref=try.html>click</a>b.<ahref=try.html><imgsrc=image.gif>click</a>c.<ahref=image.gif><imgsrc=try.html>click</a>d.<imgsrc=try.html>

Ans. b.<ahref=try.html><imgsrc=image.gif>click</a>

39Lists, Tables and Anchors in HTML

16.Whichattributetellshowmanyrowsacellshouldspan?a.COLSPAN=n b.ROWSPAN=nc.Bothaandb d.Noneofthese

Ans. b.ROWSPAN=n17.WhatisCELLSPACINGattributeoftheTABLEattributeusedfor?

a.Itisusedtospecifythedistancebetweenthecolumn-headingandthefirstrowofacolumn.b.Itisusedtospecifythedistancebetweenthecellcontentoftwoadjacentcells.c.Itisusedtospecifythedistancebetweenthecellcontentandcellboundary.d.Itisusedtospecifythedistancebetweentheadjacentcellsinatable.

Ans. d.Itisusedtospecifythedistancebetweentheadjacentcellsinatable.18.Whichtagisusedtocreateatitleforatable?

a.<CAPTION> b.<TITLE>c.<HEADING> d.<TABLETITLE>

Ans. a.<CAPTION>

B. Fill in the blanks.1. <UL>tagisusedtodefineanUnorderedlists.2. The value circleoftheTYPEattributeofthe<UL>tagisusedtodisplayahollowroundbullet.3. The <LI>tagisusedtodefinethelistitemforboth<UL>and<OL>tags.4. The Definitionlistdonothaveabulletoranumberbeforeit,insteaditisindented.5. The <TR>tagisusedtoinsertatablerow.6. TheCAPTIONattributeisusedtospecifythetitleforthetable.7. The BORDERattributeoftheTABLEtagisusedspecifythebordersizeofatable.8. UsingtheAnchortagyoucandefinehyperlinksforbothtextaswellasimages.9. TorefertoalinktoaparticularsegmentofawebpageyoushouldspecifythenameoftheAnchor

intheHREFattributeprecededbythe# symbol.10. The CELLSPACINGattributeof theTABLE tag is used to specify thedistancebetween the cell

content and cell boundary.11.TextwrittenwithALTattributeappearslikeatooltipinInternetExplorer.12. TARGETattributewith<A>tagisusedtoopenalinkinanewwindow.13. The ALIGNattributeoftheTABLEtagisusedtospecifythealignmentofthetableitself.14. The CELLPADDINGattributeoftheTABLEtagisusedtospecifythedistancebetweentheadjacent

cells in a table.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Youcannotinsertbulletedtextinapage.-F2. OrderedListsisalsocalledNumberedLists.-T


3. <LI>standsforListItem.-T4. <UL>tagisusedtospecifyUnorderedlists.-T5. ThedefaultnumberingstyleinaorderedlistsisA,B,C…-F6. The<LI>tagshouldalwaysclosewith</LI>tag.-F7. TheSTARTattributeoftheOrderedListchangesthesequenceofnumberinginanorderedlist.-T8. TheTABLEdatacanbeinsertedusingtheDATAtag.-F9. TheCELLSPACINGattributeoftheTABLEtagisusedtospecifythedistancebetweentheadjacent

cellsinatable.-F10.TheHEIGHTandWIDTHofatablecanneverbechangedinaTABLE.-F11.Youcannothyperlinktothesamepage.-F12.TheBORDERattributeoftheTABLEtagisusedspecifythebordercolourofatable.-T13.TablesareusedinHTMLtodisplaytabulardataintheformofrowsandcolumns.-T14.The<TH>…</TH>tagtodefinearowheading.-T15.TheCELLPADDINGattribute isused to specify thedistancebetween the cell contentand cell

boundary.-F16.ROWSPAN=“two”willspanthroughtworows.-F17.TheTARGETattributeofthe<A>tagisusedtospecifythecomputeroveranetworkwherethe

hyperlinkwouldload.-F

D. Answer the following.1. WhatisaList?WhatarethedifferentcategoriesoflistthatyoucancreateusingHTML?Ans. ListsinHTMLisusedtoarrangedatacontainingbulletsandnumberingtoproduceanordered

setoftext.ThedifferentcategoriesoflistthatcanbecreatedusingHTMLare:a. OrderedListb. Un-OrderedListc. DefinitionList

2. StateonedifferencebetweenOrderedListandUnorderedList.Ans. UnorderedListsareusedtodisplaywithbulletsbeforeeachiteminthelist.OrderedListsalso

calledNumberedListsareusedtospecifynumbersinsteadofbulletsasinUnorderedlists.3. WhatisthesignificanceofTYPEattributeinUnorderedlistinHTML?Whatarethedifferent

possibleTYPEattributesavailablefor<UL>tag?Ans. TheTYPEattributeoftheULtagisusedtodefinethesymbolforthebulletswhichmaybedisc,

circleorsquare.4. Whatis<OL>tagusedfor?Writethe<OL>tagalongwithitsattributestocreateanumbered

list,wherenumberingisdoneusingalphabetsstartingfrom‘e’.Ans. OrderedListsalsocalledNumberedListsareusedtospecifynumbersinsteadofbulletsasin

Unorderedlists.<OLTYPE=“a”START=“5”>


5. WhatisDefinitionList?WhataretagsassociatedwiththeDefinitionList?Ans. Adefinition list is a list of terms and correspondingdefinitions.Definition lists are typically

formattedwiththetermontheleftwiththedefinitionfollowingontherightoronthenextline.Thedefinitiontextistypicallyindentedwithrespecttotheterm.

Adefinitionlistalwaysbeginswiththe<DL>tagandendswiththe</DL>tag.Thedefinitiontermistaggedas<DT>andadefinitiondescriptiontaggedas<DD>.

6. WhatisaTable?DefinetheTabletagtocreateatableconsistingofGREENbackgroundandREDbordercolour.

Ans. TablesareusedinHTMLtodisplaytabulardataintheformofrowsandcolumns.<TABLEBORDER=4BORDERCOLOR=REDBGCOLOR=GREEN>

7. Statethedifferencebetweenthe<TD>and<TR>tags.Ans. <TD>…</TD>tagtodefineadatacell.<TR>…</TR>tagontheotherhandisusedtodefinea

tablerow.8. Statethefunctionofthe<CAPTION>tagthatisusedwithatable.Ans. <CAPTION>…</CAPTION>tagtodefineatitleorcaptionforthetable.9. Statethemeaningofeachattributeofthetabletag:

<TABLEBORDER=4BORDERCOLOR=REDWIDTH=600HEIGHT=200>Ans. Thisistostatethatthetableshouldbedrawnwithaborderthicknessof4pixels,havingcolour

oftheborderasred,withthewidthandheightofthetableas600and200respectively.10.Writethecomplete<TABLE>…</TABLE>tagtocreateatablewiththefollowingcontents.

Ensure that the background of each data cell should have the colour as specified in thecorrespondingcolumnheading.

Ans.<TABLE><CAPTION>Colours</CAPTION><TH>RED</TH><TH>GREEN</TH>


<TH>BLUE</TH><TH>ORANGE</TH><TH>CYAN</TH><TR><TDBGCOLOR=“RED”WIDTH=“100”HEIGHT=“50”></TD><TDBGCOLOR=“GREEN”WIDTH=“100”HEIGHT=“50”></TD><TDBGCOLOR=“BLUE”WIDTH=“100”HEIGHT=“50”></TD><TDBGCOLOR=“ORANGE”WIDTH=“100”HEIGHT=“50”></TD><TDBGCOLOR=“CYAN”WIDTH=“100”HEIGHT=“50”></TD></TR></TABLE>

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. ObservethefollowingwebpageandwritetheHTMLcodetogenerateit.

ObservethefollowingwebpageandwritetheHTMLcodetogenerateit.

MANGOESININDIA

MangoesofIndiaarewellfamousintheworldforitssweetness,richnessandflavor,ThelandofIndiaisthelargestproducerofmangoesandmostimportantfruitofthecountry.

MostpopulartypesofmangoesinIndiaare:□ Alphonsos□ Badami□ Chausa□ Dasheri

Someotherfamousvarietiesofmangoincludes:o Bombay Greeno Amrapalio Kishenbhogo Mankurad,Pairio Fazli.


Notethefollowingpointswhilegeneratingthewebpage:• Titleofthepageis“IndianMangoes”.• FontstyleforthepageisArial.• Headingofthepageisblue.• Imageusedismangoes.png.

Ans.<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>IndianMangoes</TITLE><BASEFONTFACE=“Arial”></HEAD><BODY><H1ALIGN=“CENTER”><FONTCOLOR=“BLUE”>MANGOESININDIA</H1><PALIGN=“JUSTIFY”>MangoesofIndiaarewellfamousintheworldforitssweetness,richnessandflavor,thelandofIndiaisthelargestproducerofmangoesandmostimportantfruitofthecountry.<IMGSRG=“mangoes.png”> MostpopulartypesofmangoesinIndiaare: <ULTYPE=“SQUARE”><LI>Alphonsos<LI>Badami<LI>Chausa<LI>Dasheri</UL> Someotherfamousvarietiesofmangoincludes: <ULTYPE=“SQUARE”><LI>BombayGreen<LI>Amrapali<LI>Kishenbhog<LI>Mankurad,Pairi<LI>Fazli.</UL></BODY></HTML>


2. ObservethefollowingwebpageandwritetheHTMLcodetogenerateit.

Notethefollowingpointswhilegeneratingthewebpage:• Titleofpageis“GlobalWarming”• Linkcolourisgreen• FontstyleforthepageisArial• Headingofthepageisblue• Imageusedis“warming.png”• Tableborderis2pxandbordercolourisred• Uselinksas:

o ForGreenhousegasesasone.htmlo ForParticulatesandsootastwo.htmlo ForSolaractivityasthree.html

• [email protected].

<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>GlobalWarming</TITLE><BASEFONTFACE=“Arial”></HEAD><BODYLINK=“GREEN”><H1ALIGN=“CENTER”><FONTCOLOR=“BLUE”>GlobalWarming</H1>


<PALIGN=“JUSTIFY”>Globalwarmingistheobservedcentury-scaleriseintheaveragetemperatureofEarth’sclimatesystem.<PALIGN=“JUSTIFY”>Sincetheearly20thcentury,theglobalairandseasurfacetemperaturehasincreasedabout0.8&degC(1.4&degF),withabouttwo-thirdoftheincreaseoccurringsince1980.Initialcauseoftemperaturechanges:<IMGSRC=“warming.png”ALT=”beautifulrose””STYLE=”FLOAT:RIGHT;”><ULTYPE=“SQUARE”><LI><AHREF=“one.html”>Greenhousegases</A><LI><AHREF=“two.html”>Particulatesandsoot</A><LI><AHREF=“three.html”>SolarActivity</A></UL><TABLEBORDER=“2”><CAPTION>Observedandexpectedenvironmentaleffects</CAPTION><TR><TD>Naturalsystems</TD><TD>Ecologicalsystems</TD><TD>Long-termeffects</TD><TD>Large-scaleandabruptimpacts</TD></TR></TABLE><ahref=“mailto:[email protected]”>Formoredetails</a></BODY></HTML>

46

8

A. MCQs.1. AttributesinXMLshouldbeenclosedwithin________________.

a.singlequotes b.doublequotesc. both a and b d. none of these

Ans. c. both a and b2. WhichamongthefollowingisnotapplicableinXML?

a. Attributescannotcontainmultiplevalues.b. Tagsarenotcasesensitive.c. Attributescannotcontaintreestructures.d. Thereshouldalwaysbearootelement.

Ans. b.Tagsarenotcasesensitive.3. ThefirstlineinaXMLdocumentiscalleda________________.

a.preface b.prologuec.starter d.prefix

Ans. b.prologue4. Theentityreferencetodefineanapostropheis________________.

a.&phe b.&trophec.&apos d.&apostrophe

Ans. c.&apos5. WhichamongthefollowingisusedtoinsertacommentinXML?

a. b.//c./**/ d.<comment></comment>

Ans. a.6. WhichamongthefollowingisnottrueforaWellFormedXMLdocument?

a.XMLdocumentsmusthavearootelement.b.XMLelementsmusthaveaclosingtagc.XMLtagsarecasesensitived.XMLdocumentsshouldalwayshavecomments.

Ans. d.XMLdocumentsshouldalwayshavecomments.

Introduction to XML

47Introduction to XML

7. IsthisawellformedXMLdocument?<?xmlversion=“1.0”?><note><toage=“29”>Tove</to><from>John</from>a.Yes b.Noc.Can’tsay d.Noneofthese

Ans. b.No8. ValidatinganXMLdocumentreferstoanXMLdocumentthatis_____________________________.

a.wellformed b.confirmtoDTDc. both a and b d. none of these

Ans. c. both a and b9. TheuseofDTDinXMLdevelopmentis:

a. requiredwhenvalidatingXMLdocumentsb. nolongernecessaryaftertheXMLeditorhasbeencustomizedc. usedtodirectconversionusingtheXSLTprocessord. a goodguide topopulatinga template tobefilled inwhengeneratinganXMLdocument

automatically.Ans. a.requiredwhenvalidatingXMLdocuments10.ValidXMLdocumentmeans

a. the document has root elementb. the document contains at least one or more root elementc. theXMLdocumenthasDTDassociatedwithitanditcomplieswiththatDTDd. eachelementmustnestinsideanyenclosingelementproperly

Ans. c.theXMLdocumenthasDTDassociatedwithitanditcomplieswiththatDTD11.WhichofthefollowingXMLfragmentsarewellformed?

a.<elementattribute=value>b.<elementattribute=“value”>c.<elementattribute=!value>d.<elementattribute=‘value’>

Ans. b.<elementattribute=“value”>12.XMLdocumentcanbeviewedin

a.wordprocessor b.webbrowserc.notepad d.allofthese

Ans. d. all of these


13.HowisanemptyelementdefinedinXML?a.<name></name> b.<name/>c.<name/> d.allofthese

Ans. d. all of these

B. Fill in the blanks.1. EveryclosingtagofanXMLdocumentisPrefixedwith/(slash).2. The rootelementenclosesallotherelementsinXML.3. Emptyelementsarestartingandclosingtagswithoutanycontent.4. XMLattributesareusedtoprovideadditionalinformationaboutelements.5. XMLattributesshouldalwaysbeenclosedwithinquotes.6. AnXMLparseristhecomponentthatdecipherstheXMLcode.7. ValidatorisasoftwarethatisusedtocheckthesyntaxofaXMLdocument.8. Commentsareremarksthatarenotpartofthecodebutapartofdocumentation.9. Theentityreferenceforthe“greaterthan>”symbolis>.10.Atagwithinatagiscalledanested tag.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. XMLlikeHTMLisnotcasesensitive.-F2. XMLcanbeutilizedtostoreinformation.-T3. ItispossibletocreateyourowntagsinXML.-T4. YoumayhaveemptytagsinXML.-T5. EveryXMLdocumentmaynothavearootelement.-F6. <message/>isavalidexampleofanemptytag.-T7. Youmaynotenclosevaluesforattributesoftagsinquotes.-F8. Youmayhavemultiplevaluesforanattribute.-F9. ThefirstlineistheXMLdeclarationiscalledtheprolog.-T10.ItisnotpossibletoprovidecommentsinXMLdocuments.-F

D. Answer the following.1. WhatisXML?Ans. XMLstands foreXtensibleMarkupLanguage (XML)which is amarkup language thatallows

encoding of documents using a predefined set of ruleswhich is both human-readable andmachine-readable.

2. StatethreecharacteristicsofXML.Ans. ThethreecharceteristicsofHTMLare:


1. XMLisextensible.Itpermitstheclienttomakehisowntagsandrecordstructure.2. XML can be utilized to store information. Applications could be composed to store and

recover data.3. XMLmaybeutilizedtotradeinformation.

3. StatethedifferencesbetweenHTMLandXML.Ans. DifferencebetweenHTMLandXML:

HTML XMLHTMLisusedtodisplaydataandtofocusonformattingofdata.

XMLisusedtodescribedataandfocusonwhatdata is.

HTMLtagsarepredefined. XML tagsarenotpredefined. It ispossible tocreateanddefinenewtagsasperyourneeds.

HTML tags may or may not haveclosing tags. (Container tags andEmptytags)

XML tags must have a closing tag. (onlycontainertagsareallowed)

HTMLtagsarenotcasesensitive. XMLtagsarecasesensitive.4. WhatdoyouunderstandbythetermXMLelement?Ans. XMLelementsaretagsthatformsaXMLdocument.TherearenopredefinedtagsinXMLunlike

HTML.YouneedtodefineyourowntagsinXML.5. “XMLtagsarecasesensitive”explainthecommentwiththehelpofanexample.Ans. XMLtagsarecasesensitiveunlikeHTMLtagswhicharenotcasesensitive.ForexampleinHTML

thetagandisoneandthesame.ButinXMLsuchtagsaretreatedseparately.Thusthetag<Message>isdifferentfromthetag<MESSAGE>.Alsonotethattheopeningandclosingtagsmustbewrittenwiththesamecase.Forexample:

<Message>Thisisincorrect</message> <MESSAGE>Thisiscorrect</MESSAGE>6. ExplainwithahelpofanexamplehowrootelementsareplacedinaXMLdocument.Ans. XML documents must contain one element that is the parent of all other elements. This

elementiscalledtherootelement.TherootelementenclosesallotherelementsinXML.Allother elements inside the root elements form the child element. The child element may again containsubchildelementsandsubsequentlymorenestedelementsmaybeinserted.Thelevelofnestingmaybeextendeduptoanylevel.ThestructureoftheXMLfileshouldlooklikethis:

<root> <child> <subchild>.....</subchild> </child></root>

Forexampleincaseyouneedtostoreinformationofstudents(i.e.,firstnameandlastname)ofacertainschoolusinganXMLdocumentitshouldlooklikethis:


<school> <student> <serial>1</serial> <firstname>Shaahn</firstname> <lastname>Kohli</lastname> </student> <student> <serial>2</serial> <firstname>Subham</firstname> <lastname>Karki</lastname> </student> <student> <serial>3</serial> <firstname>Rohit</firstname> <lastname>Agarwal</lastname> </student></school>

Youcanseeintheaboveexamplethattherootelementdeclaredouthereis<school>thencomesthechildelement<student>whichinturnstoresthe<firstname>and<lastname>ofthestudent in the tags.

7. WhatareemptyXMLelements?Giveanexample.Ans. AnemptyXMLelementdocumentthatisusedtocreateatagwithoutanycontent. Forexampleifthe<message>tagistobespecifiedwithoutanycontent.Itisvalidtowritethe

tagsas: <message></message>

Itcanbewrittenlikethisaswell: <message/>

Thissortofelementsyntaxiscalledself-closing.8. StatethenamingrulesofXMLelements.Ans. XMLelementsmustfollowthesenamingrules:

• Namescancontainletters,numbersbutnospecialcharacters.Thus<state1>,<sta1te>,and<topper5>arevalidbut<state@>,<sta%te>,<tx,r>and<topper#>areinvalid.

• Namescannotstartwithanumber.Thus<1state>isinvalid.• Namescannotcontainspaces.Thus<firstname>and<lastname>areinvalidtags.• Anynamecanbeused,nowordsarereserved.


9. WhatareattributesinXML?Ans. XMLattributesareusedtodescribeXMLelements,ortoprovideadditionalinformationabout

elements.Asyouhavealreadyseenthat inHTML,attributesprovideadditional informationaboutelements.Forexample:

<BODYBGCOLOR=“GREEN”> YoucanseethattheBGCOLORattributechangesthebackgroundcolourofthewebpageto

GREEN. YoucanevencreateyourownattributesinXML.TheattributevaluesinXMLmustalwaysbe

quoted,whichmaybeeithersingleordoublequotes.ForexampleinXMLaperson’ssex,canbewrittenas:

<personsex=“female”> orwrittenas: <personsex=‘female’>10.WhatisaXMLprolog?Ans. AXMLPrologisthesectionatthebeginningofanXMLdocumentwhichincludeseverything

thatappearsbeforethedocument’srootelement.TheXMLdeclaration,theDOCTYPEandanyprocessinginstructionsorcommentsmayallbeapartofit.Dependingonyourneeds,youcanchoosetoincludeboth,either,orneitheroftheseitemsinyourXMLdocument.

11.Whatareentityreferences?Ans. Anentityreferenceisanalternativenameforaseriesofcharacters.Youcanuseanentityinthe

&name;format,wherenameisthenameoftheentity.TherearesomepredefinedentitiesinXML,bfurthermoreyoucandeclareentitiesinaDTD(DocumentTypeDefinition).Thereare5predefinedentityreferencesinXML:

< < less than> > greater than& & ampersand' ‘ apostrophe" “ quotationmark

12.Whatiscommentsusedfor?HowarecommentsprovidedinaXMLdocument?Ans. Commentsarelineswhichareusedfordocumentationandiscompletelyignoredbythebrowser

forinterpretationalwaysbeginswith<!—andendswith-->13.WhatisDTD?WhatarethetwowaystodefineDTD?Ans. ADocumentTypeDefinition(DTD)isafilethatdefinestheschemaorstructureofadocument

encoded in XML. ADTD can be declared inline inside an XMLdocument, or as an externalreference.

14.StatethedifferencebetweenSYSTEMandPUBLICasusedinDTD.Ans. TheSYSTEMkeywordisusedwhentheXMLandDTDresidesinthesamemachine.ThePUBLIC

keywordisusedwhentheDTDfileisinthepublicdomain.


15.Statethesignificanceof+,*and?symbolsusedafterchildelementsinDTD.Ans. The+signafterachildelementindicatesthatthechildelementoccursoneormoretimesinside

the element. The* signafterachildelement indicates that thechildelementoccurs zeroormoretimes

inside the element. The?signafterachildelementindicatesthatthechildelementoccurszerooronetimeinside

the element.16.Statethedifferentattributevaluesthatyoucanprovidealongwiththeirusage.Ans. TheattributelistdeclarationensuresthattheXMLdocumentcontainsvalidattributelistforan

element.Ithasthegeneralsyntax:<!ATTLISTelement-nameattribute-nameattribute-typeattribute-value>• element-nameisthenameoftheelement.• attribute-nameisthenameoftheattribute.• attribute-typeisthetypeoftheattribute.Somecommontypesusedare:

CommonAttributeType MeaningCDATA The value is character data.ID ThevalueisauniqueID.NMTOKEN ThevalueisavalidXMLname.ENTITY Thevalueisanentity.

• attribute-valuemaybeoneofthefollowing:

Value Explanationvalue It is used to refer assign the default

valueoftheattribute.#REQUIRED It is used to indicate that it is

compulsorytogivetheattribute.#IMPLIED Itisusedtoindicatethattheattribute

isoptional.#FIXEDvalue It isused to specify thefixedvalue

fortheattribute.17.Whatdoes“WellFormedXMLdocument”mean?Ans. XMLdocumentsthatabidebythesyntaxrulesofXMLdocumentsarecalled“WellFormedXML

document”.ThesyntaxrulesforXMLare:• XMLdocumentsmusthavearootelement• XMLelementsmusthaveaclosingtag• XMLtagsarecasesensitive• XMLelementsmustbeproperlynested• XMLattributevaluesmustbequoted


18.HowdoyouvalidateaXMLdocument?Ans. TovalidateanXMLdocumentaXMLvalidatorsoftwareisused.AXMLvalidatorisasoftware

thatisusedtocheckthesyntaxofyourXMLdocument.19.WhatisanXMLParser?Ans. AnXMLparserprovidesvitalinformationtotheprogramonhowtoreadthefile.Itisbuiltin

withinthewebbrowser. AnXMLparser isthecomponentthatdecipherstheXMLcode.Withoutaparser,yourcode

cannotbeunderstood.Computersrequireinstruction.AnXMLparserprovidesvitalinformationtotheprogramonhowtoreadthefile.Parserscomeinmultipleformatsandstyles.Theycanbefreestandingsoftware,libraries,modulesandclasses.

20.HowdoyouviewXMLdocumentsinawebbrowser?Ans. ItispossibleforrawXMLfilestobeviewedinallmajorbrowsers.ButXMLfilesarenotdisplayed

asHTMLpagesbutwithcolour-codedrootandchildelements.Aplus(+)orminussign(-)totheleftoftheelementscanbeclickedtoexpandorcollapsetheelementstructure.ToviewtherawXMLsource(withoutthe+and-signs),select“ViewPageSource”or“ViewSource”fromthebrowsermenu.

YoumaydoubleclickontheXMLdocumentthroughMyComputer(orComputerasinWindows7)toopenitinthedefaultbrowser.

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. XML document structure can be divided inwhich two parts?What ismeant by valid XML

document (write threepoints)?Write the code to createanXMLdocument topresent thefollowingdata:NameJob Department CubicleSrishtiProgrammer Engineer 5EAditiDesigner Marketing 19T

Ans. ThetwopartsofanXMLdocumentareXMLTreeandDTD.AValidXMLdocumentabidesbythefollowingrules:1. XMLdocumentsmusthavearootelement2. XMLelementsmusthaveaclosingtag3. XMLtagsarecasesensitive<employees> <emp> <Name>Srishti</Name> <Job>Programmer</Job> <Department>Engineer</Department> <Cubicle>5E</Cubicle> </emp>


<emp> <Name>Aditi</Name> <Job>Designer</Job> <Department>Marketing</Department> <Cubicle>19T</Cubicle> </emp></employee>

2. DrawtheXMLtreeforthecodegivenbelow:<employees><employeesex=“male”><name><first>Harry</first><last>Potter</last></name></employee><employeesex=“female”><name><first>Linda</first><last>Ray</last></name></employee></employees>

Ans.

Attribute:“sex”


3. DrawtheXMLtreeforthecodegivenbelow:<furniture><Tablematerial=“wood”><Primary>100</Primary><Middle>150</Middle><Senior>150</Senior></Table><Tablematerial=“plastic”><Primary>200</Primary><Middle>135</Middle><Senior>150</Senior>0</Table></furniture>

Ans.

4. CreateaDTDforstoringbookinformationforalibrary.TheDTDshouldcontaindetailsabout

each book in terms of title, author (name, nickname), no.of copies, all ofwhich can storecharacter data. The no.of copies should contain two attributes named ‘inhand’ and issuedwhicharebothmandatory.

Attribute:“sex”


Ans.<?xmlversion=“1.0”?><!DOCTYPELIBRARY[<!ELEMENTLIBRARY(BOOK+)><!ELEMENTBOOK(TITLE,AUTHOR+,NOC)><!ELEMENTAUTHOR(NAME,NICKNAME)><!ELEMENTTITLE(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTNAME(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTNICNAME(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTNOC(#PCDATA)><!ATTLISTNOCINHANDISSUEDCDATA#REQUIRED>]>

5. ObservetheDTDbelowandanswerthefollowingquestions:<?xmlversion=“1.0”?><!DOCTYPECompany[<!ELEMENTCompany(Employee+)><!ELEMENTEmployee(FirstName,LastName,ContactNo,Email)><!ELEMENTFirstName(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTLastName(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTContactNo(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENTEmail(#PCDATA)><!ATTLISTemailaddressCDATA#REQUIRED>]>

a. NametherootelementoftheaboveXMLdocument.b. HowmanychildelementsarethereintheaboveDTD?Namethem.c. Whatdoesthe‘+’signaftertheEmployeeelementsignify?d. Whichoftheelementhasanattributeassociatedwithit?Nametheelementandalso

theattributeassociatedwithit.e. WhatisthebasicdifferencebetweenthekeywordsPCDATAandCDATA?

Ans a.Companyb.ChildElement:Employee,whichagaincontainsFirstName,LastName,ContactNoandEmail.c.ItsignifiesthattheEmployeeoccuroneormoretimesinsidetheelement.d.Element:emailandattribute:addresse.PCDATAstandsforParsedCharacterDataandXMLparsersnormallyparseallthetextinan

XMLdocument. CDATA-(Unparsed)CharacterDataisusedabouttextdatathatshouldnotbeparsedbythe

XMLparser.

57

9

A. MCQs.1. Programmersthatbreakintosecuresystemsformaliciouspurposeare

a.Crackers b.Hackersc. Breakers d. Burglars

Ans. b.Hackers2. Agoodwaytosafeguardaccesstoyourcomputersisto________________protectit.

a.deadbolt b.copyrightc.safemode d.password

Ans. d.password3. Theelectronicequivalentofjunkmailisknownas

a.adware b.cyberfraudc.spam d.packets

Ans. c.spam4. Copyofdatathatcanbeusedtorestoreandrecoverdatais________________.

a.thecopieddata b.backupc.restorationdata d.noneofthese

Ans. b.backup5. Aprogramdesignedtoreplicateandeatupacomputer’sstorageiscalled

a.Virus b.Spamc. Worm d. Mail

Ans. c. Worm6. Adigitaldocumentissuedtoasitebyacertificationauthorityofinternet

a.e-code b.digitalcertificatec. digital signature d. digital id

Ans. b.digitalcertificate7. Toavoidproblemswhileworkingwithinternetyoushouldfollowthisprecaution:

a.Installantivirusonyourcomputerb.Takethebackupofyourfilesregularlyc.Donotclickonunknownlinksd.Allofthese

Ans. d.Allofthese

Security Issues of IT


8. Ahardwareorasoftwarethatfiltersthedatathatentersasystemwhenconnectedtoanetworkiscalled:a.Filter b.Encoderc.Firewall d.Decoder

Ans. c.Firewall9. WhichamongthefollowingisnotaSocialNetworkingsite?

a.Facebook b.Google+c.Twitter d.Rediffmail

Ans. d.Rediffmail10.Whichamongthefollowingreferstotheactofcopyingcopyrightedmaterial?

a.Hacking b.Crackingc.Piracy d.Phising

Ans. c.Piracy

B. Fill in the blanks.1. Malwareisthegeneraltermtorefertoinfectioussoftwaresuchasvirus,worm,spyware,etc.2. Trojansisaprogramthatappearsharmlessbutactuallyperformsmaliciousfunctions.3. Spywareisasoftwarethatisdownloadedontoyourcomputertotrackyouractivitieswithout

yourknowledge.4. Anti-Virusprotectsaserver,anetworkandanindividualPCfromattackbyvirusesfromother

systems.5. BothPharmingandPhisingmakesanimpostersitelooklikeagenuinesite.6. Sharewareissoftwarethatisdistributedfreeofcostusuallyforevaluationbutrequirestopayin

caseitisincontinueduseafteraspecificperiod.7. Differentialbackupcopiesallthefilesordatathathasbeenchangedsincethelastfullbackup.8. Incrementalbackupallowsyoutocopyonlythosefileswhichhavebeenalteredsincethelastfull

backup.9. Backupistheactofduplicatingdocumentsordatabaseswiththegoalthattheywillbeprotected

ifthereshouldariseanoccurrenceofequipmentfailureorothercalamity.10. Quarantinereferstotheactofmovinginfectedfilestoasafelocationthatismanagedbythe

antivirussoftware.

C. True (T) or False (F).1. Spywareissoftwarethatspiesonauser’sactivitiesoncomputerandreportsit.-T2. Backupisduplicationofdataforrestoringpurposeatalatertime.-T3. Toavoidspamneverclickonlinksthatcomefromsomeoneyoudonotknow.-T4. Hackerisapersonwhobreakssecuritywithmal-intentiontostartwhatwehavestoredonour

computers.-F

59Security Issues of IT

5. LocalBackupsallowsvariouswebsitestobackupyourmemory.-F6. BrowserHijackerisamaliciousprogramthathijacksyourbrowser.-T7. Phising refers to the use of electronic messaging systems to send unwanted bulk messages

(spam),especiallyadvertising,indiscriminately.-F8. Spywareprogramssecretlygatherinformationfromthecomputerithasinfectedandtransmit

theinformationtoadifferentlocation.-T9. Mailwormsareembeddedasane-mailattachment.-T10.PolymorphicVirusesaremadeinsuchawaythatmakesitalmostimpossibletodetect.-T

D. Answer the following.1. StatetworeasonsforhavingsecurityinaComputerSystem.Ans. Thereasonsforcomputersecurityare:

i. Itisusedtoensuredataprotections.ii. Itisusedtoensurethatthecomputerperformswellandgivesaccessibilitytoonlyauthorised

personsatanypointoftime.2. WhatisaVirus?Nameanytwoviruses.Ans. Virusisaprogram,whichisintendedtodisruptthenormalfunctioningofthecomputersystem.

Exampleofviruses-Scott’sValley,SevenDust.3. StatethedifferencebetweenWormsandTrojans.Ans.

Virus Worms

The virus is the program code that attachesitself to application program and whenapplicationprogramrunitrunsalongwithit.

Thewormiscodethatreplicateitselfinordertoconsumeresourcestobringitdown.

Itinsertsitselfintoafileorexecutableprogram. It exploits a weakness in an application oroperatingsystembyreplicatingitself.

It has to rely on users transferring infected files/programstoothercomputersystems.

Itcanuseanetworktoreplicateitselftoothercomputersystemswithoutuserintervention.

Infection effect may lead to deletion ormodification of files. Sometimes a virus alsochangesthelocationoffiles.

Infection usually do not lead to deletion ormodificationoffilesbutonlymonopolize theCPUandmemory.

The infection speed of virus is slower thanworm.

Infection speed ofworm is faster than virus.E.g.Thecoderedwormaffected3lackPCsinjust14Hrs.


4. Stateanythreewaysthroughwhichacomputergetsinfected.Ans. Thethreewaysinwhichaviruscanspreadinacomputerare:

• AviruscanspreadifyouareusinganinfectedmedialikePendrives,CD,DVD,etc,whichmayhaveitselfgotinfectedfromsomeothercomputer.

• Certainvirusmayattachitselftoothersoftwarethuseverytimeyourunthesoftware,thevirusreplicatesbyattachingitselftoothersoftware.

• Yourcomputermaygetinfectedwhenyoubootyourcomputerusinganinfectedmedia.5. WhatisaBootSectorvirus?Givetwoexamples.Ans. Abootsectorvirusisacomputervirusthatinfectsastoragedevice’s(usuallyharddisk)master

bootrecord(MBR).Thustheinfectedcomputerisunabletoboot.Example-BrainandMichelangelo

6. HowareFilevirusesdifferentfromMacroViruses?Ans. FileVirusorParasiticVirusattachesitselftoanarbitraryfile.Thereforewheneverthehostfile

getsexecutedthevirusalsogetsexecuted.MacroVirusesontheotherhandusesaprogramminglanguageembeddedincertainsoftware.Thusadocumenthavingthemacroviruswhenopenedgetsthemacrovirusexecuted.

7. Writeshortnoteson:a.MultipartiteVirusb.PolymorphicVirusc.StealthVirus

Ans.i. Multipartitevirusesinfectbothharddisksectorsalongwiththeexecutablefiles.Thatiswhy

itisalsocalledmultipartiteorhybridvirus.Theseviruseshascomplexmodeofreplicatingitselfmakingitdifficulttoremove.Emperor,TequillaandNatasaresomeexamplesoftheseviruses.

ii. Polymorphicviruseshavethecapabilityofchangingitselfafterinfectingacomputer.Thuscopiesofvirusesthatarepresentinthecomputermaybeslightlydifferentfromeachother,whichmakeitdifficultforanti-virussoftwaretodetectandremoveit.SatanBug,ElkernandProudaresomeexamplesoftheseviruses.

iii. Stealthvirusesaremadeinsuchawaythatmakesitalmostimpossibletodetect.Eveniftheyattachitselftoaprogram,theprogrammayappearnormal,thusremainingundetectedbyanyanti-virussoftware.WhaleandZerBugaresomeexamplesofstealthviruses.

8. WhatisaSpamming?Statedifferentwaysofstoppingspamming.Ans. Spammingreferstotheuseofelectronicmessagingsystemstosendunwantedbulkmessages

(spam), especially advertising, indiscriminately. The most widely recognized form of spamise-mail (electronicmail)spam.Howeverthetermisalsoappliedtosimilarabuses inothermedia:instantmessagingspam,Usenetnewsgroupspam,Websearchenginespam,spaminblogs,wikispam,onlineclassifiedadsspam,mobilephonemessagingspam, Internetforumspam,junkfaxtransmissions,socialnetworkingspam,socialspam,televisionadvertisingandfilesharingspam.


Spammingremainseconomicallyviablebecauseadvertisershaveverylittleorsometimesnooperatingcostsbeyondthemanagementoftheirmailinglists,andit isalmost impossibletoholdsendersaccountablefortheirmassmailings.Ontheotherhanditcostshugetothesenderandmaysometimeevengetdubbed.

9. WhatisSpyware?Ans. Spywareprogramssecretlygatherinformationfromthecomputerithasinfectedandtransmit

the information to a different location. Itmay be used for identifying user habits and postadvertisementsaccordinglyorsometimesevenvitalinformationlikeusernameorpasswordsmaybetransmitted.

10.WhatisanAnti-VirusSoftware?ExplainthreeoptionsthatyougenerallygetwithanAnti-Virussoftware.

Ans. Antivirussoftwareisusedtoremovevirusesandothermalwareprogramsfromyourcomputer.Itusestwoofthesetechniquestosecureyourcomputer.• Scanfilesforknownvirusesthatmatchwiththevirusdefinitionlistthatisbuiltwithinit.

Butthisrequiresyoutocontinuouslyupdateyourantivirussoftwaretoaddnewdefinitiontothelist.Otherwiseyourantivirussoftwaregoesobsoleteandwillnotbeabletoremovenewerviruses.

• Identifiessuspiciousbehaviorofacomputerprogramthatmayhadbeeninfected. ThethreeoptionsthatyougenerallygetwithanAntivirusSoftwareare:• Fix:Itcleansafilethatisinfectedwithavirus.• Quarantine: Certain virusmay be too difficult to be removed completely, this virus are

disabledandkeptinasafeplacesothatitcannotinfectotherfiles.• Delete: Itdeletesan infectedfilealongwith thevirus.Since thisoptionalsodeletes the

originalfilewhichgotinfected,itshouldonlybeusedwhentheprevioustwooptionsdonotwork.

11.WhatdoesthetermBackupmean?NamethedifferenttypesofBackups.Ans. Backup is theactionofduplicatingdocumentsordatabaseswith the goal that theywill be

protectedifthereshouldariseanoccurrenceofequipmentfailureorothercalamity.Backupistypicallyaroutinepieceoftheoperationofhugeorganizationswithcentralizedserversandalsotheadministratorsofmorediminutivebusinessmachines.

12.Howisincrementalbackupdifferentfromdifferentialbackup?Ans. Incremental Backup creates copies of all thefiles, or parts of files that have changed since

previousbackupsofanytype(full,differentialorincremental). ForexampleifyoudidafullbackuponSunday.AnincrementalbackupmadeonMonday,would

onlycontainfileschangedsinceSunday,andan incrementalbackuponTuesday,wouldonlycontainfileschangedsinceMonday,andsoon.

DifferentialBackupontheotherhandlooksatwhichfileshavechangedsinceyoulastdidafullbackup.Thencreatescopiesofallthefilesthataredifferentfromtheonesinthefullbackup.Ifyoudoadifferentialbackupmorethanonce, itwillcopyallthefiles,orpartsoffilesthat


havechangedsincethelastfullbackup,evenifyoualreadyhaveidenticalcopiesofthosefilesinapreviousdifferentialbackup.Forrestoringallthedata,youwillonlyneedthethelastfullbackup,andthelastdifferentialbackup.

13.Writeshortnoteson:a)SoftwarePiracyb)Cybercrime

Ans.i. Theactivitiesinvolvingunauthorizedcopying,reproduction,use,ormanufactureofsoftware

productsiscalledsoftwarepiracy.Mostretailprogramsarelicensedinsuchawaythatitmaybeusedatjustonecomputerorforusebyonlyoneuseratanytime.Wheneveryoubuyasoftware,youbecomealicenseduserratherthananownerandthereforeyouareonlyallowedtomakecopiesoftheprogramforbackuppurposes,butcannotgivecopiestofriendsandcolleagues,whichisagainstthelaw.

ii. CybercrimeisatermwhichisusedtorefertocriminalactivityperformedusingcomputersandtheInternet.Thismayinclude instigatingor intimidatingsomeoneoverthe internet,downloadingillegalfilesandstealingmillionsofdollarsfromonlinebankaccounts.Otheroffences likecreatinganddistributingvirusesand/ormaliciouscodeonothercomputersorpostingconfidentialbusiness informationon the Internetarealsopartof cybercrime.Conceivablythemostprominentformofcybercrimeisusingtheinternettostealpersonalinformation fromother users leading to identity theft. To do this they usually uses twocommonmethodsphishingandpharming.

14.Howishackingdifferentfromcracking?Ans. Hacking, is the act of stealing personal or private data,without the owner’s knowledge or

consent,itcouldalsoincludeotherthingslikestealingpasswords,creatingabotnet,orprettymuchanyactthatbreachessomeone’sprivacy,withouttheirknowledge,orconsent.Crackingontheotherhandinvolveseditingaprogram’ssourcecode,orcreatingaprogram,likeakeygenerator(morecommonlyknownasa‘keygen’),patch,orsomesortofapplicationthattricksanapplicationintothinkingthataparticularprocesshasoccurred.Forexample,akeygeneratorandapatchforthe

AdobeMasterCollectionwouldtrickthesoftwareintothinkingthatthekeyenterediscorrect,andnotletitverifythekeywiththeAdobemasterserver.Crackingisprettymuchlookingforabackdoorinsoftware,andexploitingitformalicioususeorforacopyrightbreachingact.

Thusthedifferenceisthatahackerissomeonethatusestheirextensiveknowledgeofcomputerlogicandcodeformaliciouspurposes,whileacracker-looksforbackdoorsinprograms,andexploitsthosebackdoors.Crackingisgenerallylessharmfulthanhacking.Hackersareusuallyinvolvedwithwebrelatedhacking,likeMySQLinterception,orphishing,otherformsofhackingwouldincludethingslikebruteforce,orpasswordlifting.

15.Whatisthesignificanceof“DigitalCertificate”?Ans. Adigitalcertificateisusedtoverifythatausersendingamessageiswhoheorsheclaimsto

be,andtoprovidethereceiverwiththemeanstoencodeareply.ThisisdoneovertheInternetusingthepublickeyinfrastructure(PKI).


16.Whatisdataencryption?Ans. DataEncryptionreferstoscramblinginformationandutilizingittosecuredatathatisconstantly

hung on a machine, replicated onto CDs or DVDs or transmitted over a system. It utilizesinnovations,forexample,VirtualPrivateNetworks(VPNs)andsecuresocketlayers.

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. ShrinivasanisworkingforanITfirmwhereheneedstobackuphisdataofaround200MBto

400MBattheendofeachday.Eachdaybackupneedstobearchivedseparately for futurereference.Suggestanytwoeconomicdatabackupdevices,whichhecanuseforthispurpose.i. Differentiatebetweenhackerandcrackerwithreferencetotheirintentionandmotive.ii. Nameonespecificsoftwaretoolforeachofthefollowingcategories:

a. Antivirusb. Datarecoverytoolc. Onlinebackuptoold. Text editor

Ans. Hemayeitheruseaportableexternalharddiskorapendrivetotakebackup.i. Hacking,istheactofstealingpersonalorprivatedata,withouttheowner’sknowledgeor

consent, it couldalso includeother things like stealingpasswords, creatingabotnet,orprettymuchanyactthatbreachessomeone’sprivacy,withouttheirknowledge,orconsent.Crackingontheotherhandinvolveseditingaprogram’ssourcecode,orcreatingaprogram,likeakeygenerator(morecommonlyknownasa‘keygen’),patch,orsomesortofapplicationthattricksanapplicationintothinkingthataparticularprocesshasoccurred.Forexample,akeygeneratorandapatchforthe

AdobeMaster Collectionwould trick the software in to thinking that the key entered iscorrect,andnotletitverifythekeywiththeAdobemasterserver.Crackingisprettymuchlookingforabackdoor insoftware,andexploiting it formalicioususeorforacopyrightbreaching act.

Thus the difference is that a hacker is someone that uses their extensive knowledge ofcomputerlogicandcodeformaliciouspurposes,whileacracker-looksforbackdoorsinprograms,andexploitsthosebackdoors.Crackingisgenerally lessharmfulthanhacking.Hackersareusuallyinvolvedwithwebrelatedhacking,likeMySQLinterception,orphishing,otherformsofhackingwouldincludethingslikebruteforce,orpasswordlifting.

ii.a. QuickHealb. HyperVRecoveryManagerfromMicrosoftc. Google Drived. Notepad


2. Giveanytwoshortcomingsofonlinepurchase.i.Whatisencryptionofdata?ii.Nameoneantivirussoftware/tool.

Ans. Incaseyouhaveaspyware,yourbankaccountdetailsmaybecompromised.1. ThesitemaynotbeauthenticandtheremaybePhisingattack. i. DataEncryptionreferstoscrambling informationandutilizing it tosecuredatathat is

constantlyhungonamachine,replicatedontoCDsorDVDsortransmittedoverasystem.It utilizes innovations, for example,Virtual PrivateNetworks(VPNs) and secure socketlayers.

ii. QuickHeal

65

10

A. MCQs.1. Theprocessofusingelectronicmediaforlearningiscalled________________.

a.E-learning b.Media-Learningc.Learning d.Internet

Ans. a.E-learning2. WhichamongthefollowingisnotacharacteristicsofE-learning?

a.Learnershavetheoptiontochooselearningmaterialsthatmeetstheirlevelofknowledgeandinterest.

b.Learnersdonothavetheflexibilitytochoosetheirowntimeorschedule.c.LearnershavetheflexibilitytostudyanywheretheyhaveaccesstoacomputerandInternetconnection

d.Self-pacedlearningmodulesallowlearnerstoworkattheirownpace.Ans. b.Learnersdonothavetheflexibilitytochoosetheirowntimeorschedule.3. Whichamongthefollowinge-learningsitesismostsuitableforwebdesigning?

a.www.khanacademy.org b.http://ocw.mit.educ.www.w3schools.com d.www.math-bridge.org

Ans. c.www.w3schools.com4. Whichamongthefollowingisconnectedtoe-health?

a.HealthInformation b.EducationandTrainingc.HealthSystemsManagement d.Allofthese

Ans. d.Allofthese5. AsubsidiaryofUnitedNations(UN)whoseobjectiveistolookafterinternationalhealth.

a.CMS b.eHospitalc.eHealth d.WHO

Ans. d.WHO6. Whichamongthefollowingisnotthecharacteristicsofehealth?

a.Itallowsmethodstoaccesselectronicmedicalrecords,andtheabilitytoaccessinformationaboutalternativeapproachestomedicaltreatment.

b.Savesontimeoneofthemajorconstraintsofconventionalhealthcareservices.c.It improvespatientsafety–acompleteoverviewofclinicalandmedicationhistoryhelpstoavoidpotentialerrorsandcomplications.

d.Itcannotprovideaccesstospecialistcareatdistantgeographicareas.

Benefits of ICT


Ans. d.Itcannotprovideaccesstospecialistcareatdistantgeographicareas.7. WhichamongthefollowingisthenationalportalofIndia?

a.india.gov.in b.nationindia.gov.inc. india.net.in d. india.nic.in

Ans. a. india.gov.in8. WhatisthefullformofDeitY?

a.DepartmentofElectronicsandIndianTechnologyb.DevelopmentofElectronicsandInformationTechnologyc.DigitalElectronicsandinformationTechnologyd.DepartmentofElectronics&InformationTechnology

Ans. d.DepartmentofElectronics&InformationTechnology9. KnowledgeEconomycombinesknowledgeandeducationintoa_________________.

a.businessProduct b.productiveAssetc. either a or b d. none of these

Ans. c. either a or b10.______________________referstothedisparityofclassificationofpersonaccordingtotheir

knowledgeofICTandwithoutit.a.DigitalDivide b.DigitalDisparityc.DevelopmentalDelay d.DigitalUnity

Ans. a. Digital Divide

B. Fill in the blanks.1. In e-learningself-pacedlearningmodulesallowlearnerstoworkattheirownpace.2. EHealthPointsareunitsownedandoperatedbyHealthpointServicesIndia(HSI)thatprovide

families in rural villages about various health issues.3. AhealthinsuranceplansoldovertheinternetiscalledeHealthInsurance.4. Using ICT for making government services to every corner of the country 24x7 is called

e-governance.5. KnowledgeEconomyreferstothecombiningofknowledgeandeducationasaproduct.6. VirtualschoolsarealsocalledCyber schools.7. Aknowledgebasedsocietyreferstothetypeofsocietythatisneededtocompeteandsucceed

inthechangingeconomicandpoliticaldynamicsofthemodernworld.8. Infomaniareferstothoseindividualsthathavecompulsivedesiretocheckoraccumulatenews

andinformation.9. Digital Unity refers to the collaboration of people at different geographical location to unite

together10.People living inRemoteareasdonotget thebenefitsofe-governancebecauseof the lackof

infrastructure.

67Benefits of ICT

C. True (T) or False (F).1. E-governancehasincreasedthetransparencyofthegovernmentbyputtinganendincorruption

byremovingthemiddle-menandtoutsplay.-T2. E-governanceservicesareavailableonlineandhelpfulforpeoplehavingnointernetconnectivity.-F3. Lack of literacy resulted in lack of awareness, which prevents people from benefitting from

e-governance.-T4. E-healthallowsmethodstoaccesselectronicmedicalrecordsandtheabilitytoaccessinformation

aboutalternativeapproachestomedicaltreatment.-T5. WHOingenerallooksafterthefinanceinUnitedNations.-F6. TheEHealthPointconceptbuildsuponandcombinesprovenmodelstoachieveuniquesynergies

andefficiencies.-T7. Ine-learningthelearnersdonotchooselearningmaterials.-F8. Ine-learning,theusercanchoosetheirownflexibletimings.-T9. W3Schoolsisane-learningsitesthathasavarietyofvideolessonsforfree.-F10.E-learninggivestheflexibilitytolearnasparhisowntime.-T

D. Answer the following.1. HowdoyouthinkICThashelpedinthefieldofeducation?Ans. InrecentyearstherehasbeenaupsurgeintheinterestofhowICTcanbestbeharnessedto

improvetheefficiencyandeffectivenessofeducationatalllevelsandinbothformalandnon-formalsettings.Eventhough,ICTremainatitsinfancyinmostdevelopingnations,wherebooksorprintedmediaremainsthecheapest,mostaccessibleandthereforemostdominantdeliverymechanism.Thusdevelopingcountries,likeIndiacombinetheuseofprint,recordedaudioandvideo,broadcastradioandtelevision,andaudio-conferencingtechnologiestocatertotheneedofeducation.

2. Whatise-learning?Mentionnamesoftwositesthatprovidee-learningforfree.Ans. Learningthatoccursthroughelectronicmedia,popularlyovertheInternetiscalledE-learning.

Websites:www.e-learningforkids.organdocw.umb.edu3. Givetwoadvantagesanddisadvantagesofe-learning.Ans. Advantagesofe-learning:

• Learnershavetheoptiontochooselearningmaterialsthatmeetstheirlevelofknowledgeand interest.

• Learnershavetheflexibilitytochoosetheirowntimeorschedule.Disadvantagesofe-learning:• Ithasbeenthatlearnerswithlowmotivationorbadstudyhabitsmayfallbehind.• Learnerswhoaremoreusedtowithtraditionalteachersmayget lostorconfusedabout

courseactivitiesanddeadlines.


4. WhatisE-Health?WhatareareasinwhichE-Healthencompasses?Ans. Thetransferofhealth-careresourcesbyelectronicmeansistermedasE-health.

TheareasinwhichE-Healthencompassesare:• Health Information:The Internetandtelecommunicationsplaysagreatrole indelivering

healthinformationtohealthprofessionalsandhealthconsumers.• Education and Training: The education and training of healthworkers to improve public

healthservicesusingthepowerofITande-commerce.• Health SystemsManagement: Usage of e-commerce and e-business practices in health

systems management.5. HowdoesICThelpthegovernmentinprovidinghealthcareservices?Howdoessuchservices

helpthecommonman?Ans. The ageing of the population in general has resulted in number of citizens with chronic

diseasesincreasing,especiallyamongelderlypeoplethroughouttheworld.Coupledwithnotproportionalamounthealthcareserviceshasmadehealthamajorissuefordevelopingnations.Thechallengeistokeepboththewell-beingofthecitizensandthepublichealthcaresystemsproper.Herewhere

ICTcomesintothepicturetoprovidehealthcaresolutionsthatsolvemuchoftheproblems.Ithelpsthecommonmanby:1. Itallowsmethodstoaccesselectronicmedicalrecords,andtheabilitytoaccessinformation

aboutalternativeapproachestomedicaltreatment.2. Savesontimeoneofthemajorconstraintsofconventionalhealthcareservices.3. Itimprovespatientsafety–acompleteoverviewofclinicalandmedicationhistoryhelpsto

avoidpotentialerrorsandcomplications.6. Givetwoadvantagesanddisadvantagesofe-health.Ans.

Advantages• Itallowsmethodstoaccesselectronicmedicalrecords,andtheabilitytoaccessinformation

aboutalternativeapproachestomedicaltreatment.• Savesontimeoneofthemajorconstraintsofconventionalhealthcareservices.Disadvantages• Toomuchofinformation,mightinmostsituation,leadtoconfusion.• Sincephysicalpresenceofthehealthcareconsumersismostlyabsent,theydonotbenefit

fromtheclinicalexperienceofthephysician.

69Benefits of ICT

7. Whatise-governance?Namethreesitesthatprovidese-governance.Ans. E-governanceistheapplicationof ICTfortransferringofvariousgovernmentservicestothe

citizensofacountry.Theservicesare24x7andnotboundedbyanygeographicalregion.Sites:• india.gov.in• deity.gov.in• passportindia.gov.in

8. Statetwoadvantagesanddisadvantagesofe-governance.Ans.AdvantagesofE-governance

• The efficacy of the administration and service delivery has drastically improved byE-governance.

• Reducedwaitingtimeisoneofthebenefitsofe-governance.DisadvantagesofE-governance• Peoplelivinginremoteareasdonotgetthebenefitsofe-governancebecauseofthelackof

infrastructure.• Completely computerizationofall services is yet tobe completedand thereforemanual

methodsarestillprevalent.9. WhatisKnowledgeEconomy?Ans. Knowledge Economy is the combining the knowledge and education based on creating,

evaluating,andtradingknowledge.Thusmakingitabusinessproductandaproductiveasset.10.StatethreewaysinwhichICThasaffectedoursociety.Ans. ThethreewaysinwhichICThaschangedoursocietyare:

• KnowledgeBasedSociety• DigitalUnity• Digital Divide

ApplicationOrientedQuestions1. MrSurendraisaMedicalRepresentativeinZevPharmaceuticals.Heusuallyhastomakeheavy

travellingmeeting different doctors and recommending them variousmedicines. As such hehardlyhasmuchtimeleftfor leisure.He lovesstudies,particularlyChemistry.HehadstudiedChemistryduringhisgraduationandleftstudiesafterhejoinedasaMedicalRepresentative.HewantstopursuehisstudiesinChemistry.a. Whatwouldyousuggesthimsothathecanpursuehisstudies,withoutaffectinghiscurrent

jobprofile?b. Mentionfewresourcesfortheabovesolution.

Ans. a.HecangoforanyonlineE-LearningCourse.b.MITsiteandIGNOUsite


2. The primary objective of e-health care is to provide different services related to health todifferentpeople,eventothemostremoteareas.Statethreeadvantagesofusinge-healthcareservices.Alsostatethreedrawbacksofusingsuchservices.

Ans.AdvantagesofE-healthcareservices• Itallowsmethodstoaccesselectronicmedicalrecords,andtheabilitytoaccessinformation

aboutalternativeapproachestomedicaltreatment.• Savesontimeoneofthemajorconstraintsofconventionalhealthcareservices.• Itimprovespatientsafety–acompleteoverviewofclinicalandmedicationhistoryhelpsto

avoidpotentialerrorsandcomplications.DisadvantagesofE-healthcareservices• Toomuchofinformation,mightinmostsituation,leadtoconfusion.• Sincephysicalpresenceofthehealthcareconsumersismostlyabsent,theydonotbenefit

fromtheclinicalexperienceofthephysician.• Firsttimeusersmaysometimesfinditdifficulttoaccessthehealthcareservices.

3. One of themajor advantage of using ICT in providing government services to themass ise-governance.Theefficacyoftheadministrationandservicedeliveryhasdrasticallyimprovedbye-governance.a.Whatise-governance?b.Stateatleastthreewayshowithelpscommonpeople.

Ans.a. E-governanceistheapplicationofICTfortransferringofvariousgovernmentservicestothe

citizensofacountry.Theservicesare24x7andnotboundedbyanygeographicalregion.b.

• The efficacy of the administration and service delivery has drastically improved byE-Governance.

• Reducedwaitingtimeisoneofthebenefitsofe-governance.• Citizensthatbenefitfrome-governancedoesataminimalcostornocostatall.

4. In traditional classrooms, it is often important for students to adopt a pace that suits theclassroom,sothatnoonelagsbehindothersandnoonegetstoofarahead.a.WhatisthealternativetotraditionalclassroomsthattakesICTasitsmajortool?b.Statethreeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingsuchamedium.

Ans.a. VirtualSchoolsandE-learningarealternativetotraditionalclassrooms.

71Benefits of ICT

b. Advantages:1. Inmanycases,virtualschoolsallowfamiliesandeducatorstoevaluateastudentand

provideacustomizededucationgearedtowardshelpingthestudentlearnanddevelop.2. Each child has unique educational strengths,weakness, needs andpreferences, and

virtualschoolingallowsfamiliesandeducatorstoaddressthesedifferences.3. Adopting an average pace is often important, in such cases, to keeping the flow of

learningconsistentandpreventingstudentsfrombecomingboredandfrustrated.Disadvantages:1. Virtualschoolsalsolackthestructurefoundintraditionalschools.2. Theyalsohavedifficultiesadaptingtopaperandpenciltestsandassignments.3. Theyalsomissoutonpersonalinstructionfromteachersaswellasclassroomdiscussion

Also,unlikebrickandmortarschools,studentsarenotundertheconstantsupervisionofa teacher.

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