New Syllabus Property

8/18/2019 New Syllabus Property

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UNIVERSITY OF THE VISAYAS

GULLAS LAW SCHOOL

Syllabus – Property(With Notes and Citations)

(Second Year - First Semester)

Credit Units: 4 credit units (4hrs. / week)

Preared !": #$%N &$'#'' %. %*%S$

I COURSE !ESCRIPTION"

e+iew and ,enera inte,ration o the rincies in Ci+i aw co+erin,:

ook 00 1 Proert" $2cet (&ite 03 1 Some Secia Proerties)

ook 000 1 #ierent *odes o %c5uirin, 'wnershi (&ite 0 1 'ccuation) and

(&ite 000 1 #onation) (&ite 3 1 Prescrition)

$2cuded rom ook 000 :

(&ite 00 1 0nteectua Creation) and (&ite 03 1 Succession)

.%. 4678 &he Condominium %ct

P.#. 96 &he Su!di+ision and Condominium u"ers; Protecti+e #ecree

II COURSE O#$ECTIVES"

&he course aims to:

<. ro+ide the students with in-deth knowed,e and master" o the rinciesco+ered

7. ena!e students to a" these rincies in case studies=. reare the Second Year aw students or Ci+i aw e+iew 0 and 00> the ar

$2amination> and e+entua" in the ractice o aw.

III ORIENTATION"

%. $2anation o Course #escrition and Course '!?ecti+e. e5uirements

C. *ethods o &eachin,

#. $+auation and @radin, S"stem

IV RE%UIRE&ENTS FOR THE COURSE"

%. %ttendance. @raded ecitations

C. Case Studies



#. Written $2aminations

&here wi !e our (4) written e2aminations> name": Preiminar" $2aminations>*idterm $2aminations> Semi-Finas and the Fina $2aminations.

$ach o the e2aminations wi !e comosed o *utie Choice Auestions(*CAs) (8B) aired with Pro!em So+in, ($ssa" &"e) &ria

*emorandum/#ecision/e,a 'inion (4B).

Secia $2aminations ma" !e ,i+en on a case-to-case !asis> deendin, uon the

discretion o the roessor.

Students must resent their resecti+e ermits !eore the" are aowed to take an"e2amination.

V TEACHING STRATEGIES"

%. Particiati+e ecture #iscussions

. %na"sis o Case Studies

VI LECTURE AN! EVALUATION"

For Prel'(')ary E*a(')at'o)s" ++++++++++

,- .ee/s 0 12 le3ture 4ours5

Possi!e $2am #ate: DDDDDD.

#OO6 II

PROPERTY7 OWNERSHIP AN! ITS&O!IFICATIONS ,Ne. C'8'l Co9e7 #oo/ II 5

Arts -1- :;11

I Class'<'3at'o) o< Property – ,T'tle I5 %rts. 4<4-478

A C4ara3ter'st'3s

Characteristics of Property:

o Utiit" 1 caacit" to satis" human wants

o

0ndi+iduait" 1 that is not mere" a art o the whoe it is a searate andautonomous e2istence

o Susceti!iit" o !ein, aroriated

. Class'<'3at'o) 1 %rts. 4<-4<E

1 #y Ob=e3t

a) ea or immo+a!e (Chater <) %rt. 4<

Academic Classification of Real Property:

o ea roert" !" nature 1 and

o ea roert" !" incororation 1 !uidin,> antso ea roert" !" destination 1 machineries aced !" the

owner o the and/tenement which tend direct" to meet the

needs o the industr" carried on therein !" the owner o thetenement

o ea roert" !" anao," 1 ri,ht o usuruct or contracts o

u!ic works

7



o

Case Studies:

Asso3'ate9 I)sura)3e > Surety Co I)3 8s Iya ,1?@ P4'l ;B5

Re: Article 415(1) NCC – It is obvious that the inclusion of the building, searate and distinct fro! the land in the enu!eration of "hat !a# constitute real roerties (Art$ 415 NCC)could onl# !ean one thing – that a building is an i!!ovable roert# irresective of "hether or

not said structure and the land on "hich it is adhered to belong to the sa!e erson$ A building

cannot be divested of its character of a realt# b# the fact that the land on "hich it is built belongs

to another$

%hus, an earlier chattel !ortgage on the building and its subse&uent registration as a

chattel !ortgage in the Chattel 'ortgage Registr#, has no effect and is a futile act, and thebu#er in the foreclosure sale thereof ac&uires no right against a later real estate !ortgagee, in

good faith, on the building$

!a8ao Sa. &'ll Co 8s Cast'llo ,21 P4'l ;?5

'achiner#, instru!ents, i!le!ents, though !ovable b# their nature, beco!es

i!!obilied or i!!ovable if (1) laced b# the o"ner of the land or tene!ent on the land or tene!ent, () an industr# !ust be carried on in the tene!ent* (+) it !ust be intended for such

industr# or "or (4) it !ust tend directl# to !eet the needs of such industr# or "ors$ %hus, if the

industr# carried on the tene!ent or iece of land is b# a tenant or lessee, not b# o"ner of theland, the !achiner# retains its nature as !ovable roert#$

!) Persona or *o+a!e (Chater 7) %rts. 4<8-4<6

Test to Determine Whether Property Is Movable:

o Whether the roert" can !e carried rom ace to ace

o Whether the chan,e in ocation can !e eected without in?ur" to the

immo+a!e to which the o!?ect ma" !e attached

o Whether the o!?ect is not mentioned in an" o the ten ara,rahs in

%rt. 4<> NCC.

Note: *ort,a,e on and i re,istered> is immo+a!e i not re,istered>

it is mo+a!e> !ut sti !indin, on the arties.

,&o8able Property5

o -# Nature

Consuma!e/non-consuma!e

o -# Intention of the .arties

Fun,i!e/non-un,i!e

7. #y O.)er (Chater =) %rts. 4<9-47

Kinds of Property According to !nership:

o es nuius 1 !eon,in, to no!od"

o es communes 1 !eon, to a

o es aicu?us 1 !eon,in, to someone

=



"tate #Regalian Doctrine$ vs% Private !nership &y The "tate and

'ocal (ovt )nits #'()$* Private Persons

Individ+ally r Collectively

a T4e State

<) ' u!ic dominion (%rt. 47B)7) Patrimonia Proert" (%rts. 47<-477)

b Pro8')3esC't'es&u)'3'pal't'es Ot4er Lo3al Go8er)(e)t U)'ts

LGUs,Arts -B@:-B-5

<) Pu!ic Use

7) Patrimonia Proert"

3 Pr'8ate Perso)s (0ndi+idua" 'r Coecti+e") (%rt. 47)Case Studies:

&a3ta):Cebu I)t A'rport Aut4or'ty 8s Hrs o< Sero ,DD1 SCRA 2@@5

Re: Article 4+5 NCC – /hen land has been ac&uired b# the 0overn!ent for ublic use

b# the eercise of e!inent do!ain, in fee si!le and unconditionall#, the for!er o"ner has noright to the land or to reurchase the sa!e even if the ublic use for "hich the 0overn!ent

ac&uired the land !a# be abandoned or the land is devoted to a different use.

Republ'3 8s CA ,B SCRA 15

%he 2tate "hich o"ns all "aters3lands of the ublic do!ain, through R$A$ 1 grantedlocal autono!# to local govern!ents to reclai! onl# 6foreshore lands7 as under .$8$ No$ +$

Laurel 8s Gar3'a ,1; SCRA ;;5

9nder Art$ 4, ar$ , the Roongi lot, located in %o#o, ;aan, given to the

.hiliines, ursuant to the Rearations Agree!ent, is intended for ublic service and therefore

of ublic do!inion$ %he .resident, "ithout concurrence of Congress, cannot disose said lot$

II O.)ers4'p– ,T'tle II5 %rts. 476-4E=

A O.)ers4'p ') Ge)eral ,C4apter 15 %rts. 476-4=9

!e<')'t'o)" % reation in ri+ate aw !" +irtue o which a thin, !eon,in, to one erson is comete" su!?ected to his wi in e+er"thin, not

rohi!ited !" aw and the concurrent ri,hts o others (u,,iero cited

!" %rturo &oentino)

The Traditional Attrib+tes r ,lements f !nership #Art% -./$"

o &he ri,ht to en?o" which incudes :

- ;us utendi 1 or the ri,ht to use- ;us ossidendi 1 or the ri,ht to ossess

- ;us fruendi 1 or the ri,ht to the ruits

- ;us abutendi 1 or the ri,ht to consume

o &he or the ri,ht to disose> to aienate> encum!er or transorm

- ;us disonendi 1

4



o &he ri,ht to reco+er the thin, rom the hoder or ossessor

- ;us vindicandi 1

1 #u)9le o< R'4ts

a. ;us utendi, ossidendi, fruendi, abutendi, vindicandi, disonendi

(<) %ctions to reco+er ownershi and ossession o rea roert"(a) #istinctions !etween accion reinvindicatoria>

accion ubliciana> accion interdictal

(!) #istinction !etween orci!e entr" and unawu

detainer (7) %ctions or reco+er" o ossession o mo+ea!e roert"

(=) e5uisites or reco+er" o roert" 1 roo o ri,ht

identit" reiance on stren,th o own e+idence not weaknesso deendant;s caim

- !'st')3t'o) bet.ee) real a)9 perso)al r'4ts

a Real Right (i,hts o 'wnershi and Possession) 1 the ower !eon,in,

to a erson o+er a seciic thin,> without a assi+e su!?ect indi+idua"determined a,ainst whom such a ri,ht ma" !e ersona" e2ercised it

,i+es a erson a direct and immediate ?uridica ower o+er a thin,> which

can !e e2ercised not on" a,ainst a determinate erson> !ut a,ainst the

whoe word (Sanche oman cited !" %rturo &oentino)

b .ersonal Right 1 the ower !eon,in, to one erson to demand o another

erson> as a deinite assi+e su!?ect> the uiment o the restation to

,i+e> to do or not to do.

&hus> i G%H sod his car to GH and G%H reused to dei+er the car to G>Hthen GH has a Gersona ri,htH to demand rom G%>H as a deinite assi+e

erson> the dei+er" and the transer o ownershi o the car to G.H

%nd> ater the ownershi o the car has !een transerred to GH !"the dei+er" thereo> GH has then ac5uired ownershi o the car> which

,i+es GH a Grea ri,htH to the car which GH can e2ercise and enorce

a,ainst the whoe word.

D &o9es o< a3u'r') o.)ers4'p

a. ori,ina> deri+ati+e

2 L'('tat'o)s

a. @enera imitations 1 ta2ation> eminent domain> oice ower

!. Seciic imitations 1 imosed !" aw> sic utere tuo> nuisance> stat

o necessit"> easements +ountari" imosed !" owner: ser+itudes>

mort,a,es imosed !" contract

'imitations of !nership:

o @enera imitations or the !eneit o the State> ike the ower

o eminent domain> oice ower and ta2ation

o Seciic imitations imosed !" aw> ike ser+itude

o imitations imosed !" the art" transmittin, roert" 1 either

!" contract or !" ast wi

o 0nherent imitations arisin, rom conicts with simiar ri,hts>

ike those caused !" conti,uit" o roert"



D H'99e) Treasure 1 %rts. 4=E-4=9

!e<')'t'o)" Iidden and unknown deosit o mone"> ?ewer"> or other

recious o!?ects> the awu ownershi o which does notaear

a. 0eneral Rule: !eon,s to owner o and> !uidin, or other roert" where ound

!. 0 ound !" chance> on the roert" o another or State or an" o its

su!di+ision> J to inder i he is not a tresasser and J to the owner

o the and/tenement where it is ound.

# R'4t O< A33ess'o):,C4apter B5 %rts. 44B-46

!e<')'t'o)" the ri,ht ertainin, to the owner o a thin, o+er e+er"thin, that is roduced there!" (accession discreta)> or which is incororated or

attached thereto (accession continua)> either natura" (accessionnatural ) or artiicia" (accession industrial )

Kinds of Accession:

<) Accession discreta (natura>industria and ci+i ruits) 1 ri,ht ertainin, to

the owner o a thin, o+er e+er"thin, which is roduced there!":

Natura ruits 1 sontaneous roducts o the soi and the "oun, and other

roducts o animas 0ndustria ruits 1 roduced !" ands o an" kind throu,h cuti+ation or

a!or

Ci+i ruits 1 rents o !uidin,s> rice o eases and other roert"> amount

o eretua or ie annuities or other simiar income

Under %rt. 44E (uider in @ood Faith)

&he andowner cannot reuse to e2ercise his otion

(aroriate imro+ements ater a"ment o indemnit" or to re5uire

sower to a" rice o and). 0n the e+ent the andowner eects to

aroriate the imro+ements> endin, a"ment o indemnit":

(i) &he andowner is entited to the natura> ci+i and industria

ruits> !ecause the !uider> anter and sower is no on,er in,ood aith

(ii) 'n the other hand> the !uider> anter and sower> is entited to

retain the and/imro+ements endin, a"ment o indemniication as securit"

(iii) 0n the meantime> the !uider> anter or sower cannot !e

comeed to a" rentas

7) Accession continua – ri,ht ertainin, to the owner o a thin, o+er e+er"thin, incororated or attached thereto> either natura" or artiicia"

Accession industrial (!uidin,> antin,> sowin,)

Accession natural (au+ion> a+usion> chan,e in ri+er

!ed> ormation o isands)

8



Accretion 1 rocess where soi is deosited !" the eects o the

current o waters

Alluviu! 1 is the soi deosited

!e<')'t'o)s:

a. Riarian <"ner 1 owner o ands ad?oinin, !anks or ri+er or stream

!. =ittoral <"ner 1 owner o ands ad?oinin, or !orderin, on the sea>

ake or tida waters

&he riarian owner owns the accretion (alluviu!) recei+ed rom the

eects o the current o the waters o the ri+er (%rt. 46) howe+er> the

State> not the ittora owner> owns the accretion (au+ium) recei+ed romthe eects o the current o the sea/tida waters (%rt. 47B)

<. W4at Is Pro9u3e9 #y PropertyFru'ts (Section <) %rts. 44<-

4447. W't4 Respe3t to I((o8able Property (Section 7) %rts. 44-

48

a) uider> anter> sower on and o another in concet o owner

(i) uider> anter> sower in ,ood aith 1 %rts. 44E-48(ii) uider> anter> sower in !ad aith 1 %rts. 449-4B

!) Usuructuar"> %rt. 69

c) 'wners o anks o i+ers (%ccretion) 1 %rt.46

d) 'wners o i+er eds Which %re %!andoned (%rt. 48<)e) 'wners o ands %ected " Chan,e 0n Course o i+er ( 487-=)

) 'wners o 0sands Formed 'n Seas/Na+i,a!e i+ers (%rt. 484)

and 0sands Formed 'n Non-Na+i,a!e i+ers (%rt. 48)

Case Studies

O) Art --"

Sa) !'eo 8s &o)tesa ,2 SCRA B?;5

Nor!all#, of course, the lando"ner has the otion to either aroriate the i!rove!ent

or to sell the land to the ossessor$ %his otion is no longer oen to the resondent lando"ners

because the decision in the for!er suit li!its the! to the first alternative b# re&uiring the etitioners to vacate the land (and surrender the i!rove!ents) uon a#!ent of .+,5$$

>videntl#, the Courts of ?irst Instance and of Aeals oined that the resondents@ suit to

recover the roert# "as an eercise of their right to choose to aroriate the i!rove!entsand a# the inde!nit# fied b# la"$

#allata) 8s CA ,@?- SCRA @-5

.a#!ent b# the builder3so"er3lanter of the lot should be based on revailing !aret

value at the ti!e of a#!ent if the urchase b# the lando"ner of a ortion of the building "ill

render the building useless$

Tuat's 8s Es3ol ,2?- SCRA -;15

%he choice belongs to the o"ner of the land in accord "ith the rincile of accession* the

lando"ners choice is reclusive and he cannot refuse to eercise either otion and co!el

instead the o"ner of the building to re!ove it fro! the land$

Gra)a 8s Court o< Appeals

6



9nder Art$ 44, if the builder unno"ingl# builds a ortion of the house on the adBacent

land, the e&uitable solution is: (1) for the lando"ner to sell the ortion of land occuied b# thehouse* or () to enter into a contract of lease for that ortion of land occuied b# the house

!epra 8s !u(lao ,1@D SCRA -;D5

Re: Art$ 44: /here the builder, lanter or so"er has acted in good faith, it beco!esnecessar# to rotect the o"ner of the i!rove!ents "ithout causing inBustice to the o"ner of the

land$ In vie" of the i!racticabilit# of creating a forced coo"nershi, the la" has rovided a

Bust solution b# giving the o"ner of the land the otion to ac&uire the i!rove!ents after

a#!ent of roer inde!nit#, or to oblige the builder or lanter to a# for the land and for the so"er the roer rent$ %he o"ner of the land has the otion because his right is older and

because b# the rincile of accession, he is entitled to the o"nershi of the accessor#$

F'l'p')as Collees I)3 8s T'(ba) ,1?2 P4'l B-;5

Re: Article 44 "ith crossreference to Article 54D, NCC 4 (.reference of Credits) – /here the builder in good faith fails to a# value of the land uon de!and b# o"ner thereof, the

arties !a# resort to the follo"ing re!edies: (1) assu!e the relation of lessor and lessee

('iranda vs$ ?adullon, 51 <ff$ 0a$ DD)* () if not, the o"ner of the land !a# have the

i!rove!ent re!oved (Ignacio vs$ Eilario, FD .hil$ D5)* (+) the land and the i!rove!ent !a#be sold at ublic auction, al#ing roceeds first to the value of the land and the ecess, if an#,

for the value of the i!rove!ent (-ernardo vs$ -ataclan, DD .hil$ 5)$

%his last re!ed# !a# be disadvantageous to o"ner of land, eseciall# if there are clai!s

of unaid suliers of !aterials and labor, in the construction of the building "hich are not !ere

referred clai!s but liens on the i!rove!ent (building) under Article 4, NCC on referenceof credits$

Spouses !el Ca(po 8s Abes'a ,12? SCRA @;5

Re: Articles 44, 54D and 54, NCC – A coo"ner built in good faith a house on a land

o"ned in co!!on, and later, uon artition of the land, the house encroached b# 5 s&uare

!eters on the land adBudicated to the other coo"ner$

%he o"ner of land !ust inde!nif# o"ner of house for the ortion thereof that encroached

on his land, if he elects to do so* other"ise, o"ner of house shall a# value of land encroached unless value of land eceeds value of ortion of house* then, last re!ed# is for o"ner of house

to a# reasonable rental of the 5 s&uare !eters encroached uon, ter!s thereof to be fied b#

court in case of disagree!ent$

Te34)oas P4'l &a)u<a3tur') 8s CA ,B2 SCRA D5

Re: Article 44 NCC – %he builder on a titled arcel of land, "ith technical descritionof the land covered thereb#, "hose construction encroached on the adBacent land is still

considered a builder in good faith under Article 44, NCC$ %he reason being that unless one is

versed in the science of surve#ing, no one can deter!ine the recise etent or location of his roert# b# !erel# ea!ining the technical descrition of the land as aearing in his aer

title$ (Co %ao vs$ Chico, + .hil$ 54+)$

%he %echnogas ruling !odified the revious ruling (;$'$ %uason vs$ Gda$ 8e =u!anlan,

+ 2CRA +) that a builder is in bad faith if he erroneousl# builds on the adBoining land that is

covered b# a torrens title there being a resu!tive no"ledge of the %orrens title, the area and

the etent of the boundar# as sho"n in the technical descrition of the land in the title$

E



S'a') E)terpr'ses I)3 8s FF Cru > Co I)3 ,D?? SCRA -1;5

Para,rah =7 o ands %dministrati+e 'rder No. 6-< dated %ri =B> <9=8 ro+ides:

=7. Preerence o ittora 'wner. K &he owner o the roert" ad?oinin, oreshore

ands or ands co+ered with water !orderin, uon shores or !anks o na+i,a!e akes or ri+ers>sha !e ,i+en reerence to a" or such ands ad?oinin, his roert" as ma" not !e needed or

the u!ic ser+ice> su!?ect to the aws and re,uations ,o+ernin, ands o this nature> ro+ided

that he aies thereore within si2t" (8B) da"s rom the date he recei+es a communication romthe #irector o ands ad+isin, him o his reerentia ri,ht.

He'rs o< E Na8arro 8s IAC ,B2 SCRA ;-5

Re: Article 45F NCC and Article 4, 2anish =a" of /aters – Accretion as a !ode of

ac&uiring roert# under Article 45F NCC re&uires (1) that accu!ulation of soil or sedi!ent be

gradual and i!ercetible, () that it be the result of the action of the "aters of the river, (+) that

the land "here the accretion taes lace is adBacent to the ban of the river$ Accretion is the rocess "hereb# soil is deosited "hile alluviu! is the soil deosited on the estate fronting the

river ban* the o"ner of such estate is called the riarian o"ner$ =ittoral o"ners are o"ners of lands bordering on the sea or lae or tidal "aters$ %he alluviu! deosited on lands of littoral

o"ners is o"ned b# the 2tate ursuant to Article 4 of the 2anish =a" of /aters . (see also Art$

4)

I)a3'o 8s !'r O< La)9s ,1? P4'l @@D5

Neither Art$ 45F of the Civil Code nor the 2anish =a" <f /aters is alicable toaccretion on a sea ban$ It belongs to the ublic do!ain under Art$ 4 of the Civil Code$

=. W't4 Respe3t to &o8ables (Section =) %rts. 488-46

<) AdBunction3ConBunction 1 %rts. 488 - 46<

whene+er two mo+a!e thin,s !eon,in, to dierent ersons are united in such a wa" the" cannot !e searated

without in?ur"> there!" ormin, a sin,e unit howe+er

unike in co!!iture3confusion> in adBunction> each

comonent reser+es its nature.

7) Co!!iture 1 mi2ture o soid thin,s

Confusion 1 mi2ture o i5uid thin,s 1 %rts. 467 - 46=

=) Seciication 1 when a erson imarts a new orm to

materias !eon,in, to another 1 %rt. 464

Case Stud":

S'ar' Valley Estate I)3 8s Lu3asa) ,; P4'l ;5 –

Re: Article 4F+ NCC (Co!!ingling in bad faith) – /here defendant =ucasan stole and

co!!ingled cattle of laintiff "ith defendants cattle at the adBoining ranch, the defendant losehis share of his o"n cattle "hich "ere co!!ingled in bad faith "ith laintiffs cattle$

c. ues or determinin, the rincia and accessor"

4. @enera ues:

.artus 2e&uitur Gentre! – osrin, !eon,s to the owner o the emae

9



#einition o ,ood aith (or uroses o ossession) 1 %rt. 78

@ood aith (or uroses o rescrition) 1 %rt. <<76

#einition o !ad aith o andowner 1 %rt. 4=

ad aith o ossessor 1 %rt. 78> ar. 7

C %u'et') o< t'tle to')terest ') a)9 re(o8alpre8e)t'o) o< 3lou9 o8er t'tle

to')terest ') real property – ,C4apter @5 – Arts -;2 – -1

<. e5uirement

%n action or reormation o instrument> to 5uiet tite to rea roert" or

remo+e couds thererom> under %rt. 468 or to consoidate ownershi in a acto de retro sae under %rt. <8B6 o the Ci+i Code> ma" !e !rou,ht

under ue 8= o the ues o Court.

7. #istinction !etween 5uietin, tite and remo+in,/re+entin, acoud

=. Prescrition/non-rescrition o action

0n an action to 5uiet tite>

<. 0 the ainti is in ossession> the eriod doesnot rescri!e> and the on" ri,ht is to remo+e or

re+ent coud

7. 0 ainti is not ossession> the eriod

rescri!es and in addition toremo+a/re+ention o coud> ainti ma" !rin,

ordinar" actions or reco+er" o

ossession/ownershi

Case Studies:

Hrs o< Cle(e)te Er(a3 8s Hrs o< V'3e)te Er(a3 ,-?@ SCRA B15

%he resondents, "ho are the o"ners of a arcel of land, entrusted to Cle!ente to secure

title to the land$ Eo"ever, Cle!ente instead, secured torrens title in his na!e alone$ Cle!ente"as dee!ed to hold his certificate of title in trust for the resondents, the real o"ner of the land$

Not"ithstanding the lase of one #ear "herein the title of Cle!ente beco!es incontrovertible

under 2ection , .$8$ 151, resondents !a# still recover title to the land, and rescrition3laches "ill not al# as resondents are in actual ossession of land .

V9a 9e A8'les 8s CA ,B2- SCRA -;@5

An action to &uiet title or re!ove cloud !a# not be brought for the urose of settling a

boundar# disute$ %he roer re!ed# is eBect!ent$

III Co:O.)ers4'p – ,T'tle III5 %rts. 4E4-B<

%so RA -;B2 ,T4e Co)9o(')'u( A3t5

!e<')'t'o): 0t is a orm o a trust and e+er" co-owner is a trustee or the others

(Sotto +s. &e+es )

&he ri,ht o common dominion which two or more ersons ha+e in the siritua

art o a thin,> not h"sica" or materia" di+ided (Sanche oman)

Reu's'tes o< Co:O.)ers4'p:

<B



<. Purait" o su!?ects

7. Unit" o o!?ect (materia indi+ision) and=. eco,nition o the idea or inteectua shares o the co-owners which determine their

ri,hts and o!i,ations

%. Characteristics of Co0o!nership

<. &here must !e more than one owner7. &here must !e one h"sica whoe di+ided into idea (undi+ided shares)

=. $ach idea share is deinite in amount !ut is not h"sica" se,re,ated

rom the rest

4. %s to the h"sica whoe> each co-owner must resect each other in thecommon use> en?o"ment and reser+ation o the h"sica whoe

. %s to the idea share> each co-owner has amost a!soute contro o+er the

same

8. 0t is not a ?uridica erson6. % co-owner is a trustee or the other co-owners

. Condominium

!e<')'t'o): 0t is an interest in rea roert" consistin, o a searate interest in aunit in a residentia industria or commercia !uidin, and an

undi+ided interest in common> direct" or indirect"> in the and on

which it is ocated> and in the common area o the !uidin, (.%.

4678)

<. Concet o condominium (.%. 4678)

(<) Condominium cororation(7) 0nterest in rea roert"

(=) Concet o common areas> amendment

(4) #ocuments to consider (master deed> decaration o restrictions>artices and !"-aws o the condominium cororation or the

association where aica!e

7 i,hts and o!i,ations o condominium owner

(<) Contri!utions/#ues(7) P# 96 and % 87

=. @rounds or artition o common areas> or dissoution o the condominium

4. imitations on con+e"ance o condominium units:

Where the common areas in the condominium ro?ect are hed !" owners

o searate units as co-owners thereo> no condominium unit sha !etranserred e2cet to Fiiino citiens or cororation with 8B Fiiino

ownershi where common areas are hed !" the condominium

cororation> no transer sha !e +aid i the concomitant transer o the

aurtenant mem!ershi or stock hodin, in the cororation wi causeaien ownershi or intrest in such cororation to e2ceed the imits imosed

!" e2istin, aws. (Sec. o .%. 4678)

Case Stud":

Hulst 8s PR #u'l9ers I)3 ,D22 SCRA @@5

?oreigners can ac&uire condo!iniu! unit(s) and share(s) in condo!iniu! cororation

u to not !ore than 4H of the total and outstanding stoc of a ?iliinoo"ned cororation$

<"nershi of the land is legall# searated fro! the unit itself$ %he land is o"ned b# a

condo!iniu! cororation, "hich, under the Constitution, the caital stoc !ust be at least DH

<<



o"ned b# ?iliino citiens, to o"n lands in the .hiliines* and the unit o"ner is si!l# a

!e!ber of this condo!iniu! cororation$

! Source o co-ownershi

Rights of Co0o!ners

<. #istinction !etween ri,ht to roert" owned in common (%rts. 4E8 and4E6> CC) and u ownershi o+er his/her idea share (%rt. 49=> 494> etc.

CC)

7. i,ht to oose acts o ateration (%rt. 49<> CC)

=. i,ht to artition (%rt. 494> CC)4. i,ht to contri!utions or e2enses (necessar" e2enses> ta2es) (%rt. 4EE>

CC). Wai+er

8. i,ht to redemtion o co-owners; share (%rts. <87B and <87=> CC)

Acts of Ad!inistration - reer to the en?o"ment and e2oitation o the thin,

which does not aect its orm or su!stance and which are transitor". &his

re5uires consent o the ma?orit" o the co-owners.

ease o ersona roert" is an act o administration which needs

consent o the ma?orit" o the co-owners. ease o rea roert": (a) not

re,istered and not e2ceedin, one "ear is an act o administration whichneeds consent o ma?orit" o the co-owners (!) re,istered or e2ceeds one

"ear> is an act o ateration which needs the consent o a the co-owners.

Acts of Alteration 1 reer to the chan,e o su!stance or orm or uroses intended

o the thin,> is ermanent in nature. &his re5uires the consent o a co-owners.

Act of .reservation 1 ma" !e made !" wi o one o the co-owners.

$. &ermination/e2tin,uishment

<. $ect o artition7. i,hts a,ainst indi+idua co-owners in case o artition

=. Partition in case co-owners cannot a,ree

Case Studies:

!e Gu'a 8s CA ,-1@ SCRA 11-5

An# coo"ner !a# file an action under Art$ 4F not onl# against a third erson, but also

against another coo"ner "ho taes eclusive ossession of the roert#$ In this action, the

Court cannot order that laintiff be given a secific ortion, but to declare arties as coo"ner and also to render an accounting$

Iles'a )' Cr'sto 8s Po)<erra9a ,D?D SCRA --5

As such coo"ners, each of the heirs !a# roerl# bring an action for eBect!ent, forcible

entr# and detainer, or an# ind of action for the recover# of ossession of the subBect roerties$

%hus, a coo"ner !a# bring such an action, even "ithout Boining all the other coo"ners as co laintiffs, because the suit is dee!ed to be instituted for the benefit of all$

<7



&e)9oa 8s Coro)el ,-B SCRA @D@5

Re: Article 4F NCC – .ursuant to Article 4F NCC, a coo"ner "ithout Boining the

other coo"ners as colaintiffs, !a# alone, bring an action for eBect!ent, "hich is a dearture

fro! .alarca vs$ -aguisi (+ .hil 1FF)$ %he certification against foru! shoing b# theattorne#infact "ho "as authoried b# one of the coo"ners is also sufficient$

Cru 8s Catapa) ,D-- SCRA D1B5

Re: Article 4F NCC – A coo"ner cannot give valid consent to another erson, not a co

o"ner, to build his house on coo"ned roert# as this "ill inBure the interest of the co

o"nershi and revent the other coo"ners fro! using the roert# in accordance "ith their rights$ %his constitutes as an act of alteration "hich needs the consent of the other coo"ners$

%he nonconsenting coo"ner !a# alone !a# file an action for eBect!ent against the builder of

the house$ Consent b# one coo"ner "ill not "arrant dis!issal of forcible entr# case filed b#

other coo"ners against the builder$ No coo"ner can !ae alterations "ithout consent of all coo"ners$

Par9ell 8s #artolo(e ,B@ P4'l -D?5

A coo"ner cannot charge a coo"ner for lease of residential uer floor if such co

o"ner is not revented fro! using ortion as residential sace* but coo"ner !a# charge coo"ner and her husband for using a ortion of the lo"er floor as office$

A9'lle 8s CA ,1D; SCRA -DD5

%he rede!tion b# one of the heirs of the vendor a retro of the "hole of a arcel of land,

during the rede!tion eriod, "ill not ter!inate coo"nershi$ %he heir "ho redee!ed the"hole land is dee!ed a trustee of the shares of the other heirs$ Eo"ever, after the rede!tion

eriod has eired, the coo"nershi ceased$ An# subse&uent ac&uisition b# a for!er coo"ner

"ill vest full o"nershi of the roert# on such erson$

Ta) 8s CA ,1;B SCRA 22?5

Re: Coo"nershi – /here the land "as !ortgaged b# the deceased arents, a coo"nershi eisted a!ong the heirs and a rede!tion b# one during the rede!tion eriod

"ould inure to the benefit of all the coo"ners (Adille vs$ CA, 15F 2CRA 455)$ Eo"ever, co

o"nershi "as etinguished after the one (1) #ear rede!tion eriod has eired, after "hichthe !ortgagee ban ac&uired full o"nershi of the land, and a#!ent b# one for!er coo"ner

"ill vest sole o"nershi to her alone of the land, not"ithstanding an# atte!t b# the ban to

revive the coo"nershi b# !aing it aear that sale b# the ban "as in favor of all the for!er coo"ners$

Ta) 8s L'( ,B2 SCRA -DD5

Re: Articles 44, 4D and 14+ NCC – 0iven that the oral artition in &uestion had

alread# been full# consu!!ated ecet for issuance of searate titles, such a artition is valid$

(Eernande vs$ Andal, F .hil$ 1D)$ Indeendent and insite of the statute of li!itations, courtsof e&uit# have enforced oral artition "hen it has been co!letel# or artl# erfor!ed$ Neither

a note or !e!orandu! is necessar# for the enforceabilit# of a contract for artition, a contract

of artition is not a!ong the unenforceable contracts enu!erated in Articles 14+ NCC$ Neither is a transfer certificate of title nor a subdivision lan is essential to the validit# of an oral

artition$ Eence, the coo"nershi has ceased based on the oral artition, and the for!er co

o"ners cannot an#!ore eercise an# legal rede!tion as still a coo"ner under Article 1D,

NCC, in case one of the for!er coo"ner sells his right to a third erson$ $

<=



IV So(e Spe3'al Propert'es (T'tle IV) %rts. B7-77 ,EJCLU!E!5

For &'9:Ter( E*a(')at'o)s" ++++++++++

,D .ee/s 0 B? le3ture 4ours5


V Possess'o) – ,T'tle V5 %rts. 7=-8<

;us ossessions is the ri,ht o ossession indeendent o the ri,ht o ownershi

;us ossidendi is the ri,ht to the ossession o the thin, or ri,ht as a conse5uence o

ownershi

A% ,lements1Re2+isites of Possession

<. &he corus or hodin, or materia detention or en?o"ment o the thin, or

ri,ht7. &he ani!us ossidendi or intent to ossess the thin, or ri,ht

. 0n concet o owner> hoder> in one;s own name> in name o another

Different Degrees of Possession:

<. Possession without an" tite whatsoe+er in +ioation o the ri,ht o the trueowner> such as that o a thie

7. Possession with a ?uridica tite> !ut not in the concet o owner> such as that

o essee> deositor"=. Possession with a ?ust tite> or tite which is suicient to transer ownershi>

!ut not rom the true owner

4. Possession with a ?ust tite rom the true owner.

G ;ust %itleH (%rt. 4<> Possession) means true and +aid tite ( titulo

verdadero, i.e.> +aidit" comes rom true owner. G ;ust %itleH (%rt. <<<6>

Prescrition) means coora!e tite (titulo colorado) which is a mode o transerrin, ownershi !ut not rom the owner.

C. A3u's't'o) o< Possess'o) 1 (Chater 7) %rts. 7= and =<Iodin, o a thin, or en?o"ment o a ri,ht:

<. " the materia occuation o a thin,

7. " the e2ercise o a ri,ht

=. " the act that it is su!?ect to the action o our wi4. " the roer acts and e,a ormaities esta!ished or ac5uirin, such

ri,ht

#. E<<e3ts o< Possess'o) (Chater =) %rts. =9-8<

Possessor in @ood Faith 1 %rts. 44> 78-76- not aware that there e2ists in his tite or mode o ac5uisition an"

aw which in+aidates it (%rts. 78-76)

- consists in the reasona!e !eie that the erson rom he recei+edthe thin, was the owner thereo and coud transmit his ownershi

(%rt. <<76)

<4



Rights of A Possessor in (ood 3aith

a. i,ht to endin, ruits 1 %rt. 4

!. i,ht to !e reim!ursed

(<) Necessar" and useu e2enses 1 %rts. 48-46(7) $2enses or ure u2ur" 1 %rt. 4E

Necessar# eenses are those incurred or the reser+ation o thethin,

9seful eenses are those incurred or the ,reater roducti+it" or

utiit" o the thin,

>enses for ure luur# are those incurred or the con+enienceand en?o"ment o the ossessor> !ut which do not aect the

e2istence> roducti+it" or utiit" o the thin, itse

Possessor in ad Faith 1 %rts. 449> 49> 7

Case Studies:

Tuat's 8s Es3ol ,2?- SCRA -;15

A!ount to be refunded to a builder under Art$ 54D should be the current !aret value ofthe i!rove!ent$

Pe3so) 8s CA ,B-- SCRA -?;5

It is the current !aret value of the i!rove!ents "hich should be !ade the basis for

rei!burse!ent to the builder in good faith$

L$. Loss or U)la.<ul !epr'8at'o) o< Possess'o)Re3o8ery o< Possess'o):

<. &o8able Property 1 %rts. 9> <<=4> <<=7> <<==

Not withstandin, %rt. 9> the owner o a mo+a!e who has ost it> or who

has !een unawu" deri+ed thereo> can no on,er reco+er it rom the

ossessor:

a. 0 reco+er" is !arred !" rescrition (4 "rs. or E "rs. !ased on

%rt. <<=7> NCC)

!. 0 the ossessor had ac5uired the thin, rom a erson who hadaarent authorit" to se rom the owner (%rt. ar. <)

c. 0 it was ac5uired rom a merchant;s store> airs or market (%rt.

 ar. =)d. ut mo+a!es ossessed throu,h a crime can ne+er !e ac5uired

throu,h rescrition !" the oender (%rt. <<==)

Finder o ost *o+a!e 1 %rts. 6<9-67B

<



Where the indin, o ost mo+a!e must deosit the same with the

ma"or who sha announce u!ic" or two (7) consecuti+e weeks. Si2

(8) months ater u!ication> the same sha !e awarded to the inder i owner does not aear.

#istin,uished rom +oida!e tite 1 %rt. <B8

Remedy:

c. Relevin is an action or manua dei+er" o ersona roert"

(ue 8B> ues o Court)Case Studies:

E93a Publ's4') > !'str'but') Corp 8s Sa)tos ,1- SCRA 21-5

Re: Article 55, in relation to Articles 14F5 (erfection of contract of sale, 14F5

(o"nershi transferred uon deliver#) and 14F, NCC – /here boos "ere sold and invoiceissued, b# >dca to an i!ostor, "ho issued a chec "hich bounced, etitioner >dca cannot

recover the boos fro! resondent, "ho urchased the boos fro! i!ostor, in good faith rel#ing

on the invoice issued b# etitioner >dca to i!ostor$

<"nershi of the boos "as transferred uon deliver# to the i!ostor (Article 14F5), and

nona#!ent thereof onl# creates the right of >dca against the i!ostor to de!and a#!ent, or

rescind contract or to cri!inal rosecution in case of bouncing checs$

Cru 8s Pa4at' , P4'l ;5

Re: Article 55 (doctrine of 6irreinvindicabilit# of title7) and 155 (ne!o dat &uod non

habit) – /here the o"ner of the car has been unla"full# derived of the ossession thereof, b#

the sche!e of a third erson, "ho succeeded to sell the car to an innocent bu#er, the o"ner !a# still recover the car, "ithout rei!bursing the bu#er for the rice aid therefor$ >ven an honest

urchaser, under a defective title, cannot resist the clai! of the true o"ner$ %he co!!on la"

rincile that 6/here one of t"o innocent arties !ust suffer b# a fraud eretrated b# another,

the la" i!oses the loss uon the art# "ho, b# his !islaced confidence has enabled the fraud to be eretuated7 cannot be alied "herein, as in this case, there is an eress statutor#

rovision, Article 5 NCC$ >&uit# follo"s the la"$

A)ar 8s Yap9'a)3o ,1@ SCRA -25

Re: Articles 55, 15D and F1, NCC – /here a car "as sold b# the o"ner thereof, "hohas not been aid and "ho did not intend to deliver the car until aid b# the bu#er, and the bu#er

"as able to sell and deliver the car to an innocent urchaser for value, the o"ner !a# still

recover the sa!e "ithout rei!burse!ent ursuant to Article 55, NCC$

Article 15D NCC "hich rovides: 6/here the seller of goods has a voidable title

thereto, but his title has not been voided at the ti!e of the sale, the bu#er ac&uires good title to

the goods, rovided he bu#s the! in good faith, for value, and "ithout notice of the sellersdefect of title7 is not alicable because the bu#er never ac&uired title as there "as no deliver#

of the car b# the o"ner$

!'o) 8s Su)tay ,-; SCRA 12?5

Re: Article 55, NCC – %he o"ner of a dia!ond ring "ho delivered the ring to an agent

for sale on co!!ission, and the agent instead ledged the ring to a a"nsho, the o"ner canrecover the ring fro! the a"nsho, "ithout rei!burse!ent to the a"nsho of the a!ount

<8



borro"ed, under Article 55 NCC$ %he conviction of an e!beler is not essential to recover the

!ovable b# the o"ner fro! third art#$ (Areneas vs$ Ra#!undo 1 .hil$ 4F)$ %eehanee, ;r$

concurring: %he hrase 6unla"full# derived7 defined in relation to Article 55 NCC is not used in a secific sense of derivation b# robber# or theft$ It etends to all cases "here there has

been no valid trans!ission of o"nershi, including deositar#, or lessee "ho has sold the sa!e,

"here the o"ner is undoubtedl# unla"full# derived of his roert#, and !a# recover the sa!e fro! a ossessor in good faith$ (Note: %he first art of Article 55 "hich rovides: 6%he

ossession of !ovable roert# ac&uired in good faith is e&uivalent to title7 states the general

rule of 6irreinvindicabilit#7 "hich the second art regarding 6loss7 or 6unla"ful derivation7of the !ovable are the ecetions to 6irreinvindicabilit#7$

E9u 8s Go(e ,1B SCRA 2?@5

In the !eanti!e, the ossessor of the stolen car "ho urchased the sa!e fro! the

registered o"ner in good faith, is entitled to and should not be derived of the ossession thereof

until a co!etent court rules other"ise.

B I((o8able Property

Remedies:

a. ?orcible >ntr# and 9nla"ful 8etainer which is a summar" roceedin, to reco+er materia or h"sica ossession> must !e

ied within one (<) "ear rom the accrua o action with the roer

municia or municia circuit court. 0t ma" !e accomanied with a

ra"er or issuance o a writ o reiminar" mandator" in?unction inorci!e entr" cases (%rt. =9) and ie,a detainer cases (%rt. <864)

!ased on ue 6B o the ues o Court

!. Accion .ubliciana which is a enar" action (which is with a

comete or orma hearin, or tria as distin,uished rom a

summar" hearin, in orci!e entr"/unawu detainer cases) toreco+er the ossession o the roert" and which is to !e ied

within No. 4> CC).

&he roer ?urisdictiona court is ro+ided under .P. <79 Sec.

<9(7).

c. Accion Reinvindicatoria which is an action to reco+er ossession

o roert" !ased on ownershi which must !e ied within as the case ma" !e> ater the owner has !een deri+ed o his

roert".

Case Studies:

!e Vera 8s Aloro ,-- SCRA B?@5

Art$ 4++ is not alicable to a urchaser of etraBudiciall# foreclosed real estate

!ortgage$ After the eiration of the rede!tion eriod, said urchaser !a# avail of 2ec$ F of

Act No$ +1+5 and as for a "rit of ossession "ithout notice to ersons interested on the roert#$ An e arte etition for the issuance of a ossessor# "rit under 2ection F of Act No$

+1+5 is not, strictl# seaing, a Budicial rocess as conte!lated in Article 4++ of the Civil

Code$ It is a Budicial roceeding for the enforce!ent of one@s right of ossession as urchaser in a foreclosure sale$ It is not an ordinar# suit filed in court, b# "hich one art# sues another

for rotection of a right, or the revention or redress of a "rong$ It is a nonlitigious

roceeding authoried in an etraBudicial foreclosure of !ortgage ursuant to Act No$ +1+5, as

a!ended$

<6



&a)uel 8s CA ,1 SCRA 2?5

In an eBect!ent case, the issue of o"nershi should not be delived into, for an eBect!ent action lies even against the o"ner of the roert#$ %he fact of ossession in itself has a ositive

value and is endo"ed "ith a distinct standing of its o"n$ -# this resect for ossessor# right a

"rongful ossessor !a# be uheld b# the courts – but this is onl# te!orar# for the !aintenanceof ublic order$ %he &uestion of o"nershi and ossession de Bure is to be settled in the roer

court and in a roer action$

Hrs o< Valer'a)o Co)34a7 Sr 8s Lu(o3so ,D-? SCRA 15

<riginal Burisdiction over cases involving 6title7 to or ossession of real roert# or an#

interest therein under -$.$ 1 is divided bet"een first and second level courts, "ith assessed

value of real roert# as bench!ar and value of trees cut does not affect Burisdiction of courts$ If assessed value is over .% , the Burisdiction is "ith R%C if actions involve title to or

ossession of real roert# (-$.$ 1, 2ec$ 1())$

&')a 8s V'a)o) ,-B2 SCRA D25

<nl# '%C (court of origin) can issue "rit of eecution3de!olition in eBect!ent cases* R%C !a# onl# issue if the case is ending aeal$

Geo)o) 89a !e #arrera 8s He'rs o< V'3e)te Leasp' ,D2D SCRA 1B5

/ith the !odifications introduced b# R$A$ No$ FD1 in 14, the Burisdiction of the first

level courts has been eanded to include Burisdiction over other real actions "here the assessed

value does not eceed .,, .5, "here the action is filed in 'etro 'anila$ %he first level courts thus have eclusive original Burisdiction over accion ubliciana and accion

reivindicatoria "here the assessed value of the real roert# does not eceed the aforestated

a!ounts$ Accordingl#, the Burisdictional ele!ent is the assessed value of the roert#$ Assessed value is understood to be the "orth or value of roert# established b# taing authorities on the

basis of "hich the ta rate is alied$ Co!!onl#, ho"ever, it does not reresent the true or

!aret value of the roert#

&e)9'ola 8s CA ,1?2 SCRA 1@?5

%he hrase 6ever# ossessor7 (Art$ 5+) covers all inds of ossession, fro! that of theo"ner or !ere holder, ecet that "hich constitutes a cri!e, 6should be resected and

rotected7 b# !eans of la"s of rocedure$

!'o) 8s CA ,B2- SCRA @15

Although it is roer for the R%C, in an aeal in an eBect!ent case, to delve on the issueof o"nershi and receive evidence on ossession de Bure, it cannot adBudicate "ith se!blance of

finalit# the o"nershi of roert# to either art# b# ordering the cancellation of %C% of one

art#$

V9a !e Salaar 8s CA ,BD? SCRA @?D5

%he defendant in an eBect!ent case having died before the rendition b# the trial court of its decision therein, its failure to effectuate a for!al substitution of heirs before its rendition of

Budg!ent does not invalidate such Budg!ent "here the heirs the!selves aeared before the trial

court, articiated in the roceedings therein, and resented evidence in defense of deceased defendant, it undeniabl# being evident that the heirs the!selves sought their da# in court and

eercised their right to due rocess$ >Bect!ent, being an action involving recover# of real

roert#, is a real action "hich as such, is not etinguished b# the defendant@s death$ %here is no

disute that an eBect!ent case survives the death of a art#, "hich death did not etinguish thedeceased@s civil ersonalit#$ 'ore significantl#, a Budg!ent in an eBect!ent case is conclusive

<E



bet"een the arties and their successors in interest b# title subse&uent to the co!!ence!ent of

the action$

He'rs o< Gu'9o > Isabel Yapt')34ay 8s !el Rosar'o ,@?- SCRA 15

Re: Article 5++ NCC – 8eclaration of Eeirshi !ust first be !ade in a 2ecial .roceedings, before the alleged heirs can file an action to recover a arcel of land allegedl#

o"ned b# their deceased ascendant, other"ise the co!laint is dis!issible on the ground that

the suit "as not brought in the na!e of the real art# in interest$

%he trial court in a recover# action filed b# the alleged heirs of decedent cannot !ae a

declaration of heirshi as such declaration can onl# be !ade in a secial roceeding "hich is

6a re!ed# b# "hich a art# sees to establish a status, a right or a articular fact$7

Lao 8s CA ,B;D SCRA B@;5

/here the vendee in a deed of sale files an eBect!ent case against the vendor at the '%CC and the vendor sets u the defense of o"nershi in that the sale is in realit# an e&uitable

and "here both arties resent evidence "ithout obBection to the '%Cs Burisdiction to decide on&uestions of o"nershi, '%C !a# rule on the issue of o"nershi and the corollar# issue of

"hether subBect deed is one of sale or of e&uitable !ortgage$

Casa)o8a 8s La3sa(a)a ,? SCRA 25

Re: Article 5+ NCC A "rit of eecution issued ursuant to a final and eecutor#

Budg!ent in an eBect!ent case does not authorie sheriff to de!olish or re!ove i!rove!entsintroduced b# defendant on leased re!ises$ %here !ust first be due hearing and defendant !ust

be given reasonable ti!e b# the court to re!ove the i!rove!ents ursuant to Rule +, 2ection

14, Rules of Court (no" Rule +, 2ection 1 aragrah d of the Revised Rules of Court)$

'avibo vs% CA #.45 "CRA 5-6$

/here in realit# the suit is one for rescission of a contract to sell, an action for eBect!ent

is re!ature until after the contract is actuall# rescinded in an action before the R%C$

VI Usu<ru3t – ,T'tle VI5 %rts. 87-8<7

%s distin,uished rom e!h#teusis 1 a contract which a anded estate was eased to atenant> either in eretuit" or or a on, term in "ears> uon the reser+ation o an

annua rent or cannon> and uon the condition that the essee shoud imro+e the

roert" with the ri,ht o essee to aienate the estate at easure or ass it to hisheirs !" descent> and ree rom an" re+ocation> re-entr" or caim or oreiture on

the art o the ,rantor> e2cet or non-a"ment o rent.

%. Characteristics

"o+rces of )s+fr+ct 1 %rt. 8=

• aw

• Wi o ri+ate ersons in act e2ressed in acts inter-+i+os

• ast Wi and &estament

• Prescrition

Re2+isites:

<9



<. $ssentia 1 ri,ht to en?o" roert" o another

7. %ccidenta 1 the o!i,ation o reser+in, the orm and

su!stance o such roert" which ma" !e disensed with inan a!norma usuruct.

. Cassiication

Abnor!al 9sufruct 1 %rt. 6=> 64

&hose where the usuructuar" does not ha+e the o!i,ation o reser+in,the orm or su!stance o the roert" which is the o!?ect o the usuruct.

C. R'4ts a)9 Obl'at'o)s o< Usu<ru3tuary (Chaters 7 M =) 1 %rts. 88-8B7

Necessar" e2enses incurred !" the usuructuar" sha !e reim!ursa!e (%rt. 48)

!ut not useu e2enses and e2enses or mere easure.

Ca+cion 7+ratoria 1 %rt. E6

0 the usuructuar" who has not ,i+en securit" caims> !" +irtue o a

romise under oath> the dei+er" o urniture necessar" or his use> and that he and

his ami" !e aowed to i+e in a house incuded in the usuruct> the court ma"

,rant this etition> ater due consideration o the acts o the case.

Case Stud":

R'al &er3a9o 8s H'9alo R'al ,2; P4'l 2?5

.AJ'>N% <? =AN8 %AK* 929?R9C%9ARJ* NAL>8 </N>R$ M .ursuant the rovision of article 55 of the Civil Code, the ta* directs burdens the caital, that is, the real

value of the roert# and should be aid b# the o"ner (<ne =engco vs$ 'onro#, 0$ R$ No$ 1411,

;ul# 1, 1+)$ It is contended, ho"ever, that under the second aragrah of the aforesaid

article, if the usufructuar# should a# the ta, he "ould be entitled to rei!burse!ent for thea!ount thereof onl# uon the eiration of the usufruct, and the usufruct being still afoot, it is

re!ature for the laintiffs as usufructuaries "ho advanced the a#!ent of the ta, to bring the

action for the recover# o what the" aid.

#. E*t')u's4(e)t O< Usu<ru3t (Chater 4) %rts 2?@:8<7

Case Stud":

V9a 9e Albar 8s Fab'e Cara)9a) ,1?2 P4'l DD5

Re: Article DF NCC (for!erl# Article 51F <ld Civil Code) – A life usufruct on the land

and building thereon is not etinguished b# the destruction of the building, as a usufruct is onl#

etinguished b# the total loss of the thing subBect of the encu!brance$ An# "ar da!age a#!ent (or insurance) received b# the naed o"ner is subBect to usufructuar# for life and usufructuar#

should be aid DH interest fro! the ti!e a#!ent is received b# the naed o"ner$%he ne"

construction and cost of the building are for the usufructuar# to decide, being the ad!inistrator of the roert#.

For Se(':F')al E*a(')at'o)s" ++++++++++

,D .ee/s 0 B? le3ture 4ours5


7B



VII Ease(e)tsSer8'tu9es 1 ,T'tle VII5 %rts. 8<=-89=

%. Characteristics

. !'<<ere)t 6')9s o< Ease(e)t (Chater < 1 Section <) %rts. 8<=-8<9

6')9s o< Ease(e)t As To Re3'p'e)t O< #e)e<'t"

<. ea 'r Praeda $asement (%rt. 8<=)

7. Persona $asement (%rt. 8<4)

Case Studies:

$abo)ete 8s &o)te8er9e ,12 SCRA -2B5

A ersonal ease!ent does not etend to the successors in interest to "ho! it is granted$

U)'sour3e Co((er3'al a)9 !e8elop(e)t Corporat'o) 8s C4u) ,D@ SCRA B@?5

A voluntar# ersonal ease!ent is not etinguished b# the transfer of the do!inant

estate$%he !ere fact that resondents subdivided the roert# does not etinguish the ease!ent$ Article D1 of the Civil Code rovides that if the do!inant estate is divided bet"een t"o or !ore

ersons, each of the! !a# use the ease!ent in its entiret#, "ithout changing the lace of its use,

or !aing it !ore burdenso!e in an# other "a#$

6')9s o< Ease(e)t As To &a))er T4ey Are E*er3'se9 (%rts 8< and 8<8):

<. Continuous $asement and #iscontinuous $asement (%rt. 8<)

7. %arent $asement and Non-%arent $asement (%rt. 8<)

=. Positi+e and Ne,ati+e $asement (%rt. 8<8)

C. &o9es o< A3u'r') Ease(e)t ,Chater < 1 Section 7) %rts. 87B-878

<. &ite 1 continuous M discontinuous aarent and non-aarent easements.7. Prescrition o <B "ears on" or continuous and aarent easements.

Ne,ati+e easement 1 rom time o notaria rohi!ition (%rt. 87<)Positi+e easement 1 rom time owner o dominant estate made use o

easement (%rt. 87<)

#. 6')9s o< Ease(e)t As To Sour3e (%rt. 8<9):

<. Leal Ease(e)ts (Chater 7) %rts. 8=4-8E6

a. $asements eatin, &o Waters (Cha. 7 1 Sec. 7) %rts. 8=6-84E

%rt. < o P.#. <B86&he !anks o ri+ers and streams and the shores o the seas and

akes throu,hout their entire en,th and within a one o:

- = meters in ur!an areas- 7B meters in a,ricutura areas

- 4B meters in orest areas

!. $asement o i,ht o Wa" (Cha 7 1 Sec =) %rts. 849-86

Reu's'tes For R'4t O< Way Ease(e)t " (%rt. 849-8B)

7<



<. #ominant $state is surrounded !" other immo+a!es and is

without ade5uate outet to a u!ic hi,hwa" 7. %ter a"ment o roer indemnit"

=. 0soation was not due to the rorietor;s act

4. i,ht o wa" caimed is at a oint ease re?udicia to theser+ient estate

Case Studies:

Ro)u'llo 8s Ro3o ,1?@ P4'l -5

Re: Articles D and D, NCC – An ease!ent of right of "a# can be ac&uired onl# b#virtue of title, but not b# rescrition of ten (1) #ears* a right of "a#, although aarent

,

because it is !ade no"n and continuall# et in vie" b# eternal sign, it is discontinuous

because it is used onl# at intervals and deends uon the acts of !an$

Abella)a7 Sr 8s CA ,B? SCRA @125

Re: Article D and D NCC – %he use of a footath or road !a# be aarent but it is

not a continuous ease!ent because its uses are at intervals and deends uon the acts of !an$

And if such footath is converted to subdivision roads, such subdivision roads do not ac&uire the

status of ublic streets$ %he o"ner thereof !a# eclude other erson fro! the use of such subdivision roads.

Velas3o 8s Cus'7 $r ,1?D SCRA 2125

A ublic street alread# eisting "hen a title is issued "hich included the street, the bu#er

of land is bound thereb# and the land is burdened "ith the ease!ent even if not registered$

Woo9r'9e S34ool I)3 8s AR# Co)stru3t'o) Co7 I)3 ,D12 SCRA 1;25

Re: Articles D, D, D4 and D5 NCC – %he use of the subdivision roads b# the

general ublic does not stri it of its rivate character (Abellana, 2r$ vs$ CA, 2CRA +1D)$

%he =ocal 0overn!ent should first ac&uire the! b# donation, urchase or eroriation$

Eo"ever, a rivate entit#, lie etitioner /oodridge, to be entitled to legal ease!ent of

right of "a# thru the subdivision roads !ust co!l# "ith the follo"ing re&uisites: (1) the

do!inant estate is surrounded b# other i!!ovables and has no ade&uate outlet to a ublichigh"a# (Article D4 NCC)* () a#!ent of roer inde!nit# (Article D4 NCC)* (+) the

isolation "as not due to the acts of the rorietor of the do!inant estate (Article D4 NCC)* (4)

the right of "a# clai!ed is at the oint least reBudicial to the servient estate$ (Article D5 NCC)$(Costabella Cor$ vs$ CA, 1+ 2CRA +++, ++)$

Cr'stobal 8s CA ,B1 SCRA 1BB5

Re: Articles D4 and D5 NCC – A!ong the four (4) re&uire!ents for a legal ease!ent of

right of "a# (see Costabella Cor$ vs$ CA, 1+ 2CRA +++, ++), is that the do!inant estate,

being surrounded b# other i!!ovables has no ade&uate outlet to a ublic high"a# (Article D4, first aragrah, NCC)$ %hus, !ere inconvenience on the art of the do!inant estate is not

sufficient as a basis for setting u a co!ulsor# ease!ent, since an ease!ent involves an

abnor!al restriction on the rights of the servient estate$ If the develoer of the subdivision"herein the do!inant estate is located, failed to roerl# develo the subdivision road lots, thru

"hich the o"ner of the do!inant estate can ass thru, resort !ust first be to the Eousing and

=and 9se Regulator# -oard (E=9R-) ursuant to 2ec$ of .$8$ 5F to roerl# develo the

subdivision road lots and not the regular courts under the doctrine of .ri!ar# Ad!inistrative

77



;urisdiction$ In the !eanti!e, the o"ner of do!inant estate cannot de!and for an ease!ent of

right of "a# thru another arcel of land$

Costabella Corp 8s CA ,1@ SCRA @@@5

/hen there is alread# an eisting ade&uate outlet fro! the do!inant estate to a ublichigh"a#, even if it is inconvenient, the need to oen another servitude is entirel# unBustified$

U)'sour3e Co((er3'al a)9 !e8elop(e)t Corporat'o) 8s C4u) ,D@ SCRA B@?5

A right of "a#, being a legal ease!ent, !a# be etinguished b# the oening of another

outlet$ %his not alicable to a voluntar# ease!ent* hence, even the later oening of anade&uate outlet to a high"a#, "ill not etinguish a voluntar# ease!ent$

c. $asement o Part" Wa (Cha 7 1 Sec 4) %rts. 8E-888

Part" Wa is a kind o co-ownershi !ut it artakes aso o an

easement> with the art" wa itse as the ser+ient estate> anddominant estates are the two ad?acent estates di+ided !" the art"

wa.

d. $asement o i,ht M 3iew (Cha 7 1 Sec ) %rts. 886-86=

B 6')9s o< W')9o.s:

<) estricted Windows (%rt. 889)

1 or i,ht on" not or +iew

7) e,uar or Fu Windows (%rt. 86B)

-For !oth i,ht and +iew

!'sta)3es To #e Obser8e9

Nonobservance of distances does not give rise to rescrition:

o #irect 3iew 1 7 meters

- Non-ro?ectin, oenin,-rm outer ine o

wa- Pro?ectin, oenin, 1 rom outer ine o the

oenin,

When tite ac5uired 1 = meters

o Side/'!i5ue 3iew- 8B cms. From the di+idin, ine

!etween the 7 roerties

Co+nting of Period f Prescription:

<) From oenin, o window throu,h art" wa this is a

ositi+e easement and is aarent (%rt. 88E> No. < inreation to %rt. 87<)

7) From time o orma rohi!ition uon the owner o

ad?oinin, and i window throu,h a wa on the dominantestate this is a ne,ati+e easement and is non-aarent !ut

!ecomes aarent when the orma rohi!ition is made

(%rt. 88E> No. 7 in reation to %rt. 87<)

Case Studies:

7=



Cortes 8s Yu:T'bo ,B P4'l B-5

Re: Articles DD aragrah and DF+ NCC (for!erl# Article DF+ <ld Civil Code) –

/hen a erson oens "indo"s in his o"n building, he does nothing !ore than eercise an act of

o"nershi, it does not b# itself create an ease!ent of light and vie"$ %he ten (1) #ear rescritive eriod of light and vie", being a negative ease!ent ("hich rohibit the o"ner of the

adBoining roert#, the servient estate, fro! constructing a building less than +!eters a"a#

fro! the co!!on boundar#) "ill co!!ence to run onl# fro! the ti!e of for!al or notarial rohibition b# the o"ner of do!inant estate on the o"ner of the servient estate$ %his !ust be so

because an ease!ent constitutes a li!itation on the do!inical rights of the o"ner of the servient

estate$

Gara)tos 8s Ta) Ya)o) ,1? P4'l 5

Re: Article D4 NCC – /here adBoining estates o"ned b# Bust one erson, "indo"s "ere

constructed on one estate "hich serve as assages of light and vie" on the adBoining estate, theeistence of "indo"s is e&uivalent to title

, for the visible and er!anent sign of an ease!ent of

light and vie" is the title that characteries the ease!ent under Article D4 NCC$ -ut "hile thela" declares that the ease!ent is to 6continue7, the ease!ent actuall# arises for the first ti!e

onl# uon alienation of either estate, inas!uch as before that ti!e, there is no ease!ent to sea

of$ (Article D1+, NCC), as both estates are o"ned b# the sa!e erson$

e. #raina,e o uidin,s (Cha 7 1 Sec 8) %rts. 864-868

Case Stud":

TaKe9o 8s #er)a9 ,12D SCRA 25

>ase!ent of drainage and use of setic tan "hich "as used b# both arcels continue

and is not etinguished b# the sale of the t"o () arcels of land to t"o () different vendees$

. 0ntermediate #istances M Works or Certain Constructions M

Pantin,s (Cha 7 1 Sec 6) %rts. 866-8E<,. $asement %,ainst Nuisance(Cha 7 1 Sec E) %rts. 8E7-8E=

h. atera M Su!?acent Suort (Cha 7 1 Sec 9) %rt. 8E4-8E6

=ateral 2uort 1 the and !ein, suorted and the suortin, and

are on the same ane

2ubBacent 2uort 1 the and !ein, suorted is a!o+e the

suortin, and

7. Volu)tary Ease(e)ts (Chater =) %rts. 8EE-89=a. $ect o onin, ordinance

$. &o9es o< A3u'r') Ease(e)ts

<. Comusor" easements 1 %rts. 87B-874

7. $asement o i,ht and +iew 1 %rts. 889-86=

a. Negative >ase!ent when the oenin,s are made in one;s own wa

!. .ositive >ase!ent when the oenin,s are made on another;s wa.

VIII Nu'sa)3e – ,T'tle VIII5 %rts. 894-6B6

74



6')9s o< Nu'sa)3e a)9 &a))er o< Abate(e)t"

1$ .ublic Nuisance 1 aects a communit" or nei,h!orhood or

an" considera!e num!er o ersons.

Remedies:a. Prosecution under Pena code or oca ordinance

!. Ci+i %ction

c. %!atement without ?udicia roceedin,se5uirements or a!atement o u!ic nuisance !" a ri+ate erson (%rt. 6B4)

$ .rivate Nuisance

Remedies:

a. Ci+i %ction

!. %!atement without ?udicia roceedin,s.

emo+in, it or i necessar" !" destro"in, the thin, which constitutes the

nuisance without committin, a !reach o the eace or doin, unnecessar"in?ur".

Nuisance er se 1 an act> occuation or structure which is a nuisance at a times andunder an" circumstances> re,ardess o ocation or surroundin,s it is a

nuisance in and o itse> without re,ard to circumstances ike a house

o i-ame.

Nuisance er accidens 1 is one that !ecomes a nuisance !" reason o circumstances and

surroundin,s it is not a nuisance !" its nature !ut it ma" !ecome so !"

reason o its ocait"> surroundin, or the manner in which it isconducted.

Attractive nuisance 1 % erson who maintains in his remises a dan,erous instrumentait"o a character which is attracti+e to chidren o tender "ears at a" and

who ais to e2ercise due dii,ence to re+ent such chidren rom

a"in, therewith is ia!e to a chid who is in?ured there!"> e+en i the

chid is technica" a tresasser.

Case Stud":

H'l9alo E)terpr'ses 8s #ala)9a)7 et al ,1 P4'l -5 –

6Attractive Nuisance 8octrine7 !eans that one "ho !aintains on his re!isesdangerous instru!entalities or aliances of a character liel# to attract children in la#, and

"ho fails to eercise ordinar# care to revent children fro! la#ing there"ith, is liable to a child

of tender #ears "ho is inBured thereb# even if the child is technicall# a tresasser in the

re!ises$A s"i!!ing ool or ond or reservoir of "ater is not considered an 6attractivenuisance7 because children are earl# instructed against the danger luring in bodies of "ater,

lie strea!s, or ools$

!IFFERENT &O!ES OF

AC%UIRING OWNERSHIP

,Ne. C'8'l Co9e7 #oo/ III 5

Arts ;1B :11DD

*ode o ac5uirin, ownershi and other rea ri,hts is the seciic cause which ,i+es rise

to them as a resut o the concurrence o a secia condition o thin,s> o the caacit" and

7



intention o ersons> and o comiance with the re5uisites o aw whie tite reers to the

?uridica act which ro+ides a means or occasion or the ac5uisition o ownershi or an" other

rea ri,ht> !ut which !" itse is insuicient to roduce it.

Conse5uent"> mode direct" roduces a rea ri,ht whie tite ser+es on" to roduce a

means or occasion or its ac5uisition. *ode is the cause> tite is the means.

$2ame: Contract o Sae is the tite and tradition is the mode.

O.)ers4'p is ac5uired !":

<. 'ccuation

7. 0nteectua creation=. #onation

4. &estate and 0ntestate Succession

. Prescrition

8. &radition as a conse5uence o certain contracts6. aw

aw as a mode o ac5uirin, ownershi> reers to situations/instances where the aw>

indeendent o the other modes o ac5uirin, ownershi> automatica" and direct +ests

the ownershi o a thin, in a certain indi+idua once the rescri!ed re5uisites or conditions are resent or comied with:

$2ames: Iidden treasure (%rt. 4=E)

Natura" ain, ruits (%rt. 8E<)%!andoned ri+er !eds. (%rt. 46)

E. &radition

Different Kinds of Tradition:

a. ea tradition 1 dei+er" or transer o a thin, rom hand

to hand (mo+a!e) or !" certain materia and ossessor"acts o the ,rantee erormed in the resence and with the

consent o the ,rantor (immo+a!es) (%rt. <496)

!. Constructi+e tradition 1 dei+er" o a mo+a!e or immo+a!e !" means o acts or si,ns indicati+e thereo

(%rt. <49E)

(i) %raditio s#!bolica - dei+er" o ke" to warehouse (%rt. <49E> .

7)

(ii) %raditio longa !anu 1 ,rantor ointin, tothe ,rantee the thin, which is dei+ered

which at the time must !e within si,ht (%rt.

<499)

(iii) %raditio brevi !anu 1 ,rantee is aread" in ossession o the thin, under a tite which

is not o ownershi> such as when the

essee urchases rom the essor the o!?ecto the ease (%rt. <499)

(i+) %raditio constitutu!

ossessoriu! 1 ,rantor ater

aienatin, the thin,>continues in ossession

under a dierent tite> as

78



essee> ed,e or deositar"

(%rt. <9B)

c. Auasi &radition 1 e2ercise o a ri,ht !" the ,rantee with

the ac5uiescence o the ,rantor (%rt. <498> 7nd cause)

d. &radition or ministerio de a e"

1 dei+er" which takes ace !"

oeration o aw (%rts. <496K <B<)

For F')al E*a(')at'o)s" ++++++++++

,- .ee/s a)9 B 9ays 0 1 le3ture 4ours5Possi!e $2am #ate: DDDDDD.

I O33upat'o) – ,T'tle I5 %rts. 6<=-67B

II I)telle3tual Creat'o) (&ite 00) %rts. 67<-674 ,EJCLU!E!5

III !o)at'o) – ,T'tle III5 %rts. 67-66=

<. #einition 1 %rts. 67-8> 6487. Characteristics

a. $2tent to which donor ma" donate roert" !. eser+ations and re+ersions=. inds

a. #onation 0nter 3i+os 1 %rt. 679

Case Stud":

Hrs o< Se8'lla 8s Se8'lla ,-?B SCRA D1B5

Re: Article F+4 – A donation inter vivos is i!!ediatel# oerative and final$ As a !ode of

ac&uiring o"nershi, it results in the effective transfer of title over roert# fro! the donor to

the donee and the donation is erfected fro! the !o!ent the donor no"s of the accetance b#the donee$ And once the donation is acceted, the donee beco!es the absolute o"ner of the

roert# donated$

!. #onation " eason o *arria,e 1 Fami" Code %rts. E7-E=> E8

c. #onation *ortis Causa 1%rt. 67E (see onsato +s. C%> 9 Phi 4E7)

Case Stud":

#o)sato 8s CA ,D P4'l -B5

Re: Articles F (for!erl# Article D, <ld Civil Code) and Article F (Ne" rovisionof NCC) – 8esite the "idesread use of the ter! 6donation !ortis causa7, it is "ellestablished

at resent, that the Civil Code of 1, in its Article D (no" Article F, NCC) broe a"a# fro! the Ro!an =a" tradition, and follo"ed the ?rench doctrine that no one !a# both donate

and retain, b# !erging the erst"hile donation !ortis cause "ith testa!entar# disositions, thus

suressing said donations as an indeendent legal concet$ (%he ter! 6donation !ortis causa7as co!!onl# e!lo#ed is !erel# a convenient na!e to designate those disositions of roert#

that are void "hen !ade in the for! of donations, instead of a "ill since the disosition is to tae

76



effect after the death of the transferor)$ A disosition 6ost !orte!7, erroneousl# referred to as

6donation !ortis causa7 should reveal the follo"ing characteristics: (1) the transferor retains

the o"nershi (full or naed) and control the roert# "hile alive* () the transfer is revocable,before his death, b# the transferor at "ill, ad !utu!* and (+) the transfer should be void if the

transferor should survive the transferee$ Eence, "here the donor onl# reserved for hi!self,

during his lifeti!e, the o"ners share of the fruits or roduce, the donation is intervivos, and isvalid, having co!lied "ith the for!alities re&uired under Article D++ <ld Civil Code (no"

Article F4, NCC)$ Eo"ever, the 2ure!e Court has ruled that if the donation rovides that

6title thereto shall ass to the donee onl# uon the donors death7, or that donor 6reserves theright to disose of the roert#7 or that 6the donation taes effect 1 #ears after the donors

death7, the donations are 6!ortis causa7 and should co!l# "ith the for!al re&uire!ents of a

last "ill and testa!ent$ (.uig vs$ .eaflorida, 1D 2CRA 1+D* 2ouses 2icad vs$ CA, 4 2CRA

1+)$

d. 'nerous #onation 1 %rt. 6==

e. Sime> moda> conditiona

Case Stud":

Laao 8s CA ,B; SCRA 15

>ven if the donee aid voluntaril# unaid taes on land donated, donation is still si!le

donation, not onerous donation and !ust be acceted for!all# ursuant to Art$ F4$

4. Formaities re5uired

a. Iow made and acceted

Case Stud":

Ge)ato 8s !e Lore)o ,B@ SCRA 215

If the donation "as a Boint one to both donees, one could not accet indeendentl# of hiscodonee for there is no accretion a!ong donees unless eressl# rovided or unless the# be

husband and "ife$

!. Perection 1 the moment that the minds o the donor and

donee meet> !oth with caacit" to act (%rt. 6=4)

Case Stud":


Re: Articles F+4, F4D and F4, NCC – 8onations, lie an# other contract, an agree!ent

of the arties is essential$ %he donation follo"ing the theor# of 6cognition7 (Article 1+1, NCC)

is erfected onl# uon the !o!ent the donor no"s of the accetance b# the donee$

?urther!ore, if the accetance is !ade in a searate instru!ent, the donor shall be notified thereof in an authentic for!, and this ste shall be noted in both instru!ents$ Accetance of the

donation b# the donee is, therefore, indisensable* its absence !aes the donation void .

c. #ierences !etween ormaities or donation o rea> ersona roerties

(<) *o+a!es 1 %rt. 64E

(7) 0mmo+a!es 1 %rt. 649

Case Studies:

Abraa) 8s 9e Ce)te)era ,-2 P4'l B1@5

7E



Re: Article F4, NCC – 8onations of i!!ovables, "hich "ere acceted but not in a

ublic instru!ent are void* ho"ever, if ratified b# the sole heir of the donor, such ratification,

though not having retroactive effect to the reBudice of creditors, is effective as a &uitclai! onthe art of the heir "ho is estoed fro! asserting an# rights to the roerties$

Ara)ote 8s &alu)ob ,D; SCRA 2B?5

Re2+isites for validity of donation of real property:

(i) it !ust be !ade in a ublic instru!ent*

(ii) it !ust be acceted in the sa!e 8eed of 8onation or in a searate ublic instru!ent

(iii) if the accetance is in a searate instru!ent, the donor !ust be notified in an authentic

for! and the sa!e !ust be noted in both instru!ents

%u'lala 8s Al3a)tara ,@;1 SCRA @115

Re: Article F4, NCC – %he lac of acno"ledg!ent b# the donee of his accetancebefore the notar# ublic, if such accetance "as !ade in the sa!e instru!ent, does not render

the donation null and void$ It cannot be considered a rivate docu!ent in art and a ublic

docu!ent in another art$ %he instru!ent !ust be treated in its entiret#$

PeKa 8s CA ,1@ SCRA ;1;5

Re: Articles F5 and F4 NCC – %he 8eed of Assign!ent of the right of rede!tion of !ortgaged arcels of land, sold at ublic auction, "hich "as "ithout an# consideration, but

based on ast services rendered, is a donation under Article F5$ %o be valid, the donation !ust

be !ade in a ublic docu!ent and the accetance !ust be !ade in the sa!e or searateinstru!ent (Article F4, NCC)$ Eence, there being no accetance, the 8eed of Assign!ent is

void .


If accetance is !ade in a searate instru!ent, there is still need for roof that a for!al

notice of such accetance "as received b# the donor and noted in both instru!ents (the deed of donation and the searate instru!ent e!bod#ing accetance)$ %he instru!ent sho"ing

accetance !ust also be recorded in the Register of 8eeds$ /here the 8eed of 8onation fails to

sho" accetance or "here the for!al notice of accetance !ade in a searate docu!ent is not noted in the deed of donation and searate accetance, the donation is null and void$

S4oppers Para9'se Realty > !e8t Corp 8s Roue ,-1 SCRA @5

Nonregistration of a deed of donation does not affect its validit#$ As being itself a !ode

of ac&uiring o"nershi, donation results in the effective transfer of title. %o bind third ersons,

the donation !ust be registered in the Registr# of 8eeds$

. Auaiications o donor> donee

a. &hose ersons dis5uaiied to inherit under %rt. <B76 are aso dis5uaiied

to !e donees. Iowe+er> those ersons who are incaacitated to inherit !"

reason o unworthiness under %rt. <B=7 ma" !e 5uaiied to !ecomedonees.

Art 1?B; &he oowin, are incaa!e o succeedin,:

79



(<) &he riest who heard the conession o the testator durin, his ast

iness> or the minister o the ,ose who e2tended siritua aid to

him durin, the same eriod- &he wi must !e made !" testator durin, (not !eore)

his ast iness

(7) &he reati+es o such riest or minister o the ,ose within the

ourth de,ree> the church> order> chater> communit"> or,aniation>

or institution to which such riest or minister ma" !eon,- eati+es shoud !e !" consan,uinit" hence wie o

minister ma" inherit

- Since the !rother o such riest is aso dis5uaiied> the

ree ortion ma" !" accretion ,o to the other institutedheirs who are not reated to the dis5uaiied riest within

the 4th ci+i de,ree

(=) % ,uardian with resect to testamentar" disositions ,i+en !" award in his a+or !eore the ina accounts o the ,uardianshi ha+e

!een aro+ed> e+en i the testator shoud die ater the aro+athereo ne+ertheess> an" ro+ision made !" the ward in a+or o

the ,uardian when the atter is his ascendant> descendant> !rother>

sister> or souse> sha !e +aid- eers to ,uardians o !oth roert" and erson o ward

(4) %n" attestin, witness to the e2ecution o a wi> the souse> arents>

or chidren> or an" one caimin, under such witness> souse> arents> or chidren

- $2cetion: when there are = other cometent witnesses

to the wi (%rt. E7=)- &he notar" u!ic is not dis5uaiied

() %n" h"sician> sur,eon> nurse> heath oicer or dru,,ist who took care o the testator durin, his ast iness

(8) 0ndi+iduas> associations and cororations not ermitted !" aw to

inherit.- %!orted inants under %rt. 4<

(intrauterine ie o ess than 6 months> i a!orted inant dies within74 hrs rom dei+er")

(intraunterine ie o at east 6 months > i a!orted inant is dead at

the time o dei+er")

!. #onations to incaacitated ersons (not to insane/minors !ut those

enumerated in %rt. 6=9) sha !e +oid.

Art ;@ T4e <ollo.') 9o)at'o)s s4all be 8o'9

<) *ade !etween ersons ,uit" o aduter" or concu!ina,e

7) *ade !etween ersons ound ,uit" o the same crimina oense>in consideration thereo

=) &hose made to a u!ic oicer or his wie> descendants and

ascendants> !" reason o his oice

c. Art ; o< Fa('ly Co9e rohi!its donations !etween souses durin, themarria,e and !etween ersons i+in, to,ether as hus!and and wie without

the !eneit o marria,e.

=B



Case Stud":

!' S'o3/ $'a) 8s Sy L'o3 Suy ,-@ P4'l D2B5

.arent of !inor cannot validl# accet onerous donations "ithout Budicial aroval$

8. $ects o donation/imitations

a. 0n ,enera

%rt. 6< ro+ides that donations cannot comrehend uture roert" which

is an e2cetion to %rt. <=46 which ro+ides that uture thin,s ma" !e the

o!?ect o contracts.

!. #ou!e donations

c. $2cessi+e/inoicious

Case Stud":

I(per'al 8s CA ,@12 SCRA @D5

Re: Article FF1 (inofficious donations) and 1144 (rescrition of actions) – %he

rescritive eriod of an action to reduce an inofficious donation is ten (1) #ears counted fro!

the ti!e of the death of the donor, al#ing Article 1144, NCC (see also 'ateo vs$ =agua, 2CRA D4)$ A clai! for the legiti!e in an action to reduce an inofficious donation does not

a!ount to a clai! of title (Gisconde vs$ CA, D 2CRA 1F), and "hat is brought to collation is

not the donated roert# itself, but the value of the roert# at the ti!e it is donated$ %herationale for this is that the donation is a real alienation "hich conve#s o"nershi uon its

accetance, hence, an# increase in value or an# deterioration or loss thereof is for the account

of the heir or the donee$ %hus, even if reduced for being inofficious, etitioner "ill not receivehis corresonding share in the roert# donated, but in cash or securities if there are no other

roerties of the sa!e class, nature and &ualit#$ (Article 1+ and 1F4, NCC)$

d. Scoe o amount 1 %rts. 6B-67

e. 0n raud o creditors 1 %rt. 69

eate to %rt. <=E6> ar. < Contract/aienation !" ,ratuitous tite !" de!tor who did not reser+e suicient roert" to a" a de!ts contracted

re+ious" are resumed in raud o creditors.

8. 3oid #onations 1 %rts. 6=9-64B> <B76

6. e+ocation or reduction

!'<<ere)t Causes&o9es <or Re8o3at'o) o< !o)at'o)s I)ter:V'8os a)9

Pres3r'pt'8e Per'o9 <or F'l') A3t'o) <or Re8o3at'o)"

• Suer+enin, !irth> sur+i+a o a chid> or adotion o a minor chid !" the

donor (%rts. 68B-68=)

- Prescriti+e eriod is 4 "ears rom !irth> e,itimation> reco,nition>adotion o a minor chid !" the donor or rom ?udicia decaration

o iiation

- reduction/re+ocation is to e2tent that it e2ceeds ortion that ma" !eree" disosed o !" wi

- return ruits as o time o iin, o comaint

- action transmissi!e to e,itimate and ie,itimate chidren anddescendants

• Non-ument o condition or char,e imosed (%rt. 684)

=<



- 4 "ears rom non-comiance o condition

- return ruits recei+ed ater ha+in, aied to ui condition

- action transmissi!e to heirs o donor and ma" !e e2ercised a,ainstdonee;s heirs

• %cts o in,ratitude o donee (%rts. 68 and 689)

- < "ear rom time donor had knowed,e o act and it was ossi!e or him to !rin, action

- donor ma" demand +aue o roert" aienated i2ed as o time o

donation- return ruits as o time o iin, o comaint

- action not transmissi!e to heirs o donor i donor did not institute

the action or re+ocation athou,h he coud ha+e done so and e+en i

he shoud die !eore the e2iration o one "ear - action cannot !e !rou,ht a,ainst donee;s heirs uness uon the

atter;s death the comaint has !een ied

•0noicious donations (%rts. 67> 66< to 66=)O - our "ears rom death o donor

O - return ruits as o time o iin, o comaint

O - action ma" !e ied !" those with the ri,ht to the e,itime> theirheirs and successors.

Note: eductions o inoicious donations are ,o+erned !" %rts. 68B to68= i at the time o the donation> the donor did not ha+e an" chidren>

whether e,itimate> e,itimated or ie,itimate. eductions o inoicious

donations are ,o+erned !" %rts. 67> 66< to 66= i at the time o donation>

donor had chidren> e,itimate> e,itimated or ie,itimate.

Case Studies:

No3e9a 8s CA ,@1@ SCRA D?-5

Re: Articles FD5 and FD NCC – 8onee "ho usured roert# of donor is guilt# of ingratitude for an offense against roert# of donor* hence, donation !a# be revoed$ %he la"

does not re&uire conviction of the donee* it is enough that the offense be roved in the action for

revocation$

Sa)t'ao 8s Republ'3 ,; SCRA B-5

Re: Article FD4 NCC – Reublic as donee, cannot set u as defense the doctrine of non suabilit# of the state in case of an action for revocation of a donation for violation of conditions

under "hich it received gratuitousl# certain roert#$ Its consent to be sued is resu!ed$A

donor of land to the 0overne!nt is entitled to go to court in case of an alleged breach of theconditions in the deed of donation$ Consent to be sued is therein i!lied on the grounds of

e&uit#$

IV Su33ess'o) – ,T'tle IV5 %rts. 664-<H that is ac5uisitiono ri,ht throu,h ase o time. Whie GimitationH reers to the time

within which an action ma" !e !rou,ht or Ge2tincti+e rescrition.H

Under Ci+i Code 1 GPrescrition co+ers !oth ac5uisiti+e and e2tincti+e rescrition.

=7



(US +s. Seraio 7= Phi 96)

%. %c5uisiti+e Prescrition 1 %rt. <<<6

<. Re2+isites for rdinary Ac2+isitive Prescription

a. Caacit" to ac5uire !" rescrition

(no rescrition !etween hus!and and wie> !etween arent and chid

durin, minorit" o the other> !etween ,uardian and ward durin, thecontinuance o ,uardianshi> !etween co-owners> etc.)

!. &he o!?ect must !e susceti!e o rescrition

(roert" o the State or an" o its su!di+isions> e2cet atrimonia roert"> mo+a!es ossessed throu,h a crime !" the oender> ands

under the &orrens S"stem o re,istration with a torrens certiicate o

tite> are not susceti!e o rescrition).

c. Possession must !e in the concet o owner> u!ic> eaceu>

continuous and uninterruted

d. Possession must !e !" +irtue o a tite and in ,ood aith

G0ood faithH or uroses o rescrition consists in a reasona!e

!eie that the erson rom whom the ossessor recei+ed the

thin, was the owner thereo> and coud transer the ownershi

(%rtice <<76> NCC) or that it consists in the i,norance o the ossessor o an" aw which woud in+aidate his tite or mode

o ac5uisition. (%rtice 78> NCC).

G ;ust titleH or uroses o rescrition e2ists when the ad+erse

caimant came into ossession o the roert" throu,h one o

the modes reco,nied !" aw or the ac5uisition o ownershior other rea ri,hts> !ut the ,rantor was not the owner or coud

not transmit an" ri,ht. (%rtice <<79> NCC).

e. &he eriod o ossession must !e our (4) "ears or mo+a!e roert"and ten (<B) "ears or immo+a!e roert"

8.% Re2+isites for ,9traordinary Ac2+isitive Prescription

a. Caacit" to ac5uire !" rescrition(no rescrition !etween hus!and and wie> !etween arent and chid

durin, minorit" o the other> !etween ,uardian and ward durin, the

continuance o ,uardianshi> !etween co-owners> etc.)

!. &he o!?ect must !e susceti!e o rescrition(roert" o the State or an" o its su!di+isions> e2cet atrimonia

roert"> mo+a!es ossessed throu,h a crime !" the oender> ands

co+ered !" the &orrens S"stem> are not susceti!e o rescrition).c. Possession must !e in the concet o owner> u!ic> eaceu>

continuous and uninterruted (%rt. <<<E> NCC)

d. Possession ma" !e without tite and in !ad aithe. &he eriod o ossession must !e ei,ht (E) "ears or mo+a!e roert"

and thirt" (=B) "ears or immo+a!e roert"

=. What Cannot e e5uired " %c5uisiti+e Prescrition

a. &hose not within the commerce o men (%rt. <<<=)

==



!. Proert" o the State or an" o its su!di+isions not atrimonia in

character (%rt. <<<=)

c. *o+a!es ossessed throu,h a crime (%rt. <<==)d. ands re,istered under the &orrens s"stem (Sec. 46 o P# <79)

. $2tincti+e Prescrition or Prescrition o %ctions/Statutes o imitations

<. Characteristics

7. e5uisites=. Periods

0mrescriti!e %ctions:

(<) action to demand a ri,ht o wa" (%rtice <<4=> Ci+i Code)(7) action to a!ate a u!ic or ri+ate nuisance (%rtice. <<4=> Ci+i

Code)

(=) action to decare ordinar" contract +oid (%rtice <4 Ci+i Code)

(4) etition to decare contract o marria,e +oid (%rtice =9> Fami"Code)

() etition or ro!ate o wi(8) action or artition o co-ownershi so on, as co-owner has not

e2ress" reudiated co-ownershi (%rtice 494> Ci+i Code)

(6) action or resent or uture suort> !ut no suort in arrears(E) action !" !eneiciar" to reco+er roert" aced in trust so on, as

trustee has not e2ress" reudiated the trust

(9) action !" re,istered owner to reco+er roert" !rou,ht under the

&orrens S"stem (Section 46> P.#. <=9)(<B) action !" the state to reco+er ands o u!ic dominion

(<<) action to reco+er mo+a!es ossessed throu,h a crime a,ainst the

oender (%rtice <<==> Ci+i Code).(<7) action or 5uietin, o tite so on, as ainti is in ossession o the

roert" (Ca!rera +s. C% 786 SC% ==9)

'ther %ctions

a. &o eco+er *o+a!es 1 %rt. <<4B (E "ears)

!. &o eco+er 0mmo+a!es 1 %rt. <<4< (=B "ears)c. 'ther %ctions 1 %rts. <<47-<<49

<) Within uon an o!i,ation

created !" aw and uon a ?ud,ment (%rt.<<44)

7) Within 8 "ears 1 uon an ora contract 5uasi-contract

=) Witihin "ears 1 other actions whose eriods are not i2ed inthe Code or other aw

4) Within 4 "ears 1 uon in?ur" to ri,hts o ainti 5uasi-deict

) Within < "ear 1 orci!e entr" and detainer deamation

C. Distinction &et!een Ac2+isitive and ,9tinctive Prescription

<. %s to eements: the irst re5uires a ositi+e act> the ossession !" one who isnot the owner> whie the second re5uires a ne,ati+e act> the inaction o the

owner

7. %s to urose 1 the irst is or the urose o ac5uisition o ri,hts> whie thesecond is or the urose o e2tinction o ri,hts

=. %s to e2tent 1 the irst is aica!e on" to rea ri,hts which are susceti!e o

ossession> whie the second is aica!e to a kinds o ri,hts> rea or ersona

=4



4. %s to eect 1 the irst resuts in the ac5uisition and e2tinction o a rea ri,ht

whie the second mere" resuts in the e2tinction o a rea or ersona ri,ht.

. %s to interrution 1

A&uisitive rescrition (%rts.<<7B to <<7)

o

Natura" (ossession ceases or o+er < "ear)o Ci+i" (throu,h summons to the ossessor)

o $2ress or tacit (reco,nition !" ossessor o the owner;s ri,ht)

>tinctive rescrition (%rt. <<)

o Fied in court

o Written e2tra-?udicia demand !" creditor

o Written acknowed,ment !" de!tor

Case Studies:

&orales 8s CFI ,; SCRA ;B5

Re: Article 1D NCC – %here are t"o inds of rescrition rovided in the Civil Code$

<ne is ac&uisitive, i$e* the ac&uisition of o"nershi and other real rights b# the lase of ti!e(Article 11, ar$ 1), other na!es for ac&uisitive rescrition are adverse ossession and

usucacion$ %he other ind is etinctive rescrition "hereb# rights and actions are lost b# the

lase of ti!e (Arts$ 11D ar$ and 11+)$ Another na!e for etinctive rescrition is li!itation

of action$

(Note: =i!itation of action or statute of li!itation is one of the grounds for a 'otion to

8is!iss under Rule 1D, Revised Rules of Court)$ .etitioner filed an action for recover# of ossession, o"nershi of a arcel of land against rivate resondents, "ho in their ans"er, set

u, a!ong others, the affir!ative defense that etitioners (as laintiff) cause of action is barred

b# etinctive rescrition or statute of li!itations$ 8uring the hearing on the affir!ativedefense of etinctive rescrition or statute of li!itation, the evidence roved that the recover#

action "as filed after 1 #ears but before + #ears fro! the ti!e rivate resondents too

ossession of the land$ %he C?I dis!issed the co!laint, "hich "as reversed3set aside and thecase re!anded for trial to the C?I$ %he action has not rescribed or been barred b# the statute

of li!itations ursuant to Article 1141, NCC "hich rovides that real actions to recover

i!!ovables rescribe in + #ears$ %he la" re&uires that one "ho asserts o"nershi b# ordinar#ac&uisitive rescrition of real estate, good faith and Bust title are never resu!ed but !ust be roved ursuant to Article 11+1 NCC$ Eence, ordinar# ac&uisitive rescrition, unlie etinctive

rescrition or statute of li!itations, is not a!ong the grounds for a !otion to dis!iss (Rule 1D,

Rev Rules of Court) but the sa!e !ust be threshed out and roved in full blo"n trial$

Hrs o< Ara9o):Cr'soloo 8s RaKo) ,D@B SCRA @15

Re: Article 11+F (etraordinar# ac&uisitive rescrition) and Article 11+ (civil

interrution of ossession)$ – .rescrition as a !ode of ac&uiring o"nershi and other real

rights over i!!ovable is concerned "ith the lase of ti!e in the !anner and under the

conditions laid do"n b# la", na!el#: that the ossession should be in the concet of o"ner

, ublic, eaceful, uninterruted and adverse$ Article 11+F, NCC on ac&uisitive rescrition

rovides: 6o"nershi7 and other real rights over i!!ovables also rescribe through

uninterruted adverse ossession thereof for thirt# #ears "ithout need of title or good faith$ Notice of adverse clai! does not interrut the running of ac&uisitive rescrition$ It does not

tae lace of Budicial su!!ons under Art$ 11+$ Eence, etraordinar# ac&uisitive rescrition

!a# besto" o"nershi on ossessor

=



In this case, resondents traced their clai! of o"nershi over a arcel of unregistered

land (not registered under the %orrens 2#ste! of Registration) fro! 1D until the filing of theCo!laint in 15, or for a eriod of over thirt# #ears$ An adverse clai! "as filed in 1FF$

(Note: =ands covered b# %orrens Certificate of %itle cannot be ac&uired b# rescrition ursuant

to 2ection 4 of .$8$ No$ 15$ %he .roert# Registration 8ecree "hich rovides: Registered land not subBect to rescrition – No title to registered land in derogation of the title of the

registered o"ner shall be ac&uired b# rescrition)$

Hrs o< &a)')9') 8s CA ,B;2 SCRA 2?15

A donation, though void for lac of for!al re&uisites, could be a basis for adverse

ossession for etraordinar# ac&uisitive rescrition$ /hile a donation roter nutias is void for failure to co!l# "ith for!al re&uisites, it could still constitute a legal bases for adverse

ossession$

V9a !e Cabrera 8s CA ,B2; SCRA @@5

(Article 114+) – 6An action for reconve#ance of a arcel of land based on i!lied or

constructive trust ordinaril# rescribed in ten (1) #ears, the oint of reference being the date of

registration of the issuance of the certificates of title over the roert# (Article 1144)* but thisrule alies onl# "hen the laintiff is not in ossession of the roert#* ho"ever, if the erson

clai!ing to be the o"ner thereof is in actual ossession of the roert#, the right to see

reconve#ance "hich in effect sees to &uiet title to the roert#, does not rescribe$7

Hrs o< Flores Restar 8s Hrs o< C'34o) ,-;D SCRA ;@15

/hile an action to de!and artition does not rescribe, a coo"ner !a# ac&uire

o"nershi thereof b# clear reudiation of the coo"nershi and the coo"ners are araised of

their rights.

Cr'stobal 8s &el34or7 ,; SCRA 1;D5

6=aches is the failure or neglect for an unreasonable and unelained length of ti!e todo that "hich, b# eercising due diligence, could or should have been done earlier* it is

negligence or o!ission to assert a right "ithin a reasonable ti!e, "arranting the resu!tion

that the art# entitled thereto either has abandoned it or declined to assert it$7 (%iBa! vs$2ibonghano#, + 2CRA +5)$

Ra<ols 8s #arba ,11 SCRA 1-25

>ssential ele!ents of laches are:(1) Conduct on the art of defendant giving rise to the

situation that led to the co!laint and for "hich the co!lainant sees a re!ed#* ()8ela# in

asserting the co!lainants rights, the co!lainant having had no"ledge or notice of defendants conduct and having been afforded an oortunit# to institute the suit* (+) =ac

of no"ledge or notice on the art of the defendant that the co!lainant "ould assert the right

on "hich he bases the suit* and (4)InBur# or reBudice to the defendant in the etent relief isaccorded to the co!lainant or the suit is not barred$

Te)ales 8s IAC ,1-@ SCRA BB@5

"tat+te of limitations are statutes of reose, the obBect of "hich is to suress fraudulent

and stale clai!s fro! sringing u at great distances of ti!e and surrising arties and their

reresentatives "hen all the roer vouchers and evidences are lost or the facts have beco!eobscure fro! the lase of ti!e or the defective !e!or# or death or re!oval of "itnesses$ 2uch

=8



statutes al# "ith full force even to !ost !eritorious clai!s$ %he urose of these statutes is to

rotect the diligent and vigilant, not those "ho slee on their rights$

N'elso) > Co(pa)y7 I)3 8s Lepa)to Co)sol'9ate9 &')') Co , 1 SCRA 1?-?5

=aches is different fro! rescrition$ .rescrition is concerned "ith the fact of dela#,"hereas laches is concerned "ith the effect of dela#$ .rescrition is a !atter of ti!e* laches is

rinciall# a &uestion of ine&uit# of er!itting a clai! to be enforced, this ine&uit# being

founded on so!e change in the condition of the roert# or the relation of the arties$ .rescrition is statutor#* laches is not$ =aches alies in e&uit#* "hereas rescrition alies at

la"$ .rescrition is based on fied ti!e, laches is not

! I)terrupt'o) – Art 11DD

Three Ways In Which Prescription of Action Is Interr+pted "

a. Fied !eore the court

!. Written e2tra-?udicia demand

c. Written acknowed,ment o de!t !" de!tor

Interr+ption of Possession vs% "+spension of Prescription

0n Ginterrution o ossessionH a !eneits ac5uired so ar rom ossession ceases.When the rescrition runs a,ain> it is a new one. 0n Gsusension o rescrition>H

the ast eriod is incuded ater rescrition is resumed.

VII TEJT#OO6S AN! REFERENCES"

&e2t!ook:

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