New Trends New Trends

Back cover photo: Joshua M. White

ISBN 978-960-93-6188-0

New Trends in Ottoman Studies

New Trends in Ottoman Studies

This volume includes 83 essays which were originally delivered as

papers at the 20th CIPO Symposium. The Symposium was held

in Rethymno, Crete, Greece, between 27 June and 1 July 2012,

and was organised by the Department of History and Archaeology

of the University of Crete and the Institute for Mediterranean

Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas

(IMS/FORTH), in collaboration with the Region of Crete, Regional

Unit of Rethymno, and the Municipality of Rethymno.

The essays cover a wide array of subjects, and are organised in

six thematic sections: Economy and Finances; Institutions and

Elites; The Ottoman Provinces; Inside a Wider World; Culture

and Ideology; Fine Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology.

University of Crete Department of History and ArchaeologyFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Institute for Mediterranean Studies

Cover photo: Giorgos Benakis (knocker, 10, P. Koronaiou Str., Rethymno)

Back cover photo: Joshua M. White

Mar

inos

Sar

iyan

nis

(ed.

)

Editor-in-chief: Marinos Sariyannis

Editors: Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Katerina Stathi, Yorgos Vidras

Consulting editors:

Antonis Anastasopoulos, Elias Kolovos

Papers presented at the 20th CIPO Symposium

Rethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012

New

Tre

nds

in

Ott

oman

Stu

dies

New Trends in Ottoman StudiesPapers presented at the 20th CIPO SymposiumRethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012

Editor-in-chief: Marinos SariyannisEditors: Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Katerina Stathi, Yorgos Vidras

Consulting editors: Antonis Anastasopoulos, Elias Kolovos

University of Crete Department of History and ArchaeologyFoundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Institute for Mediterranean Studies

Rethymno 2014

University of Crete, Department of History and ArchaeologyRethymno campus, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece,

e-mail: [email protected],tel.: +30 2831077337, fax: +30 2831077338,

http://www.history-archaeology.uoc.gr

Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas,Institute for Mediterranean Studies

P.O. Box 119, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece, e-mail: [email protected],

tel.: +30 2831056627, fax: +30 2831025810, http://www.ims.forth.gr

Cover: Ntina GantiCover photo: Giorgos Benakis

Back cover photo: Joshua M. WhiteLayout: Crete University Press

New Trends in Ottoman Studies: Papers presented at the 20th CIPO Symposium, Rethymno, 27 June 1 July 2012 is a joint e-publication of the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete and the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas.

2014 University of Crete, Department of History and Archaeology, & Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute for Mediterranean Studies

This e-book is not for sale.

This publication is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, in any form, without the prior written permission of the publishing institutions.

ISBN 978-960-93-6188-0

iv

C O N T E N T S

Preface ixPanels and papers of the 20th CIPO Symposium xiv

PART I

Economy and FinancesPanel: 1837-1923 srecinde Bursada koza reticilii ve ipekli dokumaclk

sektrnn sosyo-ekonomik durumu

Nuran BAYRAM, 1837-1923 srecinde Bursada ipekilik sektrnn sosyo-ekonomik analizi

2

Seher BOYKOY, 1908-1923 srecinde Bursada koza reticilii ve ipekli dokumaclk sektr

15

Cafer FT, 1837-1908 srecinde Bursada koza retiilii ve ipekli dokumaclk sektr

35

Yusuf OUZOLU, Giritli mbadillerin ipekilik deneyimleri ve bunun Bursa yresine aktarlmas

49

Seluk DURSUN, evresel (ekolojik) tarih lensinden Osmanl tarihine yeniden bakmak

56

ennur KAYA, Ariv belgeleri nda stanbulda porselen retimi giri-imleri

70

Phokion P. KOTZAGEORGIS Demetrios PAPASTAMATIOU, Economic and social hierarchies within an urban context: the case of Thessaloniki in the eighteenth century

84

Fatma NCEL, Explaining the basics of proto-industrialization in mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria

99

Gl TLVEL, 17. yzyl Trabzonunda ekonomik ilikiler balamnda Mslman-gayrimslim ilikileri

111

PART II

Institutions and ElitesPanel: Osmanlda eitim modernlemesiFatih DEMREL, Osmanl modern eitim kurumlarnda ilenen sular 118Muammer DEMREL, Osmanl modern mekteplerinde mkfat 133

NEW TRENDS IN OTTOMAN STUDIES

v

Hatip YILDIZ, Osmanl modernleme dneminde tarada retmen eiti-mi: Diyarbakr rnei

142

Panel: Les ccet volantes: diplomatique et valeur comme source 161Claudia RMER, Le cadi en tant que mfetti de muaa 162Michael URSINUS, Some hccets from the Patmos archives issued by the

Cadi of the Imperial Fleet163

Elisabetta BORROMEO, Les ccet du fonds ottoman de lglise Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Galata

164

Nicolas VATIN, ccet signatures multiples dans le fonds ottoman des archives du Monastre de Saint-Jean Patmos

164

Roger A. DEAL, Celestin Bonnin and the creation of a modern Ottoman police force

166

Mehmet DEMRTA, Osmanl esnafnda iyeri ama uygulamas, karla-lan istismarlar ve uygulanan yaptrmlar

176

Svetla IANEVA, The Rumelian provincial elites in the Ottoman tax-farming system of the nineteenth century

196

Phokion P. KOTZAGEORGIS, Socio-economic aspects of a tax: the metro-politans and bishops pike (second half of the seventeenth century)

207

Erdem SNMEZ, Kuramsal kaynaklar zerine yeniden dnmek: Max Weber ve Osmanl tarihyazm

223

Micha WASIUCIONEK, Ethnic solidarity in the wider Ottoman Empire revisited: cins and local political elites in 17th-century Moldavia and Wallachia

232

PART III

The Ottoman ProvincesPanel: Osmanl idaresinde bir Balkan ehri: RusukMeral BAYRAK (FERLBA), Rusukta Osmanl kltr varlklar: Dini ve

hayri kurumlardan bazlar247

Meryem KAAN ERDOAN, XVI. yzylda Rusukta demografik ve sosyo- ekonomik yap

271

Panel: The Sudiremi subdistrict of KonyaAlaattin AKZ, XVI. yzylda Sudiremi nahiyesinde yerleim ve demografi 297Doan YRK, The economic structure of the Sudiremi nahiye in the 16th

century309

Panel: Eastern Mediterranean islands under Ottoman ruleM. Akif ERDORU, Ottoman houses in the old town of Nicosia of Cyprus

at the beginning of the 18th century (1698-1710)328


vi

Ali Efdal ZKUL, Commercial activities of Italian city-states (Sicily-Naples, Venice, Genoa, Sardinia and Duchy of Tuscany) on the island of Cyprus under the Ottoman administration

335

Nimet Aye BAKIRCILAR, 1903-1907 tarihli Manastr ceraim defteri nda Manastrda su

351

Agata CHMIEL, Self-conversion in the Balkans: a micro-history of 15th-cen-tury e and Divoane in the Rhodope Mountains

361

Fulya DVENC KARAKO, Cultural life in Ottoman Beirut in the early 1900s

375

Evanghelos HEKIMOGLOU, The Orthodox Christian poor and pauper families in Salonica (18th-19th c.): how many and how strong they were

393

Sophia LAIOU, Patronage networks in the Aegean sea, end of the eighteenth-beginning of the nineteenth century

413

Anna POURADIER DUTEIL-LOIZIDOU, Le gouvernement de Chypre de la fin du 17e au dbut du 18e sicle, daprs le tmoignage des consuls de France Larnaca

424

Samir M. SEIKALY, Finding the Syrian countryside and its peasants: repre-sentation in the Syrian press, 1906-1914

435

Mahmoud YAZBAK, Palestine in the 18th century: the era of Dahir Al-Umar 444

PART IV

Inside a Wider WorldPanel: The appeal of signs: symbolic practices of Western diplomats at the

Sublime Porte (16th-18th centuries)Peter BURSCHEL, Space, time and the confession of ritual: a Lutheran pas-

tor in the Ottoman Empire455

Harriet RUDOLPH, The material culture of diplomacy: some remarks on tangible dimensions of early modern Habsburg-Ottoman relations

469

Arno STROHMEYER, The theatrical performance of peace: entries of Habsburg grand embassies in Constantinople (17th-19th centuries)

486

Christine VOGEL, The art of misunderstanding: French ambassadors trans-lating Ottoman court ceremonial

495

Panel: The Great War and the end of the Ottoman Empire: aspects of World War I

Deniz GNER, Birinci Dnya Sava srasnda Osmanl devletinde sansr uygulamalar

505

Eftal IRKIATAL, Bir isyann kodlar: I. Dnya Savanda Arap ayaklanmas 512


vii

Yksel NZAMOLU, III. Ordunun ileri harekta balama srecinde istih-barat faaliyetleri ve mkleme heyetlerinin rol

522

Jean-Louis BACQU-GRAMMONT, Questions propos de ltude du Kitb- Bahriyye de Pr Re's

536

Nilfer HATEMI, The assassination of the Russian consul at Mitrovica, 1903 542Gne IIKSEL, Ottoman suzerainty over Morocco during Abdulmeliks

reign (1576-1578): a reassessment568

Mathieu JESTIN, La protection des Grecs de Salonique: enjeu de la diplo-matie consulaire franaise dans les annes 1830

578

Gbor KRMN, The price of succession: diplomatic negotiations around the acknowledgment of Gyrgy Rkczi II as a prince of Transylvania

594

Dariusz KOODZIEJCZYK, Ottomans vs. Crimean Tatar elites in the 17th century: a comparative approach

609

Tomoki OKAWARA, Some aspects of Anglo-Ottoman diplomacy in the modern era: cases of British protection of the Harari family

617

Boris STOJKOVSKI, Mahmoud Tercman comme une source pour lhis-toire mdivale hongroise

631

Elbieta WICICKA, A mysterious Ottoman map and its message of Russian expansionism

643

Kahraman AKUL, Ottoman perceptions of the military reforms of Tipu Sultan and ahin Giray

655

PART V

Culture and IdeologyPanel: Osmanl yenileme dneminde yaplan klk kyafete ilikin reformlar

ve klk kyafet deiimleriEmine KOCA, Osmanlda yaplan klk kyafete ilikin reformlarn erkek gi-

ysilerinin biimsel zelliklerine etkileri664

Fatma KO, Osmanlda yaplan klk kyafete ilikin reformlarn kadn gi-ysilerinin biimsel zelliklerine etkileri

682

Beyhan PAMUK, Osmanl yenileme dneminde klk kyafete ilikin reformlarn malzeme, aksesuar ve sslenme zelliklerine etkileri

700

Tuba VURAL, Osmanl yenileme dneminde klk kyafete ilikin reformlar ekilde mi yoksa zde mi deiim getirmitir

713

R. Aslhan AKSOY-SHERIDAN, Forms of literacy: notes on the life and cul-tural background of a 16th-century Ottoman sanjak governor

728


viii

Nabil AL-TIKRITI, Idris-i Bidlisis 1513 treatise on caliphal and sultanic protocols

741

Stavros Th. ANESTIDIS, Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931). Un patriote otto-man controvers

757

zer ERGEN Nil TEKGL, Role model defined for the Ottoman indi-viduals and its change throughout time

768

Murat ISSI, Kurdistan gazetesi (1898-1902) 780Georgia KONDYLI, Le thtre musical europen Smyrne 788Marinos SARIYANNIS, Time, work and pleasure: a preliminary approach to

leisure in Ottoman mentality797

Emmanouil SEIRAGAKIS, Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha, a glorious Ottoman peddler

812

Borislava ZHIVKOVA, Lgat: a content-analysis approach of a 15th-century four-language dictionary

826

PART VII

Fine Arts, Architecture, and ArchaeologyPanel: Artistic encounters in Ottoman art and architecture: zones of accul-

turation842

Selda ALP, Common living spaces, different worlds: non-Muslim grave monuments in 19th-century Istanbul

845

Suat ALP, Form and image: hybrid receptions of Ottoman culture on the metalwork produced in the Balkans (14th-18th c.)

870

Nurdan SRBAHAN KKHASKYL, Circulating images: Ottoman painters, travel books, overtones

876

Filiz YENEHRLOLU, Other histories, other stories and Ottoman art 892Panel: The importance of interdisciplinary research connecting historical,

anthropological, information and engineering sciences based on the case study of spatial-temporal GIS (DiMSIS-EX) application

Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Koji YOSHIKAWA, Yoshio KAJITANI, Hikari EGAWA, The importance of interdisciplinary research connecting his-torical, anthropological, information and engineering science on the case study of ST-GIS application: experience from the East-Japan earthquake and Dzce earthquake

912

Maria KOSUGI, Quranic manuscript data on computer: a case of applying DiMSIS-EX to historical studies

921


ix

Takahiro TOMITA, Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Development policy and social changes in a suburban area of Mongolia: application of the DiMSIS-EX to an anthropological research

930

Koji YOSHIKAWA, Yoshio KAJITANI, Shigeru KAKUMOTO, Michinori HATAYAMA, Mahito USUI, An introduction to the spatial-temporal GIS DiMSIS-EX and its application for the recovery and registration process after large disasters in Dzce city

944

Georgios P. ANTONIOU, Ottoman aqueducts in the Helladic region: archi-tecture and construction

960

Gzde ELK, 19. yzylda idari deiim odak noktas olarak Bbli binas 990V. Belgin DEMRSAR ARLI, Osmanl seramik sanatnda bir formun isim-

lendirilmesi1007

Mehmet Zeki BRAHMGL Ammar BRAHMGL, Girit adasnda Osmanl dnemi mimarisi zerine genel bir deerlendirme

1021

Eleni I. KANETAKI Vassilis AYIANNIDES, Levantine architecture in Smyrna/Izmir: tracing the architectural classification of its residential buildings

1043

Georgios PALLIS, The settlement of Mendenitsa (Modoni), central Greece: archaeological evidence for a local Ottoman pilgrimage center

1077

ule PFEIFFER-TA, Suggestions as to the localization of the harbour of Ayasuluk and the Italian settlement during the Aydnoullar dynasty from a new perspective

1087

Elvan TOPALLI, A recently discovered painting of Mehmet Ali Laga: Sadabad Sefas (Pleasure at Sadabad)

1108

Maria TSITIMAKI S. Mohammad T. SHARIAT-PANAHI, Transgression of law regarding church-building (17th-19th c.): the case of Lesvos

1121

x

PREFACE

It is with particular joy that we present this collection of papers, resulting from the 20th Symposium of the Comit International des tudes Pr-Ottomanes et Ottomanes (CIPO), which was organised in Rethymno between 27 June and 1 July 2012 by the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete and the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (IMS/FORTH), in collaboration with the Region of Crete, Regional Unit of Rethymno, and the Municipality of Rethymno.

Out of the 224 papers delivered at the Symposium, 83 were submitted for publication and are, therefore, included in this volume. Even though they can-not reflect the full array of topics covered during the Symposium, we hope that they do justice to the high quality and level of scholarship that characterised it, and that this e-book meets the standards of both the authors and the wider community of Ottomanist scholars.

In order to help the reader to navigate through the diversity of the subjects dealt with in this volume, the papers are organised in six broad thematic sec-tions as follows: Economy and Finances; Institutions and Elites; The Ottoman Provinces; Inside a Wider World; Culture and Ideology; Fine Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology. Whenever papers belonged to a pre-arranged symposium panel, they are placed first in each section, followed by independent papers in alphabetical order.

As Editor-in-Chief of this collection, I would like to thank the other members of the organising committee of the Symposium, namely my colleagues Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, Antonis Anastasopoulos, and Elias Kolovos, of the University of Crete, who have always been helpful and willing to answer all my requests re-garding the preparation and publication of this volume. Glsn Aksoy-Aivali, moreover, was a member of the outstanding team of my fellow editors, together with Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Yorgos Vidras (all graduates

xi


of the Postgraduate Programme in Turkish Studies, run by the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete and the IMS/FORTH, and Ph.Ds or Ph.D. students in Ottoman history at the University of Crete), and Katerina Stathi. Ms Stathi is to be thanked also for her secretarial and ad-ministrative services which were indispensable for the successful outcome of this project. Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to Crete University Press, and in particular Ms Dionysia Daskalou, who have kindly provided the layout editing of this e-book, as well as to Mr Giorgos Benakis and Dr Joshua M. White who gave permission to use their photos for the cover and the back cover, respectively, of this volume.

It is to be noted that editing concerns mainly style uniformity and language. Individual authors bear the sole responsibility for the content of their papers.

Marinos SariyannisEditor-in-Chief

Programme of Ottoman StudiesInstitute for Mediterranean Studies / Foundation for Research and

Technology Hellas

xii

PANELS AND PAPERS OF THE 20TH CIPO SYMPOSIUM

(according to the official programme of the Symposium)

Panels are listed in alphabetical order on the basis of the family name of the panel leader.

The panels papers are listed together with the independent papers in the relevant section.

xiii

20th CIPO Symposium

N E W T R E N D S I N O T T O M A N S T U D I E SRethymno, Crete, Greece (27 June 1 July 2012)

Organising CommitteeGlsn Aksoy-Aivali

Antonis AnastasopoulosElias Kolovos

Marinos Sariyannis

Honorary CommitteeProf. Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (Honorary President, CIPO)

Prof. Vassilis Demetriades (Honorary Researcher, IMS/FORTH)Prof. Costas Fotakis (President, FORTH)

Prof. Christos Hadziiossif (Director, IMS/FORTH)Prof. Katerina Kopaka (Dean, School of Letters, University of Crete)

Ms Maria Lioni (Regional Vice Governor of Crete, Rethymno)Mr Giorgis Marinakis (Mayor of Rethymno)

Ass. Prof. Socrates Petmezas (Chair, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Crete)

Prof. Euripides G. Stephanou (Rector, University of Crete)Prof. Michael Ursinus (President, CIPO)

Prof. Elizabeth A. Zachariadou (Honorary Researcher, IMS/FORTH)

Symposium SecretariatEleni SfakianakiKaterina Stathi

Technical SupportAlexandros Maridakis

Symposium AssistantsMarilena Bali

Angeliki GaridiDespoina Giannakaki

Myrsini KavalariGeorgia KorontziAlexandra Kriti

Christos KyriakopoulosGiannis Lambrakis

Iordanis PanagiotidisStelios ParlamasStamatia PartsafaIoanna PetroulidiMilan Prodanovi

Panagiota Sfyridaki


xiv

P a n e l s

A. Nkhet Adyeke (chair), Nuri Adyeke, Mehmet Ali Demirba, Melike Kara: Yeni Kaynaklar ve Yeni Yaklamlarla Osmanl Egemenliinde Girit ve Sonras

Antonis Anastasopoulos & Shirine Hamadeh (co-chairs), Marie-Carmen Smyrnelis, Ik Tamdoan: Flesh and Mud: Innovative Approaches to the Study of Early Modern Ottoman Cities

Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont (chair), Faruk Bilici, Jean-Charles Ducene: Regards de la cartographie ottomane

John J. Curry (chair), Nabil al-Tikriti, Gnhan Breki, Kahraman akul: Shifts in Ottoman Political and Intellectual Mentalities over the Course of the Early Modern Period

Cafer ifti (chair), Seher Boykoy, Nuran Bayram, Yusuf Ouzolu: 1837-1923 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli Dokumaclk Sektrnn Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumu

Gkhan Yavuz Demir (chair), Nurcan Abac, Zeynep Drtok Abac, Erturul Uzun: Hikayelerimiz ve Adaletin Mmknl: Osmanl mparatorluundan Trkiye Cumhuriyetine Adalet Hikayeleri

Muammer Demirel (chair), Fatih Demirel, Hatip Yldz, Mehmet Salih Erkek: Osmanlda Eitim Modernlemesi

Hikari Egawa (chair), Michinori Hatayama, Yoshio Kajitani, Shigeru Kakumoto, Maria Kosugi, Halit Ramazan Kubilay, lhan ahin, Takahiro Tomita, Mahito Usui, Koji Yoshikawa: The Importance of Interdisciplinary Research Connecting Historical, Anthropological, Information, and Engineering Sciences Based on the Case Study of Spatial-Temporal GIS (DiMSIS-EX) Application

M. Akif Erdoru (chair), Ali Efdal zkul, Ersin Glsoy: Eastern Mediterranean Islands under Ottoman Rule

M. Metin Hlag (chair), Glbadi Alan, mer Kl, Gkhan Bolat: Osmanl Devletinin Srgn Politikas ve Akdeniz Adalar

Gbor Krmn (chair), Robert Born, Ovidiu Cristea, Radu G. Pun: The Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire between Loyalty and the Crusading Ideal

Eugenia Kermeli (chair), Elif Bayraktar Tellan, Hasan olak, Phokion Kotzageorgis: The Orthodox Patriarchates as Ottoman Institutions: 15th to 18th Centuries


xv

Elektra Kostopoulou (chair), Aimee Genell, Andrew Arsan, E. Attila Aytekin: The Ottoman Empire in the Age of Colonialism: Fragmented Sovereignty and Provincial Lives

Tijana Krsti (chair), Derin Terziolu, Nir Shafir: Contextualizing the Kadzadelis: Politics of Religion and Networks of Piety in the 17th-Century Ottoman Empire

Paolo Maggiolini (chair), Francesco Mazzucotelli: Re-Thinking Center and Periphery in the Ottoman Polity: Catholic Dignitaries and the Ottoman Public Administration in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century

Hseyin Mumal (chair), Salih K, Yunus nce, Ahmet Dnmez: Statesmen and the Public in the Ottoman Empire during the Modernization Process: Four Portraits

Zeynep Ouz (chair), Dimitris Loupis, Satoshi Kawamoto, nver Rtem: Transcending Typologies: The Orchestration of Public and Private Spaces in Multifunctional Ottoman Buildings

Blent zdemir (chair), Yksel Nizamolu, Deniz Gner, Eftal Irkatal: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire: Aspects of World War I

Nilay zok-Gndoan (chair), David Gutman, Seda Altu: On the Frontiers of Ottoman Studies: Exploring the Limits of the State in the Post-Tanzimat Ottoman Empire

Minna Rozen (chair), Eyal Ginio, Evanghelos Hekimoglou, Shai Srougo: The Lower Classes of Ottoman Salonika (Thessaloniki) during the 18th-19th Centuries

Henning Sievert (chair), Johann Bssow, Astrid Meier: Peripheries Utilising the Centre: Imperial and Local Politics in Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire

Amy Singer (chair), Suna aaptay, Heath Lowry: From Byzantine Adrianople to Ottoman Edirne

Arno Strohmeyer & Christine Vogel (co-chairs), Peter Burschel, Harriet Rudolph: The Appeal of Signs: Symbolic Practices of Western Diplomats at the Sublime Porte (16th-18th Centuries)

Mehmet Topal (chair), Meral Bayrak (Ferliba), Meryem Kaan Erdoan: Osmanl daresinde Bir Balkan ehri: Rusuk

Muhittin Tu (chair), Alaattin Akz, Doan Yrk, Mehmet Ylmaz: Ottoman Rural Life: The Sudiremi Subdistrict of Konya

Nicolas Vatin (chair), Claudia Rmer, Michael Ursinus: Les hccet volantes: diplomatique et valeur comme source

Tuba Vural (chair), Emine Koca, Fatma Ko, Beyhan Pamuk: Osmanl Yenileme Dneminde Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlar ve Klk Kyafet Deiimleri

Filiz Yeniehirliolu (chair), Suat Alp, Nurdan Srbahan Kkhaskyl, Selda Alp: Artistic Encounters in Ottoman Art and Architecture: Zones of Acculturation


xvi

P a P e r s

Nurcan Abac, Hz. sa Kad Mahkemesinde: Bir Kant Olarak Mslman ve Hristiyanlarn Yemin Etme Sreleri

Butrus Abu-Manneh, Mehmed Rashids Tenure in Syria (1866-1871)

Birgl Akyldz-engl, Architecture of Mardin in the 19th Century: A Story of Modernisation

A. Nkhet Adyeke, 18. Yzylda Giritte Cizye Uygulamas ve Toplumsal Etkileri

Nuri Adyeke, 17. ve 18. Yzyllarda Kad Sicillerine Gre Resmo Manastr Vakflar

Alaattin Akz, The Settlement and Demography in Sudiremi Subdistrict in the 16th Century

Aslhan Aksoy-Sheridan, I Now See that There Is No Constancy in this World: Notes on the Life and Cultural Background of a 16th-Century Ottoman Sanjak Governor

Dilek Akyaln-Kaya, Entrepreneurs and Economic Relations in Late 19th-Century Salonica

Glbadi Alan, Osmanl Devlet Memurlar ve Aydnlarnn Srgnlerinde Akdeniz Adalarnn Yeri ve nemi

Selda Alp, Public Spaces, Different Worlds: Non-Muslim Grave Monuments in 19th-Century Istanbul

Suat Alp, Form and Image: Hybrid Receptions of Ottoman Culture on the Metalwork Produced in the Balkans (14th-18th Centuries)

Nabil al-Tikriti, Grim Advice, Bold Solutions: Idris-i Bitlisis 1513 Treatise on the Caliphate and Sultanic Protocols

Zeynep Altok, Anecdotes about Poets and 16th-Century Ottoman Elite Identity

Seda Altu, Land, Community, and Conflict in the Ottoman Province of Diyarbekir: The Case of Beshiri, 1839-1878

Edith Ambros, How Secluded was the Ottoman Woman in Public?

Antonis Anastasopoulos, A Mosque and Its Town Quarter or a Town Quarter and Its Mosque? The Elhac Ali Paa Mosque and Quarter in Ottoman Kandiye

Stavros Th. Anestidis, Ioannis Kalfoglou (1871-1931), un patriote ottoman controvers


xvii

Georgios P. Antoniou, Ottoman Aqueducts in the Helladic Region: Architecture and Construction

Nikolay Antov, Processes of Demographic and Ethno-Religious Change in 16th-Century Ottoman Dobrudja (NE Balkans): Repopulation, Turcoman Colonization, and Conversion to Islam

Zeki Arkan, Ustazade Yunusun Giritin Fethi Tarihi

Andrew Arsan, An Inquiry into Imperial Political Thought: International Intervention, Provincial Law, and Shared Sovereignty in Late Ottoman Lebanon

Safi Avc Yasemin Avc, Osmanl mparatorluunda Kamusal Alan Dzenlemeleri ve Antsal almalar (1840-1917)

H. Veli Aydn, 18. Yzylda Selanikte Para Vakflar ve Kredi lemleri

Ebru Aykut, Unveiling the Unseen Agent of Crime: Medico-Legal Evidence in Suspected Poisoning Cases in the Late Ottoman Empire

Duygu Aysal Cin, Modernization, Urban Development and Electrification in the Ottoman Empire: Examples from the Electricity Projects of Istanbul and Thessaloniki

E. Attila Aytekin, Between Empire and Nation-State: Belgrade during the Period of Autonomy: 1830-1867

Jean-Louis Bacqu-Grammont, Notes sur la Crte dans le Kitb-i Bahriyye de Piri Res

Nimet Aye Bakrclar, 1903-1907 Tarihli Manastr Ceraim Defteri Inda Manastrda Su

Glhan Balsoy, Gendered Approaches to Infanticide in 19th-Century Ottoman Society

Samettin Baol, Osmanl ehirlerinde na ve Onarm Faaliyetlerinde alan Gruplar ve Meslekler

Meral Bayrak (Ferliba), Rusukta Osmanl Kltr Varlklar: Dini Ve Hayri Kurumlardan Bazlar

Elif Bayraktar Tellan, As It Is Clearly Expressed in their Berats: An Interpretation of the Transformation of the Patriarchate of Istanbul in the Light of Patriarchal Berats in the 18th Century

Nuran Bayram, 1837-1923 Srecinde Bursada pekilik Sektrnn Sosyo-Ekonomik Analizi

Faruk Bilici, Le Danube chez Evliy Celeb

Sedat Bingl, 19. Yzyl Belgelerine Gre Cesaret ve Uykusuzluun Kol Gezdii Osmanl Mahalleleri

Gkhan Bolat, Bedirhan Airetinin Srgn Edilmesi erevesinde Akdeniz Adalarna Yaplan Airet Srgnleri


xviii

Robert Born, From Vassal to Miles Christianus: Sigismund Bthorys Battles with the Ottomans as a European Media Event

Seher Boykoy, 1908-1923 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli Dokumaclk Sektr

Michel Bozdmir, Le rinvestissement du pass par le prsent: des usages multiples de lhistoire ottomane

Gnhan Breki, Seeking Power at an Imperial Court Divided by Factions: The New Ruling Strategies of the Ottoman Sultans in the Late 16th and Early 17th Centuries

Peter Burschel, Topkap Saray or a Journey to the End of Time

Johann Bssow, The Anaza Bedouins and the Ottoman State during the Nineteenth Century

Maria-Christina Chatziioannou, Wearing and Trading the Fez in an Ottoman-Mediterranean Context (18th-19th C.)

Rafael-Dorian Chelaru, Catholic Elites and Ottomans in the Western Balkans (17th-18th Centuries)

Agata Anna Chmiel, Self-Conversion in the Balkans: A Micro-History of 15th-Century e and Divoane in the Rhodope Mountains

Danuta Chmielowska, Giritli Osmanl Ressamlarndan Kazm Kavur ahsiyeti ve Eserleri

Ovidiu Cristea, Ottoman Military Support for Tributary States: The Case of Wallachia and Moldavia (15th-16th C.)

John J. Curry, Ottoman Perceptions of the Indian Subcontinent as Reflected in the Cihnnm of Katip elebi

Suna aaptay, A City Caught In Between: Viewing Byzantine Adrianople against Historical and Scholarly Disjunctions

Birten elik, The Women Guards at the Service of the Ottoman Customs

Gzde elik, 19. Yzylda dari Deiimin Odak Noktas Olarak Bbli Binas

Halil etin, About the Political Identity of Osman Bey: Was He A Khan?

Cafer ifti, 1837-1908 Srecinde Bursada Koza reticilii ve pekli Dokumaclk Sektr

Hasan olak, Centralisation of the Patriarchates of Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria in Istanbul: Testimony of the Patriarchal Berats of the 18th Century

Roger Deal, Celestin Bonnin and the Creation of a Modern Ottoman Police Force

Gkhan Yavuz Demir, Adaletin Hikayeler zerinden Tesisi


xix

Mehmet Ali Demirba, Gayr- Menkul Satnda uf a (nalm) Hakknn Kullanm: Kandiye rnei

Fatih Demirel, Osmanl Modern Eitim Kurumlarnda lenen Sular

Muammer Demirel, Osmanl Modern Mekteplerinde dllendirme

Belgin Demirsar Arl, Osmanl Seramik Sanatnda Yeni Bir Keif

Mehmet Demirta, Osmanl Esnafnda yeri Ama Uygulamas, Karlalan stismarlar ve Uygulanan Yaptrmlar

Sotirios Dimitriadis, Transforming Urban Space in a Late Ottoman Port-City: The Ayasofya Mosque in Salonica

Ahmet Dnmez, Differentiation in Governance and Reform Understanding between Mahmud II and Reshid Pasha during the Modernization Process

Zeynep Drtok Abac, Osmanl Mahkemesinde Taraflar ahitler ve Dava Hikayeleri: Tahkiyelerin Sosyal Alar zerinden Okunmas

Jean-Charles Ducene, Notes sur les ctes du Maghreb dans le Kitb-i Bahriyye de Piri Res

Seluk Dursun, evre (Ekoloji) Tarihi Merceinden Osmanl Tarihini Yeniden Yazmak

Flya Dvenci Karako, 1900 Yl Balarnda Osmanl Beyrutunda Kltrel Yaam

M. Akif Erdoru, The Ottoman Houses in the Old Town of the City of Nicosia of Cyprus in the 17th Century

zer Ergen Nil Tekgl, Ideal/Role Model Defined for the Ottoman Individuals and its Change throughout Time

Mehmet Salih Erkek, Bir Dnem On Bir Nazr: II. Merutiyet Dneminin Maarif Nazrlar

Aleksandar Foti, The Serbian Orthodox Community in Ottoman Jerusalem (16th-17th C.): Sources, Interpretations and Historiographical Problems

Eleni Gara, Violence in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire and its Social Meanings

Aimee Genell, Boundaries, Passports and Treaties: Ottoman Legal Challenges to the British Occupation of Egypt

Eyal Ginio, Networks of Immigration to Ottoman Salonica

David Gutman, Trans-Hemispheric Migration, Domestic Mobility and the Limits to Ottoman State Control of Armenian Migration from Eastern Anatolia to North America, 1888-1908

Ersin Glsoy, Governor Generals of the Island of Crete under the Ottoman Rule

smail Gndodu, Osmanl Devletinde Timar Erbabna Hazineden Verilen Borlar ve Geri Alnmas: Sultan IV. Muratn Badat Seferi rnei


xx

Deniz Gner, Birinci Dnya Sava Srasnda Osmanl Devletinde Sansr Uygulamalar

Zbeyde Gne Yac, Ege Kysnda Bir Osmanl Kasabasnda Yaam Standard: Edremit

Antonis Hadjikyriacou, Urban-Rural Relations in an Ottoman Miniature Continent: Advance Purchase and Forward Contracts in Eighteenth-Century Cyprus

Shirine Hamadeh, Young and Single in Istanbul: The Social Space of the Bekr Community

Hlya Hanc, How Does a Poet Become a Bad Poet? The Case of the 16th-Century Ottoman Poet Kef

Nilfer Hatemi, The Assassination of the Russian Consul at Mitrovica, 1903

Evanghelos Hekimoglou, The Orthodox Christian Poor and Pauper Families in Thessaloniki (18th-19th C.): How Many and How Strong They Were?

M. Metin Hlag, Osmanl Devletinde Srgn Cezasnn Hukuki Boyutu ve Akdeniz Adalarnn Srgnler Asndan nemi

Eftal Irkatal, Bir syann Kodlar: I. Dnya Savanda Arap Ayaklanmas

Gne Iksel, Mulay Abd al-Maliks Enthronement in Morocco (June 1576) in the Context of the Ottomano-Habsburg Rivalry

Svetla Ianeva, The Rumelian Provincial Elites in the Ottoman Tax-Farming System of the 19th Century

Mehmet Zeki brahimgil, Assessment of the Architecture of the Ottoman Empire: The Island of Crete

Nurcin leri, A Murder in Pangalt, 1895: Tell Me Your Sources, I Tell Your Story

Slobodan Ili, Man as Microcosm: The Concept of Al-nsan Al-Kamil in the Light of the Mystical Treatises of Husayn Lamakani (d. 1625)

Yunus nce, An Ottoman Padishah from the Point of View of his Subjects: Mahmud II

Murat Iss, Osmanlnn Son Dneminde Krt Basn: lk Krt Gazetesi Krdistan (1898-1902)

Katharina Ivanyi, And the Question of Lands is Very Confusing: Birgivi on Land Tenure and Taxation

Mathieu Jestin, Le consul Charles Guys et la question de la protection franaise dans la Salonique ottomane dans les annes 1830

Meryem Kaan Erdoan, 16. Yzylda Rusukta Demografik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yap

Shigeru Kakumoto lhan ahin Hikari Egawa Yoshio Kajitani Halit Ramazan Kubilay, Collaborative Research of History and Information Science: Difference of Recovery Procedure after the Earthquake Disaster Based on Each Culture

Eirini Kalogeropoulou, A Village Micro-Economy in the Hinterland of Selanik between 1770 and 1845


xxi

Eleni Kanetaki Vassilis Ayiannides, Levantine Architecture in Smyrna/Izmir: Tracing the Architectural Classification of its Residential Buildings

Melike Kara, Kuzey Afrikada Girit Mslmanlar

Grer Karagedikli, The Making of the Edirne Jewish Community: A Demographic and Spatial Analysis (c. 1690-1750)

Selim Karahasanolu, Osmanl Literatrnde Ben-Anlatlarna (Ego-dokumente) Katk: Sadreddinzade Telhisi Mustafa Efendi Gnl (1711-1735)

Ayfer Karakaya-Stump, From Formal Suppression to Informal Accommodation: The Ottoman State and the Kizilbash/Alevi Communities in Anatolia

Ceyda Karamrsel, My Name is irin Kadn, my Craft, Slaver: The World of Slave Women in the Late Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire

Gbor Krmn, The Transylvanian Rhetoric of Being an Ottoman Tributary

Satoshi Kawamoto, The Courtyard of erefeli Mosque: A Point of Contact between Mosque and Palace Architecture

Alp Ycel Kaya, Comparative Analysis of Labor Organisation in iftliks in the Hinterlands of Izmir and Salonica (1840-1912)

ennur Kaya, Babakanlk Osmanl Arivi Belgeleri Inda stanbulda Porselen retimi Giriimleri

Vangelis Kechriotis, Ottomanism and Notions of Empire on the Verge of its Collapse

Eugenia Kermeli, The Ulema and the Patriarch: Accommodation and Conflict

mer Kl, Krm Hanlarnn Osmanlda Srgn Gnleri (Akdeniz Adalarnda Srgn Asilzadeler)

Salih K, A Serdar- Ekrem in the Ottoman Army during the Transition Process: R. Mehmed Pasha

Svetlana Kirillina, Defining the Confessional and Ethnic Plurality of the Ottoman Society: Pilgrimage of Monastic Priest Leontii to the Holy Land of Christianity (1763-1766)

Denise Klein, Between Court and Coffeehouse: Crimean Tatar Chronicles in the 16th-18th Centuries

Emine Koca, Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlarn Erkek Giysilerinin Biimsel zelliklerine Etkileri

Saim ari Kocakaplan, Osmanl Mukataa Sisteminde Emanet ve ltizam Uygulamalar: stanbul Gmr rnei

Fatma Ko, Osmanlda Yaplan Klk Kyafete likin Reformlarn Kadn Giysilerinin Biimsel zelliklerine Etkileri


xxii

Dariusz Koodziejczyk, Ottoman vs. Crimean Tatar Elites in the 17th Century: A Comparative Approach

Elias Kolovos, Early Ottoman Diplomatics Revisited: An Order of the Beylerbey of Rumeli in 1401 in Favor of the Athonite Monastery of Vatopedi

Georgia Kondyli, Le thtre musical europen Smyrne

Elektra Kostopoulou, Sovereignty Laws: The Secular Conception of the Religious in the Fin-de-Sicle Ottoman Mediterranean

Maria Kosugi Shigeru Kakumoto, Quranic Manuscript Data on Computer: A Case of Applying DiMSIS-EX to Historical Studies

Phokion Kotzageorgis, Socio-Economic Aspects of a Tax: The Metropolitans and Bishops Pike (2nd Half of the 17th Century)

Phokion Kotzageorgis and Demetris Papastamatiou, Economic and Social Hierarchies within an Urban Context: The Case of Thessaloniki in the 18th Century

Daria Kovaleva, Experienced Diplomat, Skilled Bohac, or Professional Witch? On the Nature of Jewish Womens Presence in the Ottoman Royal Palace

Tijana Krsti, Defining a Subject of the Sultans Nation: Law, Religion and Orthodoxy in Ahmed Is Istanbul

Sadi S. Kucur, 13-14. Yzyl Trkiyesine Ait Temlikname ve Arazi Sat Hccetleri

zlem Kumrular, Disguise as a Means of Safe Travel and Survival in the Ottoman Empire in the Modern Age

Vjeran Kursar, The Zellich Print House: European Immigrants and Technology Transfer in the 19th-Century Ottoman Empire

Sophia Laiou, Patronage Networks in the Aegean Sea, End of the 18th Beginning of the 19th Century

Dimitris Loupis, A Building for All Purposes: Functions of the T-Shaped Edifices under Evrenos in the Early Ottoman Balkans

Heath Lowry, 14th-Century Zaviye-Imarets in Edirne and Eastern Rumeli: An Overlooked Facet of the Ottoman Method of Conquest

Andreas Lyberatos, Proto-Globalization and National Politicization in Late Ottoman Thrace: The Case of Stenimahos (stanimaka)

Paolo Maggiolini, Understanding Life in the Ottoman-Montenegrin Borderlands of Northern Albania during the Tanzimat Era: Catholic Mirdite Tribes, Missionaries and Ottoman Officials

Francesco Malfatti, The Medici and the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars: The Szigetvr Campaign (1566)

Sinan Marufolu, 19. Yzylda Dicle ve Fratta Osmanl Nehir Tamacl


xxiii

Francesco Mazzucotelli, The Amazing Stories of Rstem Mariani Paa, Vasa Paa, and Muzaffer Czaikowski Paa: Catholic Mutasarrfs in Ottoman Mount Lebanon, 1861-1914

Astrid Meier, Villagers, Kadaskers, eyhlislams and the Sultan: Resolving a Water Conflict in the Environment of Ottoman Damascus, 1670-1720

Milena B. Methodieva, The Young Turks and the Muslim Reform Movement in Bulgaria, 1895-1908

Erica Mezzoli, Corruption, Economy and Bureaucracy in 17th-Century Ottoman Bosnia: The View of the Ragusean Diplomacy

Michalis N. Michael, Revolts, Demands and Reaction in an Era of Uncertainty in the Ottoman Periphery: The Three Revolts of 1833 in Cyprus

Konstantinos Moustakas, The Myth of the Byzantine Origins of the Osmanlis: An Essay to Interpretation

Hseyin Mumal, An Ayan in Anatolia during the Reform Process: Sleyman Bey and his Trial

Yksel Nizamolu, Byk Savata III. Ordunun leri Harekat ve stihbarat Faaliyetlerinin Rol

Michael Nizri, The Ongoing Dialogue between the Letter of the Waqf Law and Socio-Economic Requirements as Indicated by Waqf Account Books

Zeynep Ouz, Pleasure and Piety: The Palatial Elements in the Zaviyes of Early Ottoman Rulers

Yusuf Ouzolu, Giritli Mbadillerin pekilik Deneyimleri ve Bunun Bursa Yresine Aktarlmas

Tomoki Okawara, Migration Movements and British-Ottoman Diplomatic Relations

Fatma ncel, Proto-Industrialization in Mid 19th-Century Ottoman Rural Area: Textile Manufacturing in Villages of Plovdiv

Blent zdemir, The Heart of the War: The Strategic Importance of the Mediterranean Basin for the Powers during WW I and the Dardanelles Campaign

Ali Efdal zkul, Commercial Activities of Italian City-States (Sicily-Naples, Venice, Genoa and Sardinia) on the Island of Cyprus under the Ottoman Rule

Nilay zok-Gndoan, Land Disputes in the Frontiers of the State: The Making of the Modern Ottoman State in the Kurdish Periphery, 1840-1870

Georgios Pallis, The Settlement of Mendenitsa (Modoni), Central Greece: Archaeological Evidence for a Local Ottoman Pilgrimage Center

Beyhan Pamuk, Osmanl Yenileme Dneminde Klk Kyafete likin Reformlarn Malzeme Aksesuar ve Sslenme zelliklerine Etkileri


xxiv

Konstantinos Papastathis Ruth Kark, The Effect of the Young Turks Revolution on Religious Power Politics: The Case of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem (1908-1910)

Radu G. Pun, Rhetorics of Hope and Fear, the Prophecies about the Ruin of the Ottoman Power and the Military Revolts against the Porte (Wallachia and Moldavia, 16th-17th Centuries)

Katerina Pavlopoulou, Identity and Modernization Issues through the Eyes of an Employee

Zozan Pehlivan, Circulation of Commodities and Commercial Networks of Diyarbekir in the Early Nineteenth Century

Emrah Pelvanolu, Metafordan roniye: Osmanl Modernlemesine Metatarihsel Bir Yaklam

ule Pfeiffer-Ta, Suggestions as to the Localization of the Harbour of Ayasuluk and the Italian Settlement during the Aydnoullar Dynasty under New Observations

Anna Pouradier Duteil-Loizidou, Le gouvernement de Chypre de la fin du 17e au dbut du 18e sicle, daprs le tmoignage des consuls de France Larnaca

Gisela Prochzka-Eisl, Avret Gibi Qilduq Firr: Poetical Reflections of a 16th-Century Campaign to Hungary in a Mecma

Xeyirbey Qasimov, Dou Anadolu Blgesindeki At ve Ko Heykelli Mezar Talar

Abdul-Karim Rafeq, The Arabs and the Ottomans: Confrontation and Accommodation in Ottoman Syria

Claudia Rmer, Le cadi en tant que mfetti de muaa

Minna Rozen, The Jewish Proletariat of Salonica during the Last Ottoman Century: History and Nostalgia

Harriet Rudolph, The Material Culture of Habsburg-Ottoman Diplomacy

nver Rtem, Between Palace and Mosque: The Role of the Sultans Pavilion in Late Ottoman Architecture

Tetsuya Sahara, The Adana Incident of 1909 and the Muslim Refugee Question

Yuko Saito, Rumeli Demiryollar letmesi Kaytlarna Gre 19. Yzyldaki Osmanl Modernlemesine Bir Bak

Maria Sardi, The Role of Textiles in Ottoman-Mamluk Relations, Politics and Religion

Marinos Sariyannis, Pleasure is a Private Business: A Preliminary Approach to Leisure in Ottoman Mentality

Samir Seikaly, Looking for the Fallahin

Emmanouil Seiragakis, Leblebidji Hor-Hor Agha, a Glorious Ottoman Peddler


xxv

Nir Shafir, The Knowledge Networks of Abdulghani al-Nabulusi

S. Mohammad T. Shariat-Panahi Maria Tsitimaki, Transgression of Law Regarding Church-Building during the 18th and 19th Century: The Case of Lesvos

Sarah Shields, Locating Ottoman Minorities: Reappraising the Context of Majority

Henning Sievert, Tripolitanians, Cyrenaicans and their Empire: Political Strategies and Networks in Ottoman Africa

Amy Singer, The Shape of Early Ottoman Edirne

Will Smiley, The Ottoman-Russian Definition of Identity: An Early Modern International Law of Naturalization?

Marie-Carmen Smyrnelis, Individus et familles dans lespace urbain de Smyrne (fin XVIIIe dbut XIXe sicle)

Erdem Snmez, Kuramsal Kaynaklar zerine Yeniden Dnmek: Max Weber ve Osmanl Tarihyazm

Shai Srougo, The Jewish Dockers of Ottoman Salonica: Professional, Ethnic and Political Identities in a Period of Political Turmoil

Boris Stojkovski, Mahmoud Tercman comme une source pour lhistoire mdivale hongroise

Martin Strohmeier, The Province of Sivas at the End of the 19th Century

Arno Strohmeyer, The Theatrical Performance of Peace: Entries of Habsburg Grand Embassies in Constantinople, 17th-18th Centuries

Nurdan Srbahan Kkhaskyl, Circulating Images: Ottoman Painters, Travel Books, Overtones

Elbieta wicicka, A Cartographical Memorial of Tatars Raids on Muscovy

Kahraman akul, Ottoman Perceptions of the Military Reforms of Tipu Sultan and ahin Giray

Ik Tamdoan, Approcher la configuration de la violence dans lespace urbain (Adana au XVIIIe sicle)

Derin Terziolu, The Forgotten Kadzade: Kadzade Mehmed lmi and the Sunnitizing Sufi Preachers of Rumeli

Takahiro Tomita Shigeru Kakumoto, Development Policy and Social Changes in a Suburban Area of Mongolia: Application of DiMSIS-EX to an Anthropological Research

Mehmet Topal, Balkanlarda Bir Modernleme rnei: Rusuk

Elvan Topall, Asker Ressam Mehmet Ali Lagann Gnyzne kmam Bir Tablosu: Sadabad Sefas


xxvi

Glin Tunal Ko, Seseya: The Representation of Theseus by the Ottoman Mufti of Athens in the Beginning of the 18th Century

Muhittin Tu, The Economic and Social Structure of the Sudiremi Subdistrict in the 19th Century

Gl Tlveli, 17. Yzyl Trabzonunda Ekonomik likiler Balamnda Mslman-Gayrimslim likileri

Zeynep Trkylmaz, Neither Muslim Nor Christian: Crypto-Christians of Trabzon (1856-1924)

Mehmet Ttnc, Corsair Diplomacy between Netherlands and Ottoman Algeria: Treaties and Documents from the Netherlands Archives

Michael Ursinus, Some Hccets from the Patmos Archives Issued by the Cadi of the Imperial Fleet

Mehmet Fatih Uslu, The Making of a Provincial Writer

Erturul Uzun, 20. Yzyl Trkiyesinde Mahkeme Kararlarnda Ahlaki Gerekeler

Ceren nal, Kuva-yi Milliye Mzesinde Yer Alan Artuklu Beyliine Ait Figr Tasvirli Sikkeler

Nicolas Vatin, ccet signatures multiples dans le fonds ottoman des archives du monastre de Saint-Jean Patmos

Margaret L. Venzke, The Question of Sokollu Mehmed Pashas Vaqf in Aleppo and Antioch: The Importance of Vaqf in the Northern Syrian Lands, the 16th Century

Christine Vogel, The Art of Misunderstanding: French Ambassadors Translating Ottoman Court Ceremonial

Tuba Vural, Osmanl Yenileme Dneminde Klk Kyafete likin Reformlar ekilde Mi Yoksa zde Mi Deiim Getirmitir

Micha Wasiucionek, Ethnic Solidarity in the Wider Ottoman Empire Revisited: Cins and Local Political Elites in 17th-Century Moldavia and Wallachia

Joshua Michael White, Amrs Odyssey: Pirates, Slaves, and Islamic Law in the Early Modern Mediterranean

Michael Winter, Ottoman Mentalities and Attitudes: Loyalty, Religion, Ethnicity

Avner Wishnitzer, Lifting the Veil of Darkness: Nightlife and Nocturnal Order in the Late Ottoman Empire

Larry Wolff, Ottoman Subjects on the European Operatic Stage during the Long 18th Century

Filiz Yaar, Osmanl Krsalnda ki Kaynak ncelemesi: Notariaka ve lam (Sakz Adas rnei)


xxvii

Mahmoud Yazbak, Palestine in the 18th Century: The Politics of Trade and Power

Filiz Yeniehirliolu, Other Histories, Other Stories and Ottoman Art

Onur Yldrm Seven Agir, Gedik: Asset Ownership and Labor Relations in Early 19th-Century Istanbul

Hatip Yldz, Osmanl Modernleme Dneminde Tarada retmen Eitimi: Diyarbakr rnei

Mehmet Ylmaz, Population and Settlement in the Sudiremi Subdistrict according to the 1844 Census

Yasir Ylmaz, Lets Go Get Our Uniforms at St. Gotthard!: Decision-Making, Intentio-nality, and Grand Strategy in Early Modern Europe Revisited

Eunjeong Yi, Atpazari Seyyid Osman in the Political Turmoil of the Late 17th Century: An Arabic Sufi Texts Potential as a Historical Source

Koji Yoshikawa Yoshio Kajitani Shigeru Kakumoto Michinori Hatayama Mahito Usui, An Introduction of the Spatial-Temporal GIS DiMSIS-EX and Its Application for the Recovery and Restoration Process after Large Disasters in Dzce City: The Construction of the New Residential Area and Traffic Network

Doan Yrk, The Economic Structure of the Sudiremi Subdistrict in the 16th Century

Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Revisiting Early Ottoman History

Nedim Zahirovi, Habsburg Merchants as Suppliers of Ottoman Troops at the End of the 18th and the Beginning of the 19th Century

Borislava Zhivkova, Lgat: A 15th-Century Four-Language Dictionary. A Content Analysis

PART I

ECONOMY AND FINANCES

2

P a n e l

1837-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA KOZA RETCL VE PEKL DOKUMACILIK

SEKTRNN SOSYO-EKONOMK DURUMU

Nuran Bayram, Seher Boykoy, Cafer ifti, Yusuf Ouzolu

1837-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA PEKLK SEKTRNN SOSYO-EKONOMK ANALZ

Nuran Bayram*

1. Giri

Osmanl dneminde Bursa, ipekilik sektrnn en nemli ehirlerindendir. 19. yzyln ortalarna kadar ham ipein retimi evlerde ve mahallelerde gele-neksel yntemlerle ve tepme mancnklar vastasyla yaplrken, 19. yzyln or-talarndan itibaren sektrde fabrikalama sreci balamtr. Bursada ham ipek reten ilk fabrika 1837 ylnda, ipekli dokumaclk yapan ilk fabrika ise 1908 ylnda kurulmutur. Kozadan ipek teli ekme ve ipek ipliinden dokumac-lk yapma asndan yenileme srecini ifade eden bu yllar, sektrde nemli gelimeleri ve deiimleri ortaya karmtr. Hazrlanan bu alma, belirtilen srete ipekilik sektrnn ekonomik analizini tarihsel kaynaklardan elde edilen saysal veriler erevesinde deerlendirmeyi amalamaktadr.

2. Osmanl Devletinde Koza retimi ve Hudvendigr Vilyetinin YeriOsmanl Devleti ve Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann 1888-1908 yl-lar arasnda ya koza retimi ve r gelirleri aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.

* Prof. Dr., Uluda niversitesi, BF, Ekonometri Blm, [email protected]

3

1837-1923 srecnde Bursada peklk

3

Tablo 1. Osmanl Devleti ve Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimi ve r gelirleri (1888-1908)1

Osmanl DevletiHudvendigr Vilyeti ile

zmit SancandaHudvendigr Vilyeti ile

zmit Sancann

YllarYa Koza retimi

(Kilo)

r Gelirleri (Osmn

Lira)

Ya Koza retimi

(Kilo)

r Gelirleri (Osmn Lira)

Ya Koza retimind-

eki % pay

r Gelirler-indeki % pay

1888 4.104.000 45.593 2.057.497 24.870 50.13 54.551889 5.730.000 69.028 3.088.583 37.063 53.90 53.691890 7.485.000 90.096 3.965.726 48.935 52.98 54.311891 8.000.000 82.759 3.426.027 41.412 42.83 50.04

1892 9.500.000 100.776 4.324.670 51.868 45.52 51.471893 9.812.000 119.707 4.610.584 65.005 46.99 54.301894 9.550.000 88.776 4.581.105 49.108 47.97 55.321895 8.860.000 84.138 3.439.984 42.125 38.83 50.071896 11.300.000 98.312 5.386.119 54.230 47.66 55.161897 9.000.000 83.138 4.207.392 45.167 46.75 54.331898 10.500.000 112.246 4.950.315 61.932 47.15 55.181899 12.900.000 153.408 6.146.620 84.803 47.65 55.281900 10.580.000 116.279 5.132.524 65.255 48.51 56.121901 11.800.000 122.725 5.264.984 63.362 44.62 51.631902 11.250.000 130.470 5.226.827 69.862 46.46 53.551903 16.000.000 181.681 5.434.490 96.766 33.97 53.261904 13.900.000 144.317 6.100.919 73.353 43.89 50.831905 16.500.000 206.343 7.436.000 100.000 45.07 48.461906 17.000.000 194.015 - - - -1907 18.000.000 249.943 - - - -1908 18.338.000 198.417 7.527.000 - 41.05 -

Tablodan da grld gibi, Osmanl Devletinin 1888-1908 yllar arasnda ya koza retimi yaklak %447 orannda art gstermitir. Bilindii gibi, 1888 ylnda pekilik Okulu (Harir Darttaliminin) kurulmutur. Okulun kurulu tarihinde kozann r geliri 45.593 Osmanl Liras iken, 1908 ylnda 198.417 olarak (%435) art gstermitir. Ayn ekilde, 1888-1905 yllar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki hsl olan gelime pay %361, r gelirlerindeki hsl olan gelime pay ise %402 orannda olmutur.

1 Kevork Torkomyan, pekbcei Beslemek ve pekbcei Tohumu stihsl Etmek Usl ve Kavidi, Dersadet 1326, s. 35; Hudvendigr Vilyeti Slnmesi, 1325, s. 268.

4

nuran Bayram

19

08

19

05

19

04

19

03

19

02

19

01

19

00

18

99

18

98

18

97

18

96

18

95

18

94

18

93

18

92

18

91

18

90

18

89

18

88

Y IL

55,00

50,00

45,00

40,00

35,00

KIL

O (

%)

19

05

19

04

19

03

19

02

19

01

19

00

18

99

18

98

18

97

18

96

18

95

18

94

18

93

18

92

18

91

18

90

18

89

18

88

Y IL

56,00

54,00

52,00

50,00

48,00

LIR

A (

%)

Grafik 1. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki % pay

Grafik 2. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann r gelirindeki % pay

Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki % pay 1888 ylnda yaklak %50 iken, 1905 ylnda yaklak %45 olmutur. Bu pay 1903 ylnda %34 ile en dk deere ulamtr. Grafik 2 incelendiinde, Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimininin r gelirin-deki % pay 1904 ylnda %48 ile en dk deer de iken, 1900 yllnda %56 ile en yksek deere ulamtr.

Tablo 1de belirtildii gibi, Osmanl Devletine ait 1908 yl ya koza retimi 18.338.000 kilodur. Bu yla ait ya koza retiminin vilyetlere gre dalm ise aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.

Tablo 2. 1908 yl ya kozann retiminin vilyetlere gre dalm2

Vilayetler

KiloHudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit Sancanda 7.527.000Beyrut ve Suriye Vilyetleriyle Cebel-i Lbnanda 5.641.000Selnik-Manastr-Kosova ve Yanya Vilyetlerinde 1.793.000Edirne Vilyetinde 1.639.000Adana ve Haleb Vilyetlerinde 755.000Trabzon ve Sivas-Mamuretl aziz ve Erzurum Vilyetlerinde 126.000Aydn ve Cezyir-i Bahr- Sefid Vilyetleriyle Biga Sancanda 285.000Diyarbekir-Musul-Badad Vilyetlerinde 170.000

Ankara ve Konya Vilyetlerinde 102.000

Toplam 18.338.000

2 Torkomyan, pekbcei Beslemek, s. 13-14.

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Tablo 2den de grld gibi 1908 ylnda ya koza retim deeri en fazla olan vilayet Hudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit Sancadr.

Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancanda 1888-1908 yllar arasnda bes-lenilmi olan yerli ve yabanc ipek tohumu ve yabanc lkelere yaplan yerli ipek tohumu ihrct miktarlar aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.

Tablo 3. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancana ait beslenilmi yerli ve yabanc ipek tohumu ile yabanc lkelere yaplan yerli ipek tohumu ihrct miktarlar3

YllarBeslenmi yerli

tohumuBeslenmi yabanc

tohumuToplam

Yabanc lkelere ihr olunan

Kilo Gram Kilo Gram Kilo Gram Kilo Gram1888 475 - 1900 - 2375 - - -1889 947 425 1613 225 2560 650 - -1890 912 575 1694 800 2877 375 - -1891 2364 950 639 650 3004 600 24 9501892 2909 400 302 700 3212 100 507 9251893 2635 325 73 375 2710 700 1048 6751894 2903 425 34 450 2937 875 1104 4751895 2458 750 13 525 2472 275 4730 9751896 2890 475 78 350 2968 825 5452 6501897 3298 15 42 475 3340 490 5546 9751898 3082 525 222 450 3304 975 4595 5251899 3851 800 49 275 3901 75 10060 3001900 4884 525 2 675 4887 200 10480 6501901 5066 350 25 75 5091 425 11438 -1902 4196 700 45 700 4242 400 8996 5501903 4043 625 20 650 4064 270 7624 7251904 5324 875 16 875 5341 750 14238 251905 5361 500 13 150 5374 650 9557 5001906 3843 825 1 - 3844 825 7695 9001907 4018 600 1 200 4019 800 5573 8501908 4201 900 9 325 4211 225 11397 725

1888-1908 yllar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancana ait besle-nilmi yerli ipek tohumunda yllar itibariyle art olduu ve beslenilmi yabanc ipek tohumunda da bir azal olduu Tablo 3den grlmektedir. 1888-1908 yl-lar arasnda Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancana ait beslenilmi yerli ve

3 a.g.e., s. 35.

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nuran Bayram

yabanc ipek tohumunun toplam deeri ve ihra edilen yerli ipek tohumunun deerleri aadaki grafiklerde sunulmutur.

YIL

1908

1906

1904

1902

1900

1898

1896

1894

1892

1890

1888

TOPL

AM (k

g)

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

YIL

1908

1907

1906

1905

1904

1903

1902

1901

1900

1899

1898

1897

1896

1895

1894

1893

1892

1891

IHR

ACAT

(kg)

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

Grafik 3. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann beslenmi toplam ipek tohumu (kg)

Grafik 4. Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancandan ihra edilen yerli

ipek tohumu (kg)

Grafik 3 incelendiinde Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann bes-lenmi olduu toplam ipek tohumunda 1904 ve 1905 yllarnda yksek deere ulat, Grakfik 4 incelendiinde ise ihra edilen yerli ipek tohumu-nun 1904 ylnda maksimum deere ulat grlmektedir. Her iki grafikten, Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann hem beslenmi toplam ipek tohu-munda hem de ihra edilen yerli ipek tohumunda yllar itibariyle art gsterir-ken 1906 ylnda azal gsterdii grlmektedir.

3. Osmanl Devletinde pek Koza ve Ham pek hracat

1878li yllarda Osmanl devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda buday, zm, tiftik, afyon ve ham ipek bulunmaktadr. Bu mallarn ve ipek koza dee-rinin toplam ihracat iindeki paylar dikkate alnarak Tablo 4 aadaki gibi hazrlanmtr.

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Tablo 4. pek Koza ve Ham pek ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki pay (%), (18781913)4

pek Koza Ham pek Buday zm Tiftik AfyonYllar % % % % % %

1878 1.1 5.3 9.7 12.6 1.7 7.11879 3.7 3.9 3.8 16.1 5.0 8.01880 - 9.8 2.6 11.8 10.2 5.31881 - 7.9 7.9 6.9 7.1 8.51882 - 6.5 9.9 9.5 9.7 4.71883 2.4 5.2 10.7 9.2 - 6.31884 2.6 6.3 8.4 12.8 6.0 4.61885 2.3 6.4 7.6 12.1 4.9 7.51886 2.7 6.2 6.3 14.4 6.8 6.31887 3.5 7.4 3.9 15.3 4.4 3.71888 2.5 5.9 5.9 14.9 4.5 5.91889 3.7 6.4 9.0 9.7 4.4 4.11890 3.1 7.9 10.0 7.7 2.8 5.51891 2.9 7.1 11.5 10.8 3.6 5.51892 5.4 7.6 5.0 13.1 4.7 4.51893 4.3 8.2 1.2 13.4 4.6 4.11894 3.4 9.9 1.1 12.9 4.7 4.51895 4.3 8.5 2.4 14.1 4.9 4.81896 4.5 9.4 5.6 12.5 3.3 5.11897 4.4 8.9 4.2 12.3 6.3 3.71898 5.6 11.3 2.3 10.2 6.9 4.71899 5.8 10.5 0.9 12.5 6.7 4.91900 3.8 9.2 1.2 8.9 4.8 5.81905 5.6 9.2 1.9 12.0 4.7 3.71907 3.4 8.4 1.2 8.3 1.7 0.91908 3.4 9.4 1.3 9.5 3.3 2.01909 3.3 10.0 0.2 8.9 5.1 2.61910 3.7 7.2 0.4 6.3 3.9 5.01911 4.6 6.7 1.6 7.7 2.6 3.11913 2.4 6.8 0.5 10.4 3.4 3.7

4 evket Pamuk, 19. Yzylda Osmanl D Ticareti, Cilt 1, Ankara 1995, s. 37.

nuran Bayram

8

YIL

1911

1909

1907

1900

1898

1896

1894

1892

1890

1888

1886

1884

1882

1880

1878

%20

10

0

Ipek Koza

Ham Ipek

Bugday

Uzum

Tiftik

Afyon

YIL

1911

1909

1907

1900

1898

1896

1894

1892

1890

1888

1886

1884

1882

1880

1878

%

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Ham Ipek

Ipek Koza

Grafik 5. eitli rn ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki pay, (18781913)

Grafik 6. pek Koza ve Ham pek ihracatnn to-plam ihracat iindeki pay, (18781913)

Osmanl Devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda saylan buday, zm, tiftik, afyon ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki paylarnn dikkate alna-rak hazrland Tablo 4 ve bu deerlerin izildii Grafik 5 incelendiinde, 1878-1913 yllar arasnda ham ipek ihracat deerinin genellikle ilk mal ara-snda yer ald, 1898 ile 1909 yllar arasnda da en yksek deere sahip olduu grlmektedir.

Ayrca, hem Tablo 4ten hem de Grafik 6dan grld gibi, ham ipek ihra-catnn toplam ihracat iindeki pay ipek koza ihracatna nazaran 1878-1913 yllar arasnda daha fazla olduu grlmektedir. Bunun yan sra, 1898 ve 1899 yllarnda hem ham ipek ihracatnn hem de ipek koza ihracatnn toplam ihra-cat iindeki paynn en fazla olduu tespit edilmitir.

Tablo 5. lkelere gre toplam ihracat deeri ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki pay (%)5

YllarHam pek

Fransa Avusturya talya1840-42 30.4 - -1859-61 - - -1860-62 38.6 - -1880-82 18.3 - -1890-92 - - -1891-93 - 5.8 -1900-02 31.1 4.5 48.21910-12 35.5 1.4 36.8**

**1910-1913 aras

5 a.g.e., s.63.

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Osmanl devletinin ham ipei ihra ettii lkelere ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki payna bakldnda 1840 yllardan 1900l yllara kadar arada kesinti olsa da en fazla Fransaya ihra ettii elde edilmitir. Fransaya olan ihra-catta 1880-1882 ylndaki azal kozaclk faaliyetini derinden etkileyen Peb-rine (Karataban) adl ipekbcei hastalndan kaynaklanm olsa gerektir. Bilindii gibi bu hastalk 1860larda Osmanl sahasna girmi ve 20 yla yakn bir zaman iin Bursada koza reticilerine ve onlara bal retim yapan fabrika sahiplerine ciddi skntlar yaatmtr. Ham ipek ihracatnda Avusturyaya olan ihracatn yllar itibariyle azald Tablo 5den grlmektedir. 1900l yllarda Fransaya nazaran talyaya daha fazla ham ipek ihra edildii tablodan grl-mektedir. Ayrca, 19. yzyl boyunca Bursadaki ipek retiminin %90dan fazla-snn Fransaya ihra edildii bilinmektedir.6

1835-1875 yllar arasnda teknoloji sayesinde retim artm ancak 1875 ylndan sonra teknolojik bir gelime yaplmamtr.7 1859 ylnda Bursadan yaplan ihracat deerinin o yla ait ithalat deerinden 2.6 kat daha fazla olduu bilinmektedir.8

4. Ham pek Fabrikalar

1906 ylnda Bursa merkezde 44 ipek fabrikas bulunurken, 1913 ylnda bu say 41e inmitir. Yine Bursa Merkezde 1906 ylnda 2.364 mancnk bulunurken, 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda toplam olarak 1.824 mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20 fabrika almtr.9

pek fabrikalarnda genellikle gen bayanlar almaktadr. zellikle 19. yz-yl boyunca gen bayanlarn evleninceye kadar fabrikalarda alt bilinmek-tedir.10 Ayrca, 19. yzyl boyunca Bursadaki ipek fabrikalarnda %90n stnde bayan iiler almaktayken bu oran 1923 ylnda %4e gerilemitir.11

6 Leila Thayer Erder, The Making of Industrial Bursa: Economic Activity and Population in a Turkish City 1835-1975, yaynlanmam Doktora tezi, Princeton niversitesi 1976, s. 127.

7 a.g.e., s. 97.8 a.g.e., s.129.9 A. Gndz kn, Osmanl Sanayii, 1913,1915 Yllar Sanayi statistiki, Ankara 1997, s.

134.10 Thayer Erder, The Making of Industrial Bursa, s. 113.11 a.g.e., s. 138-139.

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1915 yl itibariyle Bursada 41 ham ipek imalat yapan ve 6 ipek imalat yapan fabrika bulunmaktadr. Bu fabrikalarn hepsi muharrik g ile altk-lar iin fabrika olarak nitelendirilmitir.

1913'de 32 fabrika (%78'i), 1915'te 20 fabrika (%48,8i) kaytlar arasnda bulunmutur. Bylece, 1913den 1915e alan fabrika saysnda %37,5 azalma olmutur. Bu durumun, sava nedeniyle koza retiminde meydana gelen geri-lemeden kaynakland sylenebilir.12

Tablo 6. 1915 yl ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma yapan fabrikalarn mlkiyete gre dalm13

MlkiyetToplam

Hkmet Anonim zelHam ipek imalat 14 - 27 41pek dokuma 1 1 4 6

Buna gre, ham ipek imalat yapan fabrikalarn 27si, ipek dokuma yapan fab-rikalarn da 4 zeldir. Bursa ipek fabrikalarndan hi biri Tevik-i Sanayi Kanunu'ndan yararlanamamtr. Bunun nedeni, fabrika sahiplerinin bu konuda mracaat etmemelerinden kaynaklanmtr.14

Bursa'da ipek fabrikalarnda genellikle krep den, krapon, ponje yaplm-tr. Krep, brmcek, sre gibi iplikli kumalar ev tezghlarnda dokunmaktadr.

D Ticaret statistiklerine gelince, 355 (seyrek ipek dokuma), 357 (saf ipek dokuma), 358 (kark ipek dokuma) numaralarda liman ithalt 23.318.239 kuru (eer 1913 yl ise; 2012 yl deeri: 50.525.253,57 TL; eer 1915 yl ise; 2012 yl deeri: 50.457.477,75 TL), ihracat da 231.863 kurutur (eer 1913 yl

12 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 133.13 a.g.e., s. 15.14 a.g.e., s. 133

11


ise; 2012 yl deeri: 502.393,72 TL; eer 1915 yl ise; 2012 yl deeri: 501.719,80 TL). Bu durumda imaltn, tketimin ancak %4,5ini karlad sylenebilir.15 16

Daha ncede belirtildii gibi, Bursada da ipek dokuma imalt, evlerde, tezghlarda dokunmak suretiyle, ok eskidir. 1917 ylnda bu ekilde al-an 1.400 kadar tezgh vardr. Bu sanayide muharrik g kullanan fabrikala-rn kuruluu ise ok yenidir. Fabrikalarn hemen hepsi Merutiyet daresinden sonra kurulmutur. 1915'te Sava nedeniyle ipek (sanayii) byk bir buhrana urad iin, fabrikalarn ileyii de durma noktasna gelmitir.17

1916 ylnda sz edilen buhran ortadan kalkmtr. thalt da kesik olduu iin sz konusu fabrikalarn tm de byk bir faaliyetle ilemilerse de, 1917'de ipek deerinin ok ykselmesi nedeni ile faaliyetlerini snrlamak zorunda kal-mlardr.18

1913-1915 yllar arasnda ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma fabrikalarnda alanlarn says aadaki tabloda sunulmutur.

Tablo 7. 1913-1915 Yllar Arasnda Ham pek malat ve pek Dokumaya ait eitli Bilgiler19

Ham ipek malat pekli Dokuma1913 1915 1913 1915

le

tme

say

s Mevcut olan 41 41 6 6

ler durumda olan 32 20 6 2

al

an

lar Memur - - 25 20

Ustaba ve ii 3.648 2.316 781 347

Toplam 3.648 2.316 806 367

15 a.g.e., s. 138.16 Bugnk deer hesab: X = Verilen deer Y = X . (Gemi yllara ait bir lirann 1998 yl sonunda TL olarak deer) / 1.000.000*

Kaynak: evket Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier Kentlerde 500 Yllk Fiyatlar ve cretler 1469-1998, Ankara 2000.

Bugnk deer = [Y . (2012 endeks deeri-2003 yl 100 bazl)] / (1998 endeks deeri - 2003 yl 100 bazl) Kaynak: TCMB

* 2005 ylnda TLden alt sfr atld iin 1.000.000 deerine blnmektedir.17 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 137.18 a.g.e., s. 137.19 a.g.e., s. 119.

12

nuran Bayram

Daha nce de belirtildii gibi, 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda toplam ola-rak 1.824 mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20 fabrika almtr. Alnan bilgilere dayanlarak her mancnk bana 2 kiinin alt hesap edil-dii iin 1913 ylnda, toplam olarak, 3.648 ve 1915 ylnda 2.316 memur, usta ve ii altrlmtr. Bunlarn ancak %5'i erkektir. Geri kalan kk kz ve kadndr. Grlyor ki, 1915'te alanlarn saysnda %36.52 bir azalma var-dr.20

1913'de ipekli dokumada 4 fabrikada (6 fabrikann 4nden bilgi alnd iin) 25'i memur, 16's ustaba, 765'i ii (%63 kadn) olmak zere toplam olarak 806 ve 1915 ylnda ilemi olan (3 ve 6 no.lu) fabrikalarda 20'si memur, 94' ustaba, 333' ii (43' kadn) olmak zere toplam olarak 367 kii al-mtr.

1913 ylnda 2 fabrikada 705 iiye 1.449.730 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 3.141.231,03 TL) ve 1915'te 33 iiye 671.566 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 1.453.176,91 TL) denmi olduuna gre, bir ii ylda 2.056 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 4.454,88 TL), gnde 6,85 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 14,84 TL) ve 1915'de ise ylda 2.287 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 4.948,75 TL), gnde 7,6 kuru (2012 yl deeri: 16,44 TL) kazanm oluyor.21 22

1469 yl iin tketici fiyatlar endeksi 1.0 olarak alndnda 1913 yl endeks deeri 307,6 ve 1915 yl endeks deeri 370,0 olduu iin 1913-1915 yl-lar arasnda tketici fiyatlar endeksi zerinden yllk enflasyon oran yaklak olarak %9.723 olarak gereklemitir.24 Bu durumda, yukarda verilen verilere gre ipekilik sektrnde alan iilerin gnlk cretlerindeki art oran yl-lk olarak %5.225 eklinde gereklemitir.

20 a.g.e., s. 134.21 a.g.e., s. 138.22 Bugnk deer hesab: X = Verilen deer Y = X . (Gemi yllara ait bir lirann 1998 yl sonunda TL olarak deer) / 1.000.000*

Kaynak: Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier. Bugnk deer = [Y . (2012 endeks deeri-2003 yl 100 bazl)] / (1998 endeks deeri -

2003 yl 100 bazl) Kaynak: TCMB * 2005 ylnda TLden alt sfr atld iin 1.000.000 deerine blnmektedir.23 Bileik faiz forml kullanlarak hesaplanmtr (1 + r) n = 1+ i24 Pamuk, stanbul ve Dier Kentlerde.25 Bileik faiz forml kullanlarak hesaplanmtr (1 + r) n = 1+ i

13


1915 ylnda ham ipek imalat ve ipek dokuma sanayinde iler durumda olan iletme says 1913 ylna gre azalmtr. Szkonusu iletmelere alanlar asndan bakldnda yine 1915 ylnda 1913 ylna nazaran bir azalma olduu elde edilmitir. 1913'de 32 fabrika (%78'i) ve 1915'te 20 fabrika (%48.8'i) iler durumda faaliyet gstermitir. Bylece, alan fabrika saysnda %37.5 azalma olmutur. Bu durum, sava dolaysyla koza retiminde hasl olan gerilemeden ileri gelmitir.26 Dier bir ifade ile, ham ipek imalt kozann azalmas kar-snda savatan etkilenmi, dolaysyla ipek dokuma imalt da azalmtr.27

Tablo 8. Bursa li iin Alan ipek tohumu kutusu ve Koza retimi28

Yllar Koza retimi (ton)1909 5.0521913 3.8571914 1.755

lke genelinde olduu gibi Bursa ilinde de koza retiminde yllar itibariye giderek azalma gsterdii elde edilmitir. 1914 ylnda koza retiminin 1909 ylna nazaran yaklak 2.9 kat azald grlmektedir. Bunun nedeni, 1912-1913 Balkan Savalar olsa gerektir.

Sonu

Bu almada, 1837-1923 yllar arasnda Bursada ipekilik sektrnn ekono-mik analizi tarihsel kaynaklardan elde edilen saysal veriler erevesinde deer-lendirilmeye allmtr. Osmanl Devletinin 1888-1908 yllar arasnda ya koza retiminin yaklak %447 orannda art gsterdii, 1888-1905 yllar ara-snda ise Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki hsl olan gelime paynn %361e, r gelirlerindeki hsl olan gelime pay-nn ise %402 orannda art gsterdii tespit edilmitir.

Hudvendigr Vilyeti ile zmit Sancann ya koza retimindeki % pay 1903 ylnda %34 ile en dk deerde iken, r gelirindeki % pay 1904 ylnda %48 ile en dk deere sahip olmutur. Bunun yan sra, 1908 ylnda ya koza

26 kn, Osmanl Sanayii, s. 133.27 a.g.e., s. 121.28 Tevfik Gran, Osmanl Dnemi Tarm statistikleri, 1909, 1913, 1914, Tarihi statistikler

Dizisi, Cilt 3, Ankara 1997, s. 68, s. 135, s. 212.

14

nuran Bayram

retim deerinin en fazla olduu vilayet Hudvendigr Vilyetiyle zmit San-ca olarak belirlenmitir.

Osmanl Devletinin en nemli ihra mallar arasnda saylan buday, zm, tiftik, afyon ve ham ipein toplam ihracat iindeki paylarnn incelendiinde, 1878-1913 yllar arasnda ham ipek ihracat deerinin genellikle ilk mal ara-snda yer ald, 1898 ile 1909 yllar arasnda da en yksek deere sahip olduu elde edilmitir. Ayrca, ham ipek ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki paynn ipek koza ihracatna nazaran 1878-1913 yllar arasnda daha fazla olduu tes-pit edilmitir. Bunun yan sra, 1898 ve 1899 yllarnda hem ham ipek ihraca-tnn hem de ipek koza ihracatnn toplam ihracat iindeki paynn en fazla olduu tespit edilmitir.

1913 ylnda bir ii ylda 2.056 kuru ve gnde 6,85 kuru kazandna gre, bu verilerin 2012 yl deerleri hesaplandnda, bir ii iin ylda 4.454,88 TL ve gnde 14,84 TL olarak elde edilmitir. Ayn ekilde, 1915 ylnda bir ii ylda 2.287 kuru ve gnde 7,6 kuru kazandna gre, 2012 yl deerleri, bir ii iin ylda 4.948,75 TL ve gnde 16,44 TL olarak hesaplanmtr. Bu durumda, 1913-1915 yllar arasnda ipekilik sektrnde alan iilerin gnlk cret-lerindeki art orannn %5,2 olduu sylenebilir.

1906 ylnda Bursa merkezde 44 ipek fabrikas bulunurken 1913 ylnda bu say 41e inmitir. Yine Bursa merkezde 1906 ylnda 2.364 mancnk bulunur-ken 1913 ylnda ham ipek imalatnda toplam olarak 1.824 mancnkl 32 ve 1915 ylnda 1.158 mancnkl 20 fabrika almtr. Bunun yan sra, 1909-1914 yllar arasnda Bursa ilinde koza retiminin yllar itibariyle giderek azal-d elde edilmitir. 1914 ylnda koza retiminin 1909 ylna nazaran yaklak 2.9 kat azald tespit edilmitir. 1914 ylnda dnya savann balamas, sava yllarnda yaanan sevk ve iskn uygulamalarna bal olarak nfus komposiz-yonunda meydana gelen deiim, I.Dnya Savandan sonra balayan igaller sreci, Trk Kurtulu Sava ve 1923 Nfus Mbadelesi, Bursa ve evresinde ipekbcekilii ve ipek retimini byk lde gerilettii sylenebilir.

15

1908-1923 SRECNDE BURSADA KOZA RETCL VE PEKL DOKUMACILIK

SEKTR

Seher Boykoy*

Bursa kenti, tarih boyunca, tekstil rnleri ve tekstilin hammaddesi olan iplik retim ve ticareti asndan, Anadoluda nemli merkezlerden biri olmutur. Kentin zellikle 19. yyn. ilk yarsndan itibaren endstriyel ve teknolojik geli-iminin temel dinamiini, ipek tekil etmi; buna bal olarak da, koza retici-lii ve ipekli dokumaclk sektr nem kazanmtr.

A-pek plii Endstrisi ve Bursa

pek iplii endstrisi, kozann fabrikalarda ilenmesi suretiyle ham ipein imal edildii bir retim daldr. 19. yy. Bursa ipek iplii endstrisi asndan nemli bir husus, filatr fabrikalarnda retilen ham ipein byk ksmnn i pazardan ok, Fransa ipekli kuma retim merkezi olan Lyondaki dokuma tezghlar iin retilmesi olmutur. pekilik sektrnn tarmsal art alannn mevcut olmas itibariyle de, bu srete Bursa, d dnyann talepleri dorultusunda tarmsal retimini gerekletiren ve Batnn gelimi dokuma endstrisinin hammadde ve yar mamul retim merkezi haline gelmitir.1

* Uluda niversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakltesi Tarih Blm, Yrd. Do. Dr., [email protected] 1 lhan Tekeli, Bursann Tarihinde Ayr Dnm Dnemi, Uluslar Aras XI. Yap ve

Yaam 99 Kongresi, Bursa 1999, s. 16-17, evket Pamuk, Osmanl Ekonomisinin Dnya Kapitalizmine Als, Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Trkiye Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 3, stanbul 1985, s. 718.

16

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A-1) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada Koza retimi

Bursa ipek sanayi, tarmsal bir faaliyet olan koza retimine paralel gelime gs-terdii iin, bu sektrde koza retimi, 20. yy balarna kadar nemli yere sahip olmutur. 20. yy. ilk eyreinde, ipekilik sanatnn ilerlemesi ve tevik edilmesi iin vilayete nemli giriimlerde bulunulduu grlmektedir.

Bu giriimler kapsamnda, Hdavendigr vilayetinde, ipek kozas msaba-kalar dzenlenmi; msabakalara dair talimatnameler yaynlanmtr. Bu tali-matnamelerle, en iyi bcekhanesi olan, hasta aalar tedavi eden, fenni usul ile bcek besleyenlere verilecek mkfatlar belirlenmitir.2 Harir msabakas iin bcekilere verilmek zere madalya darb edilmesi nemli hususlardan biri olmutur3. Bu ekilde dllendirilenler arasnda, Bursa Harir Daruttaliminden mezun olup, ipek fabrikas ve bcekhane tesis eden kiiler ounluu tekil etmitir.4

Vilayette bu ile megul olan kiilerin sayca fazla olmas itibariyle, zaman zaman teviklerin snrlandrlmasna da gidilmitir. yle ki, dutluklarn oaltlmas iin bo arazileri kullananlar nceleri tevik kapsamnda dllen-dirilirken; bunlarn sayca art zerine, sadece ipekiliin gelimesine katk salayanlara madalya verilmesi kararlatrlmtr.5

Vilayette ipekiliin ilerlemesine eitli ekillerde katk salayan kiiler dl-lendirilirken; ipek tohumu retimi iin bcek besleyenlerin uymas gereken usul ve kaidelere, ipek tohumu retim ve satna dair dzenlenen nizamname-lere uymayan, Dyun- Umumiye'ye durumlarn bildirmeyen, mfettilerin kontrolne engel olan kiiler hakknda da gerekli ilemlerin yaplmas konu-sunda hassasiyet gsterilmitir.6

Vilayet dhilinde alnan btn bu nlemlerle, Bursada koza retimi artar-ken; ham ipek imal etmek zere faaliyet gsteren ipek fabrikas ve mancnkla-rn says da nem kazanmtr.

2 BOA, DH.MKT ,02/Ra/1319 (H), Dosya No:2500, Gmlek No:72.3 BOA, Tarih: 18/S /1321 (H), Dosya No:2069, Gmlek No:155108; BOA, Tarih: 08/M

/1327 (H), Dosya No:3482, Gmlek No:261118; BOA, 07/R /1328 (H), Dosya No:3736, Gmlek No:280133.

4 BOA, Tarih: 05/B /1325 (H), Dosya No:3124, Gmlek No:2342745 BOA, DH. MKT. Tarih: 02/C /1327 (H), Dosya No:2851, Gmlek No:38.6 BOA, DH. MKT, Tarih: 14/Ca/1327 (H), Dosya No:2830, Gmlek No:43.

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1908-1923 srecnde Bursada koza retcl

A-2) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada Ham pek Fabrikalar

1906 yl itibariyle Bursa Sancanda mevcut ham ipek fabrika verilerine gre, Bursa Merkezde ipek retimi ile uraan 44 fabrika faaliyettedir. Bunu, Bile-cik ve Kpl yerleimleri izlemektedir. Sancak genelinde mancnk says, 5591; ipek fabrika says ise, 103tr.7

Bursada olan ve bir muharrik g ile altklar iin fabrika olarak nitelen-dirilen btn ham ipek fabrikalarnn saym ise, 1913 ylnda yaplmtr8. Bu sayma gre, Bursa Merkezde ipek retimi ile uraan 41 fabrika, ayakla ileyen 1-10 mancnkl 127 imalathane mevcuttur.

1913-1915 Tarihli Osmanl Sanayi Saymna gre Bursada Ham pek reten Fabrikalarn ad ve tarihi aadaki tabloda verilmitir.9

Fabrikann Ad Yapl TarihiEmirza Artin 1853Emirza Artin 1853Emirza Rafik 1873Instasyadis Odesif 1909Ayineli Yorgaki 1884Balaban Agop veresesi 1892Balabanyan Manuk 1877Balaban !stefan veresesi 1852Bay Onnik 1860Bay Biraderler 1853Bay Greguvar Zevcesi 1898Bdkyan Osib 1877

Birut Mari Luiz (Mari Louise Brotte) 1863Boduryan Akpos ve Karnik 1848Boduryan Akpos ve Karnik 1848

Boduryan Karnik ve Madam Guma 1843Bahari 1858

7 Hdavendigr Vilyeti Salnamesi, H 1324 (1906), Bursa, s. 278.8 Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezareti, 1329-1331 yllarna ilikin olarak, Tevik-i Sanayi Kanunu

Muvakkatinden yararlanan sanayi kurulularnn saymn yapmak zere, stanbul, Bur-sa, Bandrma, zmir, Uak ve Manisa ehirlerinde sanayi saym yapmtr. Bu saymda sadece, umumi kymeti 1000 liray geen, yllk 750 gndelik miktarnda amele ve en az 5 beygir muharrik g kullanan ve ham-yar mamul maddeleri baka ekle dntren fabrika ve atlyeler deerlendirilmitir. . Hsrev Tkin, Rakamlarla Trkiye, C. I, Anka-ra 1949, s. 19.

9 Gndz kn, Osmanl Sanayi 1913-1915 statistikleri, stanbul 1984, s. 140, 141.

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Belar-Lans 1873Tevfik 1911Derviyan Karabet Zevcesi 1873Silukzade Hakk 1868Simkeyan Eznif 1907Simkeyan Eznif 1911eftiyan stefan ve Zevcesi 1878

Sandk Emini Ahmed Efendi veresesi 1863Dastanl Hac Abdullah 1896Osman Fevzi 1877Osman Fevzi 1865Gama Poul veresesi 1863Gama Lui veresesi 1853Fabrika-i Hmayun 1911Fabrika-i Hmayun 1847Konstan Bay 1833Konstan Bay 1847Kurdikyan Hac Onnik 1863

Glmezyan Serviin ve Nian 1896Kleyan Diran 1860Kleyan Mihran -------Kleyan Mihran 1848Varsamidi Zevcesi 1868 Vasilyadi Zevcesi 1911

Bu fabrikalarn 2si hazine-i hassann mlkiyetinde olup, dierleri zel kiilerin tasarrufunda iletilmektedir. zel kiilerin tasarrufundaki ipek fabrikalarnn ou ise, sahipleri tarafndan iletilmemekte; mevsimlik olarak kiraya verilmektedir. Bu durum, sz konusu iletmelerin geliimini ve sanay-ideki bilimsel yenilikleri takip etmesini gletirmitir. Bununla birlikte, 1915 ylnn ikinci yarsnda Simkeyan Eznif Fabrikas gmenlere, Balaban Agop veresesi miraslar- evkafa verilmi; bir ksm fabrikalar da emlak- emiriy-eye10 gemitir.

pek fabrikalarnn iletilmesi asndan etnik bileime bakldnda, kentte-ki fabrika sahiplerinin ounu, Ermeni, Rum gibi yerli aznlklar ve yabanclarn

10 Osmanl mparatorluu zamannda, hazinenin zel mlkiyetinde ve devlet tasarrufu altnda tanmaz mallarn ynetimi iin 1909 ylnda Maliye Nezaretine bal Emlak-i Emiriye Mdriyeti kurulmutur.

19


tekil ettii grlmektedir.11 Bu sektrde yerli aznlk ve yabanc tccarlarn yatrm yapmalarn kolaylatran en nemli faktr, bu evrelerin, Avrupa l-kelerinden aldklar dk faizli kredilerle koza almlarn rahatlkla finanse edebilmeleri olmutur.12

Kentteki ipek filatr fabrikalarnn fiziki yaps asndan, mancnk hane, kozaklk, istim hane gibi blmleri bulunmaktadr. Koza yetitiricilerden alnan koza, nce istim hane, sonra kozaklk ve son olarak mancnk hanelerde eitli ilemlere tabi tutulmakta ve ham ipek haline getirilmektedir. Mancnkhanede retim mekn iindeki kadnlar, nlerinde bulunan scak su dolu leenler iindeki kozalarn ucunu, srekli dnerek ipek saran aletlere vermekte; baz kadnlar kozalar al sprgesiyle alkalamakta, kozalardan kan ipek ular sprgeye toplandka da bunlar dier kadnlarn leenine aktarmaktadr.13

1909 ylnda Bursaya gelen Doktor erafeddin Mamumi, salk kontrolleri srasnda ipek filatr fabrikalarnn ileyii ve salk hayat zerindeki etkileri hakkndaki gzlemlerini u szlerle ortaya koymutur.

Mahalleler arasnda 30-35 kadar iplik fabrikas vardr. Her fabrika imalathane ve koza deposu olmak zere iki binadan ibaret olup, ii odalar gibi eklentiler de var-dr. malathane, yani i salonunda iki sra arklar vardr. Scak ve souk su dolu tavalar ve leenler bulunur. Boydan boya geirilmi iki borunun her tava ve leen hizasnda musluklar vardr. Sular buralardan gelir. Her tava nnde bir ii otur-mu, scak suya atlm kozalardaki iplii zp arklara sarmaktadr. Scak suya dayanabilmek iin, parmaklarn sk sk dier leendeki souk suya daldrr. salo-nunda pien kozalarn buhar ve kokumas, iilerin saln tehdit etmekte; fakat fabrikatrler bu konuya hi nem vermemektedirler. Kyden gelen iilerin yat-t yerler karanlk ve rutubetlidir. alma sresi, 13-14 saattir. Gnde yarm saat-lik paydoslar vardr. Bu koullarda bu kadar almaya insan bedeni dayanamaz.14

11 Donald Quataert, The Silk Industry of Bursa 1880-1914, Huri slamolu-nan (ed), The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy, Cambridge 2004, s. 295, Leila T. Erder, The Making of Industrial Bursa: Economic Activity and Population in a Turkish City 18351975, yaynlanmam Doktora Tezi, Princeton niversitesi 1976, s. 105.

12 Ayhan Aktar, Bursada Devlet ve Ekonomi, Engin Yenal (ed), Bir Masald Bursa, stan-bul 1996, s. 123.

13 Neslihan Trkn Dostolu, Osmanl Dneminde Bursa, C. I-II, Antalya 2002.14 erafeddin Mamumi, Bir Osmanl Doktorunun Anlar, Yzyl nce Anadolu ve Suriye,

stanbul 2001, s. 46.

20

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A-3) Bursa Sergileri

Bursada retim sektrlerinin genel yaps ve ham ipek retiminin bu ekonomik etkinlikler iindeki merkezi konumunu ortaya koymas asndan, 20. yy. bala-rnda dzenlenen ve uluslar aras dzeyde katlmn gerekletii yerel lekli sergiler nemli yere sahip bulunmaktadr.

Bu sergilerin ilki, Padiah Abdlhamitin saltanatnn son yllarnda ve Osmanl tahtna k yldnm olan Rumi 19 Austos 1322 (1 Eyll 1906) tarihinde Bursa Hamidiye Mekteb-i ddi-i Mlkisinde (Bursa Erkek Lisesi) almtr. Bursa kentine ait rnlerin gsterildii bu sergide, mensucat- hari-riye (ipekli dokumalar), mensucat (dokuma) tezghlar gsterime sunulan rnler arasnda yer almtr.15

20. yy balarndaki Bursa sergilerinden ikincisi, II. Merutiyetin ilannn ilk yldnm dolaysyla, 23 Temmuz-13 Eyll 1909 tarihleri arasnda, belediye binas bahesinde dzenlenmitir. Osmanl Padiah Mehmet Reatn da bizzat ziyaret ettii bu sergi sresince haftada bir defa olmak zere, toplam 10 say ola-rak Bursa Sergisi adl dergi yaynlanmtr. Dergi, kue ve kaln kda, 12 sayfa olarak vilayet matbaasnda baslmtr.16

1909 Bursa Sergisi, ilk defa resmi olarak yabanc bir kurulu, Bulgar ticaret kurulu tarafndan ziyaret edilmitir.17 Yurt dndan firmalarn da sergiye katl-mas itibariyle, Bursann uluslar aras ilgi uyandran ilk fuar olarak deerlen-dirilmektedir.18

Bulgaristandan gelerek sergiyi ziyaret eden 63 kiilik heyetin gzlemlerine dayanlarak, Sofya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odas tarafndan Bursa sergisi hakknda hazrlanan kapsaml raporda, sergide gsterime sunulan Bursa filatrleri hak-knda bilgiler verilmektedir.

Rapora gre, Bursann balca geim kayna ipekiliktir ve kentte 43 filatr faaliyet gstermektedir.

Duyun-u Umumiye, Bursada alan ipekilik okulu ve ipekilii balca ura alan haline getiren Bulgaristandan g eden Trkler, Bursada ipekiliin gelimesine katk salamtr.

15 Hdvendigr Vilyeti Salnmesi, 1325/1907, s. 288-296.16 Raif Kaplanolu, Merutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bursa (1876-1926), stanbul 2006, s. 244.17 Faruk skdari, Eski Bursadan Notlar, Bursa 1972, s. 82.18 Kaplanolu, Merutiyetten Cumhuriyete Bursa, s. 177.

21


Serginin nemli blmlerinden biri olan yn, ipek, pamuk, keten, kenevir kumalar, sergide iyi bir ekilde temsil edilmitir.19

Raporda Bursada ticaret hakknda da bilgi verilmektedir. Buna gre Bursa, ipekilik merkezi olmas itibariyle, ihra rnlerinin banda ipek gelmekte; en byk pazar ise, Lyon, Saint Etienne ve Paristeki Fransz ipek pazarlar tekil etmektedir. Bursada retilen ham ipein yaklak % 90 bu pazarlarda deer-lendirilmektedir. 20

Bursada dier bir sergi, Milli Mcadele sonrasnda Bursann igalden kur-tuluunun ilk yldnm olan 11 Eyll 1923te almtr. Cumhuriyetin ilann-dan ksa bir sre nce alan bu sergi ile, Bursann retim asndan ulat gelime dzeyini darya gstermek, Bursa vilayetinde gelimi olan hal, ipekli kuma ve havlu dokumacl sanatlarndaki incelikleri, bunlarla megul olan teki yerlere de genelletirmek hedeflenmitir.

Mustafa Kemal Paann onursal bakan seildii, hkmet temsilcileri, askeri makamlar, yerel yneticilerin de onursal yeler arasnda yer ald bu sergide, Bursann mamult- sanayisi arasnda ipekli, pamuklu, iplik, yn, kl ksmlarna yer verilmi; ipek sanayinde balca dokumaclk dallar arasnda, ipekli kumalar, araflar, krep din, krep, barts, hamam takmlar, men-dil, kasnak, abani, hilali bez sralanmtr.21

B-pekli Dokumaclk ve Bursa

1908 sonrasndaki srete, ham ipek ve koza retiminde bu gelimeler yaa-nrken, ipekilik endstrisi asndan en nemli gelime, ipek retiminin ikinci aamasn tekil eden ipek dokumaclnda kendini gstermitir. Tekstil sana-yinin ipekli kuma dokuma alannda makineleme sreci, II. Merutiyetten sonra balamtr. Bu nedenledir ki bu dnem, Bursa tekstil sanayinde teknolo-jik gelimeler asndan nemli bir sreci temsil etmitir.

19 Hseyin Mevsim, Sofya Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasnn 1909 stanbul ve Bursa Gezisi Rapo-ru, Bursada Yaam, (Ocak 2012), s. 341-342.

20 a.g.e., s. 344-345.21 Ylmaz Akkl, Osmanldan Cumhuriyete Dnm Srecinde Bursa Sergisi, Bursa

Defteri, 3 (1999), s. 180-181.

22

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20. yy balarna kadar, Bursadaki ipekli dokuma, ounlukla says 1.400 bulan el tezghlarnda yaplmtr22. 19. yy ikinci yarsnda Bursada devlet yatrm olarak Fabrika-i Humayun almsa da, bu iletmenin temel ilevi, Herekede dokunan ipekli kumalar iin hammadde salamak olduundan, Bursann dokuma sanayi iinde nemli deiiklik yaratmam; yalnzca istih-damn artmasna katk salamtr.

ngiliz konsolos yardmcs Mailing, o dnemde Bursa dokuma sanayisi-nin durumunu,

ipekli, pamuklu ve ynl dokumaclk, el tezgh sisteminin stne kamamtr. Bir ev sanat olan naklkla birlikte dokumaclk da hzla kmektedir. Dier i kolla-rnda da durum, bir ustann en fazla iki kalfa ve rak altrmasdr

szleriyle ortaya koymutur.23

B-1) XX. yy. Balarnda Bursada pekli Dokuma Fabrikalar

II. Merutiyetten sonra, d dnya ile temaslarn artmas, sanayi ve ticaret alan-larnda devletin ald tedbirler, bu sektrde sermaye sahiplerini tevik etmi, lkeye makine getirilmesi srecini hzlandrmtr. Bu sreten etkilenen yer-lerin banda da, ipek retim merkezi olarak Bursa gelmitir. Ticaret ve Ziraat Nezareti tarafndan 1913-1915 yllarnda yaplan saymlarda, lke genelinde buhar gcyle ipek dokumacl yapan 6 fabrika tespit edilmitir ki; bu fab-rikalardan beinin, II. Merutiyet Dneminde Bursada ald grlmektedir.

Ditriches markal ilk dokuma makinesi, 1910 ylnda Derviyan Kogos adl giriimci tarafndan Bursaya getirilmitir. Kogos, gaz motoru ile iletilen 400 telli bir jakar makinesi olan tezghn, Umurbey Camii altndaki bir evde, nceden altrd el tezghlar yanna yerletirmi; bylece ilk defa inorga-nik enerji ile alan modern dokuma tezgh, el tezghlarnn yannda faali-yete gemitir.

Bursaya, daha sonraki dnemlerde, Kuyumcuolu tarafndan 6, Morukolu tarafndan 8, Maksud adl kii tarafndan da 9 makine tezgh getirtilmitir. zel kiilerin tasarrufu altndaki bu fabrikalar zaman ierisinde el deitirmi-

22 Vedat Eldem, Osmanl mparatorluunun ktisadi artlar Hakknda Bir Tetkik, Ankara 1994, s. 74-88. 1913 ylnda Hdavendigar vilayetinde, 2.100 tezghta, 750 ton iplikle 4-5 milyon metrelik kuma dokunmutur.

23 Ergun Trkcan, ngiliz Konsolosluk Raporlarna Gre 19. yy. kinci Yarsnda Bursa, Ta-rih ve Toplum 24 (Aralk 1985), s. 386.

23


tir. Maksudun 9 tezghlk atlyesi, Cumhuriyetten sonra Hac Sabri ve Sait Ete adlarndaki dokumaclar tarafndan iletilmitir.24

Bu dnemde Bursada muharrik g kullanan dokuma fabrikalar arasnda, Ermeni dokumaclarn ithal ettii bu tezghlar yannda; nemli bir iletmenin de yer ald grlmektedir ki bu da, Bursada ilk dokumaclk irketi olarak 1910 ylnda kurulan Mensucat- Osmaniye Anonim irketidir.

1908 sonrasndaki dnemde, ttihat Terakkinin milli iktisat politikasnn ekonomik alanda en nemli yansmas, milli irketlerin kurulmas olmutur.25 Bu srete, Bursada da milli irketlerin kurulduu grlmektedir.

Merkezi otorite, bu dnemde irketleme ve sanayileme balamnda tevik politikas izlemitir. 1909 ylnda ileri Bakanlndan Hdavendigar Vilaye-tine gnderilen talimata uygun olarak, 15 Austos 1909 tarih ve 171 sayl yasa gereince, halkn refahn salamak iin ticari ve ekonomik irketler, sandklar kurulmasnn teviki ve bu konuda gerekli nlemlerin alnmas Bursa Ticaret Odasndan istenmektedir.26

Bursada ilk anonim irketin kurulmas da, bu srete gereklemitir. 1908den 1920ye kadar Osmanlda kurulan anonim irketlerden Bursada kurulmutur. Bu irketlerin ilki, Bursa Mensucat- Osmaniye A..dir. 1910 ylnda, 10 bin Osmanl Liras sermaye ile kurulan bu irketi, 1911de, 20 bin lira sermaye ile kurulan Hdavendigar Seyri Sefain Anonim irketi ile 1915te 50 bin lira sermaye ile kurulan Bursa ehri Tramvay ve Tenvir-i Elektrik ve Kuvve-i Elektirikiye Osmanl A.. izlemitir.27 Bu irketlerd

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