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NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS
America: Past and Present
Chapter 1
Native American Histories before Conquest 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become
first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of
South America. These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from
many communicative diseases
Routes of the First Americans
The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant
supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused
the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much
bigger role 5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution
Crops include maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
permanent villages or large cities
Mysterious Disappearances
Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation
Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network
Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network
Aztec Dominance
Aztecs settle valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social and political
structure Rule through fear and force
Eastern Woodland Cultures
Atlantic Coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and
gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by
English settlers
Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
A World Transformed
Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native cultures
The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural
survival
Cultural Negotiations
Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Define place in society through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical
formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around
reciprocal relationships
Confederacies of Eastern North America Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes
Ontario and Erie Iroquois--Central New York Powhattans--Chesapeake
Threats to Survival: Trade
Native Americans were eager for European trade
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Commerce also influenced warfare patterns
Threats to Survival: Disease
Contact brings population decline among American Indians
Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease smallpox measles influenza
Rate as high as ninety-five percent
West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs
A history of empires Mali Ghana
Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans
Trade Routes in Africa
Beginnings of theSlave Trade
15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves
How Many Slaves?17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year18th century--5.5 million transported to the AmericasBy 1860--ca. 11 millionBefore 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.
Europe on the Eve of Conquest
10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas
settlement attained rise of nation-states spread of new technologies spread of old knowledge.
1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization
Building New Nation-States
Population growth after 1450 “New Monarchs” forge nations from
scattered provinces Spain France England
“Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed
Imagining a New World
Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provides
rehearsal for colonization
Myths and Reality
Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of
China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached
the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America
The Conquistadores
Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest
Voyages of European Exploration
From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors
Large land grants Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute
Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church
Protects Indian rights Performs mass conversions
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarry Mixed-blood population emerges
The French Claim Canada
1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec French Empire eventually includes St.
Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French Crown makes little effort to foster
settlement Fur trade underpins economy Indians become valued trading partners
The English Enter the Competition
Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I
Birth of English Protestantism
English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany 1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in
Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants
against Catholics
The English Reformation
Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)
strengthens Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r.
1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English
Catholic Counterreformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English
Reformation
Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation
Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans
Woman in Power
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces Via Media
Protestant Doctrine “Catholic” Ritual Ends religious turmoil in England
Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England
England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers
Religion, War, and Nationalism
Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes
Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated
Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same
way
English Conquest of Ireland
Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seize Irish land
English Brutality
English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance
such as massacre of women and children English adventurers compare Native Americans
with “wild” Irish
An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virginia
Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and
their fate remains a mystery
Campaign to Sell America
By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American
colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies