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between 10 and 12 years of age shall not be kept at work formore than six hours out of the 24 and children from 12 to 15

years of age and women in their minority for not more

than 12 hours out of the 24. Such work must be inter-

rupted by one hour’s relaxation when it lasts less than eighthours and by two hours’ relaxation when it lasts longer.7. To children up to 15 years of age and to women in theirminority must be allowed 24 hours’ consecutive relaxationper week and women in the puerperal state cannot be

employed at an earlier period than at least 14 days afterparturition. We have lately had a reconstruction of theCabinet which almost amounts to a change of Ministry.Fortunately the above salutary Bill will not be wrecked bythat "solution of continuity" (as the older surgeons ex-

pressed it), but like the great measure of University Reformcarried through its second reading by the Minister of PublicInstruction may be expected to become law before the sessionis much older.

Phospho-carnic Acid in the Muscles of the FastingSttbject."

The Reale Accademia di Medicina of Turin, mainlythrough Professor Mosso, has signalised itself by its con-tribution to the " physiology and pathology of nutrition."Your readers will be interested in the latest and not theleast striking accession to these-a memoir on the above-mentioned theme by Professor Mosso’s protégé, Dr. G.Jarozzi. It will be found in the °‘ Atti " of the Accademia.May 22nd.

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NEW YORK.(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)

The Bureau of Animal Industry.THE work of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Depart-

ment of Agriculture in suppressing and preventing diseasesof animals has grown to be of great importance The bureaunow inspects all importations of stock animals and annuallyrefuses to accept many diseased animals shipped fromEurope. The chief of the bureau has recommended thathorses should be included in the list, there being no reasonwhy they should be exempt as they are able to carry con-tagious diseases as well as other stock. The bureau’s work in

demonstrating the efficacy of a serum cure for hog cholerahas attracted much attention in various parts of the countryand has developed some scepticism. The operations of thebureau have now been carried on for two full seasons andthe results are conclusive. The next step is to convincethe Legislature in some of the hog-raising States of the

advisability of taking up the treatment for the farmers oftheir respective States and of having arrangements made tosupply the serum to those who wish to try it. In such casesthe Department of Agriculture stands ready to lend its aidand to contribute its knowledge and experience in the pre-paration and administration of the serum. The serum usedis a combined serum intended to prevent or cure either hogcholera or swine plague. It is prepared by graduallyinoculating a horse or other subject with the blood of acholera-diseased hog until it becomes immune, when itsblood is drawn off, the clot is extracted, and the remainingserum is used in hypodermic injections against these twodiseases. It is injected into the blood of the diseased hogand usually cures it. The percentage of cures duringthe last two years of experiment has been about 85,whereas in untreated herds attacked by the diseasesthe percentage of deaths is usually about 85. Anothergood work of the bureau is the treating of black-leg among cattle. This disease affects the youngstock in herds, killing from 10 to 20 per cent.where it obtains a foothold. The bureau’s treatmentfor this disease is inoculation and losses are diminished to1 per cent. The terrible disease of cattle called pleuro-pneumonia, which threatened the entire cattle industry ofthe United States and subjected all imported cattle tosuspicion, has been entirely eradicated by the bureau’sefforts. In 1887 the bureau began work on this disease andfound a chaotic state of affairs in cattle-raising by reason ofit. Since 1892 not a single case of pleuro-pneumonia ofcattle has been discovered in the United States. A problemnow interesting the bureau is the Texas fever of cattle.When it began work in connexion with this disease almostnothing was known concerning its origin. It has been

discovered to consist in a micro-organism which feedsupon the red corpuscles of the blood and which is carriedfrom one animal to another by the southern cattle tick.If these ticks can be eradicated the disease is not trans-mitted. Dips have therefore been used to kill the ticks andquarantine regulations have been established by the bureau,so that Texas fever can now be said to be under control.No animal disease causes greater loss annually than sheep-scab. For years the greatest mystery enveloped this trouble.It was not known whether it resulted from blood disordersor from outside influences, but the Bureau of Animal Industrycomes out with a clear statement that investigation showsthat the disease is simply caused by a parasite which eats intothe flesh of the sheep, that it can be easily killed by a home-made" dip," and that it is so easy of eradication that thereis really little excuse for its being found in any flock.

The Health of Havana.Among the most gratifying of the official reports which

reach the Government are those from the United Stateshealth officers in Cuba which vindicate the belief so

frequently and emphatically expressed by Americans informer years that Cuba would be a veritable garden spot ofthe tropics and a salubrious abode if Spanish rule wereended. The vile conditions of the cities of the island,breeding diseases of the malignant type, are now, however,being rapidly supplanted by cleanliness and the improve-ment from a sanitary view is remarkable as well as pleasing.The deaths from all causes continue to decrease every weekand the present mortality is the lowest recorded for manyyears.

American Merchant Seamen.The new Act relating to American merchant seamen is a

comprehensive measure of 26 sections and is the result offour years of hearings and investigations. It establishes ascale of provisions for American merchant seamen much

higher than that of any other nation and provides amplerforecastle accommodations and prompter payment of wages.If any person knowingly sends or attempts to send or is aparty to sending or attempting to send an American ship tosea in the foreign or coastwise trade in such an unworthystate that the life of any person is likely to be therebyendangered he shall in respect of each offence be guilty of amisdemeanour and shall be punished by a fine not to exceed$1000, or by imprisonment not to exceed five years, or both,at the discretion of the court. Flogging and all other formsof corporal punishment are prohibited on board any vessel,and no form of corporal punishment on board any vesselshall be deemed justifiable, and any master or other officerthereof who shall violate these provisions or either of themshall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, punishable byimprisonment for a term of not less than three months andnot more than two years. The amount of allotments of

wages is materially reduced and seamen are not permittedto sign away their wages in advance in this country exceptby express approval of a shipping commissioner or foreignconsul if the vessel is foreign. Imprisonment for desertionin American ports is abolished and it is not allowed in

foreign ports not far distant in the case of crews of Americanvessels. More liberal provision is made for the relief ofdistressed American seamen abroad.

Trained Nurses Celebrate.800 trained nurses drawn from 20 training schools in

Greater New York lately met in the ball-room of theWaldorf-Astoria to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversaryof the founding of the Bellevue Training School. These

young women, dressed in the distinctive garb of theirvocation, represented the increase in their numbers inthe quarter of a century which has elapsed since thefirst class of five nurses graduated, marking a new de-

parture in the medical history of this country. The

history of the founding of the Bellevue Training School is asfollows. 25 years ago there were no trained nurses inthe United States. On Jan. 26th, 1872, a number of womenmet to organise a committee to visit the public hospitals ofthe city and county of New York and to report upon theircondition to the State Board of Charities. As a result ofthis meeting 60 among the most intelligent women of thecity daily passed hours in the wards of Bellevue carefullystudying its conditions and consulting the highest hospitalauthorities. As a consequence of this investigation it wasdecided that no permanent reform could be accomplishedunder the then existing system of nursing. The nurses wereignorant of the most elementary principles of the art of

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nursing and the larger number were brought from Black-well’s Island, where they had been sent as vagrants or

paupers or sometimes prisoners, and many could neitherread nor write. Having decided that a reform in thenursing was imperative as a preliminary to reform inthe general system a sub-committee was appointed to

plan for a training school for nurses. The projectwas received with enthusiasm and$22,385 were contributedto start the school. Through the influence of one of theCommissioners of the Board of Charities a reluctant consentwas obtained from the board to allow nursing in five wardsin Bellevue, for which the committee was to defray all theexpense beyond that paid under the old system. In March ahouse was hired near the hospital for a home for the nursesand the committee engaged to take charge of the wards onMay 1st. The school started its career amid a good deal ofopposition, but it never wavered from its high ideals, andthe principles accepted from Miss Nightingale have beenfaithfully followed, not only at Bellevue, but by all theschools subsequently founded up to the present time.

The Charities of the State of New York.The New York State Board of Charities reports that the

statistics covering the fiscal year, collected by the boardfrom the officers of charitable institutions, show that thepublic and private charities in this State which are subjectto the supervision of, and which report to, the board had anannual income exceeding$23,000,000; that they expendednearly$22,000,000; and owned real and personal propertyconservatively estimated to be worth$103,000,000; also thatwithin the year in question they administered charitableassistance of various kinds, more or less costly, to a greatarmy reported as numbering over 2,500,000 beneficiaries.These figures indicate the gigantic extent to which thecharities of New York have grown and emphasise thenecessity for the best and wisest methods of charitableadministration in order that the poor may be most suitablyrelieved, while pauperism and its attendant evils, which con-stitute a dangerous and hurtful drain upon the industrialenergy of the State, are diminished to the fullest extentpracticable.May 18th.

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Medical News.SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON.-In May

the following candidates passed in the subjects indicated :-Surgery.-G. H. Bedford (Section IL), Guy’s Hospital; P. Cator,

St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; T. A. E. Fawcett (Section II.), Leeds ;A. Killick (Sections I. and II.), Cambridge and London Hospital;D. V. Lowndes (Section I.), Westminster Hospital; A. Orme(Section I.), London Hospital; V. S. Partridge (Section 1.), Charing-cross Hospital; W. Sisam (Section II.), Birmingham ; J. M. Twenty- Iman, Cambridge and King’s College Hospital; and R. Le G. Worsley I(Section II.), St. George’s Hospital and Durham.

Medicine.-E. L. D. Dewdney, King’s College Hospital; R. F.Ellery (Section I.), St. Bartholomew’s Hospital; T. A. E. Fawcett(Section II.), Leeds; A. Orme (Section 1.), London Hospital; 0. C.Sibley, Middlesex Hospital; W. Sisam (Section II.), Birmingham;and H. E. Weston (Section I.), St. George’s Hospital.

.Forensic Medicine.—E. L. D. Dewdney, King’s College Hospital;S. H. Longhurst, Guy’s Hospital; A. Orme, London Hospital;0. C. Sibley, Middlesex Hospital; and H. E. Weston, St. George’sHospital.

Midwifery. - T. Burdekin, University College Hospital ; A. F.Carlyon, Middlesex Hospital; W. J. H. Hepworth, London Hos-pital ; T. E. Holman, Guy’s Hospital; H. N. Horton, MiddlesexHospital ; A. Killick, Cambridge and London Hospital; W. Sisam,Birmingham; and F. J. Waldmeier, London Hospital.

The diploma of the Society was granted to the following candidatesentitling them to practise in medicine, surgery, and midwifery:E. L. D. Dewdney, T. A. E. Fawcett, S. H. Longhurst, W. Sisam, J. M.Twentyman, and R. Le G. Worsley.

FOREIGN UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.-Basle: Dr. Otto Hildebrand of Berlin has been appointed tosucceed the late Dr. Socins in the chair of Surgery. He iseditor of the jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der

CWirurgie. --Berlin: Dr. Bockenheimer of Würzburg hasbeen appointed Assistant in the Institute for InfectiousDiseases.-Göttingen: Dr. Erwin von Esmarch of Konigsberghas been appointed Professor of Hygiene in succession to thelate Dr. Wolffhügel.-Lemberg: .* Dr. Franz Kosminski hasbeen recognised as privat-docent of Midwifery and Gynæ-cology.-Munich Dr. Gudden has declined the invitation tosucceed to Professor Rosenberger’s chair of Surgery in

Würzburg. Dr. E. Weiland has been recognised as privat-docent of Physiology.-Prague ( German llniversity) : Dr.

Max Stnger of Leipsic has been appointed Professor ofMidwifery and Gynæcology.—Vienna:Dr. Gustav Singerhas been recognised as privat-docent in Internal Medicine.ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND:

FELLOWSHIP EXAMINATION. - The following gentlemenhaving passed the necessary examination have been admittedFellows of the College : Mr. Denis Kennedy, Mr. JohnMurray Redington, and Mr. Lawder Thomas Whelan.-Thefollowing gentlemen have passed the primary part of theexaminations for the Fellowship: Mr. John F. L. Keegan,Mr. Thomas J. Nicholl, Mr. William G. T. Posnett, and Mr.John White.

ROYAL ALBERT HOSPITAL, DEVONPORT. - Ameeting of the subscribers of this institution was held onMay 15th to consider a proposal for enlarging and improvingthe hospital. It was eventually decided to erect a newnurses’ home at a cost of f.2200 and to provide isolationwards, consulting-rooms for the medical staff, &c., at anestimated expenditure of about .r.1500. Sir John Jacksonhas promised f.500 of this sum provided that E1500 morebe raised within 12 months.

WEST CORNWALL WOMEN’S HOSPITAL, RED-RUTH.-The children’s ward recently added to the WestCornwall Women’s Hospital, Redruth, was formally openedby Mr. Passmore Edwards on May 17th. The ward is tocommemorate the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee. The cost ofthe building has been £508, of which sum Mr. Edwards hascontributed £478. The furnishing of the ward amountedto .r.200 and this amount was given by Messrs. S. and T.Trounson.I

BIRKENHEAD MEDICAL SOCIETY.-The annualmeeting of this society was held on May 5th, Mr. H. NazebyHarrington, President, being in the chair. The annualreport and treasurer’s statement of accounts were read andpassed. The following office-bearers were elected for theensuing year :-President : Mr. H. Nazeby Harrington.Vice-President: Dr. Joseph Blood. Treasurer: Dr. JamesPinkerton. Secretary: Dr. W. Leask, Prenton-road West.Librarian: Mr. S. Wilkinson. Council: Mr. A. H. Butcher,Dr. W. R. Floyd, Mr. J. H. Fardon, Dr. R. 0. Morris, andDr. L. D. Temple. The first monthly meeting of the newsession will be held in October.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. - In connexionwith the jubilee of Professor Sir George Stokes on June 2ndthe honorary degree of Doctor of Science is to be con-

ferred on the following distinguished physicists and mathe-maticians : Professor Cornu, Professor Darboux, ProfessorKohlrausch, Professor Michelson, Professor Mittag-Leffler,Professor Quincke, and Professor Voigt.-The following havebeen appointed examiners for medical and surgical degrees.Medicine: Dr. Lees, Dr. Macalister, Dr. S. Martin, and Dr.Mitchell Bruce. Surgery : Mr. Pitts, Professor Chiene, Pro-fessor Watson Cheyne, and Mr. Golding-Bird. Midwifery:Dr. Cullingworth and Dr. Barbour.-A contribution of £1000has been made from the funds of the State Medicine Syndi-cate towards the cost of the new buildings for the MedicalSchool and a grant of £50 in aid of the course of instructionin bacteriology provided for candidates for the Diploma inPublic Health.-Mr. W. Bateson will during next year deliverthe course of lectures in Zoology as deputy for ProfessorNewton.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.-The following aresome of the announcements in Messrs. Williams andNorgate’s scientific book circular for May. " Die Spiele derMenschen" (Sports and Games), by K. Groos.-" AllgemeineBiologie." II. Vererbung und Entwickelung (General Bio-logy. Second volume. Inheritance and Evolution), byProfessor M. Kassowitz.—"Die Leitungsbahnen im Gehirnund Riickenmark " (Nerve Tracts of the Brain and SpinalCord), by Professor W. von Bechterew.—" Traite desMaladies de 1’Enfance " (Diseases of Children), by Dr.Jules Comby.—" Atlas de Microbiologie," by Dr. E. Mace.—°° Ueber die Einbettung des menschlichen Eies und dasfruheste bisher bekannte menschliche Placentationsstadimn "

(The Embedding of the Human Ovum and the Earliest Stagehitherto known of the Human Placenta), by Dr. H. Peters.-’ I Trait6 de M6decine, by Dr. Bouchard and Dr. Brissaud,second volume, Fevers.-" Das Fullen der Zahne mitAmalgam " (Amalgam Stoppings in Dentistry), by A.Witzel.—"Handbuch der Fleischbeschau " (Manual of MeatInspection for Veterinary Surgeons, Medical Men, andMagistrates), by R. Ostertag.