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New Zealand Today: Future Directions
From the perspective of the Youth Court of New Zealand
Philanthropy New Zealand Conference Wellington - 28March 2007
Andrew Becroft
Principal Youth Court Judge
Te Kaiwhakawa Matua o Te Kooti Taiohi
2 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some of the great all time lies ...
At home
“This is going to hurt me more than it hurts you …”
“You look great in that …”
“I only read it for the articles …”
“The camera doesn’t lie …”
“Sorry I’m late, the traffic was really busy tonight …”
3 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some great lies ….
At work
“The cheque is in the post …”
“Actually, I just dictated a letter to you before you rang…”
“I’m sorry, he/she is in a meeting …”
“I only had half a glass of wine over lunch…”
4 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some great lies ….
In sport
“I’ve always been drug free …”Ben Johnson, 1988, after winning Olympic 100 meters final
“I have always been faithful to Victoria …”David Beckham
“I didn’t add anything to the tea, Mr Mains”Susie the Waitress
“I don’t own a mobile phone…”Shane Warne
5 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some great lies ….
In World Affairs
“That wooden horse is just a gift, honest …”
“I have brought peace in our time …” 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
“The Beatles? They are a passing phase…” 1965, Billy Graham
“There can be no whitewash in the White House” 1971, President Richard Milhouse Nixon
“I did not have sexual relations with that woman” 1998, President William Jefferson Clinton
6 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
3 big misunderstandings about Youth Justice ...
1. Youth offending is sky rocketing out of control
2. Youth offenders are all the same
3. Concerned individuals and the community can’t do
much to stop youth offending…now or in the future
7 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Outline
1. What I see now
the real picture about youth offending and youth
offenders - fact or fiction? (See handout sheet)
2. Philanthropic priorities now
3. The Future?
8 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
What is the real picture about youth offending?
“There are a number of children running about the
streets of Dunedin . . . without the control of parents. If
the government does not take them in hand . . . they will
become . . . members of a criminal class”.
9 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
What is the real picture about youth offending? (contd)
“There is a definite relationship between the increase in
the number of children on the streets and the increase in
juvenile crime”.
First headline from The Otago Daily Times 1884; second
in 1886
10 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Capital & Coast Youth Forensic Services Statistics: 2000-2004
n = 276
• 83% Male
• Maori over-represented (48%)• 70% faced cannabis and alcohol issues
– 16% drug dependent; 14% alcohol dependent
• 18% attending school; 28% attending course/training; 45% unemployed
• 45% excluded/expelled from school• 55% attended more than one school/transient• 60% in CYFS care at some stage• 12% living with both parents; 28% with one parent
11 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
2. Philanthropic priorities: The “Four Legs”
• A helpful framework
• Vital is understanding a young person’s life
• All here are directly or indirectly involved in one of these 4
legs
• The four areas
– Home
– School
– Friends/Peers
– Community
12 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Home
• Very few serious youth offenders from stable, two-
parent, homes
– not saying “every solo mother breeds a criminal”
– not making judgement about separation
• Most serious young offenders lack a positive, male,
role model
• Family disadvantage - dysfunction usually of
fundamental importance
13 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
School
• “Increasing attendance and participation in school by
young people a key factor in reducing anti-social
behaviour and offending”
• Not all truants/non-enrolled young people offend: but
overwhelming majority of offenders are truants or not
enrolled
• May not be causative; but a clear link exists
• Every young person kept at school is one less
potential career criminal
14 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Friends/Peers
• Young people seek out role models like heat seeking
missile
• Only issue: who is it that they associate with?
15 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Community “Connectedness”
“A kid in sport stays out of Court”
sign outside Blenheim airport
• A young person involved in sport, or any organised,
positive community activity, stays out of Youth Court
• A very protective factor - builds resilience: good
friends, good role models, good discipline, fulfilment
and success
16 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some suggested priorities...
• I am no expert
• “Fools rush in where angels fear to tread”
• Not here to preach or lecture
• My aim to provoke and encourage reflection
17 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some suggested priorities...
1. Encouraging family stability
2. Parenting programmes - especially those working with “at risk”
mothers, particularly single, young parents
3. Family based early intervention programmes:
eg Early Start and the Family Help Trust
4. The battle is won and lost by age 5.
Saint Ignatius Loyola was right!
5. Targetted, focused, early intervention programmes that work
18 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Some suggested priorities
1. Mentoring programmes, especially for boys
2. Programmes designed to keep young people involved
in education or a meaningful alternative
3. “Programmes” that “work”for young people and which
build connectednessDrug and alcohol
Mental Health
Serious young offenders
Note: Youth Offending Services Effectiveness Checklist: Kaye McLaren - MSD.
19 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
3. Future Directions
Government Statistician says….
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22
2001 Census Usually Resident Population Count
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100+
Thousand
Males Females
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23
Population age structure – 2004 and 2051
75 50 25 0 25 50 75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100+
(000)
2004 2051
Age (years)
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24
Ageing Population, New Zealand, 1966-2051
Age group(years)1966
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percent
Males Females
Median Age 26
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
1996
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percent
Median Age 33
2051
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percent
Median Age 46
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25
5-yearly changePopulation
Population aged 65+ years
0
50
100
150
1951 1971 1991 2011 2031 20515 years ended
(000)Estimated Projected (Series 5)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1951 1971 1991 2011 2031 2051
Million
Estimated Projected
Series 5
Series 9
Series 1
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27
Projected Share of 5-17 Year Age Group in Ethnic Groups, Series 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2001 2006 2011 2016 2021
Percent
At 30 June
Asian
Pacific
Mäori
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29
Educational age groups
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1951 1976 2001 2026 2051
(000)
Historical Projected (Series 5)5–12 years
13–17 years
18–22 years
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31
North-South population distribution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1901 1926 1951 1976 2001 2026
Percent
North Island
South Island
Estimated Projected
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32
Projected regional population change2001–2026
West CoastSouthland
TaranakiGisborne
OtagoNorthlandWellington
MarlboroughWaikato
CanterburyNEW ZEALANDNelson
Bay of PlentyTasman
Auckland
Hawke's Bay
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50Percent
Manawatu-Wanganui
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• 35% of Mäori students and 27% of Pacific students left school with no qualifications in 2002, compared with 12% of all other students
• Little change between 1991-2002
Human Capital
Proprotion of School Leavers with No Qualifications
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
PercentMaori Pacific All Other
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35
Projected ‘age of retirement’to maintain the 2001 ‘aged dependency ratio’1
1. Number of people aged 65+ years per 100 people aged 15–64 years.
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Age (years)
0
Series 5Series 1
Series 9
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36
Projected Dependency Ratio, 2004, 2016 & 2026
5: Projected Dependency Ratio, 2004, 2016 & 2026(Number of Employed to the Number Receiving Government Transfers or Superannuation)
(based on 2004 labour force partcipation rates and recipient rates)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2004 (actual) 2016 2026
Year
Rat
io
Ratio of Employed People tothose Receiving a Benefit
37 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
The real solution???
38 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Conclusion
“To nourish children and raise them against the odds is
in any time, any place more valuable than to fix bolts in
cars or design nuclear weapons”
Marilyn French
“There is always one moment in childhood when the door
opens and lets the future in”
“The Power and the Glory”, Graham Greene
39 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Hemi’s song
I’m sorry for all the pain that I causedPutting your family through something I could never have stoppedAnd now I’m staring at the stars thinking of what i have doneSomething stupid of course what was I thinking ofLooking for my mentality but that was lostBack in the days BC id be pinned to a crossBut instead I’m writing this rhyme because you gave me a chanceSo in the words that I writeYou should know that they came from my heartYou opened my eyes despising what I had doneLook above and find the strength to carry on….
40 Philanthropy New Zealand Conference - 28 March 2007 Te Kooti Taiohi o AotearoaThe Youth Court of New Zealand
Hemi’s song verse 2
The stupid things I’ve done in my lifeCreating enemies that want to bring a lot of strifeWe’d fightOn the streetsIs probably where you would see meDrugged out struggling to breathBut now im down on my kneesWith a million apologiesPlease time freeze wish I could turn back the timeRewind but its all over and doneA new era begunThe sun has risenAnd its shining throughThis song I compose is dedicated to you.