NEWSLETTER - Mernick

NEWSLETTER

Volume 2 Issue 20 Spring 2008

CONTENTS:

Memorial ResearchProgramme DetailsEast End Photographers 2 - Joseph MartinCorrespondenceBook Reviews

Cover Picture 11Edwardian Women and the Poor Law 12Award Winning Artist Captures the East End 14Researching the Family Gravestone of John Scurr 16Memories of Tower Beach 19

ELHS Newsletter Spring 2008

Editorial Note:

The Committee members are: Philip Mernick,Chairman, Doreen Kendall, Secretary, HaroldMernick, Membership, David Behr,Programme, Ann Sansom, Doreen Osborne,Bob Dunn, and Rosemary Taylor. All queriesregarding membership should be addressed toHarold Mernick, 42 Campbell Road, Bow,London E3 4DT.

Enquiries to Doreen Kendall, 20 PuteauxHouse, Cranbrook Estate, Bethnal Green,London E2 0RF, Tel: 0208 981 7680, or PhilipMernick, email: [email protected]

Check out the History Society Õ s website atwww.eastlondonhistory.org.uk.

Our grateful thanks go to all the contributorsof this edition of the newsletter. We have awide variety of topics and we trust ourmembers will enjoy reading it as much as Ihave, whilst compiling the newsletter. Lettersand articles on East End history andreminiscences are always welcome and wemake every effort to publish suitable material.Whilst hand-written articles are acceptable,items of interest that are typewritten or evenbetter still, on disk will get priority!!

The Newsletter is edited, typeset and producedby Rosemary Taylor with the assistance of aneditorial team comprising Philip Mernick,Doreen Kendall, David Behr, and DoreenOsborne.

Doreen and Diane Kendall, with DoreenOsborne and other volunteers continue theirwork in the Tower Hamlets Cemetery Parkmeticulously researching graves and recordingmemorial inscriptions. They would welcomeany help members can offer. Their work hasgrown into a project of enormous proportionsand complexity, with an impressive databaseof graves researched, with illustrationsattached. Unfortunately, due to pressure ofwork, Doreen and Diane cannot undertake anyresearch on behalf of individuals, but wouldwelcome any information that has beenuncovered through personal searches. Meetthem in the Cemetery Park on the 2nd Sundayof every month at 2 pm, where you canreceive helpful advice and suggestions on thebest way to conduct your searches.

Note from Philip Mernick:

We are currently working on ways toexpand the use of the web site,www.eastlondonhistory.org.uk, and areexperimenting with use of short movie clips.I would like to offer members theopportunity of seeing a short clip of anylocal area. People who moved away yearsago might like to see how the place theylived in now looks or the place theirancestor lived. Please email your requests toPhilip at [email protected]

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East London History SocietyProgramme 2008

Thursday 10 April 2008

Quick Tongues and Big Hearts Ð some EastEnd Women before the First World War

Speaker - Pat Francis

Saturday 19th April 2008

Coach Trip to Sudbury and Dedham

Thursday 8 May 2008

Open Evening Ð Entertainment

The lectures are held on Thursday eveningsat 7.30 pm in the Latimer CongregationalChurch Hall, Ernest Street, E1. ErnestStreet is between Harford Street andWhitehorse Lane, off Mile End Road(Opposite Queen Mary and WestfieldCollege). The nearest Underground Stationsare Mile End and Stepney Green. Bus No.25.

Suggestions and ideas for future topics and/orspeakers for our Lecture Programme arealways welcomed. If you can suggest someoneor indeed if you would like to give a talkyourself, please get in touch with David Behr,our Programme co-ordinator, either at one ofour lectures or, alternatively, email ourChairman Philip Mernick with your commentsand suggestions. Email: [email protected]

The East of London Family History Fairheld on Saturday 19th January at Barking wasa great day out for everyone, and provided anexcellent opportunity for meeting fellowenthusiasts, amongst the family and localhistory buffs alike. The East London HistoryStall, with Philip Mernick in charge, attracteda steady stream of visitors, and Doreen andDiane Kendall were kept busy explaining theCemetery database and helping with enquiries.Our picture below shows, among others,Sigrid Werner, Doreen Osborne, RosemaryTaylor, Diane and Doreen Kendall and AnneQuade.

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EAST END PHOTOGRAPHERS. 2.

JOSEPH MARTIN

When the East London Advertiserinterviewed Joseph Martin in his West IndiaDock Road studio, in the autumn of 1933, hewas aged 85 (though he claimed to be 82), andquite probably the oldest workingphotographer in Great Britain at the time. Hisearliest reminiscences, of the East End in the1850s, included a distinct reluctance to attendschool. ÒI was supposed to attend a Spanishand Portuguese School, but they only calledthe roll at the beginning of the year, and formost of the rest of it I was missing. I used totake my twopence to the Tower HamletsSwimming Bath and learned to swim. Iattended at another time the Ragged School inGeorge Yard, where they had a drum and fifeband. Playing in that band had itscompensations, for when other schools hadoutings, we were invited to come long andplay for them. When I was nine, I stoppedgoing to school because my father wanted meto help him in his photographic businessÓ.

Joseph Martin Õ s father, John Martin (1830 -97) had started in business as a fancy boxmaker in Spitalfields in the 1850s, but hadmoved into photography by the end of thatdecade. He was thus one of the pioneers in theprofession in the East End, almostcontemporaneous with Eliza Burrows, whohad established her studio off the CommercialRoad in 1856. John Martin did eventuallymanage to open a studio in Cambridge Road,Mile End for just over a year (1865 - 66),reluctantly assisted by the teenage Joseph.

As Joseph recalled almost 70 years later, hisfather was rather a severe master. ÒI soonbecame tired of working for him at 6d a week,and when Derby Day approached I determinedto run away from home. On the day before therace I left Whitechapel and walked as far asBrixton, before I plucked up courage to give aperformance on the flute outside a public -house. I was ravenously hungry, and after

going round with the hat I spent some of themoney on a meal I can remember yet. Itconsisted of two bloaters, six doorsteps and apint of coffee. Epsom Downs was reached bythree o Õ clock on the next morning, where Islept in the tent of a caterer. There I joinedthree other itinerant musicians, and believe itor not, we made £20 from collections duringthe first race day. I stayed with them for twoyears, during most of which tit we played tocrowds attending functions at the CrystalPalace, until my father traced me and hauledme homeÓ.

Martin Õ s first independent studio was set up at186 Commercial Road East in 1878, just as hereached his thirtieth birthday. It was not asuccess, and closed within the year. Inbetween his attempts to establish himself as aphotographer, Joseph Martin became well -known on the local music halls, playing inorchestras and at functions attended byroyalty, and even touring the country onoccasions. He finally succeeded in acquiringhis first commercially successful studio whenhe bought out Louis Gumprecht in 1887 inCannon Street Road. Despite GumprechtÕssuccessful career at this studio over twentyyears, Martin found it hard going, and closed itabruptly in 1893, perhaps sensing that thepassing trade was moving further east, into thenewer docks Õ area around Limehouse. Anattempt to establish a studio on the fringe ofthe City, in Norton Folgate, in 1891 was adreadful mistake; it closed within a fewmonths, and Martin was no doubt glad tooffload it on to Charlotte Carter, whose tenurewas equally brief. It was only finally in 1894that Martin established the studio which hewas to operate for almost forty years, until theend of his life, at 14 (later 62) West IndiaDock Road. In 1868 Martin married SarahAnn Braham (1850 - 1914); they had twochildren.

Joseph Martin had a number of relatives wholike himself, opened photographic studios inthe East End towards the end of the nineteenthcentury. They seem to have been divided

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between Cannon Street Road and CommercialRoad East; Isaac Martin had studios in bothstreets during the 1880s, while Israel (1829 -92) ran a studio in Commercial Road East fora few years before handing it over to John(1862 - 1909), who ran it for almost twentyyears until his premature death, after running asmaller studio a few doors away in the early1890s. But it was Joseph who had theconnections and the expertise to thrive in avery tough environment, and who comfortablyoutlasted all of his cousins by several decades.

Photograph from Joseph MartinÕsCannon Street Road studio circa 1890

Joseph Martin inherited more than just thestudio when he acquired Louis GumprechtÕsbusiness in 1887; he also took over the latterÕssemi - official duties as corpse photographer tothe Metropolitan Police. ÒMy job was tophotograph the corpses of unknown deadpersons, in the Metropolitan Police area. Thiscovers 700 square milesÓ Martin, in fact,concentrated almost entirely on the riversidearea, where the majority of bodies were fishedout of the River Thames. ÒI once entered amortuary to photograph the body of a man

who had been found drowned. I approachedthe coffin and saw it was empty. I heard afootstep, and turned round to see a dishevelledfigure, who shouted ÒWhere in the --- am I?ÒYou clear outÓ, I said, and the man did. Later,when I described the visitor to the mortuarykeeper, he said ÒThat Õ s the man who wasfound dead on the edge of the tideÓ.Apparently, he was not dead, but dead drunk.

On another occasion, I was asked to take aphotograph at one mortuary when I hadpreviously been asked for at one many milesaway. As I could not do it, the authoritiescalled in a photographer who had neverperformed the task before. He propped thecoffin up against the wall, and getting behindthe camera, focussed it, the face thenappearing much bigger than it actually was.He had not propped up the camera sufficiently,with the result that it rocked and fell forward.Seeing this huge face coming rapidly towardshim completely unnerved the photographer,who dashed out of the building. He could notbe induced to return, and I was called to takethe photograph the next dayÓ.

It was right at the beginning of his career as acorpse photographer that Joseph Martin wrotehimself into criminal history, though for manyyears this aspect was confused with the workof his predecessor, Gumprecht. It is nowknown that Martin photographed the victimsof the notorious serial killer, known as Jackthe Ripper, in the alleyways of Whitechapeland Spitalfields in the autumn of 1888. Whenthese were rediscovered in the 1970s, many ofthem were mounted on card with GumprechtÕsoffice rubber stamp; it is now clear that Martinwas clearly using a job lot of mounts left overfrom the previous occupant. Reproduced nowway beyond exhaustion point in every bookpublished on the subject in the last 35 years,they remain an horrific and graphic record ofthe East End Õ s most gruesome slayings,especially as, in the same manner asGumprecht, almost the whole of MartinÕsphotographic work for the Metropolitan Policehas disappeared since the 1930s. This is

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believed to be the result of rigorous ÒweedingÓof the collection, particularly in the post - waryears.

Martin Õ s interview in the East LondonAdvertiser of October 21 1933, was promptedby an accident in which he was involved a fewdays earlier. Martin, by then partly blind inone eye, had been knocked down by a tramcarwhile crossing the East India Dock Road. Bychance, the ensuing lawsuit was the first onebrought against the newly established LondonPassenger Transport Board, and the juryÕsverdict was for the Board. Martin was askedby his counsel, after identifying himself as theÒOfficial Corpse PhotographerÓ whether hephotographed corpses exclusively. ÒI wouldnot say thatÓ, answered Martin ÒI occasionallyget an order for a wedding partyÓ. Thisreduced the court to helpless laughter.

Barely two months later, on December 201933, Martin, refusing to acknowledge hisdefective eyesight, was involved in anidentical accident on the same street. Thistime, sadly, he was not so fortunate; he died inthe ambulance on the way to Poplar Hospital.He would have enjoyed the obituary which hereceived in the Times.

When the East London Advertiser asked himfor his most remarkable experience, it nodoubt imagined that a lifetime spent in closeproximity to the dead would yield a blood -curdling nugget. But Martin surprised theinterviewer by relating an incident from hisearly years, in 1878. ÒI often used to play inthe orchestras of the steamships that wentfrom London Bridge to Southend andMargate. On one occasion, I was asked to playon the ÒPrincess AliceÓ, and my sister andbrother - in - law, who were arranging a dayout, agreed to take tickets on the same boat.On the evening before, my employer told methat I would be required to play at the HolbornRestaurant instead. I was disappointed that Icould not get in touch with my relatives, but Iwent to the restaurant. I finished playing therein the early morning, and whilst on my way

home, called at a coffee stall. There, men weretalking of the tragedy of the sunken ship andthe many lives lost. I walked home stunned,and thinking of the fate which must haveoverwhelmed my sister and brother - in - law.To my great amazement, when I went to thehouse of a relative to ask it any details hadbeen received, I met them face to face. I saidÒI thought you were deadÓ, and they repliedÒWe thought you wereÓ. It transpired that theywere held up on the way to Woolwich, andwhen they arrived the steamboat was alreadyin midstream. I consider that the miracle of mylifeÓ . (TO BE CONTINUED)

David Webb

Photograph from Isaac Martin Õ s studio, circa1890 showing proprietor (enlarged below)

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Ken Gay, 201 Alexandra Park, London N227JB, wrote:

Congratulations to all in continuing to publishthe Newsletter, which I always enjoy. Mr.Percival Õ s early life was so similar to my ownthat I have written him the enclosed letter. Iwould be most grateful if you would pass it onto him. (We found Ken Õ s letter very interestingand a good follow up story to the article, thatwe asked him permission to publish his letter,suitably amended, which he very kindly gave.)

I was so pleased to read the article in theELHS Newsletter and am writing this becauseour early years are so similar in time andlocation. I was born a few weeks before (Mr.Percival) on 18th August 1923 at 12 WhiteRoad, a turning off Vicarage Lane at theElectricity Showroom end. My father was alsoa postman, and at age five I went to the schoolin Ham Park Road, known as Park School.

My father found his outlet in church work andevery Sunday, usually in the evening, ourfamily of four (I have an older brother born in1920) would walk up Vicarage Lane to the oldparish church. I remember well the alley withcottages which were the almshouses for ladiesand sometimes the elderly inhabitants wouldstand or sit outside. Behind was a C of Eschool where I went for Sunday Schoollessons. Further on, down the Portway, as youknow was Meeson Road with the tall hall,which I attended for Cubs. I remember oneearly evening in the 1930s a long line ofunemployed marching along the Portway.

West Ham Park was a haunt of mine; I readcomics there or played. I remember thathalfway down Vicarage Lane was a yard witha cow. My mother used to send me there forfresh milk sometimes, though usually we weredelivered milk from a churn on a handcartwith the milkman filling a metal canisterwhich hung by our front door. The butchers

yard was opposite White Road and once a cowescaped and ran down our road, making mefrightened. All the children in our road playedtogether, swinging on the lamp post in theusual way with only horses and carts as traffic.We also used the Co-op in the Lane. OnSaturday nights we went to the Broadway andAngel Lane where the stalls might be sellingoff their meat and fruit.

My mother Õ s parents lived in Caistor ParkRoad (number 9) and we went there often tillthey died when I was about eight. Mygrandfather had come up from Crowboroughto work on the London Tilbury SouthendRailway and ended up as Station Master atPlaistow Station. My father Õ s father had diedwhen he was eleven and he left Bridge RoadSchool at 14 to become a Post Officemessenger boy. My father, grandfather, andgreat grandfather had all lived in roads nearStratford Market. My father took me to theSorting Office in Martins Lane where I sawhim sort letters. He had delivered inCarpenters Road, and claimed he gotdermatitis from some of the chemical packets.Later his round was in Manbey Grove area. Hegot some promotion during the war and had tocycle to Hackney wearing a steel helmetduring the Blitz.

In 1934 I passed my 11 plus and like mybrother went to Tennyson Road, West HamMunicipal Secondary School. When I was 13my father inherited a thousand pounds from arich uncle who lived in a mean house inStratford and he used £600 to buy a house inUpton Avenue, Forest Gate, so no longerhaving to pay ten shillings a week out of histhree pounds ten shilling income on rent. Thenew house had a bathroom, something new tous, but my brother and I did not like it,although I soon found friends to play with inthe street. I used to walk across West HamPark to school and back twice: four times aday (difficult in fog). The house was madeunlivable by a bomb in September 1940 andwe were again bombed out when we livedwith my mother Õ s brother in Hounslow. My

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school by then had gone to Cornwall and inOctober 1940 I joined them. A hard drivingteacher got me into the London School ofEconomics and I graduated. I was Grade III atmy Army Medical and never called up.

From Tilo Amhoff. Via [email protected]

I am working for a project that is investigatingthe history of the Chinese community inLondon and we plan to do a walk in the areaof the first "Chinatown" in Limehouse. We arelooking for some original traces of thecommunity in the area and where wondering ifthere are any graves of Chinese citizens at theTower Hamlets Cemetery or the East LondonCemetery that could be visited. I am notentirely sure if you are the right people to talkto, but you are one of the contacts I found onthe website and at the cemetery. If you cannotreally help us maybe you no someone whocould. Thank you very much for your time andyour help and we will keep you informedabout the progress of the project and when weplan to do our tour in Limehouse

(Rosemary Taylor replied: We found just oneor two Chinese graves in Tower HamletsCemetery, from what I remember off the topof my head, without getting out my notes, theyused the East London Cemetery, mostly. Thereare some Chinese names on the War Memorialin the cemetery, which might be worth lookingat, those who were killed on board ship, alongwith other merchant seamen. The graves inTHC are in the area roughly from the Snooksgrave to the end of the path. I believe there is alarge grave with an anchor further along thepath and the Chinese grave was about tworows back from it. I would be happy to assistthe group with material I have collected.)

Geoffrey Lomas of Bingley, West Yorkshirewrote:I had a stroke seven years ago, and now as arehabilitation project I am trying to trace my

family tree, my great- Great Grandfather,Fasham Venables, was at one time, I believe,Proprietor of a store on Whitechapel HighStreet bearing his family name, Later hemarried his son off to the family running theWhitechapel Bell Foundry. I am told that thecompany paid rent to my Grandmother untilthe 1960's for some parts of the foundry. WhatI am wondering is if you can point me towardsany sources that can give me more informationabout this shop.

(Philip advised: Venables had two shops,either side of Commercial Road (102-105 and115 Whitechapel High Street). The building at102-105 is still standing, the one at 115 hasgone. They are listed as linen drapers, silkmercers, carpet warehousemen and housefurnishers. Do any members remember usingthe Venables stores (almost oppositeGardiners)?

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HACKNEY HISTORY VOL. 13


Just published, the latest issue of HackneyHistory includes articles about the Shoreditchparish library founded by John Dawson in the18th century (Margaret Willes); the Quakerapothecaries Silvanus and Timothy Bevan andtheir home at Barbers Barn in Mare Street(Isobel Watson); the local effects of outbreaksof cholera in the 19th century (Dick Hunter);the philanthropist Harper Twelvetrees Ð whowas featured in a recent edition of thisNewsletter Ð and especially his role incampaigning for justice for an escapedAmerican slave (Julia Lafferty); and post-1945council housing in Shoreditch, with especialreference to Fairchild House (StefanMuthesius).

The volume is available at £4.00 (plus £1.50postage) from Hackney Archives Department,43 De Beauvoir Road, N1 5SQ (telephone 0207241 2886; email [email protected]),who can on request supply a list of thecontents of earlier volumes still in print.Cheques should be made payable to LondonBorough of Hackney.

THE ROMANCE OF BETHNAL GREENby Cathy Ross, with photographs by PeterMarshall. 122 pages, 26 b&w illustrationsISBN 978 1 901992 74 8. Price £11.99 fromEastside Bookshop, 166 Brick Lane,London, E1 6RU. www.eastsidebooks.co.uk;or Museum of London bookshopBy post for £12.99 (including p&p) from:Bacton Books, P0 Box 60410, London E20WA. Please make cheques payable to Ô C. M.RossÕ

As you might guess from the title, this is not aconventional local history. Rather it is ameditation, or series of essays, on the theme ofhow Bethnal Green has at different times fittedinto the national consciousness. This is largely

teased out by considering how Ô outsiders Õ haveviewed, and developed, local institutions overmore than two hundred and fifty years. Itbegins with the mid-18th century when the newparish of Bethnal Green was formed out ofpart of the ancient parish of Stepney, andmoves through the early 19th centurycampaign to get the urban poor into theestablished church Ð leaving Bethnal Green asone of only two parishes in the country with achurch dedicated to each and every one of thetwelve apostles, though these churchesremained mostly empty. Then came theBaroness Burdett-Coutts and her ColumbiaMarket Ð which also remained empty; and theBethnal Green Museum, established in 1872lacking a coherent vision of its purpose. Thatit was supposed at the same time to find aconvenient dumping-ground for a ragbag ofobjects unwanted in the South Kensingtonmuseums, and bring education and culturalenlightenment to benighted east Londoners( Ô Metropolitan orientals Õ ), speaks volumesabout Establishment attitudes to the latter.

There follows a chapter considering the craftweaving industry, its rise and fall, its workingand living conditions, and its royal patronage.This is probably the most succinct andaccessible account of this subject currentlyavailable.

Though disparagement and stereotyping in thepress was not taken lying down by mid-Victorian Bethnal Greeners, this wasexceptional. It is not surprising, or unusual,that the author has found it broadly speakingeasier to identify the views of contemporaryoutsiders about Bethnal Green past than toisolate the views and voices of the BethnalGreeners themselves, right down to the mid-20th century. All this changes in the finalchapter, which considers recent and continuingdemographic change through the prism of the2005 Parliamentary election, and local voicespredominate.

Throughout, a dialogue between BethnalGreen and the rest of the world Ð in so far as

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the rest of the world is conscious of BethnalGreen Ð is presented through the metaphor of aÔ romance Õ : an engagement of mutualfascination, based on the Ô otherness Õ of theapparently strange and exotic. This is not atopographical work with formal boundaries: itis about people, and their perceptions. It isthoughtful, entertaining and original, and hasall the charm of enthusiasm. The author isclearly in love with her subject.

Isobel Watson

THE ROMANCE OF BETHNAL GREENBy Cathy Ross, with photographs by PeterMarshallPublished by Museum of London ArchaeologyService for Bacton Books, 2007£11.99

Work brought Cathy Ross to London from thenorth of England as a reluctant incomer toBethnal Green in 1995; she fell in love withthe district. As Ô a born-again BethnalGreener Õ , as she puts it, she views its historyas the interaction between settled residents andincoming strangers, and as that between westend and east end, middle class and workingclass. These relationships she sees as aromance, with all the fascination, the fallingout and making up, that this implies.An individual viewpoint, therefore, lively andstimulating to read. If you don Õ t agree withthe conclusions, at least the questions areworth raising. The photographs are superb.It is a pity that the book lacks an index, andthe notes are not always easy to tie to the text.But if you have a collection of books onBethnal Green, you won Õ t have one quite likethis. If you haven Õ t any yet, buying this wouldbe a good start. My bookshop had difficulty inprising one out of the wholesaler, so bepersistent if you want a copy.

Pat Francis

BOW & BROMLEY-By-BOW, GaryHaines, Sutton Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7509-4791-6, £12.99. 128 pages, 186illustrations.

I reviewed ELHS member Gary HainesÕprevious book on Bethnal Green in Newsletter2-05 (Spring 2003) and I am delighted to seethis new work covering, now fashionable,Bow and still unfashionable Bromley(renamed Bromley by Bow in the nineteenthcentury to avoid confusion with its, then, morerural namesake in Kent). This book followsthe usual Sutton system of lots of pictures,almost all of which are drawn from theextensive collection held by Tower HamletsLocal History Library at Bancroft Road; andconcise, but relatively little, text.

Because of their source the book benefits fromhaving a higher than usual proportion ofillustrations from original photographs ratherthan from commercial postcards. Not that Ihave anything against postcards (I havecollected them for many years) but thephotographs Gary has used often show morespontaneous scenes and are certainly muchless familiar.

Bow is here defined rather loosely, includingRoman Road and Old Ford (how did TheRoyal Cricketers get into Bow, Gary) but notTredegar Square (counted as Mile End OldTown). I am, however, delighted to see somany pictures of neglected Bromley. Soneglected and mistreated that Bromley Wardhas been renamed Mile End East by seeminglyhistorical illiterates in distant Mulberry Place.

The book follows the familiar style ofsubdivision into sections, here named TheStreets, Shopping & Industry, Places ofRefreshment, Churches & Religion, Lookingafter the People, Education & Leisure, andfinally The People. There are so many variedand interesting images here that it will appealto anyone with an interest in the area.I am also delighted to see that Gary hasrevived the old Bow heresy by suggesting that

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Bow bells really are in Bow: the floating catwas new to me (you will have to buy the bookto understand this!)

Philip Mernick

LONDON HISTORY Ð 100 Faces of the EastEnd by John Rennie ISBN 978 1 4116 6608 5.

For details of price and availability pleaseemail John Rennie at [email protected]

John Rennie writes a regular history columnfor Tower Hamlets community newspaper,East End Life. He has put together a selectionof 100 lives- famous and infamous, who livedand died in East London and helped to createthe area and its vibrant character. Thieves,charlatans, seers, architects, revolutionaries,poets, artists, sportsmen, soldiers, sailors,politicians, inventors and entrepreneurs are allfeatured. Characters as diverse as Atlee,Walter Raleigh, John Wesley, Lew Grade,Stalin and Gandhi and many more arefeatured.

Cover picture

This shows Walter Hancock Õ s steamcarriage Automaton. It is taken from ÒArcanaof Science 1837 Ó which is quoting issue 811of ÒThe MirrorÓ which is itself quoting a letterfrom the inventor to the MechanicsÕMagazine!!

Ò This machine is more powerful than itspredecessors as it had bigger cylinders (12inch as against 9 inch diameter). It is alsolarger, having seats for 22, while they are onlycalculated for 14 passengers. It is an opencarriage; it has carried 30 passengers at once,and had then surplus power to draw anomnibus or other carriage, containing 18 morepassengers without any material diminution ofspeed. Its general rate of travelling is from 12to 15 miles per hour: on one occasion, whenput upon the top of its speed, and loaded with20 full-grown persons, it performed a mile onthe Bow road, at the rate of 21 miles per hour.On the day of proving, or first starting thiscarriage, in July last, it conveyed a party toRomford and back, at the rate of 10 or 12

miles an hour, without the least interruption ordeviation in its working. Mr. Hancock thengives the following return of the actual workdone by his steam carriages, on the publicroads and streets of the metropolis during fivemonths:

The miles run, about 4,200Passengers carried 12,761Trips: City to Islington and back 525Paddington 143Stratford 44

Supposing the Carriage had always been full,the Passengers conveyed would have been20,420

Average time the Carriage has run each day: 5hours 17 1 /2 minutes.

This carriage has gone through the Cityseveral times; and in one of the morning tripsfrom Stratford to the Bank, it becameentangled with a wagon at Aldgate, this beingthe only accident worth recording.

There have been consumed in theabovementioned traffic, 55 chaldrons* ofcoke, which are equal to 76 miles perchaldron, or about 2 1 /2d per mile for fuel; butthis, on long journeys, would be muchreduced, by the application of the movablefire-place patented by Mr. Hancock; for hisgreatest expenditure of coke in these shortjourneys, is in lowering and again raising thefire.

Mr. Hancock concludes his letter byobserving: ÒYears of practice have now put alldoubts of the economy, safety, and superiorityof steam travelling on common roads at rest,when compared with horse travelling; and Ihave now in preparation calculations foundedupon actual practice, which, when published,will prove that steam locomotion on commonroads is not unworthy the attention of thecapitalist, though the reverse has beendisseminated rather widely of late by partieswho do no desire that this branch ofimprovement should prosper against theinterests of themselvesÓ

* A chaldron was a measure for dry goods andequaled 36 bushels. A bushel of coal weighedabout 84 pounds. This means a chaldron wasapproximately 1.3 tons.

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EDWARDIAN WOMEN ANDTHE POOR LAW

Until 1894, a certain degree ofprosperity was required before any residentcould become a Guardian of the Poor. Afterthat date, property qualifications were lifted,but prospective Guardians still needed to beable to make time to attend meetings and carryout inspections of the workhouse andinfirmary, often in daytime. This was a still abarrier for workingmen, although byEdwardian years a few trade-unionists hadbeen elected. The new rules also providedmore opportunity for women to gainexperience of public life, and so people suchas Minnie Baldock, a fitter Õ s wife in WestHam, began to play their part.

Women were also caught up in the system, ofcourse, as victims: the sick, the old, thewidowed mothers, the deserted and abused.Yet other women found paid employment asMatrons, attendants or nurses in thepoorhouses. Girls could earn a little as maids,doing hard work in unpleasant conditions.Five ward maids left the West Ham Unioninfirmary in February 1906, for instance,giving as their reason Ô work too hard Õ ; inJanuary four of them, including oneprobationer, left for the same reason. AMental Nurse and an Ambulance Nurse wereappointed about this time, at a salary of £1monthly, with dinner, tea, and supper.

The dreariness, even squalor, of thesurroundings where these women worked canbe imagined if we look at life there throughthe eyes of an inmate, Alice E. Foster. Alicehad not lost her spirit, and could make anuisance of herself. She had the initiative towrite to the Local Government Board (towhich the amateurs on the Board of Guardiansreported), demanding a Ô surprise Õ visit to theWest Ham Union. She complained about thequantity and quality of the food, especiallySunday dinner. Women over 60 had in the

past been given a small allowance of tea-leaves from which they could makethemselves a pot of tea. This little pleasurehad been taken away from them, and theywere now presented with a jug of nearlytasteless Ô rubbish Õ to drink all at the sametime, 2.30 in the afternoon, in the hall. AliceFoster concludes her letter:

The water closets are not sufficient in numberfor the large body of women in the Laundryand three Wards of old women, and being leftin charge of a certified imbecile, are not keptsanitary, especially the two just outside theMothers Õ Nursery, the smell of which comes inat 44 Ward window. It would be a blessing ifsome official would come unexpectedly.

The year before, Alice Foster Õ s name hadappeared in the minutes along with the namesof six other women and fourteen men, with thenote Ô That the following inmates, havingfrequently discharged themselves withoutsufficient reason, be required to give 168hours notice before taking their dischargeÕ.The bureaucratically precise 168 hoursstipulated, instead of the everyday Ô a weekÕsnotice Õ , gives some indication of the waysympathetic human relations werediscouraged. Even talking in the dining hallcould be forbidden. Under a heading ÔFemalesRogues and Vagabonds Õ the East End Newsreported in July 1906 on two girls:

The couple have on many occasions been sentto gaol for offences committed while pauperinmates of the workhouse. On Sunday theywere in the dining hall, and when told by theassistant-matron to cease talking they bothabused her.

Out-relief was discouraged by theGovernment, but practised nevertheless.Receiving a pittance would be preferable tobeing taken into the workhouse, but RelievingOfficers did not go about their work gently.The Out-Relief Committee of West HamBoard of Guardians interviewed a Mrs Walkerand a Mrs Prior, both of whom had

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complained of the language used by theRelieving Officer, Mr Bishop, when theyapplied for relief for their children. Thecommittee was dissatisfied with BishopÕsÔ methodÕ when dealing with Mrs Prior andÔ recommended that he be requested to exercisegreater discretion in future Õ . Bishop wascalled before the Board and severely censuredby the Chairman.

Guardians were required by law to make theworkhouses undesirable places to be, and theLocal Government Board watched theirexpenditure, as did the ratepayers, whose voteswere needed for election to the Board.Ratepayers saw paupers as little but a burdenon the rates. Between government andratepayers, there was little room forgenerosity, but Guardians made some attemptto be fair. In the East End of London, whereunemployment and sharp distress wereendemic, many on the Boards tried to softenthe indignities and privations that were theusual lot of inmates, and in consequence werethemselves accused of profligacy. BothPoplar and West Ham Unions were taken tocourt.

To take a few examples of Guardiansattempting to meet the needs of poor families,in January 1906, the contribution EdwinOsborne made towards the support of hisparents was reduced by West Ham from 2s to1 s a week, and his arrears remitted; inFebruary 1906 Frederick Williamson wassupplied with a wooden leg; and in April theGuardians ordered Ô That the sum of 1s. 6d.found on Norah Sullivan, on her admission tothe Workhouse, be returned to herÕ.Contributions were nevertheless exacted fromfamilies, and not only for parents. TheÔ grandfather of the children Patson Õ wasrequired to pay 2s 6d per week towards theirmaintenance. Sarah Denton had her allowanceincreased from 3s to 4s a week, but her threesons, William, Albert and Walter, were calledupon to pay 1 s a week each.

The Guardians of Poplar seem to have beenharsh towards a woman with three childrenwho had walked some way to the workhouseat night; she was charged with being Ôdrunkand unruly Õ but the magistrate said she couldnot have been so drunk as the Guardiansclaimed, or she would have been picked up bythe police. She was nevertheless bound overto keep the peace.

Married women who entered the workhouseoften suffered an added indignity when theirhusbands were pursued for contributionstowards their maintenance. In January 1906West Ham began proceedings against thehusbands of Frances Danger, MarthaSimmonds, Jessie M. Trenwith, Mary Staley,and Susan Palmer for neglecting to maintaintheir respective wives and families. In April1906 the husbands of Rose Rowe, AgnesMilton, and Adelaide Gale were ordered toremove their respective wives and childrenfrom West Ham workhouse ÔforthwithÕ.William Mallett and James Charles Sexton, onthe other hand, were allowed out for twoweeks, though their families had to staybehind. The men had probably found a coupleof weekÕ s work, as Sexton was supplied Ôwithsuitable bootsÕ.

The most affecting cases are perhaps those ofwomen who were forced to send their childrento the workhouse. The House VisitingCommittee of West Ham Union reported on 3May 1906 having received a letter from awidow, Elizabeth Selby, of Canning Town,applying to have Ô her child, Ethel ElizabethSelby, aged 8 years Õ admitted. Ô Acceeded toÕthe minutes dryly note.

We can glean little about the lives andtemperaments of Guardians by scanning theminutes. Even the way they voted is rarelyrecorded. The historian Patricia Hollis saysÔboards were dominated ... by smallshopkeepers and business men in towns, whosaw themselves primarily as guardians of therates rather than as guardians of the poorÕ.Boards in our area show also a strong presence

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of clergymen, and some women, such as MissKerrison, who were associated with universitysettlements. Patricia Hollis also suggests thatit was easier to get onto the Board ofGuardians than the other potential opening forwomen wanting useful work outside the home,the School Board. Ô Poor Law seats were farmore numerous Õ , she writes, Ô and lesscontentious. They attracted little publicity,less prestige, and were not part of the localpolitical career ladder for men Õ . Even so,women needed to be strong and determined tohold their own on committees with apredominantly male membership, and in theface of public opposition to women playingany kind of public role, expressed by men (andsome women) from the Chancellor of theExchequer down. The press constantlyportrayed active women, whether assuffragettes or Ô scorchers Õ on bicycles, asridiculous.

But undoubtedly, women of determinationcame forward; some were downright tough, ifthere is any truth at all in press reports. InPoplar, the name of Mrs Corderey, or Cordery(the name was spelt both ways), appears againand again. Mrs. Corderey seemed to be on theplatform of one public meeting after another.During the court case brought against thePoplar Guardians by political opponents ofGeorge Lansbury and Will Crooks, ReynoldsÕsNewspaper reported evidence given by onemember of the Board, Barney Diamond.Diamond said that when a committeeÔ consisting of Mrs Corderey Õ was examiningsome furniture, he, Diamond, Ô ventured to saythat the goods were not up to quality Õ , MrsCorderey threatened to smack his face. Onanother occasion, he objected to a tender goingto a firm using the same address as MrsWilson, who was also on the Board. MrsWilson promised to punch him on the nose.

Until a meagre old-age pension for the overseventies was introduced in 1909, there was nohelp for the destitute, or even the temporarilysick, other than charity or the Poor Law. Fearof the workhouse hung over much of the

population of West Ham and Poplar. Theshillings prised out of the pockets of familiesto help support relatives who had absolutelynothing were hard come by, and put yet moreindividuals at risk of the same fate. Womenhad no vote they could use to change the law,but a small number of them did what theycould to bring some feeling, if not always thegreatest delicacy, into administration of thePoor Law.

Sources: West Ham Union, minutes 1905,1906; Reynolds Õs Newspaper, 15.7.1906;East End News, 3.7.1906; East LondonObserver, 3.6.1905, Ladies Elect: women inEnglish local government 1864-1914, byPatricia Hollis, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1987;

Pat Francis

AWARD WINNING ARTISTCAPTURES EAST END BEFOREOLYMPIC CHANGES

East Ender and award winning artist ClareNewton has embarked on an ambitious projectusing photography to capture the history anddiverse culture of East London, before muchof it changes beyond all recognition with thecoming of the 2012 Olympic Games.

By creating giant size artwork consisting of200 stories, using unique combination ofphotographic montage, dynamic lighting andsound, to tell a story, Clare aims to bring tolife a unique east London tourist experience ofhistoric buildings, cultural events and localheroes in an inspiring way, giving localcommunities a sense of pride for the area.

The adventures are only just beginning. Claireexplains:

It all started when my eagerly awaitedChristmas present from the beloved turned outto be a beige jumper no frills and spill justplain beige.

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Feeling that I deserved something a little morespecial I decided to spend my savingson a camera. I had no knowledge how itworked or why I wanted one. The shopassistant Õ s farewell was Ô why don _t you makethis camera work for you, make a bit of pocketmoney Õ . I spent the next two months teachingmyself how to use it - being quite complex itrequired me to thoroughly read the manual andtry out everything. Quite a challenge if youhaven _t been near a camera for 30 odd years.

I became more and more engrossed until I hada chance to put some of my work up in aspecial place for the Homeless. It was workingout the topic, when I really became interestedin the heritage, because the images I chose tophotograph had to be rugged and earthyreflecting the not so glamorous aspects and allabout the things the homeless people wouldnormally encounter.

After it went up I had this weird dream thattold me to take it further. And this is the result:A photographic documentary of east Londonand what's around us. It has taken me on somewonderful adventures; the first story is allabout the Great Bell of Bow. I wanted tocapture the ringing of the great Tenor bell. Ittook around two months to track down theright people and ask permission but finally Iwas allowed into the bell chamber.

The steeple keeper planned 12 ringers to comeand practice a sequence of 365 changes, whichtakes around 40 minutes with ten minutesbreak in the middle. That meant all twelvebells would be ringing at the same time.

I had to be very careful as the volume wouldseriously damage my hearing. So I decided tolook up the bell foundry and ask their advice.110 decibels was the answer - that's louderthan a jumbo taking off.

This scared the pants off me, how on earth willI protect my ears. It took 30 phone calls to finda pair of ear defenders that would reducesound by 38% making it just adequate. They

are so strong that when I tried them on theypractically sucked me ears out of my head! Ijust needed a bit more - so found ear plugsfinished it off. The night before I couldn'tsleep. Apprehension got the better of me Ðmaybe if I stand by the doorway I can chooseto photo or if it Õ s too loud I can back awaydown the stairs.

I packed my bicycle with two large panniersand a tripod and wheeled off down through StPaul's to Cheapside. The beautiful white stonetower glistened in the fresh morning air. I metthe steeple keeper in the archway then weclimbed the long stair way up to the firstchamber. This is where he ringers work theirmagic. Golden light flooded in - this looked amuch safer bet. But Simon the Steeple keeperbeckoned upstairs to the most famous bell inthe world.

The dark dusty room was brought into lifewhen Simon switched the light on. Two greatbells sat centrally in the room hugged by agrid of oak ships beams. A noughts andcrosses network round the perimeter sunkenbelow the edges of the rafters housed 10smaller bells.

A suspension of time - the bells waited to becalled into action, to sing their beautiful song.Each bell dusty and stained with oil but eachwith a loving inscription. The first letter ofwhich spells out D Whittington - clever theseartful clergy.

In order to get the image of the bells ringing,Simon carefully guided me across 4 inchbeams - with no hand rail or other helpfulfootholds across - which by the way had a 15-20 foot drop below. Up a fine 19th centurywooden ladder to a narrow balcony that wasonly 18 inches wide. I nimbly scrabbled up theladder on to the edge where I had to work myway round in between large heavy shutters,each one 10 feet high and about 8 inches thickto muffle the sound.

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It suddenly dawned on me that I was not goingto make my quick get away, if the sound wastoo loud. Then Simon briefed me - I was goingto be shut in, as it was too dangerous ifsomeone came in while they were ringing thebells. The bells are 2 tons in weight and woulddraw someone off balance and kill them. Theblood drained from my face but I had to get agrip... this was it I had to be brave and get onwith it. Without warning the bells startswinging my fuzzy brain slowly reacts and Iget the earplugs in then the ear defenders ontop.

It all went blank! I was OK Although I canÕtmove too much - I got to work quickly. Therewas only approximately 15minutes to photobefore they stop. I had to think quickly - theimage is all in the idea of how I craft the shot,there's no practice run either I have to get thisonce in a life time experience right.

The soft sound was enchanting - besideshaving all this ear stuff I could just make outthe delicate notes - not rough and coarse butsweet and pure like a blackbird. Unbelievable.Time sped by what seemed only minutes wasin fact 30. I could have stayed there the wholeafternoon. Simon opened the door andathletically bounced across the beams to see ifI was still in one piece.

I was fine and wanted more!! He offeredsaying any time - What an absolute treasurewe have in these bells - I hope that I can bringthe magic down to earth and share theirintoxicating sound and history.

I would love any Volunteers to contact me orRob who has an interest in heritage detectivework.

Clare NewtonNewton's Historical Art ProjectEast London

email [email protected] [email protected]

Researching the Family Gravestoneof John Scurr MP in TH CemeteryParkOr How far should we trust printedsecondary sources?

Sigrid works at the Soanes Centre inTH Cemetery Park. This spring the Friends ofTower Hamlets Cemetery Park, who managethe park, were clearing away a lot ofovergrowth around some gravestones near thecentre and so made a number of gravestonesmore easily accessible. One of thesegravestones caught Sigrid Õ s eye. It had foursides and the side Sigrid saw firstcommemorated what appeared to be a youngmother and her two young children, all dyingin the summer of 1866.

Sigrid had just had had a long discussion witha student researcher from Islington about thelast London cholera epidemic, which had hitthe East End in just that year, so was intriguedto find what appeared to be likely deaths fromthat epidemic on the gravestone. The familyname was Scurr, but that did not ring any bellsyet.

The people commemorated on two other sidesof the gravestone all had different surnames,but the 4th and last side commemorated aCaptain John Scurr and his wife, dying in1900 and 1907 respectively. At the SoanesCentre Sigrid works with the local primaryschools and one of them is named after one ofTower Hamlet Õ s famous politicians, JohnScurr (1876-1932). He had been a councillor,Mayor of Poplar and MP for Stepney MileEnd. Sigrid asked herself if the Captain JohnScurr she just found had been his father.

John Scurr Õ s wife Julia (1871-1927) was also alocal councillor and reputed to have been asuffragette, working to obtain votes forwomen in the early 1900s. (The right to votein Parliamentary elections was eventuallygiven to women aged 30+ in 1918 and towomen aged 21+ in 1928).

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Sigrid first went on the Internet and found anarticle on the younger John Scurr in theOxford Dictionary of National Biography(www.oxforddnb.com). Later when shecontacted historical researcher Michael Gandyshe found out that this was an enormousrevision, first published in 2004, of the oldDictionary of National Biography, which hadbeen published between 1887 and 1902.

Young John was said to have been born inBrisbane, but his name at birth was Rennieand the article said he was a son of CaptainJohn Scurr's sister. She died and John wasbrought to England at six months of age andbrought up by his uncle after whom he hadbeen named and who presumably was on avoyage in the area. Further research byMichael revealed that in the 1881 census he isrecorded as Caroline's nephew (Captain Johnis away) and called Rennie but in the 1891census he has the surname Scurr and is calledJohn and Caroline's son.

With increasingly good indexes it washopefully going to be fairly easy to find outwhat sisters Captain John Scurr had and whichof them married a Rennie. However it quicklybegan to look as if he didn't have any sisters,just a brother called Joseph (who was ofcourse a Scurr).

Casting around after that setback they foundthe marriage of (Captain) John Scurr in 1858at Bethnal Green - his wife was CarolineRenney. She was the daughter of John Renneyand Caren Johnson who married at BethnalGreen in 1834. Her father died fairly youngand her mother remarried Hugh Chambers andlived on to 1888. The name Caren was veryrare in England in the 1800s and it turned outthat her father was Louis Johnson, a Danishseaman born in Copenhagen.

Caroline Renney had two brothers, John andLouis James. Louis Renney (not Rennie)married Elizabeth Barrett at Bethnal Green in1862 but she died later that year. In 1865 heremarried Emily Long but out in Victoria so

now they knew roughly when he had gone toAustralia. In the meantime Bev Dwyer, aresearcher in Australia, had found youngJohn's birth certificate in Brisbane. He wasborn on 6 April 1876 and his parents wereLouis Renney and Mary Connor who marriedon Feb 11 1875 at Sydney where Emily haddied in 1874. (They did not follow up if therewere any children of the marriage of Louis andEmily)

The article in the Oxford DNB doesn't saywhat happened to Louis who may have goneon to have other wives and more children!

In his political life John Scurr was well knownfor defending Catholic interests, particularly asregards schools and he was said to have beenbrought up as a Catholic. Neither the Renneysnor the Scurrs were Catholic and we nowassume that John's Catholic ancestry camefrom his mother Mary Connor (what odds herfamily's origins were in Ireland?). The Scurrscould easily have ignored that but John wasapparently brought up Catholic enough by hisAnglican aunt and uncle and the article saidthat in 1910 he married Julia O'Sullivan whosounds obviously Catholic and Irish.

Well, yes, OK. Except that when we went todouble-check the date, her name was JuliaSullivan and they married in 1900. Her fatherJohn Sullivan was born in Cork but Juliaherself was born in Limehouse, East London,and her mother was Martha Elizabeth Rappwho was born in Bethnal Green. Irish? No - aCockney, though she had an Irish father.Catholic? Maybe, if her father felt stronglyabout religion and her mother didn't but notfrom a centuries -old Catholic background.

Sullivan/O'Sullivan. Same difference but not ifyou are trying to find people in indexes. Itdoes remind us that in the 19th century veryfew Irish surnames began with O'. The use ofthis grew steadily with the rise of Celticnationalism and many families have used theO' throughout the 20th century but did not useit at all (or much) before that.

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Hm, Rennie/Renney.Sister's son/wife's brother's son.1900 not 1910Sullivan, not O'Sullivan.

You might have thought we didn't need to doany original research. The basic fact wewanted (Were the MP and the Captainrelated?) was available on-line at the click of amouse - and in a well-trusted source.

But it was wrong. This is what we found onthe gravestone: (In Square no. 64)

Front:

Louis JohnsonDied 20th January 1862Aged 79 years

AlsoCaron Rebecca Chambers (Caron is not aspelling error, that is how it is spelled on thegravestone)Daughter of the aboveDied 24th September 1888Aged 75 years

Right hand side:

AlsoCaptain John ScurrDied 21 August 1900Aged 66 yearsInterred at Ilford cemetery

AlsoCaroline ScurrWife of the aboveDied 31 December 1907Aged 71 yearsInterred at Ilford Cemetery

Back:AlsoJane ScurrDied 18 July 1866Aged 26 years

AlsoJane ScurrDied 30th July 1866In her 3rd year

AlsoCaroline ScurrDied 7th August 1866Aged 9 month

Left hand side:AlsoJames WilsonDied 24th September 1866Aged 61 years

Sarah WilsonDied 15the June 1873Aged 71 years

See the family tree below of the people namedon this stone:

The first name is that of Louis Johnson (1862),the second is that of his daughter Caron (whomarried twice) and the third and fourth is hisgranddaughter Caroline (Renney) and herhusband. So far it is nice and simple. We hadthought at first that the two children wouldbelong to John and Caroline but it appears not.John's brother Joseph Scurr married JaneWilson in 1862 and the three Scurrs are herand their two children. So those three Scurrsdon't appear to be any blood relation to theJohnson/Chambers pair. And as mentionedbefore the dates of their deaths (all threewithin a month of each other in the summer of1866) make it very likely that they died inLondon's last cholera epidemic. This wasalmost entirely in the East End because onlythat part of London still did not have propersewage disposal.

James and Sarah Wilson turned out to be theparents of Jane Scurr and at first sight they areeven less related to Louis Johnson with whomthe list begins (daughter's husband's brother'swife's grandfather!). However it then turnedout that Louis Johnson (the Danish seaman)

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had married Sarah Wilson in 1812 at BethnalGreen. If James Wilson was her brother (wehaven't researched this but why not?) thenLouis Johnson and James Wilson would bebrothers-in-law. This brings the wholenetwork together and it would mean that thetwo Scurr brothers were married respectivelyto Louis Johnson's niece and granddaughter.

So what began as a simple question became alengthy detective story and a lesson in theimportance of original research.

PS: The burial registers of Tower HamletsCemetery begin in 1841 and end in 1966 andare held at the London Metropolitan Archives.They have been transcribed and indexed forthe years 1841-1853 by John Hanson andMonnica Stevens and have been available onmicrofiche for many years. They are now alsoavailable on the Society of Genealogists'British Origins (www.originsnetwork.com).This is a pay-per-view site but has a level offree access for SoG members.

Sigrid Werner and Michael Gandy

Memories of Tower BeachThe Tower of London is undertaking an oralhistory project to capture people Õ s memoriesof the old beach on the Tower Õ s foreshore,which used to be a popular attraction forhundreds of thousands of people.The beach opened in 1934, and was designatedas a beach for local children Ð a place for themto have fun. The beach had to close in the1970s, but it had still given several generationsgreat pleasure.Over the coming months, in conjunction withEastside Community Heritage, the Tower ofLondon would like to hold reminiscencesessions with people who remember the beach,record oral histories and written memories ofthe beach, to put on a website in timefor the 75 th anniversary of the beachÕscreation in 2009.

If you Ð or someone you know - wouldbe interested in taking part, please call:020 3166 6637, or e-mail:[email protected]

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