• Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every massive particle in the universe attracts every other massive particle with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. (Separately it was shown that large spherically-symmetrical masses attract and are attracted as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers.) This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Newton called induction.[1] It is a part of classical mechanics and was formulated in Newton's work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("the Principia"), first published on 5 July 1687. (When Newton's book was presented in 1686 to the Royal Society, Robert Hooke made a claim that Newton had obtained the inverse square law from him – see History section below.) In modern language, the law states the following:

• Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point masses:[2]

• where: F is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses, • G is the gravitational constant, • m1 is the mass of the first point mass, • m2 is the mass of the second point mass, and • r is the distance between the two point masses. • Assuming SI units, F is measured in newtons (N), m1 and m2 in kilograms (kg), r in meters (m),

and the constant G is approximately equal to 6.674×10−11 N m2 kg−2.[3] The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798, although Cavendish did not himself calculate a numerical value for G[4]. This experiment was also the first test of Newton's theory of gravitation between masses in the laboratory. It took place 111 years after the publication of Newton's Principia and 71 years after Newton's death, so none of Newton's calculations could use the value of G; instead he could only calculate a force relative to another force.

Newton's law of universal gravitation

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THE PROBLEM

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TIPS

QUALITY MODEL

According to Deming – ‘An Organisation can improve its products and services and also develop reliable statistical methods for measuring the performance using the PDCA Model’

Diagram process in All Cars Mechanical Service Centre

•Question of customers' car problems. •Cars’ problem will be pre-identified.

Cars’ problem will be clarified and diagnosed

The cost of total service and repairing of cars will be analysis and informed to customers.

Waste oil stored for collection by oil recycler

Rags are reused for cleaning of minor spills. However, heavily soiled rags disposed in garbage.

Kwikflo™ Environmental

Oil-water separator