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Colonial homestead, 18th century.
The English Colonies1600–1753
The 13 English colonies develop differently, but a shared American culture emerges among the colonists.
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The English Colonies1600–1753
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
The English Establish 13 Colonies
The Backcountry
Colonial Culture
Map
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Section 1
The English Establish13 Colonies Each region of the English colonies develops adistinct regional identity.
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The New England Colonies
The English Establish 13 Colonies
Search for Religious Freedom• Settlers come to colonies for land, fortune,
religious freedom• Founders of New England colonies mostly English
religious groups- disagree with Church of England, were
persecuted• Originally four New England colonies
- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island
- present-day Maine, Vermont part of other colonies at time
SECTION
1
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
The Pilgrims Establish Plymouth• Pilgrims part of Separatists—want to break from
Church of England• Pilgrims sail to Jamestown on Mayflower; blown
off course • Land at Plymouth, Massachusetts, November
1620• First winter harsh; starvation, disease kill half the
Pilgrims• Native American Squanto teaches Pilgrims
survival skills• Negotiates a peace treaty, fur trade begins
continued The New England Colonies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
The Massachusetts Bay Colony• Another religious group—Puritans—arrive in
America (1630–1640) - want to reform Church of England, not break
from it• Puritans invest in Massachusetts Bay Company;
plan commonwealth• Commonwealth—people work together for
common good, community • Eventually 20,000 Puritans in New England
continued The New England Colonies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Puritan Town Organization• Congregation basic unit of commonwealth; land
divided among members• Meetinghouse focal point of the central square,
called a green• Farmhouses surround green; field and pastures
behind houses• Church attendance mandatory; “New England
Way” stresses values- duty, godliness, hard work, honesty; leisure
leads to laziness• Resources, work ethic help New England
colonies prosper quickly
continued The New England Colonies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Northern Agriculture and Resources• Rocky soil, long winters make farming hard in
New England• Practice subsistence farming—grow enough for
family, little left for trade• Many natural resources: fish, lumber, iron
deposits, fur from animals
continued The New England Colonies
New England Grows• Massachusetts grows, congregations found new
colonies inland• By early 1700s Puritanism declines; profit
overrides Puritan ideals• 1691 royal charter grants Baptists, Anglicans
religious freedom Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Continued . . .
Triangular Trade• Three forms of trade in New England
- trade with other colonies, direct trade with Europe, triangular trade
• Triangular Trade routes had three stops, for example:- New England rum, iron shipped to Africa; Africa
trades for slaves- slaves shipped to West Indies; traded for
sugar, molasses- sugar, molasses shipped to New England;
used to make rum
continued The New England Colonies
Map
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SECTION
1
Africans in New England• Few enslaved people in New England colonies• Small farms require less work; don’t need slave
labor • In larger towns, slaves work in homes, docks,
warehouses• Some allowed to keep portion of wages
continued The New England Colonies
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SECTION
1
Agriculture and Resources• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
form Middle Colonies• Religious freedom attracts Jews, Protestants,
Quakers• Shipping, commerce in Hudson, Delaware River
valleys • Good soil, mild winters allow cash crops—raised to
be sold for money• Dutch, German farmers bring advanced farming
skills to colonies
The Middle Colonies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Cities Built on Trade• New York on Hudson River, Philadelphia on
Delaware River • Wheat trade, shipyards bring wealth; public
improvements follow
continued The Middle Colonies
Diversity and Tolerance• Home to Africans, English, other European
groups by mid-1600s• William Penn creates Quaker colony; believe in
living in peace - women, natives, all religions and nationalities
treated equal• Quaker policies make Pennsylvania one of
wealthiest colonies Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Africans in the Middle Colonies• About 7 percent of population enslaved; most in
New York City- work as laborers, servants, drivers, assistants
to craftspeople• Free Africans work as laborers, servants, sailors• Racial tension high; slave revolts punished with
force, violence
continued The Middle Colonies
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The Southern Colonies
SECTION
1
Maryland and the Carolinas• Maryland, Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia form
Southern Colonies• Maryland haven for Roman Catholics; Carolina,
English from Barbados • Carolina splits into North and South in 1712
Continued . . .
Southern Agriculture• Terrain, long growing season makes south ideal
for cash crops• Tobacco basis of Maryland economy; labor-
intensive crop• Carolina produces indigo; rice grown in
marshlands of coast
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SECTION
1
A Plantation Economy• Plantation economy develops in South—large,
self-sufficient farms• Plantations need many workers; use indentured
servants • By mid-1600s, servants work off debt, buy own
land• Planters replace workers with Native Americans; many die, escape• Plantations rely heavily on African slave labor by
end of 1600s• Slavery allows plantation economy to grow
continued The Southern Colonies
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
Africans in the Southern Colonies• More than 235,000 slaves in colonies by 1750;
85 percent in South• Most try to keep culture; some resist slavery,
slave codes passed• Slaves not allowed to leave plantations, meet
with free blacks
continued The Southern Colonies
A Planter Class Emerges• Plantations, widespread slavery make Southern
Colonies different• Powerful planter class rises; soon control
political, economic power• Small farmers cannot compete; move to
Backcountry
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The desire for land motivates settlers to open the Backcountry.
Section 2
The Backcountry
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Geography of the Backcountry
The Backcountry
Land Between the Coast and Mountains• In South, those seeking land move inland to
Backcountry• Backcountry—rough, mountainous region; begins
at fall line- fresh water, abundant forests make settlement
easy• Augusta is Backcountry town in Georgia, founded
1736- trade center for settlers in Charles Town and
Savannah
SECTION
2
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The Great Wagon Road
“The Warrior’s Path”• English know little of inland areas past navigable
rivers• Native Americans know of “Warrior’s Path”
- north-south trail along eastern Appalachians; under Iroquois control
• 1744, English sign treaties with Iroquois to use path
• Path becomes Great Wagon Road—main Backcountry highway
SECTION
2
Map
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The People of the Backcountry
A Different Measure of Success• Backcountry settlers different from coastal
landowners- coasts settled by trading companies, rich
Europeans; except in Georgia• Backcountry settlers lack wealth; gauge success
by land ownership • First Europeans in Backcountry trade with Native
Americans• New colonists, former indentured servants settle
land• Start subsistence farms; farmers clash with
Native Americans over land
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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The Scots-Irish• Scots-Irish come from borderland between
Scotland and England- most lived in northern Ireland for a time
• Persecution, poverty lead them to America; many head for Backcountry
• Backcountry land similar to Scots-Irish homelands
SECTION
2
continued The People of the Backcountry
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Backcountry Life
Location• Backcountry terrain makes transportation,
regional trade difficult• Settlers depend on themselves, grow food, raise
cattle, make goods- log cabins, corn husk mattresses, furniture
• Backcountry women work in fields, woods as well as homes
SECTION
2
Section 3
Colonial Culture As the traditions of the different colonists merge with the realities of colonial life, a new culture forms.
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The Importance of Land Ownership
Colonial Culture
Different Beliefs About Land• Land ownership is powerful attraction for Europeans
- England is small, fewer than 5 percent are landowners
• America has abundant land, but Native Americans live on it
• Most Europeans do not recognize native land rights• Many settlers believe God meant for land to be
cultivated- if natives do not cultivate, then land should go to
those who will
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
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Different Beliefs About Land• Land ownership grants political rights, sets social
rank- large landowners at top class of society, people
with no land at lowest- most colonists in middle class—small farmers- women in same class as husbands or fathers
• Some unskilled laborers, indentured servants, slaves get limited rights
continued The Importance of Land Ownership
SECTION
3
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Colonial Women
SECTION
3
Women’s Responsibilities• Early colonial women often brought over by
unmarried men• Most at time believe women are property of
husbands• Marriage is most common way for women to rise
in status• Most white women are farm wives—make home
goods, cook, tend animals• Women in towns work as seamstresses, run
boardinghouses• Some women practice trades, help raise crops
Continued . . .
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Other Roles for Women• Women establish schools, orphanages; assist
with medical care• Anne Hutchinson—religious leader, believes in
making own moral choices- believes women have same rights as men;
church calls her “disruptive”- forced to move to more religiously tolerant
Rhode Island• Women have few rights despite contributions,
husbands own everything- can own property with husbands’ permission
continued Colonial Women
SECTION
3
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Colonial Children
SECTION
3
Learning a Trade• Children contribute to colonial life; large families
mean more workers• Children as young as three or four have simple
jobs to do• Boys expected to help fathers around age six,
learn farming or trades• Some boys become apprentices around 11
- leave home to learn trade from experienced craftsman
- work for free in exchange for food, lodging, learning trade
Image
Continued . . .
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Home Skills• Girls rarely apprentice; mothers teach sewing,
cooking, homemaking • Some New England girls move to new
households, learn special tasks • Orphans often work as servants for other families• Orphanages built to house orphans; shortage of
families- George Whitefield creates Savannah’s
Bethesda School as orphanage
continued Colonial Children
SECTION
3
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Colonial Education
SECTION
3
Reading and Writing• Education valued; reading is taught so Bible can
be read• Most young children attend dame school—
taught by older woman, or dame- learn alphabet, basic reading and writing,
usually in dame’s home- most children’s schooling ends at six or seven
• Wealthy children have private tutors or attend grammar schools- taught literacy, arithmetic, Latin, Greek;
schooling very strict
Continued . . .
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Higher Education• Most colleges in northeast; William and Mary in
Virginia• Colleges train ministers, political leaders,
merchants, landowners• Women not allowed; men must know Latin,
Greek to attend• Rare for African-Americans to get education
- illegal to teach slaves to read, schools admit few free blacks
continued Colonial Education
SECTION
3
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The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
SECTION
3
William and Mary• James II rules England when first colonists come
to America- heavy-handed ruler; strict Catholic in mostly
Protestant country• Parliament overthrows James in 1688• His daughter and her husband, William and Mary,
take power in 1689- agree to uphold English Bill of Rights
Continued . . .
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The Great Awakening • Great Awakening—religious movement in
colonies (1730s–1740s)- traveling ministers preach inner spirituality over
religious behavior• Religion becomes more personal, views differ,
churches split apart• Some congregations welcome Native Americans,
African Americans• Religion spurs colonists to help others, found
orphanages, seminaries• Great Awakening plants ideas of equality,
independence
continued The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
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The Enlightenment• 18th century cultural movement known as The
Age of Enlightenment• The Enlightenment emphasizes reason, science
as path to knowledge• English philosopher John Locke believes people
have natural rights- life, liberty, property; government created to
protect these rights- if rights unprotected, people have right to
change government• Locke challenges rule by kings; later inspires
American independence
continued The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
SECTION
3
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Colonial Africans
SECTION
3
Africans Preserve Culture• Africans preserve customs, beliefs from
homelands, despite hardships- not allowed to read, write, own property, earn
wages; no political voice• Continue to practice religions, dance, tell stories,
play music• Kinship customs become basis of African-
American family culture
Continued . . .
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The Stono Rebellion • Stono Rebellion, September 9, 1739, one of most
famous slave uprisings• 20 slaves break into Stono, South Carolina store,
kill two, take weapons• Head to Florida; attack, burn plantations along
route; more slaves join • Slaveholders catch up with them, 60 people killed
in battle• Rebellion leads to harsher slave codes; stricter
code enforcement- can’t grow own food, keep money, learn to
read, assemble in groups
continued Colonial Africans
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3
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Plans for a Different Colony
SECTION
3
The Thirteenth Original Colony• Founders of Georgia, last English colony, wanted
a different colony • No plantations, slavery, liquor; offer a fresh start
for the worthy poor• Protect colony of South Carolina; establish
English rights in America
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