NEXT

President Jimmy Carter on inauguration day, January 20, 1977.

America and Georgia regain confidence in government despite some difficult economic years and international challenges. Citizens and government must work together to ensure our country runs smoothly.

Problems and Prosperity1976–1990

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Problems and Prosperity1976–1990

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The Carter Years

The Reagan and Bush Years

Modern State Government

SECTION 4 Georgia’s Local Governments

NEXT

Section 1

The Carter Years Jimmy Carter is president of the United Statesduring some very difficult years for the country.

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Gerald Ford

The Carter Years

Ford replaces Nixon• Richard Nixon resigns over Watergate scandal,

1974• Vice President Gerald Ford becomes president• Ford pardons Nixon for Watergate, many people

angry over this• Economy in poor shape; Ford unsuccessful in

fighting inflation- many lose jobs

• Ford loses to Jimmy Carter in 1976 election

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1

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SECTION

1

Help from Andrew Young• Carter’s decision to run for president surprises

many- unknown outside Georgia, must overcome

South’s racist stereotypes• Senator Andrew Young helps Carter win African-

American support

Jimmy Carter is Elected

Map

An Honest Politician• Carter promises honesty, human rights support;

runs as “outsider”- “outsider”—one who runs political career outside

of Washington D.C.• Election is close; Carter becomes first president

from Georgia

NEXT

SECTION

1

Carter’s Inauguration• Americans hope Carter finds fresh solutions to

country’s problems• Carter speaks of new beginning, dedication, spirit

in inaugural address- vows to remain “close” to Americans

• Opts to walk from Capitol to White House instead of taking limo ride

Carter Takes Office

NEXT

SECTION

1

Carter and the Energy Crisis• Oil, natural gas shortage cause gasoline, heating

oil prices to jump• Carter asks public to conserve energy; proposes

energy program• OPEC, a mainly Arab organization, raises prices;

gas, oil jump again- OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Companies• Results in inflation—rise in prices, fall in value of

money• Economy worsens; workers laid off; Carter

unable to solve problems

Carter and Domestic Issues

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Panama Canal• U.S. finishes Panama Canal, 1914; U.S. pays to

control canal zone• Many Latin Americans resent U.S. presence in

Panama• Carter signs treaty which turns canal over to

Panama in 2000

Carter’s Foreign Policy

Continued . . .

The Middle East• Carter tries to reduce Middle East tensions, 1978• Invites leaders of Egypt, Israel to Camp David to

discuss peace • Egypt, Israel sign Camp David Accords, to end

longstanding disputes

NEXT

SECTION

1

The Hostage Crisis in Iran• Muslims in Iran overthrow their shah (king),

November, 1979• Iranians take over U.S. embassy in Iran, take 52

hostages• Begins 444 day Iran hostage crisis; Carter

blamed as time wears on• Presidential candidate Ronald Reagan gains

popularity; wins election• Hostages freed January 21, 1981—the day after

he takes office

continued Carter’s Foreign Policy

NEXT

Several changes in the 1980s make Georgia more widely known nationally and internationally.

Section 2

The Reagan and Bush Years

NEXT

Reagan’s Domestic Policies

The Reagan and Bush Years

Lower Taxes• Ronald Reagan is a conservative—favors fewer

government controls- wants individual freedom in economy, supply-

side economics• Supply-side economics—lower taxes to increase

Americans’ spending- banks provide more loans to businesses;

increases productivity- supply of goods increases; prices drop—also

called “trickle-down theory”• Reagan gets Congress to lower taxes by 25

percent over three years

SECTION

2

Continued . . .

NEXT

Government is Less Involved• Reagan deregulates many industries, including

airlines• Wants less government spending on certain

programs- reduces funding or eliminates several

government programs

SECTION

2

continued Reagan’s Domestic Policies

NEXT

Reagan is Re-elected

Improved Economy Helps Win Election• U.S. economy grows rapidly after 1982

recession; inflation decreases• More people have jobs; many feel better about

future• Reagan raises military spending, challenges

Soviet Union• Large spending deficits are downside of

Reagan’s policies• Reagan gets credit for improved economy; wins

in landslide, 1984- sixty percent of Georgians vote for Reagan

SECTION

2

NEXT

A Changing World

The Fall of the Soviet Union• George H. W. Bush, Reagan’s vice-president,

wins 1988 election• World changes dramatically during Bush’s term• Communism ends in Soviet Union, 1989; new

countries form

SECTION

2

The Gulf War• Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990; U.S. leads 39-nation

force in freeing Kuwait• Conflict known as Persian Gulf War, Iraqis leave

Kuwait in a month- 24th Infantry Division from Georgia’s Fort Stewart

plays major role

NEXT

Georgia on the Move

Andrew Young and Atlanta• Carter names Andrew Young U.N. ambassador,

1977- makes international connections that later bring

attention to Atlanta• Atlanta elects Young mayor, 1979; city grows,

“edge-cities” develop• Metropolitan Atlanta leads U.S. in job growth from

1982 to 1987

SECTION

2

The 1988 Democratic Convention• Atlanta hosts Democratic National Convention in 1988• Convention success shows Atlanta and Georgia can

handle large events

NEXT

A Changing Population

Population Growth Exceeds National Rate• Georgia’s population approximately six million at

end of 1980s- one-third comes from out of state

• Georgia population grows by 18.6 percent in 1980s- outpaces neighboring states (17.4%) and

national growth rate (9.8%)

SECTION

2

Section 3

Modern State Government Georgia’s state constitution outlines the framework for Georgia government.

NEXT

NEXT

Three Levels of Government

Modern State Government

A Democratic Republic• U.S. has three levels of government: federal, state,

local- each provides services, impose taxes, laws- national law prevails if disagreement between

levels• U.S. is democratic republic—citizens elect

representatives to govern• Central level is federal government; states also have

governments• State, federal government levels have individual

powers, share others

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3

NEXT

The State Constitution

SECTION

3

Based on U.S. Constitution• Georgia’s constitution establishes framework for

government- based largely on U.S. constitution- includes preamble, bill of rights

• Georgia has had 10 state constitutions; most recent adopted in 1983

NEXT

The Branches of Government

SECTION

3

Executive, Legislative, Judicial• Georgia has three branches of government:

- Executive, Legislative, Judicial• System ensures no individual branch holds too

much power

Chart

NEXT

The Legislative Branch

SECTION

3

The General Assembly• Legislative branch responsible for making laws• Georgia legislative branch is the General

Assembly- has two houses: House of Representatives,

Senate• Voters elect members for two-year terms

Continued . . .

NEXT

The Legislative Session• General Assembly meets for 40 days; begins

second Monday in January- one of shortest sessions in U.S.

• Bills to tax or spend must come from House of Representatives

• Senate confirms governor’s choices for appointments

• Georgia has second-largest state legislature in country

• Often debate district boundaries to ensure fair representation

continued The Legislative Branch

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

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Influencing the Legislature• Individuals can contact legislators to express

opinions• Lobbyists—professionals paid by groups or

business to represent ideas- try to influence votes; also provides information

to legislators- have greater access than ordinary citizens

continued The Legislative Branch

SECTION

3

NEXT

The Executive Branch

SECTION

3

Enforcing Laws• Executive branch—enforces laws; chief officer

is governor- governor proposes budgets, vetoes, appoints

board members- represents state to federal government and

other state governments• Executive branch includes constitutional officers

heading departments- elected by voters for four-year terms- duties, authorities explained in constitution

NEXT

The Judicial Branch

SECTION

3

Georgia’s Court System• Judicial branch applies, interprets law; has

different court levels• Trial courts include superior courts, juvenile

courts, state courts- civil cases: courts settle disputes between two

or more parties- criminal cases: state takes legal action against

accused criminals• Court of appeals, Supreme Court review fairness

of trial court cases- Supreme Court is Georgia’s highest court,

does not hear trials

Chart

NEXT

The Juvenile Court System

SECTION

3

Juvenile Court Categories• Juvenile court system for people below 17; up

to 21 if minor offense• Three juvenile court case categories:

- delinquent—juvenile committing acts considered criminal

- unruly juvenile—juvenile considered unmanageable by parents

- deprived juvenile—neglected or needing help from court

• Superior courts may try juveniles as adults for serious crimes

Continued . . .

NEXT

Juvenile Cases• Youths under 17 usually tried in juvenile courts• Delinquency trial similar to adult trial with some

terms changed- trials called adjudicatory hearings, sentencing

is dispositional hearing- juveniles are detained, not arrested; put in

custody, not imprisoned• Violent crimes by juveniles rise in recent years;

more tried as adults

continued The Juvenile Court System

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

NEXT

Plans for Positive Change• Juvenile courts work out rehabilitation plans for

delinquents - help them work out problems, become law-

abiding youths• Plans agreed upon by court; minors must follow

plans- if plans not followed, stricter plans may be

imposed

continued The Juvenile Court System

SECTION

3

Section 4

Georgia’s LocalGovernments City and county governments provide many services to the people who live in them.

NEXT

NEXT

City and County Government

Georgia’s Local Governments

Local Focus• Local government provides many day-to-day

services- police, fire protection, road maintenance, building

inspectors• County, city government focus on local needs, rely

on available funds• Local governments are closest to your community

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

NEXT

County Government• County governments usually in county seats,

often county’s oldest city• County funds come from federal, state

government; taxes, fees• Property taxes paid on value of owned land,

buildings- other taxes include local sales taxes, special

purpose taxes• Fees include fines, penalties, licenses, permits,

usage fees- usage fees—small fees to use a facility, such

as a county park

continued City and County Government

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

NEXT

City Government• Georgia cities have one of three forms of

government:- weak mayor-council, strong mayor-council, or

council-manager• State charters cities; charters describe form of

government• Voters elect primary officials in all forms• Atlanta, large cities have strong mayor-council

- medium, small cities usually have one of other forms

continued City and County Government

SECTION

4

Chart

NEXT

Voting• Citizens get rights, services, protection from each

government level• Citizens are “fourth branch” of government in a

democratic republic• Voting one of most important rights,

responsibilities of citizenship- voters must be 18 and a legal resident of the

state and county

Citizenship

SECTION

4

Other Ways to Be Good Citizens• Volunteer groups improve quality of life for others- found at each level of government

Paying Taxes• Taxes pay for the government services citizens

receive

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