NGV_Fundamentals_and_Practice_of_CNG_Safety[1].pdf

8112019 NGV_Fundamentals_and_Practice_of_CNG_Safety[1]pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullngvfundamentalsandpracticeofcngsafety1pdf 172

Fundamentals and practice of CNG safety -

Brief overview of CNG vehicle safety

NGV 2010 991251 991251991251 991251 International Conference and Exhibition

8 991251 991251991251 991251 10 June 2010 Rome Italy

by Hien Ly CFS International 991251 991251991251 991251 NGV Consulting Sydney Australia



Are CNG vehicles safe



CNG vehicles have a good safety history

bull Numerous studies have provided safety overview of CNG

vehicles world wide and supported the use of CNG

bull Arthur D Little (1972) Los Alamos National Lab (1983) AGA(1987) New Zealand statistics (1987) Canadian survey (1989)New York State Government study (1989)

bull Gaseous fuelled vehicles posed no greater safety risks thanpetrol and diesel vehicles

bull CNG is less safe than petrol in an enclosed garage and in fuelline rupture scenarios



CNG vehicle safety issues (1)

bull Safety characteristics of natural gas and CNG

bull Standards and regulations

bull Training

bull Onboard fuel cylinders

bull Vehicle gas system installation

bull Vehicle operation and maintenance




bull Crash safety of gas system installation

bull Fire safety of gas system installation

bull Fire safety in road tunnels

bull Safety against terrorist attack

bull Recommended measures to improve safety



Safety characteristics 991251 991251991251 991251 natural gas and CNG



Natural gas properties ndash Ignition and fire

bull The gasair concentration range for flammability is narrow atlow pressure (5 to 15 by volume)

bull Gas released in the open space will quickly disperseharmlessly

bull Gas in a confined space if ignited will create a localised high

pressure

bull Confined areas are pits ceiling or roof pockets workspaceinside a compressor enclosure (ldquocanopyrdquo)



CNG standards and regulations



Major international CNG standards

bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc



On-board fuel cylinder safety



Fire protection ndash Standard bonfire test(Powertech Labs Vancouver)



Gunfire test



Bullet hole after gunfire test (source Powertech Labs)



Drop test of CNG cylinder (source Dynetek)





Environmental exposure test (source Dynetek)



Environmental test failure (source Dynetek)



Importance of correct inspection procedure - Damage dueto objects lodged between cylinder amp mounting (Acurex

Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt

damaged cylindersurface



Steel liner corrosion ndash Type 2 cylinder with fibreglassreinforcement (corrosion would not be readily visible with carbon fibres)



Steel liner and stress corrosion cracking of composite ndashType 2 cylinder (Dimmick 2009)

Philadelphia Gas Works 2008

SCC cracks in fibreglassreinforcement



Vehicle installation safety issues



Vehicle installation safety issues - Causes

bull Non-CNG cylinders

bull In-service component deterioration and damage

bull Gas leaks in vehicle collision

bull Unauthorised electrical system modification

bull Incorrectinadequate periodic inspection procedure

bull Inadequate fire protection design



Vehicle installation safety issues - Consequences

bull Cylinder failure during or shortly after refuelling

bull Vehicle fire

bull Jet flames in vehicle fire impacting people and other vehicles

bull Cylinder failure (explosion) in vehicle fire causing injuriesfatalities and property damage



Explosion of LPG cylinder fitted to CNG vehicle 991251 991251991251 991251 Malaysia 2008

It is critically important for licensedCNG auto mechanics to be able tocorrectly identify the CNG cylinder

to be installed - through cylinderstampinglabelling and productionrecords



Protection of underfloor CNG bus cylinders

Composite cylinders are not as damage tolerant as steel cylinderstheir protection requirements may not be recognised by licensed

technical personnel who were trained and licensed beforecomposite cylinder problems became widely known



CNG piping - stress relief and mounting support

Piping on converted CNG bus in New Delhi ndash insufficient

pipe clamps for support (source Weaver 2002)



Long CNG tube runs without mechanical support



Cylinder in close proximity to engine exhaust system



Contact between tubes ndash to be repaired (Source McGlinchey

NGV 2004)



Insecure cylinder mounting

Unprotected protruding underfloor cylinder mounting



Unprotected protruding underfloor cylinder mounting 991251 991251991251 991251

relocation and mechanical guard required

Incorrect installation of Type 4 cylinder (Dimmick amp Adams 2009)




(1) - Shielding of PRDs







Effect of PRD thermal shielding in vehicle fire 991251 991251991251 991251 Kuala

Lumpur April 2001



Steel CNG cylinder after failure



Vehicle design and installation to minimise

collision damage

Mi i i i h i d d l k



Minimising crash induced gas leakage (US DOT)

991266 US DOT FMVSS 303 limits gas leak rate in vehicle crashes

991266 Frontal and rear test crashes at 30 mph (nominal)

991266 Side crash at 20 mph (nominal)

991266 Fuel system pressure drop must be no more than 150 psi 60minutes after impact

991266 OEM CNG vehicles in US markets are subjected to FMVSS 303

991266 Aftermarket conversions could perhaps emulate OEM designs thatpass FMVSS 303

FM VSS 303 - CNG vehicle crash test for GVM up to



FM VSS 303 CNG vehicle crash test for GVM up to10000 lb and all school buses (1)

Rear crash (4000 lb moving barrier)Frontal crash

FM VSS 303 hi l h t t (2)



FM VSS 303 vehicle crash test (2)

Side crash

Crash induced vehicle fires ( t l )



Crash induced vehicle fires (petrol car)

Fire after frontal impact (MVFRI 2006)

Means of minimising crash induced fire incidence



gon light duty CNG vehicles (1)

(1) fuel system protection and ignition prevention (electrical sourcesand hot surfaces) in front part of vehicle

(2) where practicable relocation of critical or susceptible fuel systemcomponents to rear of vehicle

(3) ldquofail closedrdquo automatic cylinder valve (ldquosolenoidsrdquo) with fuel shut-off in a crash activated by vehicle crash sensor

(4) Automatic battery isolation (master isolation switch) activated by

vehicle crash sensor

(5) ignition cut-off activated by vehicle crash sensor




on light duty CNG vehicles (2)

(6) Locating automatic lock-off valve on or close to fuel cylinder atthe rear of the vehicle

(7) Excess flow valve close to or on cylinder valve(s)

(8) Maintenance must ensure connections and piping for operatingfluids (petrol diesel power steering and brake fluids) are ingood condition and secure



Fire safety of CNG vehicles

US CNG bus fire protection designUS CNG bus fire protection design (MARTA Atlanta(MARTA Atlanta



p gGeorgia 2003 Jet flame direction is good but still perilouslyGeorgia 2003 Jet flame direction is good but still perilously closeclose

to inhabited building)to inhabited building)

What would have

happened to theapartment building hadthe PRD not worked

Conditions for a CNG vehicle fire leading to catastrophicConditions for a CNG vehicle fire leading to catastrophic




cylinder failurecylinder failure

bull Fire allowed to reach cylinder system

bull Cylinder pressure relief device (PRD) of inappropriatetype for the type of cylinder in use (eg burst disc on analuminium cylinder)

bull PRD location does not permit PRD to be fully exposed tofire while cylinder is

CNG vehicle fireCNG vehicle fire ndashndash SubangSubang Jaya Malaysia July 2009Jaya Malaysia July 2009



CNG vehicle fireCNG vehicle fire ndash ndash SubangSubang Jaya Malaysia July 2009Jaya Malaysia July 2009

Investigation in progress ndash likely due to gas leak and ignition source(s)

within car (no cylinder explosion)

Fire performance in real life installation can be differentFire performance in real life installation can be different



Fire performance in real life installation can be differentp

from bonfire performance of cylinderfrom bonfire performance of cylinder (Seattle Fire Department)(Seattle Fire Department) (1)(1)

Arson attack Honda OEM Civic GX ndash Seattle 2007

Fire performance in real life installation can beFire performance in real life installation can be



pp

different from bonfire performance of cylinderdifferent from bonfire performance of cylinder (2)(2)

Avoid shielding or insulatingAvoid shielding or insulating PRDsPRDs



shield or insulation (eg vehicle bulkhead or cargo)

PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe

While composite was burned throughWhile composite was burned through



While composite was burned throughWhile composite was burned throughhelliphellip

Cylinder valve showed no sign of heating or charringCylinder valve showed no sign of heating or charring



helliphellipCylinder valve showed no sign of heating or charringCylinder valve showed no sign of heating or charring

CNG b fi i d tCNG b fi i d t S bS b uumluuml kk



CNG bus fire in depotCNG bus fire in depot SaarbrSaarbruumluumlckencken

Germany 2003Germany 2003

SaarbrSaarbruumluumlckencken Germany 2003Germany 2003



SaarbrSaarbruumluumlckencken Germany 2003 Germany 2003

Saarbr983292983292983292983292cken incident (2003)



(Left partially melted PRD Right new PRD)

European CNG bus firesEuropean CNG bus fires -- Event parametersEvent parameters



CauseCause SiteSite Time to burstTime to burst

(important for(important for

protection ofprotection of

the public)the public)

SaarbrSaarbruumluumlckencken

(2003)(2003)Oil deposit close toOil deposit close to

hot gear boxhot gear boxBus depotBus depot 15 min15 min

MontbMontbeacuteeacuteliardliard(2005)(2005)

Short circuit (engineShort circuit (enginecompartment)compartment)

Village exitVillage exit(street)(street)

20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)

Vandalism (MolotovVandalism (Molotov

cocktail incocktail inpassengerpassenger

compartment) compartment)

StreetStreet 10 min10 min

Fire protection design is an essential element in countering some

types of terrorist attacks on CNG buses ndash see later

Radiuses of danger for 130 L 200 bar cylinder burstRadiuses of danger for 130 L 200 bar cylinder burst( SAE 2007)( SAE 2007)



(source SAE 2007)(source SAE 2007)

bullbull Tank burst has equivalent energy of up to 185 kg of TNTTank burst has equivalent energy of up to 185 kg of TNT

bullbull Windows can be broken within 30 mWindows can be broken within 30 m

bullbull Pressure wave lethal within 12 m (direct exposure)Pressure wave lethal within 12 m (direct exposure)

bullbull Effects intensified if reflected or built up by physicalEffects intensified if reflected or built up by physicalconstraints (enclosed spaces tunnels)constraints (enclosed spaces tunnels)

bullbull Projectiles from vehicle can reach 100 mProjectiles from vehicle can reach 100 m

Larger (eg 200+ litre) CNG cylinders possess moreLarger (eg 200+ litre) CNG cylinders possess moredestructive pressure energy when failing in fire destructive pressure energy when failing in fire

What happens to gas released from cylinderWhat happens to gas released from cylinder

l i explosion



explosionexplosion

Modelling - Unconfined burning of flammable natural gas vapour cloud infree field (Univ of Maryland USA)

Santa Barbara CNG bus fireSanta Barbara CNG bus fire ndash ndash Feb 2008Feb 2008

Fire was successfully put out after 15 minutesFire was successfully put out after 15 minutes ndash ndash no cylinderno cylinder



y py p yy

explosionexplosion

CNG vehicle fire and explosion risks in public facilities ndash Example of road tunnels



p

bull Many cities are increasingly being served by road tunnels

bull It is practically impossible for tunnel operators and emergency

services to differentiate between conventional fuel vehicles andCNG vehicles (other than buses with roof mounted cylinders)

bull Poor visibility due to smoke may inhibit effective observation of

the progress of a fire on a CNG vehicle in a tunnel

bull A higher concentration of people and vehicles may exist at thefire scene in a tunnel than on an open road

bull CNG cylinder failure in tunnel fire can be significantly moredestructive in a tunnel than on an open road

Safety examples 991251 991251991251 991251 CNG vehicles in road tunnels



One - way tunnel tube

Smoke from CNG bus fire



Large amount of smokefrom CNG vehicle fire issimilar to that from othervehicles despite CNGbeing a ldquoclean burningrdquofuel ndash due to non-fuelmaterials

Vehicles fire smoke in road tunnels 991251 991251991251 991251 CSIRO modelling(2007) (1)






Extent of smoke along tunnel as function of time

CNG vehicle fire and explosion risks in public facilities

ndash Dealing with terrorist attacks



bull Would CNG vehicles behave safely in a feasible terroristattack

bull Glasgow Airport event of June 2007 is one example

bull Catastrophic French bus fire in 2005 (Molotov cocktail lobbedinto bus passenger cabin) is a powerful demonstration of thepotentially lethal consequences

bull Feasible terrorist attack scenarios should be examined andprotective measures produced

Car bomb attack 991251 991251991251 991251 Glasgow Airport June 2007



What if this ldquocar bombrdquo had been driven into a CNG vehicleof inadequate fire protection design



Summary and conclusions

Status and perception of CNG vehicle safety



p p y

bull Numerous studies have established that CNG vehicle safety is

at least equivalent to petrol vehicles

bull CNG vehicle safety incidents have received disproportionatepublicity and concern due to their being novel and different

bull Industry efforts in producing continuously improving safetystandards products and services are improving safetyperformance

bull The industryrsquos collective safety knowledge is significant andshould be utilised to prevent and investigate failures

How to ensure CNG vehicle safety



bull Compliance with standards and regulations is a basic requirement

bull Adequate training and information to all involved

bull Correct operation and maintenance

bull Continuous learning from field observations and safety incidents ndashboth locally and globally

Examples of determinants of CNG vehicle safety



bull CNG vehicle safety is strongly dependent on design materialsinstallation operating conditions and maintenance not just the cylinder or other components in isolation

bull CNG cylinder safety inspection must not be about the cylindersalone but also its installation operating environment and feasibledamage scenarios

bull Fire protection and in-service damage prevention measures shouldbe an important consideration in vehicle design

bull All persons involved in CNG vehicle projects and operations shouldbe given adequate CNG ndash specific training

Basic specific short term measures (1)



bull Training courses for CNG vehicle mechanics should contain specificmeasures against in - service damage gas leaks in collision firesafety

bull CNG vehicle mechanics should update and use new CNG vehiclesafety knowledge

bull CNG vehicle fleet operators service providers (eg gas cylinderinspectors) accident investigators public transport facility operatorsregulatory agencies and the emergency services should be givenadequate training on CNG systems ndash technical and safetycharacteristics




bull Large CNG vehicle fleet operators should assess the safety of theirvehicles with regard to arson or terrorist attacks and devise effectivecountermeasures

bull Customersowners of ldquoconvertedrdquo CNG vehicle certification (iecompliance check before road registration) should be given essentialsafety information such as the preventionavoidance (operation andinspection method ) of gas leaks and in-service degradation ordamage and vehicle safety in collision and fire

CNG training recommendations for various categories of(US DOT)



staff (US DOT)

bull

Regulatory authority personnel need training as well



Are CNG vehicles safe














bull Training





















pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull















bull Training





















pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull







bull Training





















pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull



















pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull











pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








pressure








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





bull ISO

bull ECE

bull AS

bull NZS

bull ANSI

bull NFPA

bull SAE

bull CSA etc









Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull










Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull







Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




Gunfire test


















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull



















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull
















Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull













Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull











Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





Environmental 1994)

Dropped bolt


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull























bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


















bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull















bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull






bull Vehicle fire



























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


























NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





















NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull
















NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull











NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





NGV 2004)





















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull






















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


















Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull













Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull









Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





Lumpur April 2001







collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





collision damage




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




















Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull










Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





Side crash































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull































What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


























What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull
















What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull










What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull






What would have

























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull
























pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull
















pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull










pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




pp






PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





PRD

cylinder

valve withPRD

fire heat radiation

Gas pipe



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull



































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull































20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull



























20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull






















20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


















20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull














20 min20 min

BordeauxBordeaux

(2005)(2005)


















l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull












l i explosion



explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




explosionexplosion






y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




y py p yy

explosionexplosion




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




p









































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


































p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull






























p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


























p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull























p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull


















p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull











p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull








p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull




p p y


































staff (US DOT)

bull





























staff (US DOT)

bull






















staff (US DOT)

bull















staff (US DOT)

bull









staff (US DOT)

bull




staff (US DOT)

bull


Date post:	02-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	hack7024
View:	223 times
Download:	0 times

NGV_Fundamentals_and_Practice_of_CNG_Safety[1].pdf

Documents