NI Chapter 2

7/27/2019 NI Chapter 2

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CnePryrn 2: Computers

l. History of ComputersBrief Summary

_Pre-history Eraft 4rH Century B.C.f? Rbacus,simple counting aid, was inventedfr rczz, /F Wiltrelm Schickard built the first mechanical, caleulator, it worked with six digits and

tl 1820

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COMPUTER .It is an electronic device for storing and processing data,

typically in binary form. lt is a programmable machine designed tsequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmeticor logical operations.

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f& Charles Babbage invented the difference engine, a massive steam powdermechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables

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_Electronics Eran t94Lf+ Konrad Zuse developed the first

programmable calculatorll 194sft ENIAC(Electronic Numerical lntegratorAnalyzer and Computer)E L947fb Belltelephonelaboratoriesdevelopedthe transistor r


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CruPrrn 2: Computers_Mini Era

n 19s9* lntegiated Circuit(tC) was developed,made up transistors and other electronic componentsIt 1965* lC cost $ t,ooo in 1959 but now it costless than $ 10ll 1968{t lntelwas foundedtr 1970f+ lntel introduced the 4004microprocessor CPU(CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

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_Micro Era ,:tr rgzs' ft' Ahair 8800 the first personal computir wasintroducedI L97srt Microsoft was introduced by Bill Gatesn Ig77 ': '/& npple 11was int'roducedn 1:979rt visicalc, the first spfeadsheet was lintroducedll 1981rt leM PC was released

ll 1984f? epple Macintosh featured graphic interfacett 198s/'iF windows 1.0 was distributed @obo(do.


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Cnaprrn 2: Computers .lPeopte Behind Modern Computers

ll Charles Babbage/ Envisioned Analytical Engine

tr ada Lovelacer' Babbage's assistant and

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: 1,{ 'G.eoige Boble{ , The mathematician, first stated the principles of logicinherent in today's digital computer.

collaborator have introduced theideas of program loops andsubroutines and is sornetirhe3considered the first programmer.

ll lohn von Neumannlaid out stored program in1945. Essentially, theprogram is read by thecomputer one instruction at atime,' an. operation isperformed, and the comp0terthen reads in the nextinstruction, and so on.

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CnaPrER 2: Computers .tHistory of Cornputers in the Philippines

late 196dsf? Computers were introduced in the Philippines by

IBM Philippines,lNC

fr Mainframe computers, whose basicfunction was more on data storage, was veryprevalent. lt needed a high trained technician touse and translate the binary language, a languageused by computers.

-Mid 197ds

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f* A highly evolved computer withits Applel had a great impact on the Philippine market.These new computers were compact and space neededwas very small. These computers were called minis orpersonal computers popularly called PC's. This startedan era of computerization in the Philippines

-Mid 198ds and gCPsf? Control for the cornputer market in the Philippines was intensef? Rpple came out with their Apple 11,Apple l.l+,Apple 11 C's and the Apple macsft lgRn predominant in the field of computqrs in the Philippines because of with theirPentium class units P-t,P-Z,P-3

_Early part of 21st Centuryf? More and more different types of computer are being introduced to thePhilippines. There are now laptops, mini desktops and more, proving thePhilippines and its people the Filipinos are now part of the hi-tech community. Or{

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CrlAPrrn 2: Computersll. Computer nardware

Refers to the electricalparts and components inside acomputer which power thesystem. The operating systemand other software are theninstalled upon - and make use of -the hardware.Part5:

ll Power Supply Unit (PSU)lf OpticalDisk Drive* This is where you insert CDs or DVDs to

play/burn themtl Graphics Cardr* The graphics card is a powerful gomponent,which generates and outputs images to the comptiter monitor.Not all systerns have these, although all gaming computerstend to have onetl Case* The case houses all ofthe above

computer components

jps*#"trft MotherboardThe main componentwith integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer* Some components directly attached to themotherboard include:

The central processing unit (CPUI performsmost of the calculations which enable acomputer to functiori, and is sometimesreferred to as the "brain" of the computer.RAM (Random Access Memory) storesresident part of the current running OS andall running processes.

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CneP'rrn 2: Cornputers .!_Removable Media Devices

E Computer storage

li CD {compact disc}ll DVD (digital versatile disc)rt Blu-ray Disctl Secondary storage

r? Floppy disk

r* fnis hardware keeps data inside the computer for later use and remainspersistent even when the computer has no power.

/'F RAID array

r? USB flash drive

to manage several internal orexternal hard disks and optionallysome peripherals in order toachieve performance or religbility

r'F Sound Card- processes,generates and outputsaudio. #sS"(dO-


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CnlprEn 2: Computers .i-lnput and Output Peripherals

ll lnput devices

rib Keyboard1:iiIIj

r? web cam"r{

_(!_r? Microphon

/'t" Mouse

fl" Touch Screenrt Track Ball

r'F lmage Scanner


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CnaPnEn 2: Computers 't'F Output device. :

&.:Monitor

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& Printer

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CHlPrEn 2: Computerstlt. Softwares and Nurses

,:-**PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants)

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Basic Uses of Softwarert nnedicalReferencefiF orug Guideft Patient TrackingSoftware Used by Nursesr,fts Computer Physician Order filtry (CfOe) is also considered, a system to be so

important that they list it as a separate item on their quality checklist. These arelike electronic conference calls.

f+ Electronic Bulletin Boards creates spacewhere users can post a message.ft list Servers the least powerfulversion of

an electronic bulletin board.

r' This device pulls up allthe patients data fromdifferent sourceswithout using acomputer you can doso on your palm toP.,/ Aid of nurses and helpsthem in trackingpatient details by justusing the stylus on their Palm top.,/ Helps nurses in providing quicker medicalassistance and allows them to do their job quicklyand efficiently.r' lt saves lot of time for the nurses in identifyingpatient's health concerns.'/ Assists in quick decision which is so vital to providing thetime.

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CnaPren 2: ComputerslV. Cornputer Networks

f* Networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of orea network.& commonly for business purposes, but because of the Digital World computernetworking was now used for gaming and even in the nursing field.

CLASSTFTCATTON OF COMPUTER NETWORX qY SCOPE/SCALEtt LAN {localArea Network )

rt Cbnnects network devices over arelatively short distance.

* d networked office building, school, orhome usually contains a single LAN,though sometimes one building willcontain a few small LANs (perhaps oneper room), and occasionally a LAN willspan a group of nearby buildings.* mrus are owned, controlled, andmanaged by a single person or organization.

u WLAN (Wireless LocalArea Network)rt A network linking two or morecomputers without wires (cables)./& gased on Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fiwireless network technology.rt Permits workers to use theircomputers anywhere in the networkarea, such as an office building orcorporate campus.

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CunPffin 2: Computers .ltl WAN (Wide Area Network)

* a WAN is a geographically-dispersed, collection of LANs.fr g network device called a routerconnects LANS to a WAN.ft Most WANs (like the lnte.rnet) rather existunder collective or distributed ownershipand management.fF tend to use technology like ATM, FrameRelay a.nd X.25 for connectivity over the

longer distances.*Wwkss LANg aru ued.

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hosp,ful^s fsr twv'$ at1d"corporation.r,}. Used inmalls {SM), call centers,and some university

libraries (SLU and UP) to" f.acilitate access, storage and retrieval of data.

tl MAN (Metropolitan Area Network )r1l' A network spanning a physical area larger

than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city is theMetropolitan Area Network or MAN.f*Typically ownbd and operated by asingle entity such as a government body or large

fl SAN(Storage Area Network, System AreaNetwork, Server Area Network,)fY.A type of local area network (LAN)besigned tohandle large data transfers.

ft;Supports . data storage, rbtrievalreplication on business networks usinghigh-end servers, multiple disk arrays andFibre Ch'a nnel interconnection tech nology.

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CnaPrEn 2: Computersi

CAN (Campus Area Network, Controller AreaNetwork, or Cluster Area Network)r1!' R computer network interconnecting afew local area networks (LANs) within a

university campus or corporate campus.rt tvtay link a variety of campus buildingsincluding departments, the university libraryand student halls of residence.rb Larger than alocal area network but

smaller than a metropolitanarea network (MAN) orwide area network (WAN).

raF Can also stand for corporate area network.

PAN (Personal Area Network)l# ts the interconnection of informationtechnology devices within the range ofan individual'person, typically within arange of 10 meters.

ft n wiretess PAN consists of a dynamicgroup of less than 255 devices thatcommunicate within about a 33-footrange.

DAN (Desk Area Network )r? Workstation with multimedia capabilitiesand truly based on the ATM interconnections.rt tt can communicate with the other connect peripheral devices with the hel.p of the switchfabrics indicated on the ATM cells.

tl GAN (GlobalArea Network|ft A network that is composed of different interconnected computer networksand covers an unlimited geographical area. ln short it is any network'thatcovers the world.

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CnaPtnn 2: ComputersV. lnternet and Nursing

l. lnternetft, A network of networks of computer hosts able tosea m lessltT comm unigate.f* lt is usually tl"rrough the lnternet Protocol (lP) andservices.f* The lnternet holds vast amounts of information which isestimated to exceed 6 terabytes (a terabyte, TB, is approximately amillion megabytes).ft Every piece of information on the lnternet has a uniquename known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). A URL

contains allthe information necessary to connect toand load a piece of information.

lnternet Standard Domain Names# form the basis of both a geographical and

non-geogra ph ical naming system :{ aero - for the air ilansport industry{ biz - for businesses :{ com - commercial/businessorganizations{ coop - for cooperativesr' edu - educational organizationsr' gov- government institutions {'r' info - for all usesr' int - international organizations/ mil- military groups{ museum - for museumsy' name- for individualsr' net - major network support centers

tr orl- organizations other than the

Dornaors and S/rdonians* A dnnntqu,v,* acstfr\f narn, twfrits*,ep etc.{inr''pA,{ .1p{, .qr:A SlrDornnuo uldtqate,l,a u& cahryratimas afuilrlcz, stb'e\tskdemutw;t etr./ rr,.tn{ lrsLqA$t W.ng

above,/ pro - for professionsr' country code - two character identifier for a country inthe geographical scheme

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CnaPnrn 2: Computers .t_Host Names & lnternet Address ,. . , .

lb tn order to uniquely identify a trsst on the lnternet, each host is assigned aunique lP addreSs. The lP address is a 32-bit code (written in 32 codes [orlessl). Divided into four parts : (e.g., 164.100.1.16) .f? A host narne is rnade up dornain names, separated by periods: e.g., www.nic.iF' A Domain Name System IDNSI service translates a host name to an lPddress. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the

ad d resses 192.0. 32. 10 (l Pv4) a n d 262O:O :2dO:200: : 10 ( I Pv6).

_lnternet ConnectivityTIw+np 5 cou,rfrre,owiilLtlw htqhe"st vw{rQr I tvtait only connectionof u*etv1et u,efi wlilAe-: r+ Links that enable you to send and receiveelectronic emailand Bulletin Board Services.tt ShellAccountUNITED tt Dial-up terminal connection links you to anS-TATES lnternet bode of NICNET as a terminal and set up a shell account

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tr File Transfer Protocol (FTP)ft Themethod used by early lnternauts (a moniker for users of the lnternet) toupload files to and download files from distant computers.ll Gopher system

r> Provides users a menu of items available on the lnternet servers glqbally burt onlysupported text file. O(\tq)bo(tO.

go'NAJl.JAPANwhichusesaUNIXcommandline.tl Telnet/D A terminal emulation program that is part of the

TCP/lP protocols.ll lt allows a connecting computer to behave like aterminal for a distant computer regardless of the type ofcomputer that is either the target or originator of the Telnetsession.


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CnaPrun 2: Computers

_lnternet Servicesfi THE MAlt (done by MailTransfer Agent)

Some common protocols for email deliver:rt SUfp (simple MailTransfer Protocol)/li} tUap (lnteractive MailAccess Protocol)rt POP {Post Office Protocol)r? uuCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocbl)H E-Mail

r1F A messaging system that can be used totransmit text messages and file attachmentssuch as word processing documents,graphics, video and sound.f'lr E-mail services are implemented bytheSMTP protocol, which transfers messages

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.iSLIP /PPP itb On demand direct connection is a variant of lP designed for PCs connecter

through telephone lines is called the Serial Line lnterface Protocol (SLIP)or the Point to Point Protocol (PPP).

Serial Line lnternet Protocol (st-tR1* ls currently a de facto standard, commonly used for point-to-point serialconnections running lP.& lt is comrnonly used on dial-up links and sometimes for dedicated serial links.

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)ft A standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagram over point-to-pointlinks.1+ lt provides error detection/correction and data compression and allows hiSherspeed.

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from one server location to another and the POP3 protocol, which allowsusers to retrieve messages from the server.

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CHePrrn 2: Computers

Intlw.l'hg 19?0 i6$0e ofPoFilx *lene, rnparp,k+kiltr C.C-lnireu,ms'r4xltrdts ha\nryAbt Athat erltplliip,swuWw &q"Ltug+rwacilmil;ttr{ rnn$lpAqe sf ttwt *yto,p* fu#tt?i utlttg acusde tllrrt vts'J/d cffitf,ri.w, thLtmctirlrlril@ s( ttw>dlwfuIperlee. tpi,e\Aflfrit and a smallcsnpfur. alloufry data foansferand uAQ'a co.*auncttg arat*d"tht dil,e.

HTML commands (tags) that control the way the textappears./ ntwell as text, HTML also supports multimedia information such as graphics,pictures, sound and video. Another powerful feature is its capability to providelinks to other related documents. lnformation saved from a browser is in HTMLformat and has a default file extension of .htm.

WEB BROWSERS

'/ Required to access Web pages.{ A software package that can retrieveand display information that has bi:mformatted using HTML.'/ The two most popular PC packages areNetscape Navigator and Microsoft lnternet 61Explorer.

_The World Wide Web. / One of the most popular and widespread

information services on"the lnternet./ provides unparalleled quantities ofinformation with a standard means of access,and user-friendly tools for locatinginformation.{ co*ponents: Web server (holds pages ofinformation and makes them available toWeb users) and the browser (browser is usedto locate and display information).

_HTMI Web pages/ created using a page description language

named Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML).The text or graphics to be displayed on theWeb page are inserted between a series of

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CnePnr,n 2: Computers .lll. Four Maior Areas of Nursing in Relation toComputers

$l Nursing Practicer' Computer system with nursing and patientcare data.r' Nursing care plans are no longer separatedsubsystems of the computerized HISS, butrather integrated into on interdisciplinarypatient health record in the EHR.

I\I(JRS,INIG PROCESSF An egartaA eryurz6 ydil*.wrsdcrxr,qsW unAta i{effitgard"tp nfrmp healthFA/r.llrv d +he c*p.N*"F It r^s tlw csv d mrtifi*caru MiwnlF tt ts a c@tituumO0:rrrtn+lo,t flarn:ttq,Inflewwda:ttoi"

F Assus.snBd Dagnmts,il Nursingedministration ' ,' ../ Policies and procedure manuals areaccessed and reffieved via the

computer.r' The internet is now being accessed by' nurses to access digital libraries, online resources and research protocols at thebedside.

ll Nursing Educationr' Computer enhanced courses in nursing, online courses, and distance education.y' Campus wide computer systems are now available where students communicatevia emails, transfer data files, access to digital libraries and retrieve onlineresources in the internet./ Educations teach courses via the web andcommunicate with students via e-maiJ.They require new tools techniques and fullarrays of multimedia strategies to stimulatetheir student.{ Live classroom via computer.

E Nursing Research/ Computer were used to analyze nursing d,atar' Software programs were developed to

process qualitative and quantitative datar' Online data for literatures cf)e\tOJbo(!O.


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CnePmn 2: Computers .tlll. lmpact of lnternet to the Nursing Areasll NursingAdministration/ Carefuldevelopment of the

program according to needs andcapabilities of the users, strongeducation pedagogical principles,. and constant evaluation forsuccess in order to makealterations as they are needed.

Il Nursing Education/ ruo More

Il Clinical Practicey' lnformation Sitesy' srppor, Groups for Patients/ consultsNursing Research/ rindtrends in aggregate

data, which derived {1om Ilarge population group."com puterizes literatu re searching.

Pencils, No More Books. , ''/ Students everywhere have access to virtual

classrooms and degree programs.{ Online education means that the limits previouslyimposed by location.and time become less important.'/ Sites such as WorldWideLearn.com allow thestudent 2417 access to courses and technical support.,/ Employers can select educationalseminars andshow them in real time in a conference room or select courses

that have been drchived for their nurses to watch later..:

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NI Chapter 2

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