niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza #...

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza # 84

Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza # 84

Targmna: s/m mecn. kan. e. sanaZe,

s/m mecn. kan. T. qvriviSvili

redaqtori: saq. mecn. akad. w/k., prof. T. uruSaZe

PPublished by arrangement with the

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by

GFA-Terra Systems

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"es wigni Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda gaerTianebuli erebis

kvebisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis (FAO) mier, rogorc

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza, # 84)".

"naSromSi warmodgenili masalisa da saxelwodebebis gamoyeneba

ar gulisxmobs garTianebuli erebis kvebisa da soflis meurneobis

organizaciis mxridan raime azris gamoTqmas romelime qveynis,

teritoriis, qalaqis, raionis xelisuflebis iuridiuli mdgomareobis

an maTi sazRvrebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb".

"saxelwodebebi _ "ganviTarebuli" da "ganviTarebadi" ekonomika

gamoiyeneba statistikisTvis da ara qveynis, teritoriis an raionis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi miRweuli garkveuli etapis

Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmisTvis".

© FAO 2002 inglisuri versia

© GFA-Terra Systems 2005 qarTuli versia GFA

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From the Editor

Soil is a special component of nature. Its variety complicates the opportunity of

creating effective soil classification. Compared to the classification of plants and animals, the problem of creation of soil classification is that the soils create such type of system, which requires conditional and not a concrete classification.

The idea of formation of a unified world soil-information system has a long history, the thing is that, it is important to have same titles for same types of soils all over the world. Nowadays this problem is about to be solved, owing to the establishment of world references base for soil resources or WRB. Success of using WRB is closely linked to the maintenance of basic principles:

- Classification of soils on the basis of soil features and main results of soil creation processes,

- Selection of objective diagnostic signs, - No usage of climatic parameters while soil classification.

WRB represents a good example of scientific consolidation of many generations of

scientists from different countries. Publication of WRB was positively accepted by World Soil Society and it has been already translated in more than 10 different languages of the world.

Publication of WRB in Georgian language became possible with the assistance of Cadastre and Land Register Project co-financed by KfW. The project not only conducts activities in the field of evaluation of Georgian soil resources, but also assists the increase of professionalism of local employees representing different generations. Propaganda of WRB as a progressive classification of soils is ongoing quite successfully. Owing to the efforts of the project the famous scientists of the world such as Prof. H.P. Blume (Germany) and Prof. W. Blum (Austria) participate in this significant process.

The publication of this book would be impossible without vigorous assistance and daily care of Dr. Wolfram D. Kneib. Hard mission of WRB translation was successfuly performed by soil scientists – E. Sanadze and T. Kvrivishvili.

Thanks to our German colleagues I believe that the publication of WRB in Georgian language will facilitate the anticipated "soil boom" in our country.

Prof. Tengiz Urushadze

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redaqtorisgan

niadagi bunebis gansakuTrebuli komponentia. niadagebis

mravalferovneba arTulebs maTi efeqturi klasifikaciis Seqmnis

SesaZleblobas. mcenareebisa da cxovelebis klasifikaciasTan

gansxvavebiT niadagis klasifikaciis Seqmnis problema imaSia, rom

niadagebi qmnian sistemas, romelic moiTxovs pirobiT da ara

konkretul klasifikacias.

msoflio niadagur-informaciuli erTiani sistemis

Camoyalibebis ideas aqvs xangrZlivi istoria. metad mniSvnelovania,

rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebul erTnair niadags erTnairi

saxelwodebebi ewodos.

dReisaTvis es problema gadaWril iqna niadagis resursebis

msoflio monacemTa bazis anu "mmb"-is (WRB) wyalobiT. "mmb"-is

warmatebulad gamoyeneba mWidrod ukavSirdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi

principis dacvas:

- niadagebis klasifikaciis Seqmna niadagis maxasiaTeblebis da

niadagwarmoqmnis procesebis ZiriTad Sedegebze dayrdnobiT;

- obieqturi diagnostikuri kriteriumebis SerCeva;

- niadagis klasifikaciis dros klimaturi parametrebis

gamouyenebloba.

msoflio monacemTa baza ("mmb") sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa

erTiani Zalisxmevis karg magaliTis warmoadgens.

"mmb" dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli niadagis msoflio

niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier da is iTargmna

msoflios 10-ze met enaze.

msoflio monacemTa bazis qarTul enaze gamocema SesaZlebeli

gaxda KfW kadastrisa da miwis registraciis proeqtis mxardaWeriT.

proeqti xorcieldeba ara mxolod saqarTvelos niadaguri

resursebis Sefasebis sferoSi, aramed igi exmareba adgilobriv

specialistebs kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi. warmatebiT mimdinareobs

"mmb", rogorc niadagebis progresuli klasifikaciis propaganda. am

metad mniSvnelovan procesSi monawileoben cnobili mecnierebi:

profesori h.p. blume (germania) da profesori v. blumi (avstria).

am wignis gamocema SeuZlebeli iqneboda doqtor volfram knaibis

(germania) aqtiuri daxmarebisa da yoveldRiuri zrunvis gareSe.

naSromis Targmnisas rTuli misia warmatebulad Seasrules

niadagmcodneebma _ e. sanaZem da T. qvriviSvilma.

madlobas vuxdi Cvens germanel kolegebs da me mjera, rom "mmb"-s

qarTuli varianti gaaZlierebs Cvens qveyanaSi niadagis Seswavlis

moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs sasurvel "niadagur bums".

profesori Tengiz uruSaZe

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winasityvaoba

1994 wels akapulkoSi, meqsikaSi Catarebul niadagmcodneobis me-

15 kongresisa da SemdgomSi 4 wliani intensiuri muSaobis safuZvelze,

niadagmcodneobis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis samuSao jgufis

monacemTa bazis saxeliT, momzadda 3 naSromi. samive naSromi

winapiroba iyo axlandeli “niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa

bazis”. naSromebi Sedgeba:

1. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza: Sesavali.

2. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza: atlasi.

3. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazisgan.

pirveli naSromis mizania niadagis mdgradobisa da misi

ganawilebis Seswavla, romelic xelmisawvdomia ufro mecnierebisTvis

vidre farTo sazogadoebisTvis an “niadagmcodneobis sensu stricto”-sTvis.

meore naSromSi igulisxmeboda atlasis Seqmna, romelic

damzadda msoflioSi gavrcelebuli niadagebis monacemTa jgufebis

ganawilebis gadasaxedad, xolo mesame ki warmoadgens naSroms,

romelic teqnikuri saxelmZRvaneloa da sakmaod detalur

informacias aZlevs niadagmcodneebs. saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia

niadaguri horizontebis, Tvisebebisa da nivTierebebis diagnostikuri

kriteriumebi da gansazRvrebebi, niadagis monacemTa jgufebisa da

maTi gamsazRvrelebis klasificirebisTvis saWiro ganmartebebi.

samive naSromi Sedgenilia kvalificirebuli avtorebis didi

jgufis xangrZlivi gamocdilebis safuZvelze da logistikurad

mxardaWerilia “nss” (ISSS), “nsmic” (ISRIC) da “fao”-s (FAO) mier.

imedia, rom samive naSromi mosaxleobaSi da samecniero

sazogadoebaSi gamarTuli debatebiT wvlils Seitans

niadagmcodneobis ukeT SecnobisTvis.

i. a. dekersi _ TavJdomare, o. s Sparxargareni _ moadgile

f. o. naCergaeli _ mdivani

“nss” (ISSS) monacemTa bazis samuSao jgufi

l. r. oldemani _ direqtori

niadagis saerTaSoriso monacemTa da informaciuli centri

( “nsmic” _ ISRIC)

r. brinkmani _ direqtori

miwisa da wylis ganviTarebis ganyofileba

gaerTianebuli erebis kvebis da soflis meurneobis organizacia

(“fao” _ FAO)

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mecnierTa wvlilis Sesaxeb

naSromis teqti Sedgenilia Semdegi mkvlevarebis daxmarebiT:

“akrisolebi” _ Cargeli (venesuela); “albeluvisoli” _ langori

(belgia) da targuliani (ruseTi); “alisolebi” _ delvauqsi (belgia),

herbiloni da volkovi (safrangeTi), konstantini (italia);

“andosolebi” _ kuantini (safrangeTi) da SoJi (iaponia);

“anTrosolebi” _ gong zi-Tongi (CineTi) da kosi (amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi); “arenosolebi” _ remelzvali (“fao”-dan warmomadgeneli) da

leikeri (samxreT afrika); “kalcisolebi” _ ruelani (safrangeTi);

“kambisolebi” _ leikeri (samxreT afrika) da Sparxargareni

(niderlandebi); “durisolebi” _ elisi (samxreT afrika);

“feralsolebi” _ esvorani (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da klemti

(brazilia); “fluvisolebi” _ kreutzbergi (niderlandebi);

“gleisolebi” _ blume (germania) da zaidelmani (ruseTi);

“gifsisolebi” _ ilaivi (siria) da boiadgievi (bulgareTi);

“histosolebi” _ draiseni (niderlandebi) da okruzko (poloneTi);

“leptosolebi” _ brijisi (garTianebuli samefo); “liqsisolebi” _

Cargeli (venesuela); “luvisolebi” _ dekersi (belgia) da dudali

(belgia); “nitisolebi” _ sombroeki (“fao”-s warmomadgeneli) da

muCena (kenia); “planosolebi” _ brinkmani (“fao”-s warmomadgeneli);

“plinTosolebi” _ sombroeki (“fao”-dan warmomadgeneli);

“podzolebi” _ rihi (safrangeTi); “regosolebi” _ arnoldi (amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi); “solonCakebi” _ loieri (safrangeTi);

“soloneci” _ tursina (ruseTi); “umbrisolebi” _ holisi

(garTianebuli samefo) da nemeseki (Cexoslovakia); “vertisolebi” _

segali (indoeTi).

erTma Tematurma jgufma detalurad imuSava “kraisolebi”-s

gansazRvrebebis, aRwerebis da misi qvedanayofebis, xolo meorem

“Cernoziomebis”, “faeoziomebis” da “kaStanaziomebis” gansazRvrebebis,

aRwerebis da maTi qvedanayofebis Sesaxeb. “akrisolebi” Seswavlili

iqna tarnokais (kanada) da smitis (kanada), iakobsenis (denmarki),

giliCinskis (ruseTi), koniuSkovis (ruseTi), naumovis (ruseTi) da

sokolovis (ruseTi), blumes (germania), brolis (germania), bokhemis

(amerika), kimbelis (amerika), fingis (amerika), sletenis (amerika) da

svonsonis (amerika) mier. brongerma, gerasimovam, lebedevam, makeevma,

rozanovma, Sobam, sotnikovma (ruseTi) da pazom (argentina)

Seiswavles “Cernoziomebi”, “kaStanaziomebi” da “faeoziomebi”.

“andosolebis”, “faeoziomebis” da “podzolebis” Sesaxeb

arsebuli literaturis xelmeored gadaxedvaSi didi wvlili

miuZRvis “fao”-s warmomadgenels _ f. r. berdings. swored mis mier

iqna SemoTavazebuli nawilobrivi informacia niadagis monacemTa

jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis Sesaxeb.

mkvlevarebis umetesobam werilobiTi komentarebi gaakeTa an

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo “mmb”-s an warsulSi saerTaSoriso

monacemTa bazis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiebSi.

udidesia TiToeuli monawilis wvlili, vinaidan maTi

daxmarebiT Seiqmna, daixvewa da ganxorcielda warmodgenili

“niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza”.

gansakuTrebul madlobas vuxdiT i. lozetsa da Capils (belgia),

raTa “mmb”-is frangulad Targmnisas gaiTvaliswines yoveli

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wvrilmani miTiTeba. aseve dasafasebelia brijis (gaerTianebuli

samefo) muSaobac, vinaidan man yuradRebiT gadaxeda naTargmn teqsts

da madloba gamoTqva Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb.

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Sinaarsi

gverdi

1. zogadi mimoxilva 12

istoria 12

miznebi 15

principebi 16

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis elementebi 18

diskusia 23

2. niadagis monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebebi 28

“mmb”-is niadagis monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebebi 29

3. diagnostikuri horizontebi,Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi 36

diagnostikuri horizontebi 37

“albik” horizonti 37

“andik” horizonti 38

“anTraqvik” horizonti 41

“anTropedogenik” horizontebi 41

“arjik” horizonti 45

“kalcik” horizonti 47

“kambik” horizonti 49

“Cernik” horizonti 50

“qraik” horizonti 51

“durik” horizonti 52

“feralik” horizonti 53

“ferik” horizonti 54

“folik” horizonti 55

“frajik” horizonti 55

“fulvik” horizonti 56

“gifsik” horizonti 57

“histik” horizonti 58

“hidragrik” horizonti 58

“horTik” horizonti 58

“iragrik” horizonti 58

“melanik” horizonti 58

“molik” horizonti 59

“natrik” horizonti 60

“nitik” horizonti 62

“oqrik” horizonti 64

“petrokalcik” horizonti 65

“petrodurik” horizonti 66

“petrogifsik” horizonti 67

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“petroplintik” horizonti 68

“plajik” horizonti 69

“plinTik” horizonti 69

“salik” horizonti 70

“spodik” horizonti 70

“sulfurik” horizonti 71

“Takirik” horizonti 72

“terik” horizonti 72

“umbrik” horizonti 73

“vertik” horizonti 74

“vitrik” horizonti 75

“iermik” horizonti 76

diagnostikuri Tvisebebi 77

“teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba” 77

“albeluvik ena” 77

“alik” Tvisebebi 78

“aridik” Tvisebebi 78

daurRveveli mkvrivi qani 79

“feralik” Tvisebebi 79

“gerik” Tvisebebi 80

“gleik” Tvisebebi 81

mzraloba 80

meoradi karbonatebi 80

“stagnik” Tvisebebi 82

Zlierad gamoxatuli humusovani Tvisebebi 83

diagnostikuri nivTierebebi 83

“anTropogeomorfik” niadaguri nivTiereba 83

“kalkarik” niadaguri nivTiereba 84

“fluvik” niadaguri nivTiereba 84

“gifsirik” niadaguri nivTiereba 85

niadagis organuli nivTiereba 85

“sulfidik” niadaguri nivTiereba 85

“tefrik” niadaguri nivTiereba 86

4. niadagis monacemTa jgufebis qvedanayofebis

klasificireba 87

dabali donis erTeulebis gansxvavebisTvis

saWiro ZiriTadi principebi 88

dabali donis erTeulebis SeqmnisTvis

saWiro elementebis gansazRvrebebi 91

daxasiaTebebi:

danarTi 1: niadagis horizontebis gansxvavebebi 119

danarTi 2: niadagis qveerTeulebisa da niadagis

monacemTa jgufebisTvis saWiro kodebi 123

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cxrilebis sia

gverdi

1. “anTropedogenik” procesebi 42

2. zogierTi “anTropogeomorfik” niadaguri nivTierebebi 84

3. niadagis dabali donis erTeulebis sia 92

4. niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis

prioritetuli sia 111

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zogadi mimoxilva

Tavi I

winasityvaoba

warsulSi did sirTules warmoadgenda niadagebis iseTi

klasifikaciis SemuSaveba, romelic 100 wlis Semdegac gamoadgeboda

Tanamedrove niadagmcodneobas (Dudal, 1990). es problema gamowveulia im

faqtiT, rom niadagebi mcenareebisa da cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT,

warmoqmnian uwyvet sistemas da saWiroeben pirobiT klasebad dayofas.

am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad bolo 20 wlis manZilze niadagis

sistematikebSi mimdinare samuSaoebi koncentrirebulia niadagis

resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis ganviTarebaze.

istoria

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza ("mmb") niadagis

klasifikaciis saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis ("smb") memkvidrea. es

idea 1980 wels "fao"-s mier iqna SemoTavazebuli da SemdgomSi

mxardaWerili iyo gaerTianebuli erebis garemos programisa ("gegp") da niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier ("nss"). "smb"

proeqtis mizani iyo, arsebuli sqemis gaTvaliswinebiT, niadagis

saklasifikacio sistemebis Sejereba da SemdgomSi niadagis

klasifikaciis srulyofa. sabolood, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze unda Seqmniliyo ZiriTadi niadagebis farTo masStabiT

aRiarebuli jgufebi, romlebic moemsaxureboda saWiro

meTodologiur miznebs. amgvar SeTanxmebaSi igulisxmeboda

gamocdilebisa da informaciis gacvlis gamartiveba, saerTo

mecnieruli enis uzrunvelyofa, niadagmcodneobis gamoyenebis

gaZliereba da misi sxva disciplinebTan urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba.

1978 wels kanadaSi Catarebuli winaswari debatebis Semdeg

bulgareTSi, q. sofiaSi, mowveul iqna sami sxdoma. 1981, 1982 wlebSi

safuZveli Caeyara saerTaSoriso programas, romelic mimarTuli iyo

niadagis klasifikaciis gamartivebisken. Camoyalibda 16 ZiriTadi

niadaguri jgufi Semdegi ganmartebebiT: sustad ganviTarebuli,

gajirjvebuli da mSrali, miwisqveSa wylis gavlenis qveS myofi,

damlaSebuli da tute, karbonatuli da TabaSiriani, "molik" (Mollic), "umbrik" (Umbric) da mciresisqiani (sustad ganviTarebuli), sialituri,

fersialituri, feralituri, "andik" (Andic), zedapiruli wylebis

gavlenis qveS myofi, gaewrebuli, "histik" (Histic), mzrali da

anTropogenuri niadagebi.

1982 wels safuZveli Caeyara "smb" (niadagis klasifikaciisTvis

saerTaSoriso monacemebis baza) proeqts, rogorc erT-erT miznobriv

programas, romelsac "gegp"-Tan erTad sisruleSi unda moeyvana

msoflio niadagebis politika. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo niadagis

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klasifikaciisTvis saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis (“smb”) safuZvelze

msoflio niadaguri rukis legendis gadamuSaveba (FAO-UNESCO, 1974). 1982 wels, indoeTSi, niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis

me-12 kongresma mxari dauWira “smb” programas da gansaxilvelad

gadasca V komisiaSi (niadagis genezisi, klasifikacia, kartografia)

arsebul jgufis wevrebs.

1986 wels, germaniaSi, q. hamburgSi niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebis me-13 kongresze "smb" programa gadaeca V komisiis

Tavmjdomaresa da mis samuSao jgufs, romlebsac daevalaT ZiriTadi

niadaguri jgufebis gansazRvrebebis da Sesabamisi diagnostikuri

Tvisebebis detaluri damuSaveba. maT agreTve unda warmoedginaT me-2;

me-3 doneze myofi qvedanayofebis sqema da daedginaT korelacia

ZiriTad niadagur saklasifikacio sistemebSi arsebul niadagur

erTeulebs Soris.

"smb"-is ganviTarebis sakiTxi ganixiles Semdeg konferenciebze:

I. italiaSi, q. romSi 1987 wels;

II. yazaxeTSi, q. alma-ataSi 1988 wels.

1990 wels miRweul iqna progresi simpoziumze, romelic mieZRvna

"niadagis klasifikaciis saerTaSoriso monacemebis bazas". es

simpoziumi Catarda niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis me-14

kongresze, iaponiaSi, q. kiotoSi. am etapze msoflio niadaguri

safaris safuZvelze gamoiyo 20 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufi:

saxeldobr, "organik" (organic), "anTrik" (anthric), "vertik" (vertic), "andik", "gleik" (gleic), "stagnik" (stagnic), "feralik" (ferralic), "podzik" (podzic), "luvik" (luvic), "nitrik" (nitric), "liqsik" (lixic), "fluvik" (fluvic), "gifsik" (gyfsic), "kalcik" (calcic), "salik" (salic), "sodik" (sodic), "Cernik" (chernic), "modik" (modic), "kambik" (cambic) da "primik" (primic) niadagebi. niadagebis dajgufeba moxda ZiriTadi niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis amsaxveli

TvisebebiT.

amasobaSi "fao"-m gamosca msoflio niadaguri rukis

gadamuSavebuli legenda (FAO, 1988). am legendaSi ZiriTadi niadaguri

jgufebis ricxvi gaizarda 26-dan 28-mde, xolo niadagis erTeulebi ki

106-dan 153-mde. ZiriTadad, adgili hqonda Semdegi saxis cvlilebebs:

"leptosolebSi" (Leptosols) gaerTiandnen "liTosolebi" (Lithosols), "renZinebi" (Rendzinas) da "rankerebi" (Rankers). moxda "luvisolebis"

(Luvisols) dayofa "luvisolebad" (Luvisols) da "liqsisolebad" (Lixisols). agreTve" "akrisolebi" (Acrisols) daiyo "akrisolebad" (Acrisols) da

"alisolebad" (Alisols). gauqmda "qserosolebi" (Xerosols) da

"iermosolebi" (Yermosols). sabolood, damkvidrda "anTrosolebi

"(Anthrosols), "plintosolebi" (Plinthosols), "kalcisolebi" (Calcisols) da "gifsisolebi" (Gypsisols). miRebul iqna ramdenime diagnostikuri

kriteriumi, danarCeni ki axlidan ganisazRvra (mag: "arjik" (argic) da "feralik" B horizontebi, aseve "andik", "fluvik", "gleik", "stagnik", "nitik" (nitic), "salik" da "sodik" Tvisebebi). 1990 wlis kongresis Semdeg, 1992 wels safrangeTSi, q. monpelieSi

Catarda konsultaciebi. "smb"-s mdgomareobis Sesamowmeblad,

amavdroulod gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kiotos simpoziumis debatebic.

aRmoCnda, rom 20 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufis nusxa sakmaod vrcelia,

rac arTulebda maTTvis Sesabamisi ganmartebebis momzadebas. es

ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebi saWiroebda daSlas im TvalsazrisiT,

13

raTa miRebuliyo ufro mravlismetyveli qvedanayofi. kiotoSi

miRebuli "smb"-s 20 erTeulis siis Sedarebisas "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legendis ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebis 28 erTeulTan,

ibadeba kiTxva: gamarTlebulia Tu ara am ori sistemis erTdrouli

ganviTareba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara miRebul iqnas niadaguri

erTeulebis TiTqmis analogiuri sia. ori sxvadasxva programis "smb"

da msoflio niadaguri rukis dafinanseba "nss"-is mier

gaumarTlebeli iyo, vinaidan isini erT saerTo mizans emsaxurebodnen:

kerZod, msoflio niadaguri resursebis inventarizacias. yovelive

aman gamoiwvia is, rom 1974 wlis "fao-iunesko"-s legendas mxolod

erTi mizani hqonda: samsaxuri gaewia mxolod msoflio niadaguri

rukis (masStabi 1 : 5 000 000) Sedgenas. amis Semdeg legenda

progresulad ganviTarda. amJamad is moicavs msoflios ZiriTadi

niadagebis 3 dones da farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc ganviTarebad,

aseve ganviTarebul qveynebSi. misi terminologia sayovelTaod

cnobili da miRebulia.

saboloo gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, "smb"-s unda mieRo "fao"-s

gadamuSavebuli legenda, rogorc sqema misi samomavlo

saqmianobisTvis. gansazRvrebis principebi da niadaguri

urTierTkavSirebi unda damateboda "fao"-s arsebul erTeulebs, raTa

uzrunvelyo maTi mecnieruli siRrme da safuZvlianoba. "smb"-isa da

"fao"-s erTeulebis Sejerebam warmoSva axali saxelwodeba

"niadagebis resursebis msoflio monacemebis baza"; (nss/fao/nrssc)

(niadagebis monacemebis da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri). legendis Semowmebisa da gamoqveynebis (1988 w) Semdeg "fao"-m

moiTxova komentaris gakeTeba da masSi SesaZlebeli Sesworebebis

Setana.

"mmb" Seecada daedgina xarvezebi da SesTavaza masSi koreqtivebis

Setana. SeTavazebuli koreqtireba warmodgenili iqna sqemis saxiT

niadagmcodneTa msoflio me-16 kongresze meqsikaSi, q. akapulkoSi

(nss-nrssc-fao, 1994). igi Semowmda konferenciebsa da savele

samuSaoebis dros germaniaSi (1995), ruseTSi (1996), samxreT afrikaSi

(1996), argentinasa (1997) da avstriaSi (1997).

14

miznebi

"niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis" mTavari mizania

mecnieruli siRrmiT da safuZvlianobiT uzrunvelyos "fao"-s 1988

wlis gadamuSavebuli legenda, msoflios niadagur resursebsa da maT

urTierTkavSirze uaxlesi codnis gamoyenebiT. amave dros

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ramdenime yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove

niadaguri swavlebac da gafarTovdes sistemis gamoyeneba ara marto

sasoflo-sameurneo, aramed garemos dacvis sferoSic. aSkaraa, rom

1988 wlis "fao"-s legendaSi Setanili cvlilebebi saWiroeben

Semcirebas.

ZiriTadi miznebia:

dadgindes niadagebis konturebi da ganviTardes saerTaSorisod

aRiarebuli sistema, romelic SemdgomSi Sejerdeba "fao"-s

gadamuSavebul legendasTan;

uzrunvelyofil iqnas sqema myari mecnieruli safuZvlebiT ise

rom, moemsaxuros masTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva dargebs,

rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, geologia, hidrologia da

ekologia;

aRiarebul iqnas sqemaSi topo da qronoTanmimdevrobiT

daxasiaTebuli niadagebis da niadaguri horizontebis sivrobrivi

kavSiri;

SedarebiT meti mniSvneloba mieniWos niadagebis morfologias,

vidre arasrulyofil laboratoriul-analizur mxares.

"mmb" Seqmnilia mecnierebs Soris ukeTesi komunikaciisTvis, raTa

moxdes niadagis ZiriTadi tipebisTvis saxelwodebebis miniWeba,

daxasiaTeba da dadgena. aq ar igulisxmeba erovnuli saklasifikacio

sistemebis Secvla. "mmb"-s mizania saerTo maxasiaTeblebis moZebna,

romlis meSveobiTac moxdeba masTan erovnuli sistemebis Sejereba.

"mmb" emsaxureba maT, vinc dainteresebulia miwiTa da bunebrivi

resursebiT.

"mmb" aris pedologiuri sruqturebis gansazRvrisa da maTi

mniSvnelobis dasadgeni saSualeba. igi aris niadagmcodneobis

ZiriTadi ena, romelic uzrunvelyofs:

mecnierul urTierTobas;

niadaguri inventarizaciis ganxorcielebas da niadaguri

monacemebis gavrcelebas. saerTo bazis mqone klasifikaciis

sxvadasxva sistemebis damuSavebas da rukebis axsna-ganmartebas.

niadagebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis dadgenas da topo da

qronoTanmimdevrobiT ganawilebuli niadaguri horizontebis

daxasiaTebas.

niadaguri monacemebis saerTaSoriso gamoyenebas ara mxolod

niadagmcodneebis aramed niadagis da miwis sxva momxmarebelTa

mxridanac. rogoricaa: geologebi, botanikosebi, agronomebi,

hidrologebi, ekologebi, fermerebi, metyeveebi, samoqalaqo

inJinrebi, arqiteqtorebi.

maT SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon:

15

gamoyeneba niadagis monacemebisa sxva mecnierebebis

sasargeblod;

Sefaseba niadagis resursebisa da niadaguri safaris sxvadasxva tipis potenciuri gamoyenebiT;

niadagebis monitoringi, gansakuTrebiT im nidagebisa, romlebic

imyofebian anTropogenuri faqtoris zegavlenis QqveS.

eqsperimentuli meTodebis danergva niadagis mdgradi

ganviTarebisTvis, romlebic inarCuneben an aumjobeseben

niadagis potencials.

gavrceleba niadagis teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa erTi

regionidan meoreSi.

principebi zogadi principebi, romelzec dafuZnebulia “mmb”, ganxilul iqna

1981-1982 wlebSi sofiaSi gamarTul sxdomebze. Semdgom zogadi

principebi damuSavebul iqna im jgufebis mier, romlebsac evalebodaT

“mmb”-s ganviTareba. zogadi principebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

niadagebis klasifikacia efuZneba diagnostikur horizontebSi

gansazRvrul maxasiaTeblebs da Tvisebebs, romelTa xarisxis

Seswavla ukeTesia ganxorcieldes savele pirobebSi.

diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis SerCeva xdeba

niadagwarmoqmnis procesebTan kavSirSi, radgan cnobilia, rom

niadagwarmoqmnis procesebze warmodgena gvexmareba niadagebis ukeT

daxasiaTebisTvis, Tumca maTi ganmasxvavebel kriteriumad

gamoyeneba dauSvebelia.

maRali xarisxis misaRwevad sasurvelia SeirCes is diagnostikuri

Tvisebebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania menejmenturi miznebisaTvis.

niadagebis klasifikaciaSi ar gamoiyeneba klimaturi parametrebi.

naTelia, rom isini gamoyenebul unda iqnan niadagis Tvisebebis

cvlilebisas interpretaciuli miznebis dros, magram klimaturi

parametrebi ar unda iyvnen niadagis gansazRvrebebis nawili.

"mmb" yovlismomcveli saklasifikacio sistemaa, romelic adamianebs

saSualebas aZlevs igi gamoiyenon sakuTar erovnuli

klasifikaciebTan misasadageblad. “mmb” moicavs kategoriis

detalebis 2 rigs:

1. "monacemebis baza", romelic moicavs mxolod I

rigs __ niadaguri jgufebis 30 monacems; da

2. "mmb saklasifikacio sistema", romelic moicavs prefiqsebis

mTel rig kombinaciebs. isini niadaguri jgufebis monacemebs

emateba, rogorc gamsazRvrelebi da maT ganmartavs. amis

Sedegad miiReba calkeuli niadaguri profilebis zusti

daxasiaTeba da maTi klasifikacia.

"mmb"–Si arsebuli niadagis erTeulebis monacemi unda

warmoadgendes regionis ZiriTad niadagebs, rac dagvexmareba

msoflio niadaguri safaris mimoxilvaSi.

monacemTa baza ar gulisxmobs erovnuli niadaguri

saklasifikacio sistemebis Secvlas. igi gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso

donis urTierTkavSirebisTvis. is moicavs dabali donis

kategoriebs. kerZod, "mmb" –is me-3 kategoria emsaxureba qveynebis

16

adgilobriv saxesxvaobebs. gaerTianebuli dabali doneebi

gamoxataven niadagis im Tvisebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania miwis

gamoyenebisa da niadagis menejmentisTvis.

"mmb" ganviTarda msoflio "fao-iunesko"-s niadaguri rukis

gadamuSavebuli legendis safuZvelze, ramac sargebeli moutana

saerTaSoriso korelaciur saqmianobas niadagebis Sesaxeb,

romelic manamde SemuSavebuli iyo am proeqtSi.

niadagis erTeulTa gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi asaxaven profilis

vertikalurad da lateralurad (horizontalurad) niadagis

maxasiaTeblebis saxesxvaobebs, rac gviCvenebs sivrciT kavSirebs

landSaftSi.

"monacemebis baza" aris "mmb"–is mier SemoRebuli termini. misi

erTeulebi sakmaod farToa, romlebic astimulireben arsebuli

erovnuli sistemebis korelaciasa da srulyofas.

“mmb” rogorc arsebuli saklasifikacio sistemebis makavSirebeli,

SesaZloa agreTve gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc sakomunikacio

saSualeba msoflio niadaguri monacemebisaTvis, msoflio

niadaguri resursebis aRwerisa da monitoringisTvis.

niadaguri jgufebis sxvadasxva saxelwodebebi inarCuneben

tradiciul terminebs. sxvadasxva damatebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone

saxelebis gamoyenebis dros, gaurkvevlobis asacileblad,

terminebi zustad aris gansazRvruli.

Tumca "fao"-s legendis ZiriTadi sqema miRebuli iyo ori

kategoriis doniT da mesame donis klasebis ganviTarebisaTvis

saWiro rCevebiT, magram mainc gadawyda dabali doneebis

gaerTianeba. "mmb"–is niadaguri jgufis yovel monacems Tan axlavs

prioritetobis mixedviT Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli

gamsazRvrelebis sia, ris Sedegadac momxmarebels saSualeba

eZleva aagos sxvadasxva dabali donis erTeulebi. "mmb"-is klasebis

diferenciaciis zogadi principebia:

maRali kategoriis doneze klasTa diferenciacia xdeba

niadagwarmoqmnis pirveladi procesebiT formirebuli niadagis

damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT.

dabali kategoriis doneze klasTa diferenciacia warmoebs

niadagwarmoqmnis meoradi procesebiT. es aris procesebi,

romlebmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina niadagis pirvelad

Tvisebebze. garkveul SemTxvevebSi mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT

niadagis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebic.

cnobilia, rom niadaguri jgufebis monacemebi SesaZloa

Segvxvdes sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebSi. gadawyda, rom niadagebis

klasifikaciis dadgena ar xdeba klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

17

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis

elementebi

"mmb"(WRB) –is niadaguri jgufebis monacemi

"fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legendis mimoxilvis Semdeg ganisazRvra

30 niadaguri jgufis monacemi, ris safuZvelzec Seiqmna niadagis

resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza. niadagur jgufebSi Sevida sami

axali monacemi: "kriosolebi" (Cryosols), "durisolebi" (Durisols) da

"umbrisolebi" (Umbrisols). "greiziomebi" (Greyzems) SeuerTdnen

"faeoziomebs" (Phaeozems) da "podzoluvi-solebs "(Podzoluvisols) ewodaT

axali saxeli "albeluvisolebi" (Albeluvisols). "mmb"–is 30 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufia: "akrisolebi",

"albeluvisolebi", "alisolebi", "andosolebi" (Andosols), "anTrosolebi", "arenosolebi" (Arenososls), "kalcisolebi",

"kambisolebi" (Cambisols), "Cernoziomebi" (Chernozems), “kriosolebi”,

"durisolebi", "feralsolebi" (Ferralsols), "fluvisolebi" (Fluvisols), "gleisolebi" (Gleysols), "gifsisolebi", "histosolebi" (Histosols), "kaStanaziomebi" (Kastanozems), "leptosolebi", "liqsisolebi", "luvisolebi", "nitisolebi" (Nitisols), "faeoziomebi", "planosolebi"

(Planosols), "plintosolebi", "podzolebi" (Podzols), "regosolebi"

(Regosols), "solonCakebi" (Solonchaks), "solonecebi" (Solonetz), "umbrisolebi" da "vertisolebi" (Vertisols). "kriosolebi" warmodgenilia umaRles doneze. isini qmnian im

niadagebis jgufs, romelTa formireba damokidebulia garkveul

garemo pirobebze, kerZod yinvisa da dnobis cvalebadobaze. am

niadagebs gaaCniaT 100 sm sisqis mzrali horizonti, romelic

dnobisas wyliT iJRinTeba. am niadagebis jgufs aReniSnebaT

krioturbaciis maCveneblebi. "durisolebi" formirdeba semiaridul

pirobebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia, CanarTebis an masiuri myari

fenis saxiT, meoradi kaJmiwis dagroveba. "umbrisolebi" aerTianeben

niadagebs, romlebsac aqvT "umbrik" an "molik" horizontebi da

niadaguri profilis 0-125 sm sisqis zogierT nawilSi fuZeebiT

maZRroba 50 % naklebia. "umbrisolebi" faqtiurad "Cernoziomebis",

"kaStanaziomebis" da "faeoziomebis" analogiebia.

"plintosolebSi" erTiandeba gadamuSavebul legendaSi arsebuli

"plintosolebi" da mciresisqiani "petroplintik" (Petroplintic) fenis

mqone niadagebi, romlebic gadamuSavebul legendaSi "leptosolebs"

miekuTvnebodnen. gadawyda, rom msoflio monacemTa bazis (WRB) "leptosolebSi" Sesuliyo iseTi pedogenezisuri horizontebi

rogoricaa mkvrivi kiriani an TabaSiriani horizontebi an

gamkvrivebuli plintitebi. es gansazRvreba aucilebelia im niadagis

jgufTa monacebisTvis, romlebic miekuTvnebian aRniSnul niadagebs.

Tumca mciresisqiani "petroplintikur" feniani niadagebi da

plintitebi landSaftSi ikaveben gansxvavebul adgilebs, erT jgufSi

maTi gaerTianeba mainc gamarTlebulia, radgan isini genezisurad

monaTesaveebi arian.

18

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, "podzoluvisolebs" ewodaT

"albeluvisolebi". termini "podzoluvisoli" gviCvenebs or process:

1) "xeluviacias"1 (romelsac "podzolebamde" mivyavarT); da 2) niadagis

siRrmeSi Tixis akumulacias (romelsac "luvisolebamde" mivyavarT),

maSin roca "arjik" horizontebSi Tixisa da rkina/manganumis

konkretuli zonebis (agregatebis zedapirebi, napralebi) gaswvriv

migracia dominanturi procesia. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelwodeba

"albeluvisoli" ufro Sesaferisia da igi gamoxatavs gauferulebuli

eluviuri horizontis ("albik" horizonti), TixiT gamdidrebuli

horizontis ("arjik" horizonti) arsebobas da "albeluvik enebis"

("albeluvic tounguing") gamoCenas.

"mmb"(WRB)-is diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi

adre miRebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, niadaguri jgufebi

ganisazRvreboda niadaguri horizontebis kombinaciebis specifiuri

eniT. kerZod, termini "diagnostikuri horizontebi" unda Secvliliyo

terminiT "horizontebis monacemebi". "horizontis monacems" unda

aexsna niadagis genezisuri horizontebi. samwuxarod, "horizontis

monacemsa" da "diagnostikur horizontebs" terminebs Soris sxvaobam

gamoiwvia gaurkvevloba. sabolood gadawyda, rom "fao"-s

terminologia "diagnostikuri horizontebi" da "diagnostikuri

Tvisebebi" kvlav ucvleli daetovebinaT. amasTanave, aucilebeli

gaxda niadagebis diagnostikuri nivTierebebis gansazRvrac, romlis

Sedegad miRebul iqna "mmb" diagnostikuri horizontebis, Tvisebebis

da nivTierebebis gasagebi sia. is Sedgenilia morfologiuri

maxasiaTeblebis an analizuri kriteriumebis mixedviT. "mmb"-s

Semadgeneli nawilebi (diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da

nivTierebebi) gvexmareba savele gansazRvraSi.

"fao"-s diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis gansazRvrebis modifikaciebi

gadamuSavebul legendaSi 16 diagnostikuri horizontidan

mxolod "fimik" (fimic) A horizonti ar iqna dabrunebuli. is

warmoadgens adamianis mier Seqmnil zedapirul fenas; "mmb"-Si es

horizonti ganawilebulia "horTik" (hortic),"plajik" (plaggic) da "terik" (terric) horizontebad. "fao"-s legendaSi "histik" horizontis minimaluri sisqe iyo 10 sm,

"mmb"-Si ki horizontis es sisqe miCneuli iqna maqsimalur sidided. es

procesi gamoiwvia gansazRvris meoradma gamoyenebam. gadamuSavebul

legendaSi "histik" H horizonti gamoiyeneba niadagebis meore doneze 1 "xeluviacia" aris "xelatisa" da eluviaciis terminebis kombinirebuli varianti.

"xelati" niSnavs organuli SenaerTebis SeboWvas (umTavresad metalebiT) rkinebiT,

maSin roca eluviacia gulisxmobs gamotutvas anu gamorecxvas. maSasadame, mTliani

termini "xeluviacia" gamosaxavs niadagis zeda nawilidan kompleqsuri (organuli

nivTierebebis rkinebTan) nivTierebebis migraciis process. Y

19

gamosayofad, raTa ganisazRvros "histik" niadagis erTeulebi. "mmb"-Si

es erTeulebi gamoiyeneba umaRles doneze "histosolebis"

gansasazRvrad. gadawyda, rom "histosolebis" qveS, myari qanis

minimaluri sisqe unda iyos 10 sm. adre "histosolebad"

klasificirebuli qanis zemoT arsebuli Txeli organuli fenebi

aRar unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli.

Tu "fao"-s mixedviT A horizontebi P205-is Semcvelobis mixedviT

gamoiyofoda, "mmb"-Si "molik" da "umbrik" horizontebisaTvis es

moTxovnebi ugulebelyofilia. es moTxovna ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos

diagnostikurad, radgan didi sisqis, muqi feris, adamianis mier

Seqmnili horizontebi magaliTad, CineTSi mcire raodnobiT Seicaven

fosfatebs. saWiroa moiZebnos "anTropedogenuri" horizontebisgan

"molik" da "umbrik" horizontebis ganmasxvavebeli sxva kriteriumebi.

"Cernik" horizonti gansazRvrulia, rogorc "molik" horizontis

gansakuTrebuli saxeoba. "molik" horizontis Sesaxeb arsebuli

gansazRvra zogadad asaxavs didi sisqis, moSavo, forovan zedapirul

horizonts, romelic aseve tipiuria "CernoziomebisTvis".

"oqrik" (Ochric) horizontis gansazRvra "fao"-s "oqrik" A horizontis msgavsia. "albik" horizontisaTvis, "fao"-s "albik" (albic) E horizontTan SedarebiT, ferTa moTxovna odnav Seicvala, raTa

momxdariyo Sesabamisoba "mmb"-s "albik" horizontebTan. "albik"

horizontebis feris intensivoba (teniani mdgomareobisTvis)

mniSvnelovnad cvalebadobs. amgvari pirobebi xSirad gvxvdeba

samxreT naxevarsferos niadagebSi.

"arjik" horizontis gansazRvra gansxvavebulia gadamuSavebuli

legendis "arjik" B horizontisgan. "mmb"-Si "arjik" horizontSi Tixis

afskebis procentuli Semcveloba agregatebis horizontalur,

vertikalur zedapirebze da forebSi gazrdilia 1-dan 5 %-mde. es

uzrunvelyofs ukeTes korelacias im wina moTxovnebTan SedarebiT,

romelic iTvaliswinebda gamWvirvale SlifebSi Tixis Semcvelobas

sul cota 1 %-mde.

Tu savele dakvirveba liTologiuri wyvetis dasadgenad ar iqna

sakmarisi, maSin misi srulyofisTvis SeiZleba damatebul iqnas

"arjik" horizontis aRwerac. liTologiuri wyveta SesaZloa

dadgindes msxvilmarcvlovani da wvrilmarcvlovani qviSebis, aseve

mtvris nawilakebis procentuli SemcvelobiT. es ukanaskneli ki

gamoiTvleba Tavisufali Tixis safuZvelze, (nawilakTa saerTaSoriso

zomis ganawilebis an SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis

saministros sistemis damatebiTi dajgufebebis gamoyeneba da sxv.) an –

xreSisa da ufro msxvili fraqciebis Semcvelobis cvlilebebiT.

nawilakebis zomis ZiriTadi fraqciebis sul cota 20 % cvlileba

iTvleba liTologiuri wyvetis diagnostikur faqtorad. amasTan

dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebic:

1) liTologiur wyvetas adgili aqvs Tu niadaguri profilis zeda

nawilSi SesamCnevia Tixis zrda; da

2) Tu SesamCnevia, rom gadafaruli fena msubuqi meqanikuri

Sedgenilobisaa.

"arjik" horizontis aRweraSi gakeTebuli damatebebi aseve

gamosayenebelia "natrik" (Natric) horizontisTvisac.

"fao"-s "kambik" B horizontis gansazRvra "….. da aqvs 8 %

Semcvelobis Tixa" ____ ugulebelyofilia. am moTxovnebs

20

akmayofileben niadagebi, romelTac aqvT kargi struqturis mqone B horizonti da Tixnar lamiani an mtvriani (Tixis mcire SemcvelobiT)

meqanikuri Sedgeniloba. amgvari niadagebi gamoiyofa (magaliTad,

skandinaviis qveynebis fluvioglaciur naleqebze) ufro

"regosolebSi" vidre "kambisolebSi" (Cambisols). es moTxovna ar aris

saWiro "kambisolebis" "arenosolebisgan" (Arenosols) gamosayofad ("mmb"-Si es niadagebi xasiaTdebian Tixnar-qviSnari an msubuqi meqanikuri

SedgenilobiT). "mmb"-Si "kambik" horizontis gansazRvrebaSi zemoT

aRniSnuli moTxovna ar iqna gamoyenebuli.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda "spodik" (Spodic) horizontis

gansazRvraSi. SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna niadagis taqsonomiebis

modifikaciebis safuZvelze, romlebic exeboda "spodik" nivTierebis

gansazRvrebebs (Soil Survey Staff, 1996). kerZod, damatebuli iqna Semdegi

moTxovnebi: ferTa moTxovnebi, oqsalatis mJavaSi eqstragirebadi Al procentuli raodenobis (0,5 an meti) damateba rkinis im

raodenobasTan, romelic aluminis mocemuli raodenobis naxevaria da

0,25 an meti sididis optikuri sixSire oqsalatebis eqstraqtisTvis

(ODOE). "spodik" horizontebis zeda sazRvari dadginda 10 sm

siRrmemde.

"feralik" horizontis gansazRvridan amoRebuli iqna moTxovna _

mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0,2 an naklebi, romelic mkacrad unda iqnes

daculi. mtvris zomis nawilakebis fraqcia gaizarda 2-50-idan 2-63 mkm-

mde (FAO, 1990). SemoTavazebuli iqna sxva sidideebic (mtveri/Tixis 0,7

an naklebi; wvrilmarcvlovani mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0.2 an naklebi)

Tumca SeTanxmeba jer kidev ar aris miRweuli.

aseve cvlilebebia "kalcik" da "gifsik" horizontebis

gansazRvrebebSic. "mmb"-Si isini daiyo kalcik/gifsik da

hiperkalcik/hipergifsik horizontebad. aRniSnul horizontebs aqvT

CaCO3 da TabaSiris 50-60 % eqvivalentis Sesabamisi Semcveloba,

magram maTi Sewebeba-Secementeba ar xdeba.

"mmb"-Si "sulfurik" (sulfuric--gogirdis Semcveli horizonti)

horizontis gansazRvra igive darCa, rac iyo gadamuSavebul

legendaSi.

"mmb"-Si aRniSnul diagnostikur horizontebs daemata 19 axali

horizonti. zogi maTgani Semosulia "fao"-s diagnostikuri

Tvisebebidan, zogi ki axleburad ganisazRvra. "mmb"-Si maTma saboloo

raodenobam 34 miaRwia. axleburad gansazRvruli diagnostikuri

horizontebia: "andik", "anTropedogenik" (Anthropedogenic), "Cernik",

"qraik" (Cryic), "durik" (Duric), "ferik" (Ferric), "folik" (Folic), "frajik"

(Fragic), "fluvik", "melanik" (Melanic), "nitik", "petrodurik" (Petroduric), "petroplintik", "plintik" (Plintic), "salik", "Takirik" (Takiric), "vertik" (Vertic), "vitrik" (Vitric) da "iermik" (Yermic) horizontebi. (gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi ixileT me-3 TavSi).

"anTraqvik" (Anthraquic) horizonti da mis qveS myofi "hidragrik"

(hydragric) horizontis kombinacia qmnis 50 sm sisqis fenebs, romlebic

ganisazRvreba "anTrosolebad". es gansazRvra gulisxmobs mxolod

iseT "anTrosolebs", romlebSic Sesabamisi cvlilebebi SeimCneva

sveli kultivaciis dros. igi Sedgeba gamkvrivebuli fenis, xnulis

Zirisa da siRrmiTi iluviuri horizontisgan. es kombinacia

21

damaxasiaTebelia brinjis kulturis qveS gavrcelebuli niadagebis

xangrZlivi damuSavebisas.

xelaxla ganisazRvra Semdegi diagnostikuri Tvisebebi da

nivTierebebi: "albeluvikuri enebi", "alik da "aridik" (Aridic) Tvisebebi

da "anTropogeomorfik" (anthropogeomorphic), "kalkarik" (Calcaric), "fluvik", "gifsik", "organik", "sulfidik" da "tefrik (Tephric) niadagis nivTierebebi". (gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi ixileT me-3 TavSi).

"gleik" da "stagnik" Tvisebebi Tavidan iqna formirebuli.

"teqsturul mkveTr cvlilebaze" da "gerik" Tvisebebze" "fao"-s mier

gakeTebuli gansazRvrebebi odnav Seicvala, maSin roca mzralobis

gansazRvreba yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe iqna miRebuli. fxvier,

rbil kirs ewoda meoradi karbonatebi da es termini ucvlelad

gadavida "mmb"-Si.

"gleik" da "stagnik" Tvisebebis aRweraSi naCvenebia "gleik da

stagnik ferTa nimuSebi". es terminebi esadageba Fe/Mn oqsidebis

ganawilebis mixedviT gamowveul ferTa cvalebadobas. aRniSnuli

oqsidebi niadagSi Cndebian gruntis wylis an zedapiruli wylis

gavleniT. "gleik ferTa nimuSebs" aqvs "oqsimorfuli" Tvisebebi

struqturuli elementebis garedan, isini aseve gvxvdebian fesvTa

arxebisa da forebis gaswvriv, romlebic niadagSi vrceldebian

qvemodan zeviT. meores mxriv, "stagnikur ferTa nimuSi" "oqsimorful"

Tvisebebs gviCvenebs agregatebis centrSic an wylis dinebis

Seferxebis Sedegad zemodan qvemoT.

"teqsturuli mkveTri cvlilebis" da "gerik" Tvisebebis aRweraSi

mcireodeni cvlilebebi miniSnebulia niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmesTan,

raTa moxdes meqanikur SedgenilobaSi momxdari cvlilebis dadgena

da meores mxriv, efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadobis2 gaangariSeba.

2 ekgt: efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (gacvliTi fuZeebis jams damatebuli

gacvliTi mJavianoba)

22

diskusia

niadaguri safari: vertikaluri da

lateraluri morfologia da misi funqcia

niadaguri safari

niadaguri safari aris uwyveti, bunebrivi sxeuli, romelsac aqvs 3 sivrcobrivi da erTi droebiTi ganzomileba. niadaguri safaris 3

ZiriTadi Tvisebaa:

is formirdeba organuli da mineraluri SenaerTebiT da moicavs

myar, Txevad da airovan fazebs.

SenaerTebi erTiandebian struqturebSi, romlebic specifikuria

niadaguri garemosTvis. es struqturebi qmnian niadaguri safaris

morfologiur aspeqts, romelic cocxali arsebis anatomiis

eqvivalenturia. is warmoadgens niadaguri safaris istoriis,

arsebuli dinamikis da TvisebebiT miRebul Sedegs. niadaguri

safaris struqturis Seswavla aadvilebs fizikuri, qimiuri da

biologiuri Tvisebebis aRqmas. amiT gasagebi xdeba niadagis

rogorc warsuli, aseve awmyo da samomavlo mdgomareoba.

niadagis safari mudmiv evoluciaSia, rasac moyveba niadagis me-4

ganzomileba _ dro.

niadagis struqtura

niadagis safaris morfologiur agebulebaze arsebobs sxvadasxva

saxis dakvirveba: kerZod, dawyebuli uwvrilesi zomis nawilakebidan

(romlebic SesaZloa danaxul iqnes mikroskopiT) da damTavrebuli

landSaftSi ganlagebuli niadaguri sistemebis wyobiT.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos struqturaTa 4 tipis

aRweras, Seswavlasa da gazomvas, romelsac Seesabameba organizaciis

4 done:

1. elementaruli organizaciebi. SenaerTebis struqturebis Segroveba. maTi danaxva SesaZlebelia,

rogorc mikroskopiT, aseve TvaliT. elementaruli organizaciis

ZiriTadi tipebia: agregatebi (pedebi), sicarieleebi (forianoba),

kutanebi, CanarTebi, biologiuri aqtivobis Tvisebebi. niadaguri

nivTierebebis feri gvexmareba elementaruli organizaciebis

Secnobasa da dadgenaSi.

2. asociaciebi(kavSirebi); niadagur moculobas gansazRvraven arsebuli

sxvadasxva elementaruli organizaciebi. asociaciebis magaliTebia:

"andik", "kalcik", "feralik", "vertik" da sxv. TiToeuli maTgani

SeiZleba dadgindes feris, agregatebis, forianobis, kutanebis,

CanarTebis da sxvaTa specifiuri asociaciebiT.

23

3. horizontebi: niadagis moculobebi met-naklebad dedamiwis

zedapiris paraleluria. horizonts aRwers asociaciaTa erTi an meti

tipi da asociaciebs Soris urTierTkavSirebi. horizontis aRwera

agreTve xdeba sisqiT, misi lateraluri ganlagebiT, vertikaluri da

lateraluri morfologiuri sazRvrebiT. landSaftis masStabis

doneze horizontebi usasruloni arasodes ar arian; lateralurad ki

isini qrebian an uerTdebian sxva horizontebs.

4. pedologiuri sistemebi: horizontebis sivrcobrivi ganawileba da

urTierTkavSirebi landSaftis doneze (Ruellan da Dosso, 1993). niadaguri sistemis struqturis aRwera SesaZlebelia horizontTa Semdegi

ganlagebiT: horizontebis elementaruli organizaciebiT da

horizontebis asociaciebiT, horizontebis vertikaluri SreebiT da

horizontebis lateraluri TanmimdevrobiT, im sazRvrebis saxeobebiT,

romlebic yofen horizontebs.

pedologiuri swavleba dRemde moicavs elementaruli agebulebebis,

asociaciebis, Tavad horizontis da aseve misi vertikaluri wyobis

daxasiaTebas da maT genezisur mniSvnelobas. detalurad iqna

Seswavlili niadaguri safaris sam ganzomilebiani, sivrcobrivi

agebuleba, misi agebulebis istoria da dinamika. msgavsi swavleba

saWiroa niadagis dinamiuri erTeulebis an niadagis erTeulebis

gasagebad landSaftis da ekosistemebis doneze, agreTve pedosferosa

da dedamiwis sxva komponentebs (loTosfero, hidrosfero, atmosfero,

biosfero) Soris urTierTkavSirebis dasadgenad.

niadagis morfogenezisuri monacemTa sistema, rogoricaa "mmb",

dafuZnebulia elementarul organizaciebze, asociaciebze,

horizontebis vertikalur Sreebze. miuxedavad amisa, lateralurad

ganawilebuli monacemTa sistemis Seswavla jer kidev ar aris zustad

Camoyalibebuli. xsenebuli lateraluri ganawilebis arsebobis

aRiarebisTanave isini daadastures "mmb"-is komponentebis

gansazRvrebaSi. amis Sedegad, daiwyo msoflio monacemebis bazis

programa romelic exeboda niadagur sistemebs (liToTanmimdevroba,

topoTanmimdevroba, qronoTanmimdevroba, bioTanmimdevroba,

klimatTanmimdevroba da a.S.).

wamoWrili problemebi

"mmb"-is ZiriTadi filosofia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: saboloo

niadagurma jgufebma unda aCvenon kavSiri geografiul sivrcesa da

pedogenezisur xasiaTs Soris. amitomac, niadagebi, pirvel rigSi, unda

daxasiaTdnen maTi morfologiiT da ara – analizuri monacemebiT.

yovelive aman migviyvana ZiriTad niadagur jgufebSi dayofamde da

zog SemTxvevaSi – gaerTianebamde. magaliTad; "fao"-s "leptosolebi"

warmoadgenen "siRrmeSi SezRudul niadagebs....0-30 sm daurRveveli

Secementebuli feniT", magaliTad, "petrokalcik" (petrocalcic), "petrogifsik" (petrogypsic), "petroferik" (petroferric) fenebi an duripeni

(kaJmiwiani qveniadagi). xsenebuli fenebi "mmb"-Si gansazRvrulni

arian, rogorc niadagis genezisuri horizontebi da am fenebis

Semcveli niadagebi, maT Sesabamis jgufebTan erTad, klasebad unda

daiyvnen. amis Sedegad, msoflio monacemebis bazaSi, "petrokalcik",

24

"petrodurik", "petrogifsik", "petroferik" horizontebze mdebare

mciresisqiani niadagebi dajgufebulia Sesabamisad "kalcisolebSi",

"durisolebSi", "gifsisolebSi" da "plintosolebSi". gasa-

Tvaliswinebelia, rom "petroplintik" horizontze arsebulma mcire-

sisqianma niadagebma SeiZleba sxvadasxva poziciebi daikavon

landSaftSi. "plintik" horizontis Semcveli niadagebi Cveulebriv

vrceldebian depresiebSi da eqstensiurad gamoyenebul vakeebze. maSin

rodesac, "petroplintik" horizontze arsebuli niadagebi, xSirad

vrceldebian xolme reliefis SemaRlebul elementebze. magaliTad,

rogorc "kirasebi" (anu pancirebi) dasavleT afrikaSi, romlebic

warmoqmnian "qudis" formis magvar platoebs.

"leptosolebs" miekuTvnebian is niadagebi, romlebic didi

raodenobiT Seicaven msxvil fragmentebs. es kombinacia

"leptosolebs" tovebs mcire sisqis niadagebis an SedarebiT Rrma

sisqis niadagebis Tavisebur jgufad, romlebsac axasiaTebT

gamosayenebeli tenianobis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba. iyo versia,

rom ufro Rrma "leptosolebi" dajgufebuliyo "regosolebad", ramac

gamoiwvia "leptosolebi"-is jgufis "gawmenda", xolo "regosolebi"-

is jgufis "dabinZureba". maSasadame, msxvilfragmentiani niadagebi

kvlav "leptosolebSi" daabrunes.

did mniSvnelobas warmoadgenda Tu rogor unda midgomodnen

adamianis zegavlenis qveS myof niadagebs, romlebic "anTrosolebad"

ar iyvnen dajgufebulni. "podzolebis", "umbrisolebisa" da

"arenosolebis" niadaguri jgufebis monacemebSi Sedian is niadagebi,

romelTa zedapiruli fena ganoyierebiT saxeSecvlilia da isini

kiriT imdenad noyierdebian, rom qreba fuZeebiT maZRrobis dabali

maCveneblebi. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, fuZeebiT dabali maZRroba,

kvlav ubrundeba niadags, rogorc Cveulebrivi bunebrivi movlena.

niadagis xanmokle gamoyenebam zegavlena ar unda moaxdinos niadagis

jgufze. aseTi saxis niadagebi rCebian "podzolebSi", "umbrisolebsa"

da "arenosolebSi", xolo "anTrik" modifikatori ki SesaZloa

gamoyenebul iqnas adamianis zegavlenis misaniSneblad.

gadamuSavebul legendaSi ramdenime niadags Soris zRvari

pirobiTia. "fao"-Si arsebuli "luvisolebis", "alisolebis",

"akrisolebis" da "liqsisolebis" dayofa Zalzed gamosadegia, maTi

gansazRvra ZiriTadad efuZneba analizur monacemebs, imitom rom

velze am niadagebs Soris gansxvavebebis dadgena rTulia. erTis

mxriv, iyo mcdeloba "luvisolebi" dajgufebuliyvnen "alisolebTan",

xolo "akrisolebi" – "liqsisolebTan". aman gamoiwvia afrikis ori

sxvadasxva niadagis erT jgufSi gaerTianeba, mag: dasavleT evropuli

sartylis liosebze gavrcelebuli, ganoyierebuli "luvisolebi"

dajgufda andesisa an kalimantanis mTiswineTis mJave da unayofo

"alisolebTan". aRniSnuli ukuagdebs "mmb"-is princips, romelic exeba

niadagis geografiul ganawilebaSi urTierTkavSirebs. sabolood,

gadawyda, rom gadamuSavebul legendaSi arsebuli dayofa ucvlelad

daetovebinaT. agreTve saWiro gaxda "alik" Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT

moZebniliyo "luvisolebsa" da "alisolebs" Soris ZiriTadi

gansxvaveba; gagrZelebuliyo morfologiuri da gaerTianebuli

kriteriumebis kvleva, rac gaaumjobesebda velze, 4 "luvik" niadagis

erTmaneTisagan dasayofad Seqmnil ganmasxvavebel kriteriumebs. aseTi

25

kriteriumi SesaZloa efuZnebodes magaliTad, maT struqturul

ganviTarebas.

msgavsi problema Cndeba "andosolebsa" da "podzolebs" Soris.

aRniSnuli problema exeba "andosolebs", romlebic gamdidrebulia

alumo-organuli kompleqsebiT da "podzolebsac", romlebic ar

Seicaven "albik" horizonts. xsenebuli kriteriumebi ar aris

sakmarisi CamoTvlili niadagebis gansasxvaveblad garda kerZo

SemTxvevebisa, romlebic miRebuli iyo teritoriis geografiidan.

amgvarad, ori niadagis gansxvavebis swori SerCevisTvis, saWiroa maTi

Seswavla analizuri kuTxiTac.

gadamuSavebul legendaSi "feralsolebsa" (ferralsols) da

"nitisolebs" Soris dadgenili zRvari ar aris damakmayofilebeli.

bevr "nitisolebis" msgavs niadags aqvs "nitik Tvisebebi" da "feralik"

B horizonti. ris Sedegadac isini Tavsdebian "feralsolebSi". rac

Seexeba "feralsolebis" zogad ganmartebas, maT aqvT sustad

ganviTarebuli struqturebi da dabali aqtivobis Si, Al da Fe. amave dros "nitik Tvisebebi" gamoiyeneba im niadaguri TvisebebisTvis,

romelTac aqvT mZlavri struqtura da moZravi Fe didi raodenoba

(FAO, 1988). amgvari Seusabamoba gauqmebuli iqna "mmb"-Si, sadac

gamoricxuli iqna "nitik" horizontebis arseboba "feralsolebSi".

amave dros, "feralsolis" damaxasiaTebeli "feralik" gamsazRvreli

gaerTianda "nitisolebSi".

SeTanxmeba miRweuli iqna "feralik" horizontebze da Tixis dabali

aqtivobis Semcvel "arjik" horizontebzec. horizontebSi, 16 an

naklebi sanmolikkg-1 Tixa gansazRvravs "feralik"-s, romelic

uzrunvelyofs yvela sxva arsebul moTxovnebs. Tu "feralik"

horizonts zemodan adevs "arjik" horizontis msgavsi horizonti, an

iseTi horizonti, romlis zeda 30 sm Seicavs daaxloebiT 10 %

odenobiT wyalSi dispersirebad Tixas, maSin saklasifikacio

miznebisaTvis "arjik" horizonti ufro prioritetuli iqneba, vidre

mis qveS mdebare "feralik" horizonti.

standartuli 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150 da 200 sm siRrmeebi

gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac maT Sesaxeb ar arsebobs sawinaaRmdego

argumenti. argumenti __ siRrmeebis Secvla __ SesaZlebelia erovnul

saklasifikacio sistemebSic, rac daSvebulia "mmb"-is miznebSi.

siRmeebis Secvla dasaSvebia niadagis resursebis aRsawerad, romelic

aseve gamoyenebuli iqneba saerTaSorisod misaReb sqemad da mas

SeuerTdeba erovnuli klasifikaciebi.

korelacia arsebul saklasifikacio sistemebTan.

"mmb" Tavis megzurad iyenebs gadamuSavebuli legendis sqemas. maT

Soris SeimCneva bevri msgavseba. nomenklatura miRebulia da

aucilebelia daculi iqnas miRebuli wesebi. "mmb"-Si diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis cnebebi Seivso niadagebis diagnostikuri

nivTierebebis SemotaniT.

"fao"-s legenda (FAO-UNESCO, 1974) Seiqmna msoflios

niadagmcodneTa gamocdilebis da codnis safuZvelze. masSi asaxulia

rigi saklasifikacio sistemebidan miRebuli konsesusebi. magaliTad,

26

"greioziomebis", "Cernoziomebis" da "kaStaniozomebis" cnebebi

SemoRebulia rusuli uZvelesi klasifikaciidan, romlebic

gulisxmoben tyis rux niadagebs, Savmiwebs da wabla niadagebs.

"kambisolebi" emsgavseba germanul da frangul yomralebs ("Braunerde"-germanulad, "Sols bruns"-frangulad da niSnavs yomral niadagebs); amerikuli "oqsisolebis" (Oxisols) da braziliuri "latosolebis"

(Latosols) cnebaTa mimdevaria "feralsolebi".

niadagis resursebisaTvis msoflio monacemebis baza kvlav

agrZelebs ganviTarebas arsebul saklasifikacio sistemebze

dayrdnobiT. mag: "anTrosolebi" moicaven bevr elements CineTis

niadagebis taqsonomiuri klasifikaciis sistemebidan (CSTC mkvlevarTa

jgufi, 1995). "andosolebis" aRwera da gansazRvra axlosaa frangul

"andisolebis" jgufTan (AFES, 1995). analogiuri msgavseba aRiniSneba

"podzolebsa" da frangul "podzolebs" Soris. xolo "solonCakebis", "gleisolebis", "plintosolebis", "feralsolebis", "durisolebis", "alisolebis", "umbrisolebis" da "regosolebis" saklasifikacio

sistema Seiqmna axal ideebze da ara pirvelad wyaroebze dayrdnobiT.

27

Tavi II

niadaguri monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebani

"mmb"-Si niadaguri jgufebis monacemebi aRwerilia da

gansazRvrulia niadagis maxasiaTeblebiT, TvisebebiT da

horizontebiT, romelTa kombinacia gansazRvravs niadagebs da maT

Soris urTierTkavSirebs.

calkeuli parametrebi niadagis maxasiaTeblebia, romelTa dadgena

SesaZlebelia velze an laboratoriaSi, an kidev mikroskopiT. es

maxasiaTeblebia: feri, niadagis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da

struqtura, biologiuri aqtivobis Tvisebebi, forianoba da niadaguri

koncentraciebi (laqebi, kutanebi, CanarTebi da a.S.). laboratoriaSi

SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros niadagis reaqcia, niadagSi fraqciebis

ganawileba, kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba, gacvliTi kaTionebi, xsnadi

marilebis buneba da raodenoba da a.S.

niadagis Tvisebebia nidagis maxasiaTebelTa kombinaciebi

("asociaciebi"). xsenebuli maxasiaTeblebi Cndebian niadagebSi da

miuTiTeben niadagwarmoqmnis procesis awmyos da warsuls.

(magaliTad, "vertik Tvisebebi" arian mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis,

monTmorilonitis jgufis Tixa mineralebis Semcvelobis,

"sliqensaidebis", mSral mdgomareobaSi mZime konsistenciis,

dasvelebis dros mwebaobis, mSral mdgomareobaSi kumSvadobis da

svel mdgomareobaSi gajirjvebis kombinaciebis Sedegi).

niadagis horizontebi 3 ganzomilebiani niadaguri sxeulebia,

romlebic met-naklebad dedamiwis zedapiris paraleluria. calkeuli

horizonti moicavs erT an met Tvisebas, romelic Cndeba garkveul

siRrmeze da axasiaTebs horizonts. zogjer horizontis sisqe

ramdenime santimetridan ramdenime metrs aRwevs; zogjer horizotis

sisqe ramdenime decimetrsac uaxlovdeba. horizontebis zeda da

qveda zRvrebis ("sazRvrebis") saxeebia: TandaTanobiTi, mkveTri da

wyvetadi gadasvlebi. lateralurad niadaguri horizontebi farTo

manZilze iWimeba. mag: ramdenime metridan ramdenime km-mde. miuxedavad

yovelive aRniSnulisa, niadagis horizonti usasrulo arasdros ar

aris. igi sabolood qreba an uerTdeba sxva horizonts.

niadagebi isazRvreba horizontebis vertikaluri gaerTianebiT

(romlebic gvxvdebian garkveul siRrmeze) da niadaguri horizontebis

lateraluri wyobiT ("TanmimdevrobebiT") an maTi ar arsebobiT,

romlebic asaxulni arian garkveuli masStabis miwis erTeulze da

reliefze.

28

niadaguri resursebisaTvis msoflio monacemTa

bazis mixedviT niadaguri jgufebis monacemTa

ganmartebani

Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia "histik" an "folik" horizonti

1. an a) niadagis zedapiridan 10 sm an met sisqeSi, romelic

SexebaSia "liTik" da "paraliTik" gamsazRvrelTan;

an

b) 40 sm an meti sisqis, romelic iwyeba niadagis zedapiridan 30

sm-Si; da

2. "andik" da "vitrik" horizontebi ar SeiniSneba niadagis zeda

nawilSi (0-30sm-Si).

"histosolebi" (HS) Tu niadagebSi, zedapiridan 100 sm-Si SesamCnevia erTi an meti

raodenobis "qraik" horizonti. .

"qraiosolebi" (CR)

Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia an

1. 50 sm an meti sisqis "horTik", "iragrik", "plajik" an "terik" horizontebi; an

2. "anTraqvik" horizonti, romlis qveS devs "hidragrik" horizonti da

maTi sisqeebis jami 50 sm an metia.

"anTrosolebi" (AT) Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia an

1. siRrmis SezRudva zedapiridan 25 sm-mde, daurRveveli mkvrivi

qaniT; an

2. zedapiridan 25 sm-Si arsebuli nivTierebebi Seicaven 40 % an met

eqvivalent kalciumis karbonatebs; an

3. 10 % (woniT) an naklebi odenobis wvrilmiwa niadagis zedapiridan

75 sm an met siRrmeSi; da

4. SeiniSneba "molik", "oqrik", "umbrik", "iermik" an "vertik"

horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"leptosolebi" (LP)

29

Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia

1. zedapiridan 100 sm-Si "vertik" horizonti; da 2. yvela horizontSi zeda 20 sm-idan 100 sm-mde an met siRrmesTan an

gansxvavebul fenebSi ("liTik", "paraliTik", "petrokalcik", "petrodurik" an "petrogifsik" horizontebTan, daurRvevel

sedimentaciasTan da sxvebTan) 50-idan 100 sm Soris 30 % an meti

odenobis Tixis Sereva; da

3. napralebi3, romlebic periodulad iReba da iketeba.

"vertisolebi" (VR)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba

1. "fluvik niadaguri nivTierebebi", romlebic iwyeba niadaguri

zedapiris 25 sm-idan da grZeldeba niadagis zedapiridan sul cota

50 sm siRrmemde; da

2. SeiniSneba "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "umbrik, "salik" an "sulfurik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri

horizonti.

"fluvisolebi" (FL)


1. zedapiridan 50 sm-Si dawyebuli "salik" horizonti; da

2. "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "iermik", "kalcik", "kambik", "durik", "gifsik" an "vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva

diagnostikuri horizonti.

"solonCakebi" (SC)


1. "glei" Tvisebebi" zedapiridan 50 sm siRrmeSi; da

2. "anTraqvik", "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "umbrik", "andik", "kalcik", "kambik", "gifsik", "plinTik", "salik", "sulfurik" an "vitrik" horizontebi, romlebic unda gvxvdebodnen zedapiridan 100 sm

siRrmeSi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"gleisolebi" (GL)

3 naprali aris masebs Soris mravalwaxnagovani danayofi. Tu zedapiri Zlierad

TviTmulCirebulia, e.i. granulirebulia (`grumic~) an Tu niadagi damuSavebulia,

maSin mTeli napralebi iReba da isini SesaZloa mTlianad Seivsos niadagis

zedapiridan Camotanili granulirebuli masaliT, magram napralebi Riaa, roca

mravalwaxnagebi dayofilia. naprali gaRebulia, Tu mSral mdgomareobaSi

daregulirebulia wylis filtracia da infiltracia Tixovan niadagebSi. (Soil Survey Staff, 1996) Tu niadagi irwyveba, mis zeda 50 sm grZivi gaWimvis koeficientis

(sgk) mniSvneloba 0,06 an metia.

30


1. an zedapiridan 25 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "vitrik" an "andik"

horizonti; da

2. "histik", "fulvik", "melanik", "molik", "umbrik", "oqrik", "durik" an "kambik" horizontebi (50 sm ufro Rrmad gadamarxvis gamoklebiT)

da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"andosolebi" (AN)

Tu niadagebSi zedapiridan 200 sm siqeSi iwyeba "spodik" horizonti,

romlis qveS mdebareobs 50 sm an naklebi sisqis "albik", "histik",

"umbrik" an "oqrik" horizontebi an "anTropedogenik" horizonti.

"podzolebi" (PZ)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba an

1. zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "petroplinTik" horizonti;

an

2. zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "plintik" horizonti; an

3. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "plintik" horizonti, romlis

qveS mdebareobs an "albik" horizonti an "stagnik Tvisebebis" mqone

horizonti.

"plintosolebi" (PT) Tu niadagebSi

1. SeiniSneba "feralik" horizonti zedapiridan 25-200 sm siRrmeebis

ramdenime nawilSi; da

2. ar arsebobs zedapiridan 100 sm-is sisqeSi "nitik" horizonti; da

3 iseTi fenis ar arseboba, romelSic sruldeba "arjik" horizontis

moTxovnebi da am fenas zeda 30 sm-Si axasiaTebs wyalSi

dispersirebuli Tixa ("gerik Tvisebebis" an 1,4 % -ze meti organuli

naxSirbadis Semcvelobis mqone niadagis nivTierebebis gamoklebiT)

10% an meti raodenobiT.

"feralsolebi" (FR)

niadagebSi zedapiridan 100 sm-Si SeiniSneba "natrik" horizonti.

"soloneci" (SN)

31

Tu niadagebSi

1. SeiniSneba, zedapiridan 100 sm-Si, mciresazRvriani eluviuri

horizonti, romelic warmoiqmneba am sazRvris zemoT

"teqsturuli mkveTri cvlilebis" "stagnik Tvisebeb"-Tan SerwymiT;

da

2. ar aRiniSneba "albeluvik ena".

"planosolebi" (Pl) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba

1. tenian mdgomareobaSi 2 an 2-ze naklebi feris intensivobis mqone

"molik" horizonti, roca meqanikuri Sedgeniloba aris ufro mZime,

vidre Tixnari qviSiani an 3,5 naklebi feris intensivobis mqone

"molik" horizonti, romlis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba Tixnar

qviSiani an ufro msubuqia. orive SemTxvevas adgili unda hqondes

niadagis sul cota 20 sm siRmesTan an aRniSnuli feris

intensivobebi unda SeiniSnebodes pirdapir romelime saxnavi fenis

qvemoT; da

2. meoradi karbonatebis koncentraciebis dawyeba humusovani

horizontis (Ah) qveda zRvris 50 sm sisqis farglebSi, xolo

niadagis zedapiridan 200 sm farglebSi; da

3. ar gvxvdeba "petrokalcik" horizonti niadagis zedapiridan 25-100

sm siRrmeebs Soris; da

4. ar gvxvdeba meoradi TabaSiri; da

5. ar aris dafaruli struqturuli agregatebis zedapirebi qviSisa

da mtvris marcvlebiT.

"Cernoziomebi" (CH)


1. tenian mdgomareobaSi 2 an meti feris intensivobis mqone "molik"

horizonti sul cota 20 sm siRrmesTan an SeiniSneba zemoT

aRniSnuli feris intensivoba pirdapir saxnavi fenis qvemoT;

da

2. meoradi karbonatebis koncentracia niadagis zedapiridan 100

sm-Si; da

3. "arjik", "kalcik", "kambik", "gifsik"an "vertik" horizontebi da arc

erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"kaStanaziomebi" (KS) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba

1. "molik" horizonti; da

2. 50 % an meti raodenobis fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT);

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqemde niadagis masa mTlianad gamotutulia

karbonatebisagan an masa aseve gamorecxilia 25-100 sm Soris

ganTavsebul kontrastul ("liTik" an "paraliTik" SexebasTan,

"petrokalcik" horizontTan) fenasTan; da

32

3. "albik", "arjik", "kambik" an "vertik" horizontebi an substratSi

"petrokalcik" horizonti4 da arc erTi sxva diagnostikur

horizonti.

"faeozomebi" (PH)


1. an zedapiridan 100 sm-Si "gifsik" an "petrogifsik" horizonti; an 15

% (moculobiT) an meti raodenobis TabaSiri, romelic

akumulirebulia hidromorfuli pirobebiT, saSualod 100 sm

siRrmis zeda nawilSi; da

2. "oqrik", "kalcik", "kambik" an "vertik" horizontebi, xolo "arjik"

horizonti gajerebulia TabaSiriT an CaCO3 an "petrokalcik"

horizontis qveS mdebareobs "gifsik" horizonti da arc erTi sxva

diagnostikuri horizonti.

"gifsisolebi" (GY)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi "durik" an

"petrodurik" horizonti.

"durisolebi" (DU)


1. zedapiridan sul cota 100 sm sisqeSi "kalcik" an "petrokalcik"

horizonti; da

2 "oqrik" an "kambik" horizontebi, mokirianebuli "arjik" horizonti,

"vertik" horizonti an kidev "gifsik" horizontis qveS mdebare

"petrokalcik" horizonti da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri

horizonti.

"kalcisolebi" (CL) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba"arjik" horizonti zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi

araswori zeda sazRvriT, rac "arjik" horizontSi "albeluvikuri

enebis" gamoCenis Sedegia.

"albeluvisolebi"(AB)

4 "petokalcik" horizonti SesaZlebelia arsebobdes konkretul adgilze, mag;

`toska~ (kalciumis karbonatebi pampasebis liosebidan) argentinaSi. amgvari

"petrokalcik" horizontebi miCneulni arian poligenezisurad da igi

ganisazRvreba saklasifikacio miznebisaTvis (mag: "luvik faeozomebi", "toska" faza)) fazis donesTan.

33


1. zedapiridan 100 sm an zedapiridan 200 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "arjik"

horizonti, romlis kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (gansazRvruli 1 M NH4OAc-iT) 24 an meti santimolikkg

-1 Tixaa da Tu "arjik"

horizonti mTlianad gadafarulia Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro

msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobiT; da

2. zedapiridan 25-100 sm siRrmeebis ZiriTad nawilSi "alik" Tvisebebi;

da

3. "oqrik", "umbrik", "albik", "andik", "ferik", "nitik", "plintik",

"vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"alisolebi" (AL)


1. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi "nitik" horizontis dawyeba; da

2. zedapirul da mis qveS mdebare horizontebs Soris sazRvrebis

gadasvla meryeobs TandaTanobidan Sereulamde; da

3. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi sxva horizontebi da ara "ferik", "plintik" an "vertik" horizontebi.

"nitisolebi"(N)


1. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi an zedapiridan 200 sm sisqeSi

dawyebuli "arjik" horizonti, romelic ramdenime nawilSi moicavs

24 an nakleb santimolik kg-1 Tixa kaTionis gacvlis tevadobas

(gansazRvruli 1M NH4OAc-iT) da Tu "arjik" horizonti zemodan

mTlianad dafarulia Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri

SedgenilobebiT; da

2. 50 % naklebi odenobis fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT)

25-100 sm sisqeebis umetes nawilSi.

"akrisolebi" (AC)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba "arjik" horizonti, romlis mTliani nawili

moicavs 24 an met santimolik kg-1 Tixa kaTionis gacvlis tevadobas (1

M NH4OAc-is mixedviT).

"luvisolebi" (LV)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba "arjik" horizonti.

"liqsisolebi" (LX) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba

34

1. "umbrik" horizonti; da

2 50 sm an naklebi sisqis "anTropedogenuri" an "albik", "kambik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"umbrisolebi" (UM)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba an

1. "kambik" horizonti; an

2. qveniadagze gadafarebuli "molik" horizonti, romlis zedapiridan

100 sisqis ramdenime nawilSi fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 50 % an naklebia. an

3. zedapiridan gansazRvrul siRrmeze erTi romelime qvemoT

CamoTvlili diagnostikuri horizonti:

a) "andik", "vertik" an "vitrik" horizontebi, dawyebuli 25-100 sm

siRrmeebs Soris;

b) "plintik", "petroplintik" an "salik" horizontebi, dawyebuli

50-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris. am horizontebis zemoT ar gvxvdeba

Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobebi.

"kambisolebi" (CM)


1. Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgeniloba niadagis

zedapiridan sul cota 100 sm siRrmesTan an niadagis zedapiridan

50-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris "plintik", "petroplintik" an "salik"

horizontebTan; da

2. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi qanis natexebis an msxvili

fragmentebis 35 %-ze naklebi (moculobiTi) raodenoba; da

3. "oqrik", "iermik" an "albik" horizontebi an "plinTik", "petroplinTik" an "salik" horizontebi niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqis qvemoT an

200 sm sisqis qvemoT "arjik" an "spodik" horizontebi da arc erTi

sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"arenosolebi" (AR)

danarCeni niadagebi erTiandebian

"regosolebi" (RG)

35

Tavi III

diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi

niadagis horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi im

maxasiaTeblebs asaxaven, romlebic gamoiyeneba niadagTa klasebis

aRwerisa da gansazRvrisTvis. morfologiiT, gazomviT, mniSvnelobiTa

da raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT gansazRvruli niadagis

maxasiaTeblebi diagnostikurad@miiCneva Tu maT niadagis profilSi

gamoxatvis minimaluri xarisxi gaaCniaT. imisaTvis, rom niadagis

horizontebi CaiTvalos diagnostikurad, maT unda hqondeT

minimaluri sisqe, romlis Sefaseba xdeba bioklimaturi faqtorebiT

(mag: "albik" (albic) horizonti borealur (arqtikul) regionebSi

iseTive sisqis ar aris rogorc tropikebSi).

naSromSi aRwerilia diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da

nivTierebebi. SeZlebisdagvarad mocemulia maTi zogadi aRwerebi,

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi, savele gansazRvrebebi, damatebiTi

maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTierTkavSirebi sxva diagnostikur

horizontebTan.

kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (kgt) gamoiyeneba diagnostikuri

horizontebis an Tvisebebis gansazRvris kriteriumad, aseve niadagTa

ZiriTadi jgufebis ganmartebisTvisac. igi asaxavs gacvlis kompleqsis

mineraluri komponentis bunebas. niadagis wvrilmiwaSi gansazRvrul

kgt-ze gavlenas axdens masSi arsebuli garkveuli saxis organuli

nivTierebebis raodenoba da buneba. iq sadac dabali aqtivobis Tixa

diagnostikur Tvisebas warmoadgens, sasurvelia kgt gansazRvruli

iqnas Semdegnairad: wvrilmiwis kgt-as gamoakldes organul

nivTierebasTan dakavSirebuli kgt, romlis gansazRvra

individualuri profilebis SemTxvevaSi grafikuli meTodis5

gamoyenebas saWiroebs (Bennema and Camargo, 1979, Brinkman, 1979, Klamt and Sombroek, 1988).

niadagis morfologiis aRwerisas gamoyenebuli terminologia

miRebulia publikaciidan "zogierTi rCevebi niadaguri profilis

aRwerisaTvis" (FAO, 1990). feris aRniSvnebi gamoiyeneba "mansel skalis"

mixedviT (KLC, 1990). qimiuri da fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi ki

gamokvleulia saxelmZRvanelos "niadagis analizebisTvis saWiro

procedurebi" (Van Reeuwijk, 1995) safuZvelze.

5 meTodi mdgomareobs regresiuli organuli C raodenobis (gamoxatuli gr.-Si) gansazRvraSi kgt-is (pH 7) mimarT, romelic gamoisaxeba kaTionebis sanmolikkg

–1 Tixa

raodenobiT. miRebuli tolobiT SesaZlebelia gamoiTvalos C raodenobis

ganawileba kgt-Si da Semdeg igi SeiZleba Seswordes Tixis kgt-ze. unda

vivaraudoT, rom mTel niadagur profilSi Tixis mineralogia erTgvarovania.

36

diagnostikuri horizontebi

"mmb"-Si diagnostikuri horizontebis gansazRvris safuZvels

warmoadgens "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legenda (FAO, 1988).

amavdroulad amoRebulia "fimik" horizonti da damatebulia Semdegi

horizontebi: "andik", "anTropogenik", ("anTraqvik", "hidragrik", "horTik", "iragrik", "flajik" da "terik" horizontebi), "Cernik", "qraik",

"durik", "ferik", "folik", "frajik", "fulvik", "melanik" (melanic), "nitik", "petrodurik", "petroplintik", "plintik", "salik", "Takirik",

"vertik", "vitrik" da "iermik". am horizontebidan mxolod ramdenime

darCa "fao"-s diagnostikuri TvisebebiT da fazebiT.

"albik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "albik" horizonti (laTinurad albus – TeTri) aris

Ria Seferilobis siRrmiTi horizonti, romlidanac Tixa da

Tavisufali rkinis oqsidebi gadaadgilebulia an oqsidebi

segregirebulia im donemde, rom horizontis feri ganisazRvreba

ufro qviSisa da mtvris nawilakebis feriT, vidre am nawilakebze

arsebuli afskebis feriT. "albik" horizonts Cveulebriv aqvs sustad

gamoxatuli niadagis struqtura an igi ustruqturoa. misi zeda da

qveda sazRvrebi Cveulebriv aris wyvetili an mkveTri. sazRvrebis

cvalebadi morfologia zogjer gamowveulia "albelukur enebis"

arsebobiT. "albik" horizonts Cveulebriv aqvs ufro msubuqi

meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, vidre mis zeda an qveda horizontebs. Tu mis

qvemoT gvxvdeba "spodik" horizonti, maSin meqanikur Sedgenilobebs

Soris gansxvaveba SedarebiT sustia. "albik" horizontebis umetesoba

teniania da masSi SesamCnevia "gleik" an "stagnik" Tvisebebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumi.

"albik" horizonts unda gaaCndes:

1. "manselis" skalis mixedviT mSral mdgomareobaSi:

a) feris sidide 7 an 8 da

feris intensivoba 3 an

naklebi; an

b) feris sidide 5 an 6 da


naklebi; da

2. "manselis" skalis mixedviT notio mdgomareobaSi:

a) feris sidide 6, 7 an 8 da


naklebi; an

b) feris sidide 5 da feris

intensivoba 3 an naklebi; an

37

g) feris sidide 4 da feris

intensivoba 2 an naklebi.6

feris intensivobis mni-

Svneloba 3 dasaSvebia, Tu

dedaqans aqvs 5 YR an

ufro wiTeli elferi da

feris intensivoba gan-

apirobebulia mtvris an

qviSis marcvlebis (afske-

bis gareSe) feriT; da

3. sisqe: sul cota 1 sm.

savele gansazRvra. "albik" horizontebis savele gansazRvras

safuZvlad udevs "mansel” skalis ferebi. feris gansazRvris

Sesamowmeblad damatebiT gamoiyeneba X 10 xelis linza, romliTac

aseve dgindeba mtvrisa da qviSis marcvlebze afskebis arseboba.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. qviSisa da mtvris marcvlebze afskebis

arseboba gamWvirvale SlifebSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros optikuri

mikroskopiT. afskebis gareSe marcvlebis zedapirs aqvs Txeli

kideebi. afskebi SeiZleba iyo organuli bunebis an Sedgebodes rkinis

oqsidebisagan anda Seicavdes orives erTad, romelsac sinaTleze

gaaCnia muqi Seferiloba. Suqze areklili rkinis afskebi mowiTalo

ferisaa, maSin rodesac organuli safari – moyavisfro-Savia.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan.

"albik" horizontebi zemodan gadafarulia humusiT mdidari

zedapiruli horizontebiT ("molik", "umbrik" an "oqrik" horizontebi), magram isini SesaZloa Segvxvdes zedapirzec eroziis an zedapiruli

fenis xelovnurad moSorebis Sedegad. "albik" horizonti miCneulia

eluviuri horizontis gansakuTrebul tipad da igi zemodan efareba

"arjik", "natrik" an "spodik" iluviur horizontebs. qviSiani "albik"

horizontebis sisqe zogjer ramdenime metrsac aRwevs. humidur

tropikul regionebSi masTan kavSirSi myofi sxva diagnostikuri

horizontebis dadgena sakmaod Znelia.

"andik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. es horizonti (iaponurad An –muqi da Do-niadagi) umTavresad piroklasturi danaleqebis zomieri gamofitvis Sedegia.

Tumca, is aseve gvxvdeba aravulkanur naleqebzec (mag: liosebi,

argilitebi da feralituri gamofitvis produqtebi). horizontis

mineralogia gamdidrebulia mokle-radiusiani-rigis mineralebiT da

isini warmoadgenen piroklastur naleqebSi gamofitvis

6 "albik" horizontis feris kriteriumebi odnav Secvlilia "fao"-Si (1988) da

niadagmcodneebis (Soil Surey Staff, 1996) mier gansazRvrul feris kriteriumebTan

SedarebiT, rac aRiniSneba feris intensivobis Sesabamisi SriftiT (teniani

mdgomareobisTvis). "albik" horizonti xSirad gvxvdeba samxreT afrikis regionebSi.

38

Tanmimdevrobis ("tefrik" (tephric) niadaguri nivTiereba _> "vitrik"

(vitric) horizonti –> "andik" (andic) horizonti) nawils.

"andik" horizontebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc zedapirze, aseve

niadagis siRrmeSic. isini agreTve xSirad gvxvdebian Sreebis saxiT,

romlebic ara-"andik"-ur fenebad iyofa. zedapiruli "andik"

horizontebi Cveulebriv Seicaven organul nivTierebas didi

raodenobiT (5 % meti), aqvT Zalian muqi Seferiloba ("mansel” skalis

mixedviT feris sidide da feris intensivoba notio mdgomareobaSi 3

an naklebia), fxvieri makrostruqtura da xSirad misi konsistencia ar

aris webovani. isini msubuqi wonisaa (aqvT dabali moculobiTi wona)

da umetesad axasiaTebT Tixnar-lamiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri

Sedgeniloba. organuli nivTierebebiT mdidari "andik" zedapiruli

horizontebis sisqe xSirad 50 sm an metsac aRwevs ( "peCik"

maxasiaTebeli). "andik" siRrmiTi horizontebi ki Cveulebriv ufro Ria

Seferilobisaa.

niadaguri nivTierebebis gamofitvis dominanturi tipis mixedviT

"andik" horizontebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi hqondeT.

zogjer maT SesaZloa gamoavlinon Tiqsotropia e.i. niadaguri

nivTierebebi icvlebodes wnevis an xaxunis Sedegad, kerZod myari

mdgomareobidan gadavides Txier mdgomareobaSi da Semdeg kvlav

daubrundes mkvriv mdgomareobas. eqstrahumidur klimatur pirobebSi

humusiT mdidari "andik" horizontebi SeiZleba Seicavdes 100 % meti

odenobis wyals (moculobiT) TermostatSi maT gamomSral

moculobasTan SedarebiT ("hidrik" maxasiaTebeli).

amgvarad, Seswavlilia "andik" horizontebis ori mTavari tipi:

erTi, romelic mdidaria alofaniTa da misi msgavsi mineralebiT ("si-

andik"-is tipi) da meore, romelic mdidaria aluminis organul

mJavebTan kompleqsuri naerTebiT ("alu-andik" tipi). "si-andik"

horizontis aris reaqcia meryeobs mJavedan – neitraluramde, xolo

"alu-andik"–isa ki Zlier mJavedan – mJavemde.

diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "andik"' horizonts unda gaaCndes Semdegi

fizikuri, qimiuri da mineralogiuri Tvisebebi (Shoti et .al, 1996; Berding, 1997):

1. niadagis moculobiTi wona 0,9 kg dm –3 naklebi savele

tentevadobis (winaswari gamoSrobis gareSe) CaTvliT; da 2. 10 % an meti Tixa da 2 % an meti raodenobiT Alox +1/2 Feox

7 maCvenebeli wvrilmiwis fraqciebSi; da

3. 70 % an meti raodenobiT fosfatebi; da

4. 10 %-ze naklebi vulkanuri minis Semcveloba wvrilmiwis

fraqciaSi; da

5. sul cota 30 sm sisqe.

"sil-andik" horizontebi Seicaven oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3) eqstragirebad kaJmiwas (Siox) 0,6 % an meti raodenobiT, maSin roca

"alu-andik" horizontebSi oqsalatis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Si

7 Alox da Feox aris Sesabamisad oqsalitis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Al da Fe, (Blakemore etal meTodi, 1987)

39

raodenoba unda iyos 0,6 % naklebi (an Sesabamisad Alpy(8)/Alox<0,5 da

Alpy/Alox>0,5; an Alpy/Alox=0,5).

savele gansazRvra. "andik" horizontebis savele gansazRvra

SesaZlebelia pH NaF fildisa da perotis (Fieldes and Perott, 1966) mier SemoTavazebuli savele testiT. 9,5 meti pH NaF sidide miuTiTebs

alofanis produqtebis da/an organo-aluminis kompleqsebis Warb

Semcvelobaze. aRniSnuli testi indikatoria "andik" horizontebis

umravlesobisTvis. gamonaklis warmoadgenen is "andik" horizontebi,

romlebic Zalian mdidaria organuli nivTierebiT. Tumca analogiuri

aris reaqcia SesaZloa aRiniSnebodes "spodik" horizontebSi da im

mJave Tixian niadagebSic, romlebic mdidaria Tixa mineralebiT,

romelTa SreebSi dominirebs alumini.

"sil-andik" horizontebs zogadad axasiaTebs savele pH (H2O) 5 an ufro maRali, maSin rodesac "alu-andik" horizontebis savele pH (H2O) 4,5 naklebia. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac savele pH (H2O) 4,5 – 5 Soris meryeobs, saWiroa damatebiTi testebis Catareba, raTa dadgindes

"andik" horizontis "alu" an "sili"- maxasiaTebeli.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "vitrik"

horizontebi gansxvavdebian "andik" horizontebisgan gamofitvis

naklebi xarisxiT. amas adasturebs "vitrik" horizontebSi (10 %-ze

meti wvrilmiwa fraqcia) vulkanuri minis ufro maRali Semcveloba

da arakristaluri an misi msgavsi kristaluri pedogenezisuri

mineralebis dabali Semcveloba. amgvari saxis mineralebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia oqsalatis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Al (pH 3) da Fe saSualo raodenoba (Alox+1/2 Feox = 0,4-2,0%), ufro maRali kuTri wona

("vitrik" horizontebis moculobiTi wona meryeobs 0,9-1,2 kg dm-3

Soris) da fosfatebis dabali Semcveloba (25 - <70%).

imisTvis, rom organuli nivTierebebiT mdidari "andik" horizontebi

gamovyoT "histik" da "folik" horizontebisgan, saWiroa daculi iqnes

Semdegi kriteriumi: "andik" horizontebi ar unda Seicavdnen

organuli naxSirbadis 20 %-ze met raodenobas, maSin rodesac "histik"

horizontebSi organuli naxSirbadis Semcveloba meryeobs 12-20 %

farglebSi. dauSvebelia "histik" horizontebs hqondeT "andik"

horizontebis msgavsi Tvisebebi. vinaidan organuli naxSirbadis 12-20

% raodenoba "andik" horizontebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

"spodik" horizontebi, romlebic agreTve Seicaven kompleqsur

(erTnaxevari Jangeulebis organul nivTierebebTan) nivTierebebs,

zogjer emsgavsebian "andik" horizontebs Semdegi maxasiaTebliT: Al organuli kompleqsebis didi raodenobis SemcvelobiT. am SemTxvevaSi

ori horizontis garCeva SesaZlebelia analizuri testebiT. "spodik"

horizontebSi Alox+1/2Feox raodenoba sul cota orjer an metjer

aRemateba zemoT mdebare "umbrik", "oqrik" an "albik" horizontebis Alox+1/2Feox raodenobas. es moTxovna ar exeba im "andik" horizontebs,

romlebSic Al-organuli kompleqsebi faqtiurad uZravia.

8 pirofosfatSi eqstragirebadi Al.

40

"anTraqvik" horizonti (ixileT "anTropedogenuri" horizontebi)

"anTropedogenuri" horizontebi

zogadi aRwera. "anTropedogenuri" horizontebi (berZnulidan

anthropos – adamiani da pedogenesis – niadagwarmoqmnis procesi)

Seadgenen zedapiruli da siRrmiTi horizontebis nairsaxeobebs,

romlebic formirdebian niadagis xangrZlivi damuSavebis Sedegad. am

horizontebis maxasiaTeblebi da Tvisebebi didad aris damokidebuli

niadagis praqtikul gamoyenebaze (ix. cx.1). "anTropedogenuri"

horizontebi gansxvavdebian "anTropogenuri niadaguri nivTi-

erebebisagan", romlebic adamianis qmedebebis (miwayrilebis, maRaros

narCenebi, nagavsayrelebis da a.S.) Sedegia da warmoadgenen

gaumkvrivebel mineralur an organul nivTierebebs. es nivTierebebi ar

aris didi xnis da maTze niadagwarmoqmnis procesebis gavlena

umniSvneloa.

"anTropedogenuri" horizontebi moicaven "terik", "iragrik", "plajik", "horTik", "anTraqvik" da "hidragrik" horizontebs. aRniSnuli

horizontebi ikaveben patara arealebs msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi,

maT Soris dasavleT evropis Zvel saxnav miwebze, axlo

aRmosavleTisa da CineTis Zvel sairigacio vakeebze, xmelTaSua zRvis

regionisa da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Zvel daterasebul

landSaftSi. Crdilo da samxreT amerikaSi ki maTi izolirebuli

laqebis saxiT gavrceleba ukavSirdeba brinjis qveS gavrcelebuli

niadagebis xangrZliv damuSavebas (rac dakavSirebulia indielebis

xangrZliv dapyrobasTan).

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "terik" horizonti (laTinuridan

terra – dedamiwa) viTardeba miwanarevi nakelis, kompostis an Slamis

damatebiT, drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. horizonts

siRrmiT aReniSneba araerTgvarovani meqanikuri Sedgeniloba. misi

feri damokidebulia gamoyenebul nivTierebebze an mis qveS arsebul

substratze. fuZeebiT maZRroba (gansazRvruli 1 M NH4OAc-iT) 50 %

metia.

41

cxrili N1. "anTropedogenuri" procesebi

Rrma damuSaveba

uwyveti meqanikuri damuSaveba, romelic warmoebs

savele samuSaoebis dros, normaluri siRrmis

qvemoT

intensiuri

ganoyiereba

organuli/araorganuli sasuqebis uwyveti gamoyeneba

mineraluri nivTierebebis safuZvliani damatebis

gareSe (mag: nakeli, samzareulos narCenebi,

komposti, da a.S)

meore xarisxovani

danamatebi

mineraluri nivTierebebis mniSvnelovani danamatis

Semcveli nivTierebebis uwyveti gamoyeneba (mag:

kordi, zRvis qviSa, miwanarevi nakeli da a.S)

irigacia

leqiT mdidari sairigacio wylis uwyveti

gamoyeneba (sairigacio wyali aseve SesaZlebelia

Seicavdes sasuqebs, xsnad marilebs, organul

nivTierebebs da a.S)

sveli kultivacia

niadagis damuSavebis procesSi datborvasTan

dakavSirebuli procesebi. damuSavebuli fenis

gamkvriveba; wyliT gajerebis pirobebis Secvla;

qveniadagis diagnostikuri maxasiaTeblis_

iluviuri rkina-manganumis afskebis warmoqmna

romlebic SeiZleba ganviTardes niadagis sveli

kultivaciis dros, gruntis wylis siRrmis,

meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa da organuli

nivTierebebis da a. S. gavlenis Sedegad

"iragrik" horizonti (laTinuridan Irragric – morwyva da agricolare – damuSaveba, kultivacia) Ria ferisaa, ("manselis" mixedviT, feris

sidide da intensivoba notio mdgomareobaSi 3 metia), zedapiruli fena

erTgvarovani struqturisaa, romelic ganviTarda sedimentebiT

gamdidrebuli sarwyavi wylebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad. am

horizontSi Tixa da karbonatebi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli da aqvs

Tixis (gansakuTrebiT wvrilmarcvlovani) ufro maRali Semcveloba,

vidre qveS mdebare pirvelad niadags. saSualo, wvrili da Zalian

wvrili qviSis fraqciebs Soris fardobiTi gansxvavebebi 20 % ar

aRemateba. organuli C (wona) saSualo Semcveloba 0,5 % metia,

romelic siRrmiT klebulobs da "iragrik" horizontis qveda

zRvarTan sul cota 0,3 % mainc rCeba.

"plajik" horizonts (holandiuridan plag – mkvrivi) aqvs

erTgvarovani meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, kerZod, silnari an Tixnar-

qviSnari. organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) saSualo Semcveloba 0,6 %

metia. fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-is mixedviT) 50 % naklebia, maSin

42

rodesac 1 % limonmJavaSi eqstragirebadi P2O5 Semcveloba maRalia

da sul cota 0,25 % metia zedapiris 20 sm sisqeSi. xSirad am

horizontSi P2O5 Semcveloba 1 % metia.

"horTik" horizonti (laTinuridan hortus – baRi) niadagis Rrma

damuSavebis, intensiuri ganoyierebis da/an adamianTa, cxovelTa da

sxva organuli narCenebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegia. es aris

muqi feris horizonti, "manselis"-is skalis mixedviT feris sidide

da intensivoba (tenian mdgomareobaSi) 3 an 3-ze naklebia. horizonts

axasiaTebs organuli C (woniT) saSualo 1 % meti raodenoba da 0,5 M NaHCO3-Si9 eqstragirebadi P2O5 100 meti mg/kg

-1 Semcveloba

wvrilmiwis zeda 25 sm-Si (Gong et al, 1997). fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 MNHyOAc-iT) 50 % metia.

"anTraqvik" horizonti (berZnulidan anthropos – adamiani,

laTinuridan aqua – wyali) moicavs gamkvrivebul fenasa da xnulis

Zirs. am SemTxvevaSi xnulis Zirs axasiaTebs fiqalovani struqtura.

igi dapresilia da aqvs infiltraciis Zalian dabali xarisxi. aqvs

moyviTalo-yavisferi, yavisferi an mowiTalo-yavisferi Jangis laqebi

napralebis da fesvis xvrelebis gaswvriv. xnulis Ziris kuTri wona

gamkvrivebuli fenis kuTr wonasTan SedarebiT, sul cota 20 %

(SefardebiT) maRalia, maSin rodesac misi forianoba 10-30 (fardobiT)

procentze dabalia, vidre gamkvrivebuli fenis forianoba.

arakapilaruli forianoba 2-5 % farglebSi meryeobs (arakapilaruli

da masTan kavSirSi myofi gamkvrivebuli fenebis forianobaTa

fardoba daaxloebiT 60 %).

"hidragrik" horizonti (berZnulidan hydros – wyali, laTinuridan

agricolare – damuSaveba) aris siRrmiTi horizonti, romlis formireba

ukavSirdeba svel kultivacias erTi an meti qvemoT CamoTvlili

maxasiaTebliT:

rkina-manganumis akumulaciis fenebi an iluviuri rkinisa da

manganumis afskebi; an

diTionis citratSi (limonmJavas marili) eqstragirebadi rkina 2-

jer an metjer metia, an diTionis citratSi eqstragirebadi

manganumi 4-jer an metjer metia, vidre zedapirul horizontebSi;

an

Jangva-aRdgeniTi koncentraciebi; an

Jangva-aRdgenis Semcireba feris sididis ≥ 4 da feris intensivobis ≤ 2 maCveneblebiT makroforebSi, rac ukavSirdeba svel

kultivacias; da

10 sm meti sisqe.

savele gansazRvra. "terik", "iragrik" da "plajik" horizontebs aqvT

zedapiris amowevis niSnebi. es daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes an savele

dakvirvebiT an istoriuli Canawerebidan. horizontebi sruliad

Sereulia da Cveulebriv Seicaven uZvelesi adamianis droindel

materialuri kulturis naSTebs, rogoricaa keramikis fragmentebi,

feradi namsxvrevebi da narCenebi. isini Zalian patara (diametri < 1

sm) zomisaa da sakmaod gacveTili. "terik" da "plajik" horizontebi

9 meTodi cnobilia olsenis saxelwodebiT (Olsen et al., 1954)

43

TandaTanobiT agebulia miwanarevi danamatebisgan (komposti, kordi an

kordiani masala areuli nakelSi, nagavSi, SlamSi, zRvis qviSaSi da

a.S.) da SesaZloa Seicavdnen araTanabrad ganawilebul qvebs,

"iragrik" horizontis irigaciuli danaleqebiT TandaTanobiT

Sevsebisas.

"terik" da "plajik" horizontebs erTmaneTisagan ansxvavebs

ramdenime niadaguri maxasiaTebeli. "terik" horizontebi Cveulebriv

avlenen maRal biologiur aqtivobas, axasiaTebT neitraluri an

susti tute reaqcia (pH (H2O), Cveulebriv 7,0 metia) da SeiZleba

Seicavdnen Tavisufal kirs. feri Zalian aris damokidebuli ZiriTad

nivTierebebze an qveS myof substratze. horizontis qveS SeiZleba

Segvxvdes damarxuli niadagebi, Tumca Serevis gamo, maT Soris

kontaqti SeiZleba iyos bundovani.

"plagik" horizonts aqvs moyavisfro an moSavo Seferiloba,

romelic kavSirSia maTSi arsebuli nivTierebebis bunebasTan da misi

aris reaqcia icvleba __ susti mJavedan Zlier mJavemde. aRniSnul

horizontSi Cans sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRis _ baris gamoyenebis

niSnebi. agreTve SesamCnevia Zveli damuSavebuli fenebic. "plajik"

horizontebi xSirad zevidan efareba damarxul niadagebs, Tumca

Tavdapirveli zedapiruli fenebi SeiZleba erTmaneTSi Sereuli iyos;

qveda sazRvari Cveulebriv mkveTria.

"iragrik" horizontSi mniSvnelovnad Cans biologiuri aqtivobis

niSnebi. horizontis 25 % met moculobaSi SesamCnevia Wiayelebis

nakvalevi. qveda sazRvari mkveTria da mis qveS SeiZleba arsebobdes

irigaciuli danaleqi.

"horTik" horizontic Zalian Sereulia da niadagis formirebis

sawyis etapze arsebuli stratifikacia ar aris SemorCenili.

Cveulebrivi ambavia adamianis materialuri kulturis naSTebisa da

narCenebis arseboba, romelic xSirad Zalian daZvelebuli da

gacveTilia. Wiayelebis nakvalevi niadagis mTliani moculobis 25 %

mets Seadgens. arsebobs miwaTmoqmedebis niSnebi an niadagis Serevis

kvali. D

damarxuli niadagebi SeiZleba iyos SemorCenili, magram isini

Cveulebriv uerTdeba am horizonts.

"anTraqvik" horizonti moicavs niadagis gamkvrivebul fenasa da

xnulis Zirs brinjis xangrZlivi kultivaciis Sedegad. mkvriv fenas

aqvs aRdgeniTi procesebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ferebi, romelic

gamoisaxeba agregatebis zedapirze da forebis kedlebze susti

elferis mqone laqebiTa da rkina/manganumis kutanebiT. isini Zalian

dispersirebulia, Cndebian daxarisxebul agregatebSi da aqvT

buStisebri forebi.

"hidragrik" horizonts aqvs an aRdgeniTi Tvisebebi forebSi,

afskebze an xvrelebSi, ris Sedegadac misi Seferiloba Semdegia:

elferi 2,5 Y an ufro moyviTalo da feris intensivoba (tenian

mdgomareobaSi) 2 an 2-ze naklebi; an es aRdgeniTi Tvisebebi SeimCneva

niadagis masaSi rkinis da/an manganumis segregaciebSi, romelTa feri

gamowveulia maTi daJangvis pirobebiT. agregatebis zedapirze

Cveulebriv Cans ruxi Tixa-wvrili mtvris da Tixa-mtvrian-humusiani

kutanebi.

44

"arjik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. (laTinuridan argilla – TeTri Tixa) es aris

siRrmiTi horizonti, romelSic Tixis Semcveloba aSkarad ufro

maRalia, vidre mis zemodan arsebul horizontSi. meqanikuri

Sedgenilobis diferenciacia gamowveulia Tixis iluviuri

akumulaciiT, niadagwarmoqmnis Sedegad niadagis siRrmeSi Tixis

Warbad dagrovebiT an zedapirul horizontSi Tixis daSliT,

zedapiruli eroziisadmi mdgradi Tixis akumulirebiT, biologiuri

aqtivobiT an am gansxvavebuli procesebis ori an meti kombinaciiT.

horizontis zedapiruli nivTierebebis ufro msxvili nawilakebis

sedimentacia, siRrmiTi horizontis sedimentaciasTan SedarebiT,

aZlierebs niadagis pedogenezisuri meqanikuri Sedgenilobis

diferenciacias. Tumca mcire liTologiuri wyveta, romelic

SesaZloa gamoCndes aluviur naleqebSi, ar gansazRvravs "arjik"

horizonts.

"arjik" horizontebis Semcvel niadagebs, Tixis Semcvelobis zrdis

garda, xSirad aqvT mTeli rigi damaxasiaTebeli morfologiuri,

fizikur-qimiuri da mineralogiuri Tviseba. am maxasiaTeblebiT

SesaZlebelia “arjik” horizontebis sxvadasxva tipebisa da maTi

ganviTarebis stadiebis gansazRvra (Sombroek, 1986). ZiriTadi qvetipebia:

“liqsi” (lixi-), “luvi” (luvi-), “abrapti” (abrupti-), “plan-arjik” (plan-argic) horizontebi da "natrik" da "nitik" horizontebi.

"arjik" B horizonti, msoflio niadagebis rukis gadamuSavebuli

legendis (FAO, 1988) ganmartebis mixedviT, "mmb"-Si ucvleladaa

gadmotanili. am moTxovnebSi Setanilia savele gansazRvrisTvis

saWiro mxolod erTi modifikacia kerZod, " . . .…agregatis zedapirze

da forebSi Tixis abskebis sul cota 1 % Semcveloba…" Seicvala 5 %-

iT. es cvlileba emyareba Semdeg wess: ar arsebobs 1:1 fardoba

agregatebis zedapirsa da forebSi arsebul Tixis afskebis

raodenobasa da gamWvirvale SlifebSi arsebul Tixis procentobas

Soris. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu agregatis zedapirebis asi procenti

mTlianad dafarulia Tixis afskebiT, gamWvirvale SlifebSi maTi

ZiriTadi nawili dakavebuli iqneba niadaguri masiTa da

sicarielebiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "arjik" horizonts unda gaaCndes:

1. Tixnari qviSiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da

wvrilmiwis fraqciebSi Tixis minimum 8 % Semcveloba; da

2. saerTo Tixis ufro meti raodenoba, vidre zeda ufro msubuqi

meqanikuri Sedgenilobis horizonts. (amgvari gansxvaveba mxolod

liTologiuri wyvetis Sedegia), aseve unda axasiaTebdes:

a) Tu mis zeda horizontis wvrilmiwis fraqciebSi saerTo

Tixis Semcveloba 15 % naklebia, maSin "arjik" horizonti

unda Seicavdes minimum 3 % met Tixas mainc; an

b) Tu mis zemoT mdebare horizonts aReniSneba wvrilmiwa

fraqciaSi 15 an meti procenti da saerTo Tixis 40 %-ze

naklebi raodenoba, maSin Tixis fardoba "arjik" horizontSi

mis zeda horizontTan SedarebiT unda iyos 1.2 an meti; an

45

g) Tu mis zemoT mdebare horizonti Seicavs saerTo Tixis 40 %

an mets wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi, maSin "arjik" horizonti unda

Seicavdes sul cota 8 % met Tixas mainc; da

3. profilis vertikalurad 30 sm sisqeSi izrdeba Tixis Semcveloba

Tu "arjik" horizonti warmoqmnilia Tixis iluviaciiT. yvela sxva

SemTxvevaSi, Tixis Semcvelobis zrda zemoT mdebare horizontsa

da "arjik" horizonts Soris unda xdebodes vertikalurad,

profilis 15 sm sisqeSi; da

4. avtoqtonuri qanis struqturis ar arseboba sul cota horizontis

moculobis naxevarSi mainc; da

5. yvela mis zemoT mdebare horizontebis sisqeebis jamis sul cota

erTi meaTedi unda Seadgendes minimum 7,5 sm mainc. Tu "arjik"

horizonti mTlianad Sreobrivia, maSin maTi saerTo sisqe unda

Seadgendes minimum 15 sm mainc. "arjik" horizontis zeda horizonti

unda iyos ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis da misi sisqe

unda Seadgendes 18 sm mainc; Tu @”arjik”@ horizontis zemoT

mdebare horizontSi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis cvlileba mkveTria

“arjik” horizontTan SedarebiT, maSin zeda msubuqi meqanikuri

Sedgenilobis mqone horizontis sisqe unda iyos 5 sm (ixileT

"teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba").

savele gansazRvra. savele pirobebSi "arjik" horizontebis

mTavari ganmsazRvrelia meqanikuri Sedgenilobis diferenciacia.

"arjik" horizontis "iluviuri" buneba SeiZleba dadgindes X 10 xelis

linziT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu agregatebis zedapirze, forebSi da

arxebSi mkeTrad Cans Tixis afskebi.@”iluviur” “arjik” horizontis

ramdenime nawilSi unda Candes sul cota 5 % odenobis Tixis afskebi,

romlebic nawildebian vertikalurad an horizontalurad

agregatebis zedapirze da forebSi.

Tixis afskebi xSirad Zneli dasadgenia monTmorilonitis Semcvel

niadagebSi, radgan isini sistematurad iSlebian SekumSva-gafarToebis

Sedegad. Tixis afskebis arseboba "dacul" adgilebSi, mag: forebSi,

sakmarisi unda iyos "arjik" horizontis "iluviuri bunebis

kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. "arjik" horizontis iluviuri xasiaTi

yvelaze kargad SeiZleba dadgindes gamWvirvale SlifebSi.

diagnostikur "iluviur" "arjik" horizontebSi unda Candes Tixis

dagrovebis adgilebi, romlebic saSualod Seadgenen mTliani ganivi

Slifis minimum 1 % mainc. gansazRvris sxva testebs warmoadgenen:

nawilakis zomis ganawilebis analizebi, Tixis garkveuli

Semcvelobis zrdis dadgena da agreTve wvrilmarcvlovani Tixis10

saerTo TixasTan fardoba. "iluviur" "arjik" horizontebSi

wvrilmarcvlovani Tixis/saerTo TixasTan fardoba ufro didia,

vidre mis zeviT mdebare horizontebSi. aRniSnuls iwvevs

wvrilmarcvlovani Tixis nawilakebis eluviacia.

Tu niadagSi SesamCnevia liTologiuri wyveta an "arjik"

horizontSi an mis zeda horizontSi an erozirebul zedapirul

10 wvrilmarcvlovani Tixa: <0,2 mkm

46

mailto:afskebi.@�iluviur

horizontSi an "arjik" horizontze gadafarebul saxnav fenaSi, maSin

iluviuri bunebis arseboba naTeli unda iyos.

Tu liTologiuri wyveta ar aris SesamCnevi velze, igi SesaZloa

ganisazRvros: msxvilmarcvlovani qviSis, wvrilmarcvlovani qviSis

nawilakebiTa da mtvris procentobiT, romlebic gamoTvlilia uTixo

adgilebSi (nawilakTa saerTaSoriso zomis ganawileba an USDA sistemis an sxva damatebiTi dajgufebebis gamoyeneba) an xreSisa da

ufro msxvili fraqciebis Semcvelobebis cvlilebebiT. ZiriTadi

nawilakTa zomis fraqciebis 20 % cvlileba (fardobiTi) SeiZleba

CaiTvalos liTologiuri wyvetis diagnostikur maCveneblad.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tu ZiriTadi nawilakTa zomis fraqciebis

20 procentiani cvlileba xdeba profilis im nawilSi, sadac adgili

aqvs Tixis Semcvelobis zrdas da Tu gvaqvs monacemi zeda fenis

ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenlobis Sesaxeb, maSin SesaZloa es iyos

liTologiuri wyvetis dadgenis gamartivebuli meTodi (aRniSnuli

meTodis garda ar arsebobs liTologiuri wyvetis dadgenis sxva

gamartivebuli wesi).

meores mxriv, nawilakTa zomis wyveta "arjik" horizontisTvis

gviCvenebs iyo Tu ara zemoT mdebare nivTierebebi Zalian

gansxvavebuli da ufro msxvili zomis an adgili hqonda Tu ara

saerTo jamSi Tixis dakargvas eluviaciiT an sxva procesebiT.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan.

"arjik" horizonti Cveulebriv dakavSirebulia eluviuri

horizontis qveda nawilTan. kerZod, im horizontebTan, saidanac Tixa

da rkina gadaadgildeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom "arjik" horizonti

Tavdapivelad Camoyalibda rogorc siRrmiTi horizonti, igi SeiZleba

gamovides zedapirze eroziisa an zedapiruli horizontis mocilebis

Sedegad.

Tixis maRali Semcvelobis mqone horizonts aqvs "feralik"

horizontisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi Tviseba. e.i. axasiaTebs dabali

kgt da ekgt (efeqturi kgt), wyalSi-dispersirebadi Tixis dabali

Semcveloba da gamofitvadi mineralebis dabali Semcveloba mTlianad

50 sm siRrmeze. amgvar SemTxvevaSi klasifikaciis miznebisTvis

"feralik" horizonts aqvs upiratesoba "arjik"-Tan SedarebiT.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, "arjik" horizonts upiratesoba mieniWeba im

SemTxvevaSic Tu mas faravs "feralik" horizonti, romelic Seicavs

wyalSi dispersirebadi Tixis 10 % an mets 30 sm sisqis zeda nawilSi.

aRniSnuli “feralik” horizontis nivTierebebs ar axasiaTebs "gerik

Tvisebebi" an ar Seicavs 1,4 % meti raodenobiT organul naxSirbads.

"arjik" horizonti xasiaTdeba SedarebiT sustad gamoxatuli

struqturiT da aseve naklebad maZRaria "natrik"' horizontisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli natriumiT.

"kalcik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "kalcik" horizonti (laT. calx – kiri, CaO) aris horizonti, romelSic meoradi Ca karbonatebia akumulirebuli an

masSi CaCO3 gvxvdeba Sereuli formiT (Ca karbonati aris mxolod 1 mm

an naklebi zomis wvrili nawilakebis saxiT, romlebic

47

dispersirebulia niadagSi) an gvxvdeba rogorc wyvetili

koncentraciebi (fsevdomiceliumi, kutanebi, rbili da mkvrivi

konkreciebi an ZarRvebi). maTi dagroveba SesaZlebelia dedaqanSi an

siRrmiT horizontebSi, magram isini SesaZloa aRiniSnos zedapirul

horizontebSic eroziis Sedegad. Tu rbili karbonatebis dagroveba

xdeba ise, rom niadaguri da/an liTologiuri struqturebi mTlianad

an umetesad qreba da Warbobs Ca karbonatebis uwyveti

koncentraciebi, maSin am horizonts ewodeba "hiperkalcik"

(berZnulidan hyper didi da laTinuridan calcic -kiri) horizonti.

diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "kalcik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi kalciumis karbonatis 15 % an meti

eqvivalenturi Semcveloba ("hiperkalcik" horizontisTvis niadagis

wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi 50 procentze meti eqvivalenturi

Semcveloba); da

2. sisqe sul cota 15 sm mainc, rogorc “kalcik” ise “hiperkalcik”

horizontisTvisac.

savele gansazRvra. Ca karbonatebis arseboba savele pirobebSi

SeiZleba gansazRvrul iyos 10 % HCl-is gamoyenebiT. SiSinis xarisxi

(mxolod mosmeniT, vizualurad calkeuli buStebis an qafis saxiT)

miuniSnebs kiris garkveuli raodenobis arsebobaze. es testi

mniSvnelovania, Tu isini Sereuladaa ganawilebuli.

"kalcik" an "hiperkalcik" horizontis arsebobis sxva maCveneblebia;

1. niadagis ferebi, romlebic aris met-naklebad TeTri,

movardisfrodan mowiTalomde an nacrisferi; da

2. mcire forianoba (agregatSorisi forianoba ("hiper"-) "kalcik"

horizontSi Cveulebriv aris naklebi, vidre uSualod zemodan

momijnave horizontSi da SesaZlebelia agreTve naklebi iyos im

horizontSic, romelic uSualod mis qveS mdebareobs).

CaCO3 Semcveloba SeiZleba Semcirdes siRrmiT, magram xSirad es

Zneli dasadgenia, gansakuTrebiT maSin Tu "kalcik" horizonti

mdebareobs ufro Rrmad. amitom, meoradi karbonatebis akumulacia

warmoadagens (hiper-) "kalcik" horizontis diagnostikur maCvenebels.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. Kkalciumis karbonatebis raodenobis

(woniT) gansazRvra da niadagis profilSi misi cvlilebebi

warmoadgens mTavar analizur kriteriums “kalcik” horizontis

dasadgenad. pH (H2O) gansazRvra SesaZlebels xdis vipovoT gansxvaveba

ZiriTad ("kalcik") maxasiaTebelsa (pH 8.0-8.7) (Warbad akumulirebuli

kalciumis karbonatebi) da ultra-fuZe "ara -kalcik" (pH > 8.7)

maxasiaTebels Soris, MgCO3 an Na2CO3 arsebobis Sedegad.

amasTan, gamWvirvale Slifebis mikroskopuli analizi gamoavlens

horizontebSi xsnadi formebis arsebobas “kalcik”@ horizontis zeda

an qveda nawilSi, rac niSania silikatis epigenezisisa (kvarcis

izomorfuli Secvla kalcitiT) an kalciumis karbonatebis sxva

akumulaciebisa, maSin roca "kalcik" horizontebis Tixis

48

mineralogiur analizebSi xSirad Cans monTmoriloniti, Aatafalgiti

da seproliti.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. rodesac

“hiperkalcik” horizontebi mkvrivdebian, gadasvla xdeba

"petrokalcik" horizontSi, rac gamoixateba masiuri an fiqalovani

struqturis warmoqmniT.

mSral regionebSi, sadac niadagi an gruntis wyali sulfatebiT

gajerebulia, “kalcik” horizontebi gvxvdeba “gifsik” horizontebTan

kavSirSi. "kalcik" da "gifsik" horizontebi Cveulebriv ikaveben

sxvadasxva poziciebs niadagis profilSi, vinaidan kalciumis

karbonatebi da TabaSiri gansxvavebuli xsnadobiT xasiaTdeba da maTi

garCeva morfologiurad advilia. TabaSiris kristalebs wiwvis

formebi aqvT, advilia maTi SemCneva SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, maSin

rodesac pirveladi kalciumis karbonatebis kristalebi zomiT bevrad

ufro wvrilia.

"kambik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. “kambik” horizonti aris (laT. cambiare – Secvla)

siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic saxeSecvlilia mis qveSmdebare

horizontebTan SedarebiT. igi moklebulia "feralik", "arjik", "natrik" da "spodik" horizontebisTvis damaxasiaTebel rig

diagnostikur Tvisebebs. kerZod, muq ferebs, organuli nivTierebebis

Semcvelobas da "hisTik", "folik", "molik"an "umbrik" horizontebis

msgavs struqturas.

diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "kambik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. Tixnar qviSiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba wvrilmiwa

fraqciebSi; da

2. niadagis struqtura, romelic aris sul cota saSualod

ganviTarebuli an avtoqtonuri qanis struqtura ar aRiniSneba

horizontis mTeli moculobis sul cota naxevarSi; da

3. saxecvlilebis damadasturebeli erTi an meti CamoTvlili

formebi:

a) ufro Zlieri feris intensivoba, ufro wiTeli elferi an Tixis

ufro maRali Semcveloba, vidre qveS mdebare horizontebs; an

b) karbonatebis gamotanis maCvenebeli. "kambik" horizonti

karbonats yovelTvis ufro mcire raodenobiT Seicavs, vidre

mis qveS mdebare kalciumis karbonatebiT akumulirebuli

horizonti. Tumca ar aris aucilebeli, rom horizontidan

mTlianad iyos gamotutuli pirveladi karbonatebi, raTa

horizonti Sefasdes, rogorc "kambik" horizonti. Tu qveS

mdebare horizontSi yvela msxvili fragmentebi mTlianad

dafarulia kiriT, maSin "kambik" horizontSi zogierTi es

fragmenti nawilobriv SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos kiris

safarisgan. Tu msxvil fraqciebs "kambik" horizontSi gaaCniaT

kalciumis karbonatebis safari mxolod qveda mxareze, maSin

“kambik” horizontSi fragmentebi kiris afskebis gareSe rCeba;

g) Tu dedaqanSi da im mtverSi, romelic niadags ecema ar

aRiniSneba kalciumis karbonatebi, maSin saxecvlilebis

49

maniSnebeli moTxovna dakmayofilebuli unda iyos niadagis

struqturis arsebobiTa da qanis ustruqturobiT; an

4. ar unda hqondes tipuri "frajik" horizontisTvis (teniani

mdgomareobisaTvis) damaxasiaTebeli myife konsistencia; da

5. an kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1 M NH4OAc-is mixedviT) 16 an meti santimolik kg

-1-Tixa;

an efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (gacvliTi fuZeebis jams +

gacvliTi mJavianoba 1 M KCl-Si) 12 an meti santimolik kg-1 Tixa;

an 10 % an meti gamofitvadi mineralebis Semcveloba 50-200 mkm

zomis fraqciebSi11; an 10 % an meti wyalSi dispersirebadi Tixis

Semcveloba; da

6. sisqe niadagis zedapiridan minimum 15 sm-idan sul cota 25 sm-mde;

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontTan. kaTionis

gacvlis tevadoba / efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba /

gamofitvadi mineralebis kriteriumebi "kambik" horizonts gamoyofs

"feralik" horizontisagan.

"Cernik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. “Cernik” horizonti (rusuli chern – Savi)

warmoadgens "molik" horizontis specifiur tips. is aris Rrma,

kargad gastruqturebuli, moSavo Seferilobis zedapiruli

horizonti, fuZeebis maRali maZRrobiT, organuli nivTierebebis

maRali SemcvelobiT da maRali biologiuri aqtivobiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "Cernik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. marcvlovani an beltovani (wvrili dakuTxuli (blagvi wveroebiT)

niadagis struqtura; da

2. damtvreul da gafxvierebul nimuSebs axasiaTebs "mansel” skalis

mixedviT 2-ze naklebi feris intensivoba notio mdgomareobaSi, 2

muqi feris sidide notio mdgomareobaSi da 3 feris sidide mSral

mdgomareobaSi. Tu wvrilad daqucmacebuli kiri 40 % metia an Tu

horizontis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro

msubuqia, maSin mSral mdgomareobaSi feris sidide

ugulebelyofilia; feris sidide notio mdgomareobaSi unda iyos

3-ze naklebi. feris sidide unda iyos sul cota erTi erTeuliT

muqi, vidre C-12 (orive mSral da notio mdgomareobebSi). Tu

niadags muqi feri miRebuli aqvs dedaqanidan, maSin feris

kontrastuli moTxovnebi ugulebelsayofia. Tu ar aRiniSneba C horizonti, maSin Sedareba unda gakeTdes uSualod zeda

horizontis qvemoT mdebare horizontTan. zemoT aRniSnuli feris

11 kriteriumis dasadgenad gamofitvadi mineralebis Semcvelobis analizi SeiZleba

Seicvalos fuZeebis saerTo maragis analiziT (fsm = gacvliT fuZeebs + minerali

Ca, Mg, K da Na). 25 santimolikkg.-1

niadagi fsm korelaciaSi 50-200 mkm zomis

fraqciebSi Semaval gamofitvadi mineralebis 10 % SemcvelobasTan.

12 miTiTeba keTdeba ZiriTadi horizontis nomenklaturaze, rogorc es

gamoyenebulia F”fao”-s "niadaguri profilis aRwerisaTvis saWiro rCevebi" (1990); ixileT danarTi (1)

50

moTxovnebi gamoiyeneba "Cernik" horizontis 15 sm sisqis zeda

nawilisTvis an uSualod saxnavi fenis qveS; da

3. horizontis 50 % meti (moculobiT) warmodgenilia Wiebis

xvrelebiTa da cxovelTa soroebiT; da

4. organuli naxSirbadis Semcveloba minimum 1,5 % mainc (2,5 %

organuli nivTiereba) Sereuli niadagis mTel sisqeSi. unda

hqondes organuli naxSirbadis Semcveloba minimum 6 % Tu feris

kriteriumebi ar aris damakmayofilebeli wvrilad daqucmacebuli

karbonatebis gamo an unda hqondes 1,5 % meti vidre C horizonts, Tu feris kriteriumebi ar aris damakmayofilebeli muqad

Seferili dedaqanis gamo; da

5. fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 80 % an meti; da

6. minimum 35 sm sisqe. "Cernik" horizontis sisqis zoma moicavs

gardamaval horizontebs, romlebSic dominanturia zedapiruli

horizontis maxasiaTeblebi magaliTad, AB, AE an AC.

savele gansazRvra. am horizontis gansazRvra xdeba misi moSavo

SeferilobiT, rasac iwvevs organuli nivTierebis akumulacia, kargad

ganviTarebuli struqtura (Cveulebriv marcvlovani), maRali

biologiuri aqtivoba (Cans Wiebisa da cxovelebis xvrelebi) da didi

sisqe.

kavSiri zogierT sxva horizontebTan. "Cernik" horizontis specifiuri

xasiaTi "molik"-Tan SedarebiT gamoixateba organuli C maRal

SemcvelobaSi, ufro muq SeferilobaSi, minimaluri sisqis sidideSi,

niadagis struqturis formirebaSi maRalia biologiuri faqtoris

gavlena.

organuli naxSirbadis Semcvelobis zeda zRvari 12 % (organuli

nivTierebis 20 %). es ukanaskneli ki "histik" horizontisTvis qveda

zRvaria, xolo "folik" horizontisTvis qveda zRvari 20 %.

"qraik"' horizonti

zogadi daxasiaTeba. es aris horizonti (berZ. kryos – civi, yinuli),

romlis mineraluri an organuli nivTierebebi mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi gayinulia.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "qraik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. niadagis temperatura 0oC an ufro dabali zedized ori an meti

wlis ganmavlobaSi; da

2. a) niadagis orTqlisebri wylis sakmarisi raodenoba,

krioturbaciis niSani, yinulis amoweva, Termuli danapraleba an

yinulis segregacia; an

b) orTqlisebri tenis arasakmarisi raodenoba, gayinuli

niadaguri nivTierebebis Termuli SekumSvis maCvenebeli; da

3. fiqalovani an beltovani makrostruqturebi warmoqmnili

yinulovani ZarRvebisgan da msxvili niadaguri nivTierebis

daxarisxebis Sedegad warmoqmnili sferosebri, konglomera-tuli

da Sreobrivi mikrostruqturebi.

51

savele gansazRvra. Tu niadagi datenianebulia, maSin "qraik"

horizontebSi, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeiniSneba yinulis

segregacia da/an kriogenuri procesebi (niadaguri nivTierebebis

Sereva, niadaguri horizontebis rRveva, xveulebi (niadagis

horizontebSi maqmanis msgavsi warmonaqmnebi), organuli intruziebi,

yinulis amoburcva, niadagis msxvili nivTierebebis wvril

marcvlebamde dayofa, zedapirze qerqebis, yinulis borcvebis,

qvargvalebis, badeebis da mravalkuTxedebis warmoqmna).

Tu niadagis orTqlisebri wyali arasakmarisia da “qraik”

horizontebi mSralia, maSin SeimCneva sustad gamoxatuli Termuli

kumSvis maxasiaTeblebi tenian “qraik” horizontebTan SedarebiT.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. “qraik”

horizontebi atareben ”histik”, “andik” an “spodik” horizontebis

maxasiaTeblebs. isini SesaZloa Segvxvdnen ”salik”, “kalcik”, “molik”, “umbrik”an “oqrik” horizontebTan erTad. civ aridul regionebSi

“iermik” horizontebi SeiZleba daukavSirdnen “qraik” horizontebs.

“durik” horizonti

zogadi aRwera. “durik” horizonti aris (laT. durum – magari)

siRrmiTi horizonti, romelSic Cans kaJmiwiT (SiO2), sustad

Secementebuli, gamkvrivebuli konkreciebi. konkreciebi umetes wilad

Secementebulia opalis formaSi an kaJmiwis mikrokristalur

formebSi ("niadaguri konkreciebi")

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. “durik” horizonts unda:

1. hqondes 10 % an meti (moculobiT) “ niadaguri konkreciebi” qvemoT

CamoTvlili Semdegi TvisebebiT:

a) ar unda ixsnebodes koncentrirebul marilmJavaSi, magram unda ixsnebodes HCl damuSavebis Semdeg cxel koncentrirebul

kaliumis hidroqsidSi (KOH); daY b) aris mkvrivi da Zalian mkvrivi, dasvelebisas ki mtvrevadia,

rogorc mJaviT damuSavebamde aseve damuSavebis Semdegac;

g) hqondes 1 sm an meti diametri; da

2. hqondes 10 sm an meti sisqe;

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. mSrali “niadaguri konkreciebi”

umniSvnelod iSleba wyalSi, xangrZlivma dasvelebam SeiZleba

gamoiwvios misi daSla Zalian Txel firfitebad da ramdenime

nawilis sruli daSla. ganiv SlifSi “niadaguri konkreciebi”-s

umetesoba araTanabradaa Tavmoyrili da opalis koncentruli

rigebis danaxva SesaZlebelia xelis linziT.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. aridul regionebSi

“durik” horizontebi gvxvdeba ”gifsik”, “petrogifsik”, “kalcik” da “petrokalcik” horizontebTan kavSirSi. ufro humiduri klimatis

pirobebSi “durik” horizonti SeiZleba gardaiqmnas “frajik”

horizontad.

52

"feralik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "feralik" horizonti (laT. Ferrum – rkina, alumen – alum – Sabi) aris siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic formirdeba

xangrZlivi da intensiuri gamofitvis Sedegad. gamofitvis procesSi

Tixis fraqciaSi dominirebs dabali aqtivobis Tixebi, maRali

mdgradobis mineralebisgan (rkinis, aluminis, manganumis da

titaniumis oqsidebi) formirebuli leqisa da qviSis fraqciebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "feralik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. Tixnar qviSiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da 90 %-ze

naklebi (woniT) xreSi, qvebi an "petroplintik" (rkima/manganumis)

konkreciebi; da

2. 16 an naklebi santimolikkg-1 Tixa

kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1M

NH4OAc-iT) da 12–ze naklebi santimolik kg-1 Tixa efeqturi

kaTionis gacvliTi tevadoba (gacvliTi fuZeebis jams + gacvliTi

mJavianoba (1 M KCl-Si)); da 3. 10 % naklebi wyalSi dispersirebadi Tixa, Tu niadagur

nivTierebebs ar aReniSnebaT "gerik Tvisebebi" an 1,4 % meti

organuli C; da 4. 50-200 mm zomis fraqciebSi 10 % naklebi gamofitvadi mineralebi;

5. "andik" horizontis arc erTi diagnostikuri maxasiaTebeli; da

6. sisqe minimum 30 sm mainc.

savele gansazRvra. "feralik" horizontebi dakavSirebulia Zveli

da mdgradi geomorfologiuri zedapirebiT. erTi SexedviT

makrostruqtura TiTqos zomieridan sustSi gadadis. miuxedavad amisa,

tipiur "feralik" horizontebs aqvT Zlieri mikroagregacia

("fsevdoqviSa"). konsistencia Cveulebriv fxvieria, rac Sesaxedad

iseTia, "TiTqos niadaguri masala TiTebs Soris fqviliviT

SeigrZnoba". "feralik" horizontidan aRebuli nimuSis masa dabali

kuTri wonis gamo Cveulebriv msubuqia (woniT). horizontidan

aRebuli nimuSis msubuqad dartymis SemTxvevaSi "feralik" horizonti

gamoscems yru bgeras, rac maRali forianobis maCvenebelia.

iluviaciis da daWimulobis maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa Tixis

afskebi da daWimuli zedapirebi, saerTod ar gvxvdeba, Tumca

zogjer horizontis qveda nawilSi SeimCneva kutanebis iluviacia.

"feralik" horizontis sazRvrebi Cveulebriv Sereulia da am

horizontis ferSi da nawilakebis zomebis ganawilebaSi SeimCneva

mcireodeni diferenciacia. mas axasiaTebs Tixnari qviSiani an ufro

mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da aqvs 90 % naklebi (woniT) xreSi,

qvebi an "petroplintik" konkreciebi.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. rogorc gamofitvadi mineralebis

moTxovnilebis alternativa, fuZeebis saerTo maragi (fsm = gacvliTs

+ Ca, Mg, K, da Na mineralebi) 25 naklebi santimolikkg-1 niadagi, rac

SeiZleba iyos am horizontis maniSnebeli.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "feralik"

horizontebSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes "arjik" horizontisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli piroba _ Tixis zrda. Tu Tixis Semcveloba izrdeba

53

horizontis zeda 30 sm da igi Seicavs 10 % an ufro meti raodenobiT

wyalSi dispersirebad Tixas, maSin klasifikaciis miznebisaTvis,

"arjik" horizonts aqvs upiratesoba "feralikTan" SedarebiT im

SemTxvevaSi Tu niadagur nivTierebas ara aqvs "gerik Tvisebebi" an 1,4

% meti organuli C. "feralik" horizontSi, amoniumis oqsalatis mJavadan (pH 3) eqstragirebadi Fe, Al, Si (Alox, Feox, Siox) Semcveloba Zalian dabalia, rac

mas ganasxvavebs "andik" da "nitik" horizontebisgan. "andik"

horizontebs aqvT sul cota Alox + 1/2 Feox > 0,4-ze ( wvrilmiwa

fraqciaSi vulkanuri minis nawilakebis 10 % meti Semcvelobis

arseboba), xolo "nitik" horizontebs aqvT wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi

moZravi rkinis oqsidebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT:, oqsalatis mJavaSi

(pH 3) eqstragirebadi rkina 0,2 % meti, rac 5 % unda aRematebodes

diTionis-citratidan eqstragirebad Fe-s. "kambik" horizontis sazRvari formirdeba Semdegi kriteriumiT:

kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba / efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba /

gamofitvadi minerali. zogierT "kambik" horizonts aqvs kaTionis

dabali gacvlis tevadoba, Tumca gamofitvadi mineralebis raodenoba

(an SefardebiT fuZeebis saerTo maragi) Zalian maRalia "feralik"

horizontebisTvis. aseTi horizontebi imyofebian gamofitvis

progresul fazaSi da gardamavalia "kambik" da "feralik"

horizontebs Soris.

"ferik" horizonti.

zogadi aRwera. "ferik" (laTinuridan, ferum-rkina) aris horizonti,

sadac rkinis segregacia xdeba im zomamde, rom warmoiqmneba didi

laqebi an konkreciebi. niadaguri masis Sida laqebi da konkreciebi

rkiniT Zlier gaRaribebulia. zogadad, amgvari segregacia

ganapirobebs horizontis gamkvrivebul da rkinisgan ganTavisuflebul

adgilebSi niadagis nawilakebis sust agregacias.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "ferik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. bevri (gaSiSvlebul zedapiriani adgilebis 15 % meti) msxvili

laqebi 7,5 YR ufro wiTeli elferiT da 5 meti feris intensivobiT

an orive erTad; an

2. rkiniT sustad gamkvrivebuli, SemWidrovebuli da gamdidrebuli 2

sm-mde diametris mqone calkeuli konkreciebis gareTa safari;

konkreciebis gareTa safars gaaCnia ufro wiTeli elferi da ufro

Zlieri feris intensivoba Sida nawilebTan SedarebiT; da

3. sisqe minimum 15 sm.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. Tu konkreciebis

raodenoba aRwevs 10 % mets (moculobiT) da isini imdenad

mkvrivdebian, rom warmoiqmneba ortSteinis Sre an uswormasworo

agregatebi (romlebic ganicdian xSir dasvelebas da gaSrobas

Tavisufali Jangbadis zemoqmedebiT), maSin horizonti miCneulia

"plintik" horizontad. aqedan gamomdinare, "ferik" horizontebi

tropikul da subtropikul regionebSi TandaTanobiT gadadian

54

"plintik" horizontebSi. xSirad gadasvla maT Soris Zalian mkveTri

ar aris.

"folik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "folik" horizonti aris (laT. folium – foToli)

zedapiruli an mcire sisqis mqone siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic

Seicavs kargi aeraciis unaris mqone organul nivTierebebs.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "folik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. 20 % meti (woniT) organuli C (organuli nivTierebebis 35 %); da

2. wyliT gajereba aranakleb erTi Tvisa wlebis ganmavlobaSi; an

3. 10 sm meti sisqe. Tu "folik" horizontis sisqe 20 sm naklebia, maSin

niadagis zeda 20 sm Serevis Semdeg horizonti unda Seicavdes 20 %

an met organul C.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "histik" horizontebs

"folik" horizontebis msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi gaaCniaT; wyliT

gajereba xdeba erTi TviT an meti periodiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

ufro metic, "histik" horizontis Sedgeniloba xSirad gansxvavdeba

"folik" horizontisagan, maTi gansxvavebuli mcenareuli safaris

gamo.

"frajik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "frajik" horizonti aris (laT. fragilis, frangere –

gatexva) bunebrivi, Seucementebeli siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic

xasiaTdeba agebulebisa da forianobis iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa

fesvebisa da infiltrirebuli wylis SeRweva mxolod agregatebis

Sida zedapirebsa da fenebSi. bunebrivad horizontisTvis ar aris

damaxasiaTebeli xnulis Zirisa da transportis gadaadgilebis

Sedegad gamkvrivebuli Ziris arseboba.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "frajik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. ufro maRali kuTri wona mis zeda horizontebTan SedarebiT; da

2. 0,5 % naklebi organuli C Semcveloba; da

3. 50 an meti kilo niutoni m-1 (kNm-1) SeRwevisadmi mdgradoba savele

tentevadobis gaTvaliswinebiT; da

4. misi haermSrali koSti wyalSi 10 wuTSi unda iSlebodes; da

5. araviTari Semkvriveba ganmeorebadi dasvelebis an gaSrobis dros;

da


savele gansazRvra. "frajik" horizonts aqvs prizmuli da/an

beltovani struqtura. pedebis Sida nawilebis 200 mm meti zomis

forebis saerTo raodenoba SedarebiT maRalia. agregatebis mkvrivi

garegani kideebis gamo kavSiri ar aris uwyveti Sida forebsa da

agregatebs, forebsa da napralebs Soris.

55

"frajik" horizonts axasiaTebs soroebi (faunis aqtivobiT miRebuli),

romlebic zogjer mxolod agregatebs Soris gvxvdeba. aseTi

"Caketili yuTis sistemis" gamo, infiltrirebuli wylisagan

izolirebuli 90 % meti moculobis niadagSi ver xerxdeba fesvTa

sistemebis gamokvleva. niadagis moculobis aseTi Sefaseba an gazomva

SesaZlebelia mxolod "frajik" horizontis vertikaluri da

horizontaluri gamWvirvale Slifebis kombinaciiT.

zogadad agregatebs an mis Sida zedapirebs SesaZlebelia gaaCndes

eluviuri an "albik" horizontisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mineralogiuri

an qimiuri Tvisebebi, Seferiloba an "albeluvik enis" kriteriumebi.

gruntis wylis donis cvalebadobiT niadagis am nawilSi rkina da

manganumi gamotanilia. am agregatebis SigniT haeris Seferxebas Tan

axlavs rkinis akumulacia agregatis zedapirze, xolo manganumis

akumulireba xdeba agregatebis SigniT ("stagnik feris" suraTi).

"frajik" horizontebi xSirad Tixnaria, magram SesaZlebelia

hqondeT Tixnar-qviSnari da Tixa meqanikuri Sedgenilobac. Tixa

meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mqone "frajik" horizontis mineralogiaSi

Warbobs kaoliniti.

mSrali koStebi myari an Zlier myaria, notio koStebi mkvrivi an

Zlier mkvrivia da notio konsistencia SesaZloa iyos myife. zewolis

SemTxvevaSi "frajik" horizontis agregati an koSti sustad ki ar

deformirdeba, aramed ucbad ibzareba.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "frajik" horizonti

SeiZleba mdebareobdes (magram ar aris aucilebeli) "albik", "kambik", "spodik" an "arjik" horizontebis qveS, Tu niadagis zeda horizontebi

ar aris gadaadgilebuli. is nawilobriv an mTlianad gadafarulia

"arjik" horizontiT. mSrali klimaturi pirobebis regionebSi

"frajik" horizontebi SesaZlebelia gardaiqmnas ("petro)-"durik"

horizontebad. ufro metic, "frajik" horizontebs SeiZleba hqondeT

"stagnik Tvisebebic".

"fulvik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "fulvik" horizonti (laT. fulvus – muqi yviTeli)

zedapirze an zedapirTan axlos mdebare mZlavri, Savi horizontia,

romlis formireba Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba mokle-radiusiani rigis

mineralebs (Cveulebriv alofans) an organul-aluminis kompleqsebs.

mas aqvs dabali kuTri wona da Seicavs didi raodenobiT organul

nivTierebas.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "fulvik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. "andik" horizontebis maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi mTel siRrmeze; da

2. manseliT feris sidide (notio mdgomareobisTvis) da feris

intensivoba 2 an 2-ze naklebi; da

3. "melanik" indeqsi13 1,7-ze meti mTlianad; da

4. organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) Semcveloba saSualod 6 % an meti

da yvela nawilSi organuli naxSirbadis 4 % an meti Semcveloba;

da

13 ix. hona da sxvebi (Honna et al, 1988)

56

5. saerTo sisqe sul cota 30 sm, xolo 10 sm nakleb sisqes Soris

"ara-fulvikuri" nivTiereba.

savele gansazRvra. "fulvik" horizontis sisqiT, intensiuri muqi

feriT da misi kavSiriT piroklastur naleqebTan es horizonti

advilad gamosacnobia velze. amave dros "fulvik" da "melanik"

horizontebs Soris gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia mxolod analizuri

monacemebis Semdeg.

"gifsik" horizoniti

zogadi aRwera. "gifsik" horizonti aris (laT. gypsum – TabaSiri)

Seucementebeli horizonti, romelic Seicavs TabaSiris (CaSO4*2H2O)

meorad akumulaciebs sxvadasxva formaSi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "gifsik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. TabaSiris 15 an meti procenti; Tu horizonti Seicavs 60 an met

procent TabaSirs igi xdeba "hipergifsik" horizonti (berZ. hyper – amaRleba da laT. gypsum -- TabaSiri). TabaSiris procentoba

gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad: sanmolikkg-1 niadagi raodenobis

TabaSiri gamravlebuli procentebSi gamoxatuli TabaSiris

eqvivalentul wonaze (86); da

2. sisqe minimum 15 sm mainc, aseve "hipergifsik" horizontebisTvisac.

savele gansazRvra. TabaSiri SesaZloa aRmoCenili iqnes

fsevdomiceliumis saxiT, rogorc msxvili zomis kristalebi

(calkeulad rogorc budeebi, grovebi an safarebi an boWkovani

kristalebis gawelili kristalebi) an rogorc mWidro

fxvniliseburi grovebi. es ukanaskneli aZlevs "gifsik" horizonts

masiur struqturas da qviSian meqanikur Sedgenilobas.

"gifsik" horizontebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes "kalcik"

horizontebs, magram niadagis profilSi yovelTvis ikaveben

gansxvavebul adgilebs, radgan TabaSirs maRali xsnadobis unari aqvs

kirTan SedarebiT.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. niadagSi TabaSiris raodenobis

gansazRvra (TabaSiris garkveuli raodenoba adasturebs “gifsik”

horizontis arsebobas), aseve gamWvirvale Slifebis analizebi

gvexmareba niadagis masaSi TabaSiris ganawilebis da “gifsik”

horizontis dadgenaSi.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. rodesac "hipergifsik"

horizontebi mkvrivdebian, maSin isini gardaiqmnebian E"petrogifsik"

horizontebad, romelic SeiZleba iyos masiuri an fiqalovani

struqturis.

mSral regionebSi "gifsik" horizontebi ukavSirdebian "kalcik" an

"salik" horizontebs. "kalcik" da "gifsik" horizontebs niadagur

profilSi Cveulebriv gansxvavebuli adgilebi ukaviaT imitom, rom

kalciumis karbonatebis xsnadoba gansxvavdeba TabaSiris

xsnadobisagan. am horizontebs erTmaneTisagan advilad arCeven

57

morfologiis mixedviT (ix. "kalcik" horizonti). amave mizeziT

gansxvavebul adgilebs ikaveben "salik" da "gifsik" horizontebic.

"histik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "histik" horizonti aris (berZ. histos – qsovili)

zedapiruli an mcire sisqis siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic Seicavs

niadagis sustad aerirebul organul nivTierebas.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "histik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. an –organuli C (woniT) 18 % (organuli

nivTierebebis 30 %) an meti Tu mineraluri fraqcia

Seicavs Tixis 60 an met procents;

an –organuli C (woniT) 12 % (organuli nivTierebis

20 %) an meti Tu mineralur fraqcias ara aqvs Tixa;

an –organuli naxSirbadis Semcvelobis qveda zRvari

proporciulia 12-18 %, Tu mineralur fraqciaSi

Tixis Semcveloba meryeobs 0-dan 60 % Soris. Tu

amgvari nivTierebebi damaxasiaTebelia "andik"

horizontisaTvis, maSin organuli C Semcveloba unda

iyos 20 % meti (organuli nivTiereba 35 %); da

2. wlebis manZilze minimum erTi Tve wyliT gaJRenTva (Tu

xelovnurad ar moxda drenireba); da

3. sisqe 10 sm an meti. 20 sm naklebi sisqis

"histik" horizonts unda hqondes 12 % meti Semcvelobis

organuli naxSirbadi, rodesac Sereva xdeba 20 sm

siRrmesTan.

"hidragrik" horizonti (ix. "anTropedogenik" horizonti)

"horTik" horizonti (ix. "anTropedogenik" horizonti)

"iragrik" horizonti (ix. "anTropedogenik" horizonti)

"melanik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "melanik" horizonti (berZ. melanos – Savi) aris Savi, didi sisqis zedapiruli an zedapirTan axlos mdebare horizonti,

romlis formireba Cveulebriv dakavSirebulia mokle-radiusiani-

rigis mineralebTan (Cveulebriv alofanTan) an organo-aluminian

kompleqsebTan. mas aqvs dabali moculobiTi wona da Seicavs

organuli nivTierebis did raodenobas, romlis dagrovebac

ukavSirdeba balaxovani mcenareulobis fesvebis narCenebis did

raodenobas.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "melanik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. "andik" horizontebis Tvisebebi da maxasiaTeblebi mis mTlian

sisqeSi; da

58

2. "manselis" mixedviT feris sidide (notio mdgomareobisTvis) da

feris intensivoba 2 an naklebi; da

3. "melanik" indeqsi14 yvelgan 1,70 an naklebi; da

4. organuli C (woniT) Semcveloba saSualod 6 an meti procenti da

organuli C 4 % an meti Semcveloba yvela nawilSi; da

5. saerTo sisqe minimum 30 sm, xolo 10 sm nakleb sisqeSi "ara-melanik"

nivTierebis arseboba;

savele gansazRvra. "melanik" horizontis intensiuri Savi feri,

sisqe, misi kavSiri piroklastur naleqebTan aadvilebs am horizontis

gansazRvras velze. kavSiri saZovrebis mcenareulobasTan SeiZleba

dadgindes bunebriv pirobebSi, meores mxriv, kavSiris dadgena

SesaZlebelia istoriuli Canawrebidan. Tumca organuli nivTierebis

tipis dasadgenad aucilebelia laboratoriuli analizis Catareba,

raTa moxdes "melanik" horizontis calsaxa gansazRvra.

"molik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "molik" horizonti aris (laT. mollis - rbili) kargi

struqturis, muqi feris zedapiruli horizonti, fuZeebis maRali

maZRrobiT da organuli nivTierebebis saSualo an maRali

SemcvelobiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "molik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. sakmaod mkveTrad gamoxatuli niadagis struqtura da mSral

mdgomareobaSi horizonti ar aris arc masiuri da mkvrivi da arc

Zalian mkvrivi. masiurobis TvalsazrisiT horizonti Seicavs

Zalian msxvil prizmebs (diametriT 30 sm meti), im SemTxvevaSi

TuPprizmebSi ar arsebobs meoradi struqtura; da

2. damtvreul da gafxvierebul nimuSebSi "mansel"-is mixedviT feris

intensivoba (notio mdgomareobisaTvis) 3,5 naklebi, feris sidide

3,5 muqi (notio mdgomareobisTvis) da feris sidide 5,5 mSrali

mdgomareobisTvis. Tu gvxvdeba 40 % meti raodenobiT wvrilad

daSlili kiri, maSin feris sididis sazRvrebi mSrali

mdgomareobisTvis ugulebelsayofia; notio mdgomareobisTvis

feris sidide unda iyos 5 an ufro naklebi. feris sidide minimum

erTi erTeuliT muqi unda iyos C horizontis feris sididesTan

SedarebiT (rogorc notio, aseve mSrali mdgomareobisTvis). Tu

niadagis muqi feri ganpirobebulia dedaqaniT, maSin kontrastuli

feris kriteriumi ugulebelsayofia. Tu ar arsebobs C horizonti, Sedareba unda gakeTdes uSualod zedapiruli horizontis

qveSmdebare horizontTan; da

3. organuli C 6 % (organuli nivTierebis 1 %) an meti Semcveloba

Sereuli horizontis mTel sisqeSi. organuli C minimum 2,5 %

Semcveloba, Tu feris kriteriumebi ugulebelsayofia wvrilad

gafxvierebuli kiris gamo, xolo organuli C 0,6 % meti

Semcveloba C horizontTan SedarebiT, Tu feris kriteriumebi

ugulebelyofilia muqad Seferili dedaqanis gamo; da

14 ix. hona da sxvebi (Honna et al, 1988)

59

4. fuZeebiT maZRroba (1M NH4OAc) saSualod 50 % an meti (woniT)

horizontis mTel siRrmeze; da

5. qvemoT CamoTvlili Semdegi sisqe:

a) 10 sm an meti sisqe Tu igi uSualod devs mkvriv qanze

"petrokalcik", "petrodurik" an "petrogifsik" horizontebze, an Tu mis zemoT mdebareobs "qraik" horizonti; an

b) minimum 20 sm da ufro meti sisqe niadaguri profilis im zeda

nawilis erT mesamed sisqesTan SedarebiT, romelSic

mimdinareobs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi

niadagis zeda nawilis sisqe 75 sm naklebia; an

g) 25 sm meti, sadac niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac mimdinareobs

niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) sisqe 75 sm metia;

"molik" horizontis sisqe moicavs gardamaval horizontebs,

romlebSic Warbobs zedapiruli horizontis maxasiaTeblebi – mag: AB, AE da AC. "molik" horizontis aucilebeli kriteriumia moxvnis dros misi

Sereva pirvel 20 sm fenaSi.

savele gansazRvra. "molik" horizonti SeiZleba advilad iqnes

gansazRvruli misi muqi feriT, romelsac ganapirobebs organuli

nivTierebis akumulacia, kargad ganviTarebuli struqtura

(Cveulebriv marcvlovani an wvrili beltovani (dakuTxuli (blagvi

wveroebiT) struqturebi), fuZeebiT maRali maZRroba da maRali sisqe.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. fuZeebiT 50 %

maZRrobis maCvenebliT "molik" horizonti gamoiyofa "umbrik"-sgan.

sxva danarCeni maCveneblebiT es ori horozonti erTmaneTis msgavia.

organuli naxSirbadis Semcvelobis zeda zRvari meryeobs 12 % (20 %

organuli nivTiereba) 18 %-mde (30 % organuli nivTiereba), rac

"histik" horizontisTvis qveda zRvaria, xolo "folik"

horizontisTvis qveda zRvari 20 %.

"Cernik" horizonti "molik"-is specifiuri tipia. mas axasiaTebs

organuli C maRali Semcveloba (1,5 % an meti), specifiuri struqtura

[marcvlovani an beltovani (dakuTxuli _ blagvi wveroebiT)],

horizontis zeda nawilis Zalian muqi Seferiloba, maRali

biologiuri aqtivoba da minimaluri sisqe 35 sm.

fuZeebiT maRali maZRroba "fulvik" da "melanik" horizontebisTvis

dgindeba: intensiuri muqi feriT, organuli C-is maRali SemcvelobiT,

sisqiT da "fulvik" da "melanik" horizontebis "andik" horizontebTan

maxasiaTeblebis kavSiriT, gamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebis kombinaciiT.

sxva SemTxvevaSi "molik" horizontebi xSirad Cndeba "andik"

horizontebTan kavSirSi.

"natrik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "natrik" horizonti (holand. natrium-sodium-natriumi)

aris mkvrivi siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic xasiaTdeba Tixis ufro

maRali SemcvelobiT vidre mis zemoT mdebare horizonti (ebi). Tixis

Semcvelobis zrda "natrik" da mis zemoT mdebare horizonts Soris

unda akmayofilebdes igive kriteriumebs, rasac "arjik" horizonti.

60

ufro metic, mas aqvs gacvliTi natriumisa da/an Mg-is maRali

Semcveloba.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "natrik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. Tixnari qviSiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da

wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi Tixis 8 % Semcveloba; da

2. saerTo Tixis ufro meti Semcveloba vidre mis zeda msubuqi

meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mqone horizonts (garda im gansxvavebisa,

romelic aris mxolod liTologiuri wyvetis Sedegi) aseve:

a) Tu mis zeda horizonts axasiaTebs saerTo Tixis 15 % naklebi

Semcveloba wvrilmiwa fraqciebSi, maSin "natrik" horizonti

unda Seicavdes minimum 3 % met Tixas; an

b) Tu mis zeda horizonts axasiaTebs saerTo Tixis 15 – 40 %

Semcveloba wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi, maSin "natrik" horizontis

Tixis fardoba zemoT mdebare horizontis TixasTan unda iyos

1.2 an meti; an

g) Tu zemoT mdebare horizonts axasiaTebs saerTo Tixis 40 % an

meti Semcveloba wvrilmiwa fraqciebSi, maSin "natrik"

horizonti unda Seicavdes minimum 8 % met Tixas; da

3. Tixis Semcvelobis zrda vertikalurad 30 sm siRrmeSi im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu "natrik" horizonti formirebulia Tixis

iluvaciiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi Tixis Semcvelobis zrda zemoT

mdebare da "natrik" horizontebs Soris unda xdebodes

vertikalurad 15 sm siRrmeSi; da

4. horizontis moculobis minimum naxevarSi ar aRiniSneba qanis

struqtura; da

5. horizontis ramdenime nawilSi svetovani an prizmuli an

beltovani struqtura eluviuri horizontis enebiT, romelic ar

aris dafaruli mtvrisa da qviSis marcvlebiT. es ukanaskneli

vrceldeba horizontSi 2,5 sm ufro met siRrmeSi; da

6. gacvliTi natriumis15 15 % meti Semcveloba zeda 40 sm sisqeSi, an

gacvliT Mg+Na jami ufro meti unda iyos, vidre kalciums +

gacvliTi mJavianoba (pH 8,2) amave siRrmeze, Tu gacvliTi Na maZRroba 15 % metia qvehorizontis ramdenime nawilSi zedapiridan

200 sm sisqeSi; da

7. yvela zemoT mdebare horizontebis sisqis sul cota erTi

meaTedi unda iyos ara nakleb 7,5 sm sisqis;

“natrik” horizontis zemoT mdebare ufro msubuqi meqanikuri

Sedgenilobis horizontis sisqe unda iyos sul cota 18 sm an

unda iyos 5 sm Tu "natrik" horizontTan meqanikuri Sedgenilobis

gadasvla aris mkveTri (ix. teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba).

savele gansazRvra. "natrik" horizontis feri gansakuTrebiT am

horizontis zeda nawilSi cvalebadobs yavisferidan Savamde. "natrik"

horizonts axasiaTebs svetovani an prizmuli, zogjer ki beltovani

an masiuri struqtura. am horizontis struqturul elementebs xSirad

axasiaTebs momrgvalebuli da moTeTro Seferilobis wveroebi.

15 gnp (gacvliTi natriumis procentoba) = gacvliT Na x 100 / kgt

61

feri da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi damokidebulia gacvliTi

kaTionebis qimiur Semadgenlobaze da qveda fenebSi xsnadi marilis

Semcvelobaze. gansakuTrebiT horizontis zeda nawilSi xSirad

gvxvdeba sqeli da muqi Seferilobis Tixis kutanebi an sxva plazmuri

warmonaqmnebi. "natrik" horizonts gaaCnia agregatebis dabali

simtkice da svel pirobebSi Zalian dabali wyalSeRwevadoba. mSrali

"natrik" horizonti mkrivi an Zalian mkvrivia. niadagis aris reaqcia

Zlier tutea; pH(H2O) aris 8,5 meti.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. "natrik" horizonti xasiaTdeba maRali

pH (H2O)-iT, rac xSirad 9,0 metia. sxva maxasiaTebeli, romliTac

dgindeba "natrik" horizontis arseboba aris natriumis adsorbciis

fardoba (naf), romelic unda iyos 13 santimolik l-1

an meti. naf

gamoiTvleba niadaguri xsnaris monacemebidan: naf = Na+ / [(Ca2++Mg2+) /2]0,5 santimolik / l mikromorfologiurad "natrik" horizontebi avlenen specifiur

agebulebas. peptizirebuli plazma miuTiTebs mozaikur an

paraleluri zolebrivi niSnebis siZliereze. plazmuri warmonaqmnebi

agreTve miuTiTeben mis mWidro kavSirs humusTan. rodesac "natrik"

horizonti aris wyalSeuRwevadi, maSin Cndeba mikroqerqebi, kutanebi,

patara kvanZebi, bzarebi.

kavSiri sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "natrik" horizontis

zemoT mdebare horizonti, rogorc wesi mdidari unda iyos organuli

nivTierebebiT. humusis akumulaciis Sesabamisad icvleba zeda

horizontis sisqec _ ramdenime sm-idan 25 sm-ze met sazRvrebSi da igi

SeiZleba iyos "molik" an "oqrik" horizonti. "albik" horizonti

SeiZleba mdebareobdes zedapirul da "natrik" horizontebs Soris.

xSirad damlaSebuli fena Cndeba “natrik” horizontis qveS.

“natrik” horizontis damlaSeba natriumiani marilebis garda

SeiZleba gamoiwvios am horizontSi gadasulma sxva marilebmac:

qloridebma, sulfatebma da bikarbonatebma.

"nitik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "nitik" horizonti aris (laT. nitidus – mnaTi,

mbrwyinavi) TixiT mdidari, siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic umTavresad

xasiaTdeba zomieri an Zlieri struqturiT, mravalwaxnaga an

kaklovani agregatebis mbzinavi zedapirebiT, rac SesaZlebelia ar

iyos an mxolod nawilobriv iyos gamowveuli Tixis iluviaciiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "nitik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. Sereulidan TandaTanobamde gadasvla uSualod mis zemoT da

qvemoT mdebare horizontebs Soris (Tixis Semcvelobis 20%

naklebi cvlileba sul cota 12 sm sisqis zemoT; feris ara

mkveTri cvlileba); da

2. a) 30 % meti Tixis Semcveloba; da

62

b) wyalSi dispersirebadi Tixis saerTo TixasTan fardoba

0,10 naklebi (Tu ar Seicavs 0,6 procentze met organul

naxSirbads); da

g) mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0,40 naklebi; da

3. saSualodan Zlieramde gamoxatuli kaklovani an mravalwaxnaga

struqtura, agregatebis mbzinavi zedapirebiT, romelic ar an

mxolod nawilobriv ukavSirdeba gamWvirvale SlifebSi argilanis

(Tixis afskebis CaRvenTva) iluviacias; da

4. "manselis" mixedviT, feris sidide 5 an naklebi, feris intensivoba

4 an naklebi, magram araviTari hidromorfuli bunebis laqebi,

("gleik" an "stagnik" Tvisebebi); da

5. a) 4,0 % an meti diTionis-citratiT eqstragirebadi rkina

("Tavisufali rkina") wvrilmiwis fraqciebSi; da

b) 0,20 % meti oqsalatis mJavadan (pH 3) eqstragirebadi rkina

("aqtiuri rkina") wvrilmiwa fraqciebSi; da

g) àqtiuri~ da `Tavisufali~ rkinis Sefardeba 0,05 an meti; da

6. minimaluri sisqe 30 sm, "nitik" horizontis qveS an mis zemoT

uSualod mdebare horizontebze TandaTanobiTi an Sereuli

gadasvlebi.

savele gansazRvra. "nitik" horizonts aqvs mZime Tixnari an ufro

mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, Tumca masala TiTebs Soris

TixnariviT SeigrZnoba. Tixis Semcveloba zeda da qveda horizontebs

Soris TandaTanobiT icvleba. feris sidide da intensivoba dabalia,

elferi ki xSirad 2,5 YR, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ufro wiTeli an ufro

yviTelia. zeda da qveda horizontebSi feri SesamCnevad ar icvleba.

hidromorfuli laqebis raodenoba Semcirebulia. beltovani

(dakuTxuli _ basri wveroebiT) struqturis xarisxi cvalebalobs

saSualodan Zlieramde. agregatebi susti zemoqmedebisas advilad

iSlebian da aqvT brtyeli kideebi an kaklis formebi. maTi

zedapirebi mbzinavia da isini SesaZloa Seicavdnen an Tixis Txel

afskebs an piezometrul zedapirebs.

"nitik" horizontebi xSirad Seicaven iseT magnitur mineralebs,

rogoricaa maghemiti. amgvari mineralebis arseboba SeiZleba

Semowmdes magnitis gamoyenebiT.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. organul nivTierebaze Sesworebuli

kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1M NH4OAc-iT) aris 36 an naklebi

santimolikkg-1 Tixa da ufro xSirad ki naklebia 24 santimolikkg

-1 Tixa-ze. ekgt (efeqturi kaTionis gacvliTi tevadoba) (gacvliTi fuZeebis

jams + gacvliTi mJavianoba 1M KCL-Si) aris daaxloebiT kgt-is

naxevari. kgt da ekgt saSualod dabalia, rac gamowveulia

kaolinitisa da (meta_) haluazitis mesrebis 1:1 dominirebiT.

kavSiri zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "nitik" horizonti

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc "arjik" horizontis specifikuri

tipi an Zlierad gamoxatuli "kambik" horizonti iseTi specifiuri

TvisebebiT, rogoricaa wyalSi dispersirebadi Tixis dabali da

àqtiuri~ rkinis maRali Semcveloba. klasifikaciis dros "nitik"

horizonts aqvs upiratesoba zemoT xsenebul orive horizontTan

63

SedarebiT. "nitik" horizontis mineralogia (kaoliniti/(meta-)

haluaziti) gamoyofs mas umravles "vertik" horizontebisagan,

romlebSic dominirebs ZiriTadad monTmorilonituri mineralogia.

"nitik" horizontebi SeiZleba TandaTanobiT gardaiqmnas "vertik"

horizontebad, romelic gvxvdeba landSaftis SedarebiT ufro dabal

adgilebSi. niadagis kargad gamoxatuli struqtura, àqtiuri~ rkinis

maRali Semcveloba da xSirad kaTionis gacvlis tevadobis saSualo

raodenoba gamoyofs "nitik" horizontebs "feralik" horizontebisgan.

"oqrik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "oqrik" horizonti aris (berZ. ochros - mkrTali)

zedapiruli horizonti, romelic moklebulia Ria16 an kidev ufro

susti Seferilobis mqone wvrilmarcvlovan stratifikacias. horizonts

SesaZloa hqondes organuli C mcire Semcveloba an mSral

mdgomareobaSi iyos mkvrivi an (Zalian ) mkvrivi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: es horizonti moklebulia

wvrilmarcvlovan stratifikacias da aqvs erTi an meti Semdegi

Tviseba da maxasiaTebeli:

1. mSral mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba iyos orive – masiuric da mkvrivic

an Zalian mkvrivi. mis masiurobas iwvevs Zalian didi zomis prizmebi

(30 sm meti diametris), romelTa SigniTac ar SeiniSneba meoradi

struqtura; an

2. gatexil da gafxvierebul nimuSebs aqvT "mansel"-is mixedviT feris

intensivoba 3,5 an meti (notio mdgomareobaSi), feris sidide (notio

mdgomareobisTvis) 3,5 an meti da mSrali mdgomareobisTvis 5,5 an meti

feris intensivoba. Tu horizonti Seicavs 40 % meti odenobis wvrilad

daSlil kirs, maSin feris sidide notio mdgomareobisTvis unda iyos 5

meti; an

3. organuli C 0,6 % naklebi (organuli nivTierebis 1 %) Semcveloba

Sereuli horizontis mTel sisqeSi. organuli C 2,5 % naklebi

Semcveloba, Tu wvrilad daSlili kiris raodenoba 40 % metia; an

4. sisqis :

16aridul da semiaridul pirobebSi "oqrik" horizontebi, roca mSralia, gvxvdeba

Ria an gaxunebuli feriT (saerTod nacrisferia). datenianebis matebasTan erTad

misi feri ufro muqdeba (`gaxunebuli zedapiruli horizontebi"). feris (mSral da

notio mdgomareobisTvis) kriteriumebis gamo isini ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros

"albik" horizontad. "oqrik" horizontebi xasiaTdebian (Cveulebriv < 4 %; samxreT

afrikis Sedegebi) organuli naxSirbadisa da Tavisufali rkinis oqsidebis dabali

SemcvelobiT. axasiaTebT msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, fiqalovani struqturis

ganviTarebis niSnebi da zedapirze Txeli qerqis arseboba. avstraliaSi igi

cnobilia, rogorc gaxunebuli A horizonti (Northcote, 1979), maSin rodesac samxreT afrikaSi (Soil classification working group, 1991) igi gansazRvrulia klasifikaciis

meore doneze (ojaxebis doneze), rogorc gaxunebuli ("orTik") A horizonti. gaxunebul zedapirul horizonts aqvs mTeli rigi negatiuri faqtorebi, romlebic

gavlenas axdens niadagis gamoyenebaze. misi dabali fizikuri mdgradoba iwvevs

imas, rom wvimis Semdegac ki niadagi siRrmeSi rCeba SedarebiT mSrali. amitom aseT

garemoSi mcenare advilad ver aRmocendeba. yovelives isic emateba, rom

warmoiqmneba fiqalovani struqtura da zedapirze formirdeba qerqi. aridul

regionebSi zemoTxsenebuli faqtori gvxvdeba did teritoriebze, mcenareuli

safaris gareSe (unayofo miwebi), romlebic advilad ganicdian niadagis erozias.

64

a) 10 sm naklebi, Tu horizonti uSualod devs mkvriv qanze,

"petrokalcik", "petrodurik" an "petrogifsik" horizontebze an

igi zemodan gadafarulia "qraik" horizontiT; an

b) 20 sm naklebi an niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac mimdinareobs

niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) 1/3-ze naklebi sisqe 75 sm mcirea;

an

g) 25 sm an naklebi, sadac niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac

mimdinareobs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) sisqe 75 sm metia.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "oqrik"

horizonti uSualo kavSirSia "molik" an "umbrik" horizontebTan.

wvrilmarcvlovani stratifikaciis ar arseboba gamohyofs "oqrik"

horizonts Tanamedrove naleqebisagan.

"petrokalcik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "petrokalcik" horizonti aris (berZn. petros –qani da laT. calx - kiri) gamkvrivebuli karbonatuli horizonti, romelic

Secementebulia CaCO3 da zogierT adgilebSi ki kalciumisa da

magniumis karbonatebiT. bunebaSi es horizonti an masiuri an

fiqalovani struqturisaa da Zlier mkvrivia.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "petrokalcik" horizonts unda

hqondes:

1. CaCO3 50 % (woniT) an meti eqvivalenturi raodenoba; da

2. iseTi cementacia, rom mSrali fragmentebi ver iJRinTebodes

wyliT da mcenaris fesvebi maTSi ver aRwevdes; da

3. ukiduresad mkvrivi konsistencia (mSral mdgomareobaSi) ise, rom

maTSi bariT da burRiT SeRweva Znelia; da

4. sisqe minimum 10 sm an 2,5 sm, Tu igi Sreobrivia da uSualod devs

qveSnafen qanze.

savele gansazRvra. "petrokalcik" horizontebi SesaZlebelia

gamoCndes rogorc ara-fiqalovani kalkretis (kalkreti aris

konglomerati, romelic warmoiqmneba kalciumis karbonatiani qviSisa

da xreSis SecementebiT) saxiT. bunebaSi kalkreti gvxvdeba an

masiuri formiT an CanarTis saxiT an kidev fiqalovani kalkretis

saxiT, romelic xSirad gvxvdeba qvemoT moyvanili Semdegi tipebiT:

- Sreobrivi kalkreti: erTmaneTze dadebuli sxvadasxva sisqis

calkeuli gaqvavebuli fenebi – ramdenime mm-dan ramdenime sm-mde.

Seferiloba Cveulebriv TeTri an vardisferia;

- gaqvavebuli Sreobrivi kalkreti: erTi an ramdenime Zlier mkvrivi

fena, romelsac xSirad aqvs nacrisferi an ufro xSirad

vardisferi Seferiloba. zogadad, gaqvavebuli Sreobrivi kalkreti

ufro metad Secementebulia Sreobriv kalkretTan SedarebiT da

misi Siga agebuleba Zalian masiuria (ar gaaCnia wvrilmarcvlovani

Sreobrivi struqturebi, magram SeiZleba hqondes

msxvilmarcvlovani Sreobrivi struqturebi).

65

"petrokalcik" horizontebSi arakapilaruli forebi Sevsebulia,

xolo hidravlikuri gamtaroba zomieridan sustamde da ukiduresad

sustamde icvleba.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. aridul klimatur

regionebSi "petrokalcik" horizontebi SeiZleba kavSirSi iyos

("petro"-) "durik" horizontebTan, sadac is SesaZloa lateralurad

Sefasdes. "petrokalcik" da "durik" horizontebi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian Semacementebeli agentiT. "petrokalcik" horizontebSi Ca da Mg karbonatebi Seadgenen mTavar Semacementebel agents, Tumca

SeiZleba damatebiT Semacementebel agentad kaJmiwac warmogvidges.

"durik" horizontebSi mTavari SemakavSirebeli agenti kaJmiwaa CaCO3 an

mis gareSe. "petrokalcik" horizontebi gvxvdeba "gifsik", "hipergifsik" an "petrogifsik "horizontebTan kavSirSi. mis zedapirul horizonts

Cveulebriv "oqrik" horizonti warmoadgens.

"petrodurik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "petrodurik" horizonti (berZn. petros - qani, durum - mkvrivi) agreTve cnobilia "duripeni"-s (laT. durus - magari; pan -fena)

saxelwodebiT. igi warmoadgens siRrmiT horizonts. "petrodurik"

horizonti Cveulebriv mowiTalo an mowiTalo yavisferi

Seferilobisaa, romelic umTavresad Secementebulia meoradi kaJmiwiT

(SiO2, umTavresad opali da kaJmiwis mikro-kristaluri formebi).

xangrZlivi dasvelebis Sedegad am horizontis haermSrali fragmentebi

wyliT ar iJRinTeba. CaCO3 damatebiTi SemakavSirebeli agentia.

horizonts axasiaTebs masiuri an fiqalovani, an Sreobrivi struqtura.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "petrodurik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. qvehorizontis 50 %-ze met moculobaSi cementacia an gamkvriveba;

da

2. kaJmiwis akumulaciis niSnebi (opali an kaJmiwis sxva formebi),

rogoricaa forebSi an zogierTi struqturuli elementebis

zedapirebze afskebi an qviSis marcvlebs Soris xidebis arseboba;

da

3. 50 % nakleb moculobaSi kiris daSla 1M HCl xangrZlivi

zemoqmedebisas, xolo 50 % met moculobaSi kiris daSla

koncentrirebul KOH zemoqmedebisas an mJavisa da tutis

monacvleobiTi zemoqmedebiT; da

4. lateraluri uwyvetoba iseTi, rom vertikaluri napralebis garda

mcenaris fesvebi ver aRweven niadagis masaSi da amitom vrceldebian

horizontalurad 10 sm an met manZilze; da

5. sisqe 10 sm an meti.

savele gansazRvra: notio mdgomareobaSi "petrodurik" horizontis

konsistencia Zlier an ukiduresad mkvrivia, xolo mSral

mdgomareobaSi Zlier mkvrivi an metismetad mkvrivia. 10 % HCl gamoyenebisas horizonti Zlier SiSinebs, magram arc ise Zlier,

rogorc misi msgavsi "petrokalcik" horizonti. aRniSnuli

66

horizontebi SesaZloa Segvxvdnen "petrokalcik" horizontTan

kavSirSi.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: mSrali da ariduli

klimatis pirobebSi "petrodurik" horizontebi SeiZleba lateralurad

TandaTanobiT gadavidnen "petrokalcik" horizontebSi, da/an isini

SeiZleba Segvxvdnen "kalcik" an "gifsik" horizontebTan kavSirSi,

romlebic Cveulebriv gadafarulni arian "petrodurik" horizontebze.

Zlier humiduri klimatis pirobebSi, "petrodurik" horizontebi

lateralurad TandaTanobiT gadadian "frajik" horizontebSi.

"petrogifsik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "petrogifsik" horizonti (berZn. petros - qani, laT.

gypsum - TabaSiri) aris Secementebuli horizonti, romelic Seicavs

TabaSiris (CaSO4 x 2H2O) meorad akumulaciebs.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "petrogifsik" horizonts unda

hqondes;

1. 60 % an meti TabaSiri. TabaSiris procenti gamoiTvleba

Semdegnairad: TabaSiris Semcveloba (gamoxatuli santimolikkg-1

niadagi) gamravlebuli TabaSiris eqvivalentur wonaze (86)

(gamoxatuli procentebSi); da

2 cementacia im donemde, rom mSrali fragmentebi ar unda

iSlebodes wyalSi da fesvebmac ver unda SeaRwion niadagis masaSi;

da


savele gansazRvra: "petrogifsik" horizontebi Seicaven moTeTro

myar nivTierebebs, romelSic Warbobs TabaSiri. zogjer metismetad

magari da Zveli "petrogifsik" horizonti gadafarulia daaxloebiT 1

sm sisqis Txeli Sreobrivi feniT.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi: niadagSi TabaSiris raodenobis

gansazRvra (TabaSiris garkveuli raodenoba adasturebs “gifsik”

horizontis arsebobas), aseve gamWvirvale Slifebis analizebi

gvexmareba niadagis masaSi TabaSiris ganawilebis da “gifsik”

horizontis dadgenaSi.

gamWvirvale SlifebSi "petrogifsik" horizonts axasiaTebs

dapresili mikrostruqtura da ramdenime napralis arseboba. niadaguri

masa Sedgeba mWidrod dapresili TabaSiris ormxriv amozneqili

kristalebisgan, romlebic Sereulia mcire raodenobis detritul

(wylis mier motanili da daleqili masala: Tixebi, qviSebi, lami)

masalasTan. niadagis masas aqvs aSkarad gamoxatuli mkrTali yviTeli

feri. uswormasworo konkreciebi formirdeba iseT ufero adgilebSi,

romlebic moicaven Tanmimdevrulad ganlagebul kristalur agregatebs.

am agregatebs aqvT hipidiotopuri an qsenotopuri (danaleqi qanebis

kristaluri struqturebi) agebulebebi da ZiriTadad dakavSirebulni

arian (pirvel (orTa Soris)) forebTan. vizualurad xSirad SeiniSneba

67

biologiuri aqtivobis (pedotubula _ niadagebis struqturis elementi)

niSnebi.

kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan:

"petrogifsik" da "hipergifsik" horizontebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod arian

dakavSirebuli, vinaidan "petrogifsik" horizonti viTardeba

"hipergifsik" horizontisagan. Secementebis xarisxi am or horizonts

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. "petrogifsik" horizontebi xSirad Cndebian "kalcik" horizontebTan

kavSirSi. niadagis profilSi kalciumisa da TabaSiris akumulaciebi Cveulebriv sxvadasxva poziciebs ikaveben, imitom rom CaCO3 xsnadoba

gansxvavdeba TabaSiris xsnadobisgan. rogorc wesi, maT Soris

gansxvaveba naTlad ikveTeba maT morfologiaSi (ix. "kalcik"-

horizonti).

"petroplintik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "petroplintik" horizonti (berZn. petros - qani, plinthoz - aguri) aris gamkvrivebuli nivTierebebis mqone uwyveti fena, romlis

mTavari Semacementebeli agentia rkina. es horizonti ar Seicavs

organul nivTierebas, Tumca SesaZloa Segvxvdes organuli nivTierebis

arsebobis kvalic.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "petroplintik" horizonts unda hqondes: 1. a) 10 % an meti (woniT) diTioniTis –citratidan eqstragirebadi

rkina sul cota horizontis zeda nawilSi mainc; da

b) oqsalatis mJavadan (pH 3) eqstragirebad rkinasa da diTionis-

citratidan eqstragirebad rkinas Soris fardoba 0,1017-ze

naklebi; da

2. organuli C (woniT) 0,6 % naklebi Semcveloba; da

3. cementacia im donemde, rom mSrali fragmentebi wyalSi ar

iSlebodes da horizontSi fesvebi ver aRwevdnen; da

4. sisqe 10 sm an meti;

savele gansazRvra: "petroplintik" horizontebi metismetad mkvrivia.

misi fenebis Seferiloba Cveulebriv Jangiani yavisferi an moyviTalo

yavisferia. fenebs axasiaTebT masiuri struqtura an fiqalovani an

svetovani struqturuli elementebis badisebri ganlageba, imitom rom

agregatebi gars ekvrian gaumkvrivebel nivTierebas. "petroplintik"

horizonti ganviTarebulia mudmivad gamkvrivebuli plintitisgan.

gamkvrivebuli fena SesaZloa iyos danapralebuli, magram aseT

SemTxvevaSi lateralurad napralebs Soris manZili saSualod 10 sm an

meti unda iyos, xolo TviT napralebi ar unda moicavdnen fenis 20 %

mets (moculobiT).

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "petroplintik"

horizontebi mWidro kavSirSi arian "plintik" horizontebTan, vinaidan

"petroplintik" horizontebi "plintik"-isgan viTardebian. xSirad

17 es ricxvi Semotanilia vargezesa da biJus mier 1993 wels.

68

"plintik" horizontebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes masSi Semavali

"petroplintik" fenebiT, romlebic formirebulni arian, mag: tranSeebSi.

kriteriumi _ organuli nivTierebis mcire raodenoba _ gamoyofs

"petroplintik" horizonts rkiniani Txeli qveSnafeni fenisagan, Waobis

rkinian da gamagrebuli "spodik" horizontebisgan. "petroplintik"

horizonti gvxvdeba "podzolebSi", romlebic sakmao raodenobiT

Seicaven organul nivTierebas.

"plajik" horizonti (ix. "anTropedogenuri" horizontebi)

"plintik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "plintik" horizonti (berZn. plinthos - aguri) aris

siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic Seicavs rkiniT mdidar da humusiT,

kaolinuri Tixis kvarciT an sxva SemadgenlebiT Rarib narevs.

dasvelebisa da gaSrobis ganmeorebisas, Jangbadis Tavisuflad SeRwevis

dros, horizontSi monacvleobs Seuqcevadi ortSteini an araTanabari

zomis agregatebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "plintik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. 25 % (moculobiT) an meti rkiniT mdidari, humusiT Raribi narevi

kaolinuri Tixis kvarcTan da sxva gamxsnelebTan, romlebic gadadian

Seuqcevad ortSteinSi an araTanabari zomis agregatebSi dasvelebis da

gamoSrobis ganmeorebisas, Jangbadis Tavisuflad SeRwevis dros; da

2. a) 2,5 % (woniT) an meti diTionis-citratidan eqstragirebadi Fe wvrilmiwa fraqciebSi, gansakuTrebiT horizontis zeda nawilSi an 10 %

(woniT) diTionis-citratidan eqstragirebadi Fe laqebsa an

konkreciebSi; an

b) oqsalatis mJavadan (pH 3) eqstragirebadi rkinisa da diTionis

citratidan eqstragirebadi rkinis fardoba 0,1018 naklebi; an

3. organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) 0,6 % naklebi Semcveloba; da 4. sisqe 15 sm an meti.

savele gansazRvra: zogadad, "plintik" horizonts aqvs wiTeli

laqebi, fiqalovani, poligonaluri, forovani an badiseburi niSnebi.

mudmivad tenian niadagSi "plintik" nivTierebebi Cveulebriv ar aris

magari, magram mkvrivi da Zalian mkvrivia da misi gaWra bariT

SesaZlebelia.

gamoSrobisa da xelaxali dasvelebis erTi ciklis Semdeg ar aris

aucilebeli rom "plintik" nivTiereba gamkvrivdes, xolo xSiri

dasvelebis an gamoSrobis Semdeg igi aucileblad gadava Seuqcevad

rkina-qvian ortSteinSi an uswormasworo formis agregatebSi,

gansakuTrebiT Tu es masala imyofeba mzis Tburi zemoqmedebis qveS.

damatebiTi kriteriumebi: mikromorfologiuri kvlevebisas SesaZloa

dadgindes niadaguri masis garkinebis xarisxi. amasTan, mcenaris

18 es ricxvi Semotanilia vargeze da biJus mier 1993 wels.

69

fesvebis SeRwevis mdgradobisa da rkinis saerTo raodenobis dadgena

velze warmoadgens aRniSnuli horizontis indikators.

"salik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "salik" horizonti (laT. sal - marili) aris

zedapiruli an mcire sisqiani siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic

gamdidrebulia meoradi advilad xsnadi marilebiT e.i marilebi (CaSO4 x 2H2O; log Km = -4,85 temperaturis 25oC-is dros) TabaSirze ufro xsnadia.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "salik" horizonts mTel siRrmeSi

unda hqondes:

1. a) maZRari eqstraqtis eleqtro gamtaroba (EC) 15 meti deci

simensi m-1 25oC temperaturis dros, wlis zogierT periodSi; an

b) 25oC- temperaturis dros eleqtro gamtaroba 8 meti deci simensim-1,

Tu maZRari eqstraqtis pH (H2O) aRemateba 8,5 (tute, karbonatuli

niadagebisTvis) an 3,5 naklebia (mJave sulfatiani niadagebisTvis); da

2. marilebis 60 an meti procentuli raodenobis namravli sisqeze

(gazomili sm-ebSi); da

3. sisqe 15 sm an meti;

savele gansazRvra: zemoT aRniSnuli garemoebebi Cveulebriv

miuTiTeben "salik" horizontis arsebobaze. marilebisadmi gamZle

kulturebis, Tamarix-isa da misi msgavsi halofitebis arseboba am

horizontis pirveli maniSnebelia. marilis gavlenis qveS myofi fenebi

xSirad xasiaTdeba `fafuki struqturiT". marilebi ileqeba mxolod

niadaguri tenis aorTqlebis Semdeg. Tu niadagi teniania marilebis

daleqva ar aris aucilebeli kriteriumi "salik" horozontis

misaniSneblad.

marilebi SeiZleba daileqos zedapirTan (garegani `solonCakebi~) an

siRrmeSi (Sinagani `solonCakebi~). zedapirze warmoqmnili marilis

qerqi "salik" horizontis nawilia.

"spodik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "spodik" horizonti (berZn. spodos - xis ferfli) aris

muqi Seferilobis mqone siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic Seicavs rkinian

an urkino iluviuri amorfuli nivTierebebis naerTs organul

nivTierebasTan da aluminTan. iluviuri nivTierebebi xasiaTdeba pH-is

maRali maCvenebliT, vrceli zedapiriTa da wylis SenarCunebis maRali

unariT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "spodik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. a) an _ "mansel"-is mixedviT, 7,5 YR an ufro wiTeli elferi, 5 an

naklebi feris sidide da 4 an naklebi feris intensivoba, notio da

gafxvierebul nimuSebSi;

an _ 10 YR elferi, 3 an 3 naklebi feris sidide da 2 an 2 naklebi

feris intensivoba notio da gafxvierebul nimuSebSi; an

70

b) qvehorizonti 2,5 sm an ufro meti sisqis, romelic mudmivad

Secementebulia organuli nivTierebisa da Al-is kombinaciiT, rkinasTan

erTad an rkinis gareSe (Txeli rkiniani fena); an

g) qviSis marcvlebs Soris fekaluri sorslebis aSkara gamoCena;

da

2. organuli C 0,6 % an meti raodenoba; da

3. pH (1:1 wyalSi) 5,9 an naklebi; da

4. a) minimum 0,50 % odenobiT Alox+1/2 Feox19, romelic orjer an ufro

metjer aRemateba zeda "umbrik", "oqrik", "albik" an "anTropedogenik"

horizontebSi Alox+1/2 Feox-is raodenobas; an b) oqsalatis eqstraqtis optikuri simkvrive 0,25 an meti, romelic

orjer an metjer aRemateba zemoT mdebare horizontebis oqsalatis

eqstraqtis optikuri simkvrivis sidides; da

5. sisqe minimum 2,5 sm da mineraluri niadagis zedapiris zeda zRvaria

10 sm qvemoT, Tu mzralobas adgili ara aqvs 200 sm siRrmeze.

savele gansazRvra: "spodik" horizonti Cveulebriv devs "albik"

horizontis qveS da iRebs moyavisfro Sav an mowiTalo yavisfer

Seferilobas. "spodik" horizontebi xasiaTdebian Txeli rkiniani qerqiT

an sustad ganviTarebuli fekaluri sorslebis arsebobiT.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "spodik" horizontebs SesaZloa hqondeT "andik" horizontebis msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi,

rogoricaa alumino-organuli kompleqsebis arseboba. zogjer am ori

horizontis garCeva SesaZlebelia analizuri Seswavlis safuZvelze.

"spodik" horizontebs axasiaTebT sul cota orjer meti (an metjer)

Alox+1/2 Feox-is procentuli Semcveloba, vidre zemoTmdebare "umbrik", "oqrik", "albik" an "anTropedogenik" horizontebs. es kriteriumi

Cveulebriv ar gamoiyeneba "andik" horizontebisTvis, romelSic

alumino-organuli kompleqsebi Zlier mobiluria.

"sulfurik" horizontebi

zogadi aRwera: "sulfurik" horizonti (laT. sulfur - gogirdi) aris Zlier mJave siRrmiTi horizonti, romelSic gogirdmJava warmoiqmneba

sulfidebis sruli daJangviT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "sulfurik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. pH < 3,5 wylis suspenziis 1:1 fardobisas; da

2. a) an yviTeli/narinjisferi iaroziti [(KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6)] an moyviTalo-

yavisferi SverTmanitis [(Fe16O16(SO4)3(OH)10 x 10 H2O)] laqebi;

an – koncentraciebi: 2,5 Y an meti elferiT da 6 an meti feris

intensivobiT; an

b) "sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebebis" siWarbe; an

g) wyalSi xsnadi sulfati 0,05 % (woniT) an meti odenobiT; da


19 Alox da Feox : oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3) Sesabamisad eqtragirebadi alumini da rkina.

71

savele gansazRvra: "sulfurik" horizontebi Seicaven

yviTel/narinjisfer iarozitis an moyviTalo/yavisfer SverTmanitis

laqebs. niadagis reaqcia Zalian mJavea, pH (H2O) xSirad 3,5-ze dabalia.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "sulfurik" horizonti

xSirad devs Zlier laqiani horizontis qveS, romelic xasiaTdeba

Jangva-aRdgeniTi TvisebebiT (mowiTalodan mowiTalo yavisferamde

rkinis hidroqsidis laqebiT da niadaguri masis Ria SeferilobiTa da

rkiniT gaRaribebuli).

"Takirik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "Takirik" horizonti (uzbekuridan takyr -unayofo

miwa) aris mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis zedapiruli horizonti,

romelic Sedgeba zedapiruli qerqisagan da fiqalovani struqturis

mqone qveda nawilisgan. es horizonti gvxvdeba aridul pirobebSi,

periodulad datboril niadagebSi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: Takirik" horizontebs unda hqondes:

1. "aridik" Tvisebebi; da

2. fiqalovani an masiuri struqtura; da

3. zedapiruli qerqi, romelsac aqvs yvela qvemoT moyvanili

Tvisebebi:

a) sakmarisi sisqe ise, rom gamoSrobis dros mTlianad ar daixves;

b) poligonaluri gamomSrali napralebi, romlebic vrceldeba

sul cota 2 sm siRrmeze, rodesac niadagi mSralia; da

g) mZime Tixnar-lamiani, mZime Tixnari, mZime Tixnariani an ufro mZime

meqanikuri Sedgeniloba; da

d) mSral mdgomareobaSi Zlier mkvrivia da dasvelebisas Zlier

plastiuri da webovani; da

e) maZRar pastaSi eleqtro gamtaroba 4 deci simensi / metrze naklebi

an uSualod "Takirik" horizontis qveS mdebare horizontis eleqtro

gamtarobaze naklebi.

savele gansazRvra: "Takirik" horizontebi gavrcelebulia ariduli

regionebis depresiul adgilebSi. zedapiruli wyali am horizonts

amdidrebs TixiTa da lamiT. aseve misi moqmedebiT xdeba niadagis

horizontebis zeda nawilebSi xsnadi marilebis akumulacia an

gadarecxva. marilebis perioduli gamotutva iwvevs Tixis dispersias da

sqeli, mkvrivi, mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis qerqis warmoqmnas,

romelic gamoSrobis dros qmnis poligonalur (mravalwaxnagovan)

napralebs. Tixa da Slami xSirad qerqis nivTierebis 80 %-ze mets

Seadgens.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "Takirik" horizontebi

xSirad kavSirSia "salik", "gifsik", "kalcik" da "kambik" horizontebTan.

dabali eleqtro gamtaroba da xsnadi marilebis mcire raodenobiT

Semcveloba "Takirik" horizontebs gamoyofs "salik" horizontebisgan.

"terik" horizonti (ix. "anTropedogenik" horizontebi).

72

"umbrik" horizonti

zogadi maxasiaTeblebi: "umbrik" horizonti (laT. umbra - Crdili) aris

sqeli, muqi feris, fuZeebiT aramaZRari zedapiruli horizonti,

romelic mdidaria organuli nivTierebebiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "umbrik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. ufro naklebad Zlieri struqtura niadagTan SedarebiT. horizonti

mSral mdgomareobaSi arc masiuria arc magari da Zalian magari.

horizontis masiurobaSi igulisxmeba 30 sm meti diametris zomis

msxvili prizmebi, romlebsac ar axasiaTebT meoradi struqtura; da

2. damtvreul da gafxvierebul nimuSebSi "manselis" mixedviT, notio

mdgomareobaSi, 3,5-ze naklebi feris intensivoba, xolo 3,5-ze muqi feris

sidide notio mdgomareobaSi da 5,5 feris sidide mSral mdgomareobaSi.

horizontis feris sidide sul cota erTi erTeuliT mainc ufro muqi

unda iyos, vidre C horizontis feris sidide (rogorc notio aseve

mSral mdgomareobaSi), Tu C horizonts ar aqvs 4,0-ze meti muqi feris sidide (notio mdgomareobaSi). aseT SemTxvevaSi feris kontrastis

kriteriumi ugulebelsayofia. Tu C horizonti ar arsebobs, maSin

Sedareba unda gakeTdes uSualod zedapiruli horizontis qveS mdebare

horizontTan; da

3. fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 50 % naklebia (saSualo

woniT) horizontis mTel siRrmeSi; da

4. organuli C 0,6 % (1 % organuli nivTiereba) an meti Semcveloba

Sereuli horizontis mTel siRrmeSi (Tixis Semcvelobaze

damokidebulebis mixedviT organuli C Semcveloba Cveulebriv 2-5 %

metia). organuli C Semcveloba sul cota 0,6-ze meti, vidre C horizontis organuli naxSirbadis Semcveloba, Tu feris kriteriumebi

ugulebelyofilia muqad Seferili dedaqanis gamo; da

5. sisqe qvemoT moyvanili Semdegi kriteriumebiT;

a) 10 sm an meti, Tu igi uSualod devs magar qanze, "petroplintik" an

"petrodurik" horizontebze an "umbrik" horizonti zemodan

gadafarulia "qraik" horizontiT; an

b) minimum 20 sm an meti sisqe, vidre niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac

mimdinareobs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) erTi mesamedis sisqe, roca

niadagis zeda nawilis sisqe aris 75 sm naklebi; an

g) 25 sm meti sisqe, roca niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac mimdinareobs

niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) sisqe 75 sm metia.

"umbrik" horizontis sisqe moicavs gardamaval horizontebs,

rogoricaa AB, AE da AC.

"umbrik" horizontis kriteriumebi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas

xvnis dros, pirveli 20 sm fenis Serevis Semdeg.

savele gansazRvra: savele gansazRvrisas "umbrik" horizontis

arsebobis mTavari maxasiaTebelia misi muqi feri da struqtura.

zogadad, "umbrik" horizontebs aqvT agregirebis ufro mcire xarisxi,

vidre "molik" horizontebs.

73

"umbrik" horizontebis umetesobas aqvs niadagis mJave (pH) (H2O 1:2,5) reaqcia, daaxloebiT 5,5-ze naklebi. yovelive es ganapirobebs 50 %

nakleb fuZeebiT maZRrobas. mJavianobis damatebiT indikators

warmoadgens rizosfero, romelSic fesvebis umetesoba

horizontalurad viTardeba, maSinac ki, rodesac ar arsebobs fesvis

ganviTarebis SemzRudavi fizikuri barieri.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: fuZeebiT maZRrobis

kriteriumi gamohyofs "umbrik" horizonts "molik" horizontisgan. isini

sxva mxriv erTmaneTs Zalian hgvanan. organuli C Semcvelobis zeda

zRvari meryeobs 12 %-dan (20 % organuli nivTiereba) 18 %-mde (30 %

organuli nivTiereba). es diapazoni "histik" horizontisTvis qveda

zRvaria, xolo "folik" horizontisTvis organuli C Semcvelobis

qveda zRvari 20 %.

"fulvik" da "melanik" horizontebisTvis fuZeebiT aramaZRrobis

sazRvrebis dadgena xdeba mTeli rigi kombinaciebiT: intensiuri muqi

feriT, organuli C maRali SemcvelobiT, sisqiT da "andik" horizontis

am or horizontTan dakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebis kombinaciiT. sxva

SemTxvevaSi "umbrik" horizontebi xSirad Cndebian "andik"

horizontebTan kavSirSi.

sisqe, muqi feri, organuli nivTierebebiT gamdidreba, fuZeebiT

aramaZRari zedapiruli horizontebis warmoqmna ukavSirdeba adamianis

saqmianobebs: Rrma kultivacias, sasuqebis gamoyenebas, nakelis Setanas,

organuli nakelis damatebas, Zveli sakvebi produqtebis arsebobas da

a.S. (ix. "anTropedogenik" horizontebi). velze am horizontebis

gamocnoba SesaZlebelia uZvelesi xanis adamianis materialuri

kulturis naSTebiT, baris nakvaleviT, kontrastuli mineraluri

CanarTebiT an stratifikaciiT. es ukanaskneli adasturebs, rom adre

periodulad xdeboda sasuqebis damateba. garda amisa, velze aRniSnuli

horizontis gamocnobas, aseve xels uwyobs landSaftSi misi SedarebiT

ufro maRali mdebareoba an am adgilis samiwaTmoqmedo istoriis

gacnoba. Tu gvxvdeba "horTik" an "plajik" horizontebi an gvaqvs 0,5M N4HCO3 P2O5 analizis (Gong et, 1997) an 1 % limonmJavaSi xsnadi P2O5

analizis Sedegebi. yovelive gvexmareba am horizontis gamocnobaSi.

"vertik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "vertik" horizonti (laT. vertere-mobruneba) aris

Tixiani siRrmiTi horizonti, romelsac SekumSva-gafarToebis Sedegad

axasiaTebs gaprialebuli da daRarul zedapiriani agregatebi

(`sliqensaidebi~) an solisebri an paralelepipeduri formis

struqturuli elementebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "vertik" horizonts unda hqondes: 1. 30 % an meti Tixa mTel siRrmeSi; da

2. solisebri an paralelepipeduri formis struqturuli agregatebi,

romelTa grZivi RerZi horizontaluris mimarT daxrilia 100-600

Soris; da

74

3. urTierTgadakveTili `sliqensaidebi~20; da


savele gansazRvra: "vertik" horizonti aris Tixiani horizonti,

romelsac aqvs Zalian mkvrivi konsistencia. mSral mdgomareobaSi

"vertik" horizontSi Cndeba 1 sm da ufro meti zomis ganieri napralebi.

velze gaprialebuli, mbzinav zedapiriani ("sliqen-saidebi") agregatebi

xSirad erTmaneTis mimarT maxvili kuTxeebiT lagdebian.

damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi: sigrZivi gaWimulobis koeficienti

warmoadgens SekumSva-gafarToebis potencialis sazoms da

ganisazRvreba teniani da mSrali koStis sigrZeebs Soris sxvaobis

fardobiT mSrali koStis sigrZesTan: (Lm-Ld)/ Ld, sadac Lm aris koStis

sigrZe 33 kilo paskaliT gaWimvis dros, xolo Ld – aris mSrali koStis

sigrZe. "vertik" horizontebSi sigrZivi gaWimulobis koeficienti 0,06 aRemateba.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: Tixis maRali

Semcveloba zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebsac axasiaTebT,

saxeldobr: "arjik", "natrik" da "nitik" horizontebsac. samagierod am

horizontebs ar gaaCniaT is maxasiTebeli, romelic tipiuria "vertik"

horizontisTvis, Tumca isini SesaZloa landSaftSi lateralurad iyos

dakavSirebuli "vertik" horizontTan, romelic ikavebs yvelaze dabal

adgilmdebareobas.

"vitrik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "vitrik" horizonti (laT. vitrum - mina) aris

zedapiruli an siRrmiTi horizonti, romelic mdidaria vulkanuri

miniT, vulkanuri amofrqvevis Sedegad miRebuli sxva pirveladi

mineralebiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "vitrik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. vulkanuri minisa da sxva pirveladi mineralebis 10 % an meti

Semcveloba wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi; da/an:

2. 10 % naklebi Tixa wvrilmiwa fraqciaSi; an

3. moculobiTi wona > 0,9 kg dm 3; an 4. Alox+1/2Feox

21 > 0,4 %; an

5. > 25 % meti raodenobis fosforis SenarCuneba; da


savele gansazRvra: velze "vitrik" horizonti SedarebiT advili

gamosacnobia. igi Cndeba zedapiruli horizontis saxiT, Tumca

SesaZloa ramdenime aTeuli santimetriT Camarxulic iyos Tanamedrove

piroklasturi danaleqebis qveS. mas axasiaTebs organuli nivTierebebis

20 sliqensaidebi aris gaprialebuli da Rrmuliani zedapirebi, romelic

warmoiqmneba erTi masis meoreze srialiT. 21 Alox da Feox aris oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3) eqstragirebadi alumini da rkina,

Sesabamisad (Method of Blakemore et al, 1987)

75

sakmao da Tixis dabali Semcveloba. qviSis da mtvris fraqciebSi kvlav

dominirebs saxeSeucvleli vulkanuri mina da sxva pirveladi

mineralebi (SeiZleba Semowmdes X10 xelis linziT).

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "vitrik" horizontebi

mWidrod ukavSirdebian "andik" horizontebs, romlidanac isini

SeiZleba sabolood ganviTardnen. vulkanuri minis, sxva pirveladi

mineralebis, arakristaluri da kristaluri pedogenezisuri

mineralebis msgavsi mineralebis arsebobiT es ori horizonti

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.

"vitrik" horizontebi SeiZleba gadafaruli iyos diagnostikuri

zedapiruli horizontebiT, saxeldobr: "fulvik", "melanik", "molik", "umbrik" da "oqrik" horizontebiT.

"iermik" horizonti

zogadi aRwera: "iermik" horizonti (espanuridan yermo - udabno)

zedapiruli horizontia, romelic zedapirTan zogjer qanis

fragmentebs (ùdabnos qvafenili~) Seicavs. qanis fragmentebi xvdeba

Tixnar forovan qerqSi da dafarulia Txeli eoluri qviSiT an liosis

feniT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "iermik" horizonts unda hqondes:

1. "aridik" Tvisebebi; da

2. a) mbzinavi qvafenilebi an Seicavdes qariT motanil xreSs an qvebs

("ventifaqti"- eoluri mravalwaxnagebi); an b) qvafenilebs da forovan qerqs; an

g) fiqalovani A horizontis zemoT uqvafenilo forovani qerqi.

savele gansazRvra: "iermik" horizonti Seicavs zedapirTan forovan

qerqs da mis qveS mdebare A horizonts (ebs). qerqs aqvs Tixnari

meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da masSi Cans gamSrali mravalwaxnaga qselebi,

romlebic xSirad Sevsebulia qaris mier motanili masaliT. es masala

vrceldeba siRrmiT horizontebSic. qerqs da A horizonts(ebs) qvemoT

aqvT susti an saSualo fiqalovani struqtura.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan: "iermik" horizontebi

ukavSirdebian iseT diagnostikur horizontebs, romlebic

udabnosTvisaa ("salik", "gifsik", "durik", "kalcik" da "kambik"

horizontebi) damaxasiaTebeli. Zalian civ udabnoebSi (mag. antarqtika)

isini SeiZleba kavSirSi iyvnen "qraik" horizontebTan. civ udabnoSi

dominirebs msxvili krioklasturi masala da qariT ileqeba mcire

raodenobis mtveri. es mkvrivi, mbzinavi `qvafenili~, "ventifaqtebi",

eoluri qviSis fenebi da xsnadi mineralebis akumulaciebi SesaZloa

gamoCndes uSualod fxvier C horizontebze, forovani qerqisa da qveS mdebare A horizontebis gareSe.

76

diagnostikuri Tvisebebi

"feralik", "gerik", "gleik", "stagnik" da Zlier humusovani Tvisebebi,

aseve teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba, daurRveveli mkvrivi qani da

mzraloba ucvlelad gadmotanilia msoflio niadaguri rukis

gadamuSavebuli legendidan (FAO, 1988), radganac isini asaxaven ara

horizontebisTvis, aramed niadagebisTvis damaxasiaTebel pirobebs.

terminis _ `meoradi karbonatebi~ _ gamoyenebas upiratesoba mieniWa

rbili _ fxvieri kiris gamo. termini "meoradi karbonatebi" amave

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda gadamuSavebul legendaSic. axlad

gansazRvruli diagnostikuri Tvisebebia: "albeluvik enebi", "alik" da "aridik" Tvisebebi.

teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba

zogadi aRwera: teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba aris Tixis

Semcvelobis mkveTri zrda siRrmis SezRudul diapazonSi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: teqsturuli mkveTri cvlilebis

kriteriumebia an:

1. Tixis Semcvelobis gaormageba 7,5 sm sisqeSi, Tu zeda horizonts

aqvs 20 % naklebi Tixa; an

2. Tixis Semcvelobis 20 % (absoluturi) zrda 7,5 sm sisqeSi, Tu zeda

horizonts aqvs 20 % an meti Semcvelobis Tixa. aseT SemTxvevaSi,

qveda horizontis zogierT nawilSi, Tixis Semcveloba sul cota

orjer meti unda iyos, zeda horizontTan SedarebiT.

"albeluvik enebi"

zogadi aRwera: termin "albeluvik ena"-s (laT. albus TeTri, xolo

eluere - gadarecxva) aqvs damatebiTi mniSvneloba, kerZod, is aRniSnavs

Tixis SeRwevadobas da "arjik" horizontSi rkiniT gaRaribebuli

nivTierebis arsebobas. "albeluvik enebi" Cndebian agregatis

zedapirebis gaswvriv. Jangva-aRdgeniTi maxasiaTeblebi da "stagnik

Tvisebebis" arseboba ar aris aucilebeli "albeluvik enebis"

miniSnebisTvis.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "albeluvik enebs" unda:

1. hqondes "albik" horizontis feri; da

2. hqondes ufro meti sigrZe, vidre sigane, qvemoT CamoTvlili

horizontaluri zomebiT:

a) 5 mm an meti Tixian "arjik" horizontebSi; an

b) 10 mm an meti mZime Tixnar da lamian "arjik" horizontebSi; an

g) 15 mm an meti ufro msubuqi (Tixnar-lamiani, Tixnari an Tixnari

qviSiani) meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mqone "arjik" horizontebSi; da

3. Seadgendes horizontis moculobis 10 % mets "arjik" horizontis

pirvel 10 sm-Si. Sefaseba unda gakeTdes profilis vertikalur da

horizontalur nawilebSi gazomvebiT; da

77

4. hqondes fraqciebis iseTi ganawileba, romelic SesabamisobaSi mova

"arjik" horizontis zeda eluviuri horizontis fraqciebTan.

"alik Tvisebebi”

zogadi aRwera: termini "alik Tvisebebi" (laT. alumen - Sabi)

gulisxmobs niadagis Zalian mJave, gacvliTi aluminis maRali

Semcvelobis mqone mineralur nivTierebebs.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "alik Tvisebebi" axasiaTebs niadagis

mineralur nivTierebas, romelsac aqvs yvela qvemoT CamoTvlili

fizikuri da qimiuri maxasiaTeblebi:

1. kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 24 an meti

santimolik kg-1 Tixa; da

2. a) TixaSi fuZeebis saerTo maragi (fsm = gacvliT mJavianobas +

mineralebi Ca, Mg, K, Na) niadagis fuZeebis saerTo maragis 80 % an

metia; an

b) mtveri/Tixa fardoba 0,60 an naklebi; da

3. pH (KCl) 4,0 an naklebi; da

4. KCl eqstragirebadi Al Semcveloba 12 an meti santimolik kg-1 Tixa da

ΚCl eqstragirebadi Al/kgtT22 fardoba 0,35 an meti; da

5. aluminiT maZRroba (gacvliTi Al/ekgt X 100) 60 % an meti.

"aridik Tvisebebi”

zogadi aRwera: termini "aridik Tvisebebi" aerTianebs mTel rig

Tvisebebs, romlebic saerToa ariduli niadagebis zedapiruli

horizontebisTvis da sadac, niadagwarmoqmnis procesis dros, niadagis

zedapirTan Warbobs eoluri da aluviuri warmoSobis axali

akumulaciebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "aridik" Tvisebebi xasiaTdeba yvela

qvemoT moyvanili niSniT:

1. organuli C Semcveloba 0,6 %23 naklebi, Tu meqanikuri Sedgeniloba

Tixnar qviSiani an ufro mZimea an 0,2 % naklebi organuli

naxSirbadis Semcveloba, Tu meqanikuri Sedgeniloba ufro msubuqia

vidre Tixnari qviSiani. organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) 0.2 %

Semcveloba niadagis zeda 20 sm an cementirebul B horizontis zeda nawilSi an qanTan, romelic yovelTvis mcire sisqisaa; da

2. eolurobis niSnebi erTi an meti Semdegi formiT:

a) zogierT siRrmiT horizontSi an napralebSi qariT motanil

nivTierebaSi arsebuli qviSis fraqciiT. qviSis fraqcia Seicavs

momrgvalebuli an dakuTxuli (blagvi wveroebiT) formis

22 kgtT: Tixis fraqciis kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT)

Sesworebuli organul nivTierebaze.

23 organuli C Semcveloba SeiZleba iyos ufro maRali, Tu niadagi periodulad itboreba wyliT,

an Tu mis maZRar, pasta eqstraqtSi eleqtro gamtaroba 4 an meti deci simensi m-1, daaxloebiT

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

78

nawilakebs mniSvnelovani raodenobiT da aqvs dabinduli

zedapiri (gamoiyeneT X10 xelis linza). qviSis fraqciebis es

nawilakebi saSualo da msxvili zomis kvarcs Seicaven 10 % an

meti raodenobiT; an

b) zedapirTan qaris mier motanili, mbzinavi qanis fragmentebiT

("ventifaqtebi"); an

g) aeroturbaciiT (mag. iribi ganSreveba); an

d) qarismieri eroziis niSnebiT an naleqebiT an orive erTad; an

3. "mansel"-is mixedviT, rogorc damtvreuli, aseve gafxvierebuli

nimuSebis 3 an ufro meti feris sididiT (notio mdgomareobisTvis)

da 4,5 an meti feris sididiT (mSrali mdgomareobisTvis) da 2 an

meti feris intensivobiT (notio mdgomareobisTvis); da

4. fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-is mixedviT) minimum 75 % meti.

damatebiTi kriteriumebi: niadagebSi "nemsisebri" formis Tixis

mineralebis arseboba (mag. paligorskiti _ [(Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH) x 4H2O,

sepioliti] udabnos garemos mimaniSnebelia, Tumca udabnos yvela

niadagebSi SesaZloa ar Segvxvdes zemoTxsenebuli mineralebi. amas

ganapirobebs is faqtic, rom aridul pirobebSi, "nemsisebri" formis Tixis

mineralebi ki ar formirdeba, aramed inaxeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini

arseboben dedaqanSi an im mtverSi, romelic eyreba niadags.

daurRveveli mkvrivi qani

ganmarteba: daurRveveli mkvrivi qani - es aris niadagis qveS mdebare

masala, romelic ar moicavs iseT Secementebul pedogenezisur

horizontebs, rogoricaa "petrokalcik", "petrodurik", "petrogifsik" da "petroplintik" horizontebi. daurRveveli mkvrivi qani notio

mdgomareobaSi sakmaris gamkvrivebuli da magaria da maTi bariT

damuSaveba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. masala iTvleba daurRvevlad

maSinac ki Tu arsebobs 10 sm an meti zomis Zalian cota napralebi da

qanebis gadaadgilebas adgili ar aqvs.

"feralik Tvisebebi"

zogadi aRwera: "feralik Tvisebebi" (laT. ferrum - rkina, alumen -Sabi) axasiaTebs niadagis im mineralur nivTierebebs, romelTac aqvT

kaTionebis dabali gacvlis tevadoba. es Tvisebebi agreTve axasiaTebs

niadagis iseT nivTierebebs, romlebic "feralik" horizontis pirdapir

gamsazRvrelia, garda msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "feralik" Tvisebebi axasiaTebs niadagis

yvela im mineralur nivTierebas, romelsac aqvs: an

1. kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1M NH4OAc-iT) 24-ze naklebi santimolikkg-1

Tixa; an

2. kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (1M NH4OAc-iT) 4-ze naklebi santimolikkg-1

niadagi;

orive SemTxvevas adgili unda hqondes B horizontis romelime

qveSmdebare horizontSi an uSualod A horizontis qveS mdebare

horizontSi.

79

"gerik Tvisebebi”

zogadi aRwera: "gerik Tvisebebi" (laT. geracios - Zveli) exeba niadagis

im mineralur nivTierebas, romelsac aqvs efeqturi kaTionis Zalian

dabali gacvlis tevadoba an moqmedebs, rogorc aniongamcvleli.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: niadagis mineraluri nivTiereba "gerik

Tvisebebis" matarebelia, Tu mas aqvs: an

1. gacvliTi fuZeebis (Ca, Mg, K, Na) 1,5 an naklebi santimolik

mimatebuli 1 kg. Tixis gacvliTi mJavianoba 1M KCl-Si (buferis

gareSe); an

2. + 0,1 an meti delta pH (pHKCl – pHH2O).

mzraloba

ganmarteba. mzralia fena, romlis temperaturac mudmivad 0o C an ufro

dabalia zedized ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.

meoradi karbonatebi

zogadi aRwera. termini _ "meoradi karbonatebis" _ qveS

igulisxmeba moZravi kiri (sakmaod rbili, romelic advilad iWreba

frCxiliT), niadagis xsnaridan daleqili kiri da ara dedaqanidan

memkvidreobiT gadmosuli kiri. meoradi karbonatebis mniSvnelovani

raodenoba warmoadgens diagnostikur Tvisebas.

savele gansazRvra. meoradi karbonatebi garkveul kavSirSia

niadagis struqturasTan. meoradi karbonatebis akumulaciebma

SesaZloa daSalon agregatebi da Seqmnan sferosebri formis

struqturuli elementebi an "TeTri Tvlebi", romlebic rbili da

fxvieria mSral mdgomareobaSi. kiri SeiZleba arsebobdes agregatebis

zedapirze an forebSi rbili safaris saxiT. Tu struqturuli

agregatebis 50 % meti dafarulia meoradi karbonatebis sakmaod

sqeli feniT, maSin isini mSral mdgomareobaSi ufro SesamCnevia,

vidre tenianSi. Tu kiri rbili CanarTebis saxiT aris warmodgenili,

maSin mas niadagis moculobis 5 % metic ukavia. boWkoebi

(fsevdomiceliumebi) ar miekuTvnebian meorad karbonatebs da maTi

arseboba ukavSirdeba tenis cvalebadobas.

80

"gleik Tvisebebi”

zogadi aRwera: galebebis Tvisebebis mqone niadaguri nivTierebebi

(rusuli adgilobrivi saxelwodebidan gley, rac gulisxmobs “WuWyian” niadagur masas) gaJRenTilia miwisqveSa wylebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu ar

xdeba drenireba, maSin drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg am niadagur

nivTierebebSi formirdeba aRdgeniTi pirobebi (tropikebSi ramdenime

dReSi, xolo sxva terotoriebze ramdenime kviraSi), rac gamoixateba

"gleik feris niSniT".

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: aRdgeniTi pirobebi24 aSkaraa, Tu:

1. niadagis xsnarSi rH sidide 19 an naklebia; an

2. arsebobs Tavisufali Fe2+, romelic SeimCneva; an

a) velze, axlad monatex niadagis notio nimuSze, kaliumis

ferocianidis (K3Fe(III)(CN6))

xsnaris dapkurebiT, is iRebs myar

muq lurj Seferilobas; an

b) velze, axlad monatex niadagis notio nimuSze, 10 % ZmarmJavas da

0,2 % dipiridilis xsnaris narevis dapkurebisas, niadagis nimuSi

iRebs Zlier wiTel fers; da

3. "gleik" feris niSani25, asaxavs daJangviT26 da/an aRdgeniT27

Tvisebebs; an

a) niadaguri masis 50 % met moculobaSi; an

b) nebismieri zedapiruli horizontis qveS, niadaguri masis 100 %

moculobaSi.

24 _ niadagur nivTierebebSi aRdgenis pirobebis sazomia rH. es sazomi dakavSirebulia

Jangva-aRdgeniT potencialTan (Eh) da Sesworebulia pH-ze, rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT

moyvanil formulaSi:

pHrH mVEh 229)( +=

25 _ "gleik feris niSani" miiReba gruntis wylebsa da kapilarul forebs Soris Jangva-aRdgeniTi gradientiT, rac iwvevs Fe da Mn (hidr)oqsidebis araTanabar ganawilebas.

niadagis qveda nawilSi da/an agregatebis SigniT oqsidebi an gardaiqmnebian uxsnad

Fe/Mn(II) naerTebad an gadaadgildebian. am procesebiT "mansel"-is mixedviT, ar arsebobs

2,5Y-ze ufro wiTeli elferiani ferebi. gadaadgilebuli Fe da Mn-is naerTebi SesaZloa

koncentrirebul iqnen daJangul formaSi (Fe(III)Mn(IV)). velze maTi gamocnoba SeiZleba

agregatis zedapirze 10 % H2O2 testis gamoyenebiT (bio)forebsa (`Jangiani fesvebis

arxebi~) da niadagis moculobis ZiriTad masaSi.

26 – JangviTi Tvisebebi asaxaven aRdgeniTi da Jangvis pirobebis monacvleobas, romelic

ukavSirdeba gruntis wylis doneebis cvalebadobas kapilarul arSiebsa da niadagis

zedapirul horizontSi(ebSi). JangviTi Tvisebebi gamoixateba mJave sulfatur niadagebSi

mowiTalo-yavisferi (ferihidrati), Ria moyviTalo yavisferi (getiti) an kaSkaSa yviTeli

(iaroziti) laqebiT. Tixnar da Tixa niadagebSi rkinis (hidr)oqsidebi koncentrirebulia

agregatis zedapirebze da didi forebis kedlebze (mag. Zveli fesvis arxebi).

27 – aRdgeniTi Tvisebebi asaxaven mudmivad svel pirobebs da niadagis moculobis 95 %-

ze meti gamoixateba neitraluri (TeTridan Savamde: N1/-dan N8/-mde) an molurjo-momwvano

(2,5Y; 5Y; 5G; 5B) ferebiT. Tixnar da Tixa niadagebSi lurji-mwvane ferebi dominirebs Fe (II, III)-is hidroqsidis marilebis (`mwvane Jangi~) gamo. Tu nivTiereba mdidaria gogirdiT,

moSavo ferebi Warbobs rkinis sulfidebis gamo. kirian masalaSi moTeTro ferebi

Warbobs kalcitisa da/an sideratis gamo. qviSa Cveulebriv Ria nacrisferi an TeTri

Seferilobisaa da xSirad rkiniTa da Mn Raribia. cxovelTa soroebisa da mcenareTa fesvebis arxebis irgvliv, aRdgeniTi

Tvisebebis mqone horizontis zeda nawilSi, SeimCneva 5 % odenobis Jangiani ferebi.

81

savele gansazRvra. galebebis Tvisebebis mqone niadagSi rkinisa da

manganumis (hidr)oqsidebi xelaxla gadanawildebian agregatebis gareT

da niadagis im zedapirisken, saidanac xdeba Jangbadis miReba.

miRebuli feri (agregatebis zedapirTan axlos an profilis zeda

nawilSi mowiTalo, moyavisfro an moyviTalo ferebi, agregatebis

SigniT an niadagis siRrmeSi moruxo/molurjo ferebTan erTad)

galebebis niSnebis maCvenebelia. niadagis xsnarSi samvalentiani

rkinis arsebobis karg indikators xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens dipiridilis testi.

"stagnik Tvisebebi”

zogadi aRwera. "stagnik Tvisebebis" mqone niadaguri nivTierebebi

(laT. stagnare - datborva) iJRinTeba zedapiruli wylebiT. aseT dros Tu

drenirebas ar aqvs adgili, maSin xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg niadagur

nivTierebebSi formirdeba aRdgeniTi pirobebi (tropikebSi ramdenime

dReSi, xolo sxva teritoriebze ramdenime kviraSi), rac gamoisaxeba

"stagnik feris niSniT"28.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. aRdgeniTi pirobebi aSkaraa Tu:

1. rH sidide niadagis xsnarSi 19 an naklebia: an

2. arsebobs Tavisufali Fe2+ , romlis garegnuli maCvenebelia an

a) velze, axlad monatex niadagis notio nimuSze, kaliumis

ferocianidis (K3Fe(III)(CN6)) xsnaris dapkurebiT, is iRebs muq

lurj Seferilobas; an

b) velze, axlad monatex niadagis notio nimuSze, 10 % -ian ZmarmJavas

da 0,2 % dipiridilis xsnaris dapkurebisas, niadagis nimuSi iRebs

Zlier wiTel fers; da

3. arsebobs "albik" horizonti an "stagnik feris niSani", an:

a) daurRveveli niadagis moculobis 50 %; an

b) niadagis moculobis 100 %, Tu zedapiruli horizonti ixvneba da

darRveulia misi struqtura.

savele gansazRvra. aRdgeniTi Tvisebebis ganawilebis niSnebi, Fe da Mn oqsidebis koncentrireba agregatebis SigniT, (Tu ZiriTad nawilSi

agregatebi ar arseboben) "stagnik Tvisebebis" kargi indikatoria.

28 "stagnik feris niSani"- laqebiT aWrelebulia ise, rom agregatebis zedapirebi (an

niadaguri masis nawili) ufro Riaa (manselis mixedviT feris sididis erTi

erTeuliT an metiT) da mkrTali (feris intensivobis erTi erTeuliT an naklebiT).

agregatebis (an niadaguri masis nawilebis) Siga nawili ufro mowiTaloa (elferis

erTi erTeuliT an metiT) da ufro mkveTria (feris intensivobis erTi erTeuliT an

metiT), vidre fenis an misi saSulo narevis is nawilebi, sac ar xdeba aRdgeniTi

procesebi. aseTi laqebis niSani Cndeba uSualod zedapiruli horizontis an saxnavi

fenis qveS an "albik" horizontis qveS.

82

Zlierad gamoxatuli humusovani Tvisebebi.

zogadi aRwera. niadagebSi Zlierad gamoxatulia humusovani

nivTierebebi, Tu isini didi raodenobiT Seicaven organul

naxSirbads.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. Zlier gamoxatuli humusovani

Tvisebebis mqone niadagi zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmemde unda Seicavdes

saSualod 1,4 % met organul naxSirbads (woniT). (saSualod

organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) 1,4 % mets unda Seicavdes, Tu niadagi

aris 50-100 sm sisqis; 50 sm naklebi sisqis niadagebs ar axasiaTebT

humusovani nivTierebebis Zlieri gamoxatuleba). gamoTvlebis

Sesabamisad moculobiTi wona 1,5 g sm-3.

diagnostikuri nivTierebebi

ganisazRvra diagnostikuri niadaguri nivTierebebi. diagnostikuri

niadaguri nivTierebebis daniSnulebaa im dedaqanebis genezisis asaxva,

romlebic ar ganicdian pedogenezisuri procesebis moqmedebas da

aqedan gamomdinare, maTze ar aRiniSneba am procesebis mniSvnelovani

niSnebi. isini arian: "anTropogeomorfik", "kalkarik", "fluvik", "gifsirik", "organik", "sulfidik" da "tefrik" niadaguri nivTierebebi.

gadamuSavebul legendaSi (FAO,1988) arsebuli "fluvik", "kalkareos", "kalkarik" da "gifsiferous" Tvisebebi xelaxla ganisazRvra Semdegi

saxelwodebebiT: "fluvik", "kalkarik" da "gifsirik" niadaguri

nivTierebebi.

"anTropogeomorfik" – niadaguri nivTiereba

zogadi aRwera. "anTropogeomorfik" niadagis nivTiereba

(berZnulidan anthropos – adamiani) gulisxmobs gaumkvrivebel

mineralur da organul nivTierebas, romelic ZiriTadad

(nagavsayreli, sabado, qalaqis nagvis da a.S) warmoqmnilia adamianis

saqmianobis Sedegad. niadagwarmoqmnis procesebi gavlenas ver axdenen

am niadagur nivTierebebze, romlebic axali dagrovilia niadagSi.

cxril #2-Si mocemulia zogierTi "anTropogeomorfik" niadagis

nivTierebis aRwera.

83

cxrili #2

ramdenime "anTropogeomorfik" niadaguri nivTierebebi:

"arik" (Aric) niadagis mineraluri nivTierebebi, romelTac

niadagis zedapiridan 25-100 sm Soris, erT an met fenaSi

aReniSnebaT 3 % an meti (moculobiT) odenobiT diagnostikuri

horizontis fragmentebi. es horizontebi ar arian

Tanmimdevruli rigiT ganlagebulni.

"garbik"(Garbic) narCeni organuli nivTiereba; nagavsayreli, romelSic

Warbobs produqtis organuli narCeni.

“redaqtik”(Reductic)K narCeni produqtebi, romlebic warmoqmnian (mag: meTani,

naxSirbadisorJangi) airebis emisiebs, romlebic nivTierebebSi

qmnian anaerobul pirobebs. "spolik"(spolic) miwanarevi nivTierebebi, romelic miiReba industriuli

saqmianobebis Sedegad (sabado, mdinaris

miwasaxapi, mSeneblobebi da a.S)

"urbik"(Urbic) miwanarevi nivTierebebi, romelic Seicavs riyis qvebs,

uZvelesi xanis adamianis materialuri kulturis naSTebs

(narCenebi > 35 % moculobiT).

____________________________________________________________

"kalkarik" --- niadaguri nivTiereba

ganmarteba. "kalkarik" niadaguri nivTiereba (inglisuridan calcareus - kiriani) axasiaTebs umetesad wvrilmiwas. 10 % HCl gamoyenebisas

aRniSnuli niadaguri nivTiereba Zlier SiSinebs. "kalkarik"

niadaguri nivTiereba Seicavs 2 % met eqvivalent kalciumis

karbonats.

"fluvik"- niadaguri nivTiereba

zogadi aRwera. "fluvik" niadaguri nivTiereba (laT. fluvius -mdinare) aris mdinaris, zRvisa da tbis sedimentebi, romlebic

regularulad Rebuloben axal-axal nivTierebas an es nivTiereba

SeZenili aqvT uaxloes warsulSi29.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "fluvik" niadaguri nivTiereba,

damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli siRrmis zeviT, niadaguri masis

moculobis minimum 25 % xasiaTdeba stratifikaciiT; stratifikaciis

maCvenebeli SeiZleba iyos organuli C Semcveloba, romelic

siRrmesTan erTad klebulobs an rCeba 0,2 % meti 100 sm siRrmesTan.

qviSis Txeli fena SesaZloa Seicavdes organuli C ufro nakleb

raodenobas, Tu mis qveS mdebareobs wvrilmarcvlovani sedimentebi. es

kriteriumi ar exeba damarxul A horizonts.

29 uaxloesi warsuli moicavs periods, romlis ganmavlobaSic niadagi daculi iyo

datborvisagan mag: jebiriT, arxebiT an xelovnuri drenaJiT da niadagis mTliani

formirebis ganmavlobaSi ar ganviTarebula arc erTi diagnostikuri siRrmiTi

horizonti, garda "salik" da "sulfurik" horizontebisa.

84

savele gansazRvra: "fluvik" niadaguri nivTierebebis gamoCena

ukavSirdeba stratifikacias. ufro muqi Seferilobis mqone niadagis

fenebis monacvleoba SesaZloa asaxavdes organuli C siRrmiT

araTanabar Semcirebas.

"gifsirik" - niadaguri nivTiereba.

ganmarteba. "gifsirik" niadaguri nivTiereba aris (laT: Gypsum -TabaSiri) niadagis mineraluri nivTiereba, romelic Seicavs 5 % an

meti raodenobis TabaSirs (moculobiT).

niadagis organuli nivTiereba.

zogadi aRwera. niadagis organuli nivTiereba Sedgeba mkvdari

organuli narCenebisgan, romlebic grovdeba zedapirTan svel an

mSral pirobebSi da romlis mineraluri komponenti niadagis

Tvisebebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas ar axdens.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: niadagis organul nivTierebas qvemoT

moyvanili ori kriteriumidan unda hqondes erT-erTi:

1. Tu niadagi xangrZlivi periodebis manZilze gaJRenTilia wyliT

(xelovnur drenirebas ar aqvs adgili) da masSi ar aris cocxali

fesvebi: an

a) 18 % meti organuli C (30 % organuli nivTiereba) Semcveloba,

Tu mineraluri fraqcia Seicavs 60 % an met Tixas; an

b) 12 % an meti organuli C (20 % organuli nivTiereba)

Semcveloba, Tu mineralur fraqcias ar gaaCnia Tixis

Semcveloba; an

g) organuli naxSirbadis Semcvelobis qveda zRvari 12-18 % Soris

meryeobs da mineraluri fraqciis Tixis Semcveloba ki _ 0-60 %

Soris; an

d) Tu niadagi arasdros ar gaJRenTila wyliT da axasiaTebs

organuli C 20 % an meti Semcveloba.

"sulfidik" niadaguri nivTiereba

zogadi aRwera. "sulfidik"– niadaguri nivTiereba (ingl. sulfhide - gogirdis naerTi) warmoadgens wyliT gajerebul sediments, romelic

Seicavs gogirds, ZiriTadad gogirdis naerTebis saxiT da Seicavs kalciumis karbonatebs saSualo raodenobiT.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi. "sulfidik" niadagur nivTierebas unda

hqondes:

1. gogirdis (mSrali wona) 75 % an meti raodenoba da gogirdze

samjer naklebi eqvivalenturi Semcvelobis kaliumis karbonati; da

2. pH (H2O) 3,5 meti;

85

savele gansazRvra. sulfidebis Semcveli naleqebi, tenian an svel

pirobebSi, oqrosfrad bzinaven, kerZod, piritisfrad. xelovnuri

daJangva, 30 % wyalbadis zeJangis xsnarSi, pH 0,5 an meti erTeuliT

amcirebs. daJangviT vRebulobT laye kvercxis suns.

"tefrik"niadaguri nivTiereba30

zogadi aRwera. "tefrik" niadaguri nivTiereba (berZ: tephra – ferflis didi grova) Sedgeba vulkanuri amofrqvevebis Sedegad

miRebuli an gaumkvrivebeli, gamoufitavi da sustad gamofituli

pirveladi piroklasturi produqtebisgan (maT Soris ferfli, nacari,

lavis nawilakebi, pemza, minqafiseburi buStisebri piroklastebisagan,

teqtonuri blokebisagan) an "tefrik" naleqebisagan, e.i "tefra"

gadamuSavda da Seeria sxva wyaroebidan miRebul nivTierebas. amaSi

Sedis "tefrik" liosi, "tefrik" mfrinavi qviSa da vulkanogenuri

aluviumebi.

diagnostikuri kriteriumebi: "tefrik" niadaguri nivTiereba unda

Seicavdes :

1. ferfls 60 % an mets; da

2. 0,4 % naklebi raodenobis Al +1/2 Fe, sadac alumini da rkina oqsalatis mJavadanaa (pH 3) eqstragirebadi.

kavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. oqsalatis mJavadan

eqstragirebadi rkinisa da aluminis dabali Semcveloba ganasxvavebs

"tefrik" niadagur nivTierebas "vitrik" horizontebisgan.

30 aRwera da diagnostikuri kriteriumebi miRebulia hiutidan (Hewitt, 1992).

86

Tavi IV

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis

qvedanayofebis klasificireba

msoflio niadaguri rukis legendis (FAO, 1974) Seqmnis Semdeg,

niadagis klasifikaciaSi da legendaSi gaizarda dabali donis

erTeulebis ricxvi: 1974 wels, msoflio niadaguri rukis gadamuSavebul

legendaSi aRniSnuli erTeulebis ricxvi 106-dan 152-mde gaizarda,

xolo niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis jer kidev pirvel

proeqtSi maTi ricxvi 209 miuaxlovda. meore donis erTeulebis ricxvi

kidev ufro gafarTovda mesame donis erTeulebis SemoRebiT (Nachtergaele et al., 1994). msoflio monacemTa bazaSi ("mmb"), niadagis erTeulebisa da

qveerTeulebis Semdgomma zrdam, gaaZnela yvela niadaguri jgufis

monacemis gamoyenebisa da gansazRvris gaxseneba.

sirTules isic warmoadgens, rom "mmb" proeqtSi niadagis erTeulebis

umetesi saxeli da maTi gamsazRvrelebi gadmotanilia "fao"-s

legendidan da isini ganmartebulia im jgufSi, romelSic isini

gvxvdeba. magaliTad, "distrik" (Distric) niadagis erTeuli gulisxmobs: ". .

. . axasiaTebdes 75 % naklebi fuZeebiT maZRroba" ("distrik"

vertisolebSi), an ". . . . axasiaTebdes 50 % naklebi fuZeebiT maZRroba"

sxvadasxva sakontrolo WrilebSi (magaliTad, "distrik" planosolebisa

da "distrik" kambisolebis sxvadasxva sakontrolo WrilebSi).

sxva niSandoblivi zRvari, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba msoflio

niadaguri rukis legendas aris is, rom igi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,

rogorc niadagis saklasifikacio sistema. "fao"-s sistemis ZiriTadi

mizani iyo legendis gamoyeneba (an moxmareba) specifiuri rukisTvis,

ramac gamoiwvia garkveul wilad misi gamartiveba. magaliTad, "kalcik

gleisolebSi" gaerTianda "gifsik" horizontiani niadagebi.

analogiurad, "umbrik" "fluvisolebi" dajgufda "umbrik" horizontiT

aluviur niadagebTan da aramaZRar "histik" horizontian

"fluvisolebTan". amis Sedegad Semcirda informacia, ramac ganazogada

legenda.

da bolos, gamoTqmulia azri, rom erTmaneTisgan mkafiod unda

gaimijnos "mmb"-is gaormagebuli miznebi; "mmb" erTi mxriv, unda iyos

niadagis monacemTa sistema geografebisTvis, agronomebisTvis da sxva

momxmareblebisTvis, romlebic dainteresebulni arian arateqnikuri

terminebis zogadi axsniT, meores mxriv, ki "mmb" unda iyos daxvewili

gamosayenebeli saSualeba erovnuli niadagebis klasifikaciis

sistemebisTvis.

gadawyda gamoinaxos yoveli qvedanayofisTvis standartuli

gansazRvrebebi da Seiqmnas klasifikaciis iseTi moxerxebuli sistema,

romelic moaxdens niadagis profilis Sesaxeb informaciis maqsimalur

gavrcelebas. amitom "mmb"-is qvedanayofebisTvis moxda saxelebis

raodenobis SezRudva, romelic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas

ranJirebisTvis (mwkrivSi TanmimdevrobiT dalageba), raTa moxdes

TiToeuli jgufis dabali doneebis klasificireba. ufro metic,

TiToeuli gamsazRvrelis gamoyenebis gamartivebisTvis, gamoiyeneba

maTi erTaderTi gansazRvra, aseve standartuli siRrmeebi da sisqeebi.

amavdroulad nawilobriv daikarga kavSiri axlad gansazRvrul

niadagur erTeulebsa da 1994 wlis “fao”-s niadagur erTeulebs

87

Soris. magram am danakliss avsebs bevrad ufro gasagebi da

mosaxerxebeli Tanamedrove midgoma.

standartuli qvedanayofebis kidev erTi upiratesoba imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom is aadvilebs da afarToebs niadagis korelaciebisa

da teqnologiebis transformacias qveynebsa da regionebs Soris. garda

amisa, igi unda moemsaxuros sasargeblo miznebs (miwis Sefaseba da

miwis gamoyenebis dagegma) da xeli Seuwyos niadaguri resursebis ukeT

Seswavlas.

"fao"-s (1988), "niadagmcodneTa jgufisa" (1996) da "mmb" (ISSS-ISRIC-FAO, 1994)-s mier gadamowmda bostvanas (Remmelzwaal and Verbeek, 1990),

Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikis (FAO, 1998), bangladeSis (Brammer et al., 1988) da evropis kavSiris (CEC, 1985) niadagis klasifikaciebSi meore da

mesame donis saxelebi, aseve maT mier ganxorcielda yvela niadagur

monacemTa jgufis xelaxali klasificireba, ris safuZvelzec Seiqmna

niadagebis saxelwodebebis ganmartebebi da maTi sia.

dabali donis erTeulebis gansxvavebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi principebi

niadagis qveerTeulebis gasarCevad, sistemis gasamartiveblad da

misi advilad gamoyenebis mizniT, SerCeul iqna garkveuli kriteriumebi.

es kriteriumebi mWidro kavSirSia pirvel doneze gansazRvrul

diagnostikur kriteriumebTan.

axlad ganxiluli kriteriumebi emateba niadagis Tvisebebs,

romlebic mTlian SesabamisobaSia dabal donesTan. klasifikaciis

dabali doneebis ganmasxvavebeli kriteriumebi, arsebuli rigiT,

gamoyenebuli unda iqnen minimalurad. Tumca, ramdenime maTgani

Setanilia droebiTi saxelebis siaSi.

zogadi wesebi.

zogadi wesebi, romlebic unda davicvaT dabali donis elementebis

gansxvavebis dros:

1. dabal donisTvis gamosayenebeli diagnostikuri kriteriumebi

monacemTa jgufebisTvis miiReba ukve dadgenili diagnostikuri

horizontebidan, Tvisebebidan da sxva gansazRvruli maxasiaTeble-

bidan. amas garda, maT ricxvSi SeiZleba damatebuli iyos

kriteriumebis axali elementebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba maRali

doneebis gansazRvrisTvis.

2. dabali donis erTeulebis gansazRvra da maTi saxelwodebebis

miniWeba SesaZlebelia arsebuli diagnostikuri horizontebis

safuZvelze. zogadad, sustad an arasrulyofilad gamovlenili

maxasiaTeblebi ganmasxvavebel niSnebad ar miiReba.

3. klimati, dedaqani, mcenareuloba, erozia an iseTi fizikur-

geofrafiuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa ferdobi an

geomorfologia ganmasxvavebel kriteriumebad ar gamoiyeneba. igive

SeiZleba iTqvas niadagi-wylis urTierTkavSirebidan miRebul iseT

kriteriumebze, rogoricaa gruntis wylis donis siRrme an

drenireba. niadagis zeda nawilis (sadac mimdinareobs

niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) an calkeuli horizontebis

morfologia da sisqe, siRrmeSi axlad daleqili fenebi dabali

88

donis erTeulebis ganmasxvavebel diagnostikur kriteriumebad ar

miiCneva.

4. dabali donis erTeulebis gansazRvrisTvis arsebobs diagnostikuri

kriteriumebis erTi jgufi. saxeli moicavs diagnostikur

kriteriumebsa da funqciebs, romlebic amave dros warmogvidgeba

meore da mesame donis damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT. niadagis yovel

gamsazRvrels aqvs erTaderTi mniSvneloba, romelic gamosayenebelia

niadagis yvela monacemTa jgufebisTvis, romlebSic is gvxvdeba.

5. yoveli dabali donis gansazRvrisTvis gamoyenebul unda iqnas erTi

saxeli. Tumca, am saxelebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia siRrmis, sisqis

da maTi intensivobis maCveneblebis kombinaciiT. Tu saWiroa

damatebiTi saxelebis gamoyeneba, niadagis monacemTa jgufis

saxelebis Semdeg, isini frCxilebSi CasmiT unda iqnes miTiTebuli,.

mag: "akri-gerik feralsol" ("abraftik" da "qsanTik") [(Acri-Geric Ferralsol (Abruptic and Xanthic)].

6. dabali donis erTeulebis ganmartebebi ar unda emTxveodes an unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes sxva niadagis qveerTeulebs an niadagis monacemTa

jgufebis ganmartebebs. magaliTad, "distrik-petrik kalcisoli"

(Dystri-Petric Calcisol) ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo "euTrik-petrik kalcisoli"

(Eutri-Petric Calcisol) nawilobriv emTxveva “kalcisolis” ganmartebas,

Tumca saxeli "euTrik" ar iZleva srul informacias am niadagur

jgufze.

axali erTeulebi SeiZleba SemoRebul iqnas mxolod niadagis

profilis aRwerebisa da laboratoriuli analizebis zusti

monacemebis Semdeg.

7. niadagis dabali donis saxelebis gamoyenebis prioritetuli wesebi

mkacrad unda iqnas daculi gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad.

teqstis boloSi mocemulia calkeuli niadagis monacemTa jgufebis

zusti ranJirebebi (Tanmimdevruli wyoba).

magaliTi

"vertisol"-ebSi, prioritetobis wesebis dacviT, cnobilia Semdegi

gamsazRvrelebis sia:

1. "Tionik" garadamavali mJave sulfatebian "gleisol"-ebSi da

fluvisol"-ebSi

2. "salik" gardamavali "solonCak" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

3. "natrik" gardamavali "solonec" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

4. "gifsik" gardamavali "gifsisol" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

5. "durik" gardamavali "durisol" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

6. "kalcik" gardamavali "kalcisol" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

7. "alik" gardamavali "alisol" niadagis monacemTa jgufSi

_____________

8. "gifsirik" (Gypsiric) TabaSiris Semcveli

9. "pelik" (Pellic) muqi feris, xSirad cudad drenirebadi

10. "grumik" (Grumic) mulCirebuli zedapiruli horizonti

11."mazik" (Mazic) Zalian mtkice zedapiruli horizonti; Znelad

muSavdeba

12. "qromik" (Chromic) mowiTalo feri

89

13."mezoTrofik" (Mesotropic) 75 % naklebi fuZeebiT maZRroba

(gavrcelebulia venesuelaSi)

14. "hiposodik" (Hyposodic) gacvliTi natriumis 6 _ 15 %-mde Semcveloba 15. "euTrik" (Eutric) 75 % an meti fuZeebiT maZRroba

16. "haplik" (Haplic) araviTari specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi.

_____________

mowiTalo feris "vertisol"-is "kalcik" horizontTan

dasajgufeblad unda davicvaT prioritetuli wesebi da gamoviyenoT 6

da 12 gamsazRvreli. maSasadame, niadagi klasificirdeba rogorc

"qromik-kalcik vertisolad" (Chromi-Calcic Vertisol). magram Tu arsebobs

"kalcik" horizontis siRrmisa da intensivobis Sesaxeb iseTi

informacia, rogoricaa “gvxvdeba zedapirTan axlos”, maSin niadagi

klasificirdeba rogorc "qromi-epikalcik vertisoli" (Chromi-Epicalcic Vertisol). am SemTxvevis miniSnebiT ki vxvdebiT, rom velze "kalcik"

horizonti zedapiridan 50 sm siRrmeSia.

rodesac saWiroa orze meti gamsazRvreli, isini SeiZleba Caisvas

frCxilebSi, standartuli saxelis Semdeg: magaliTad, Tu ukve

ganxilul "vertisol"-s aqvs Zalian mtkice zedapiruli horizonti

(gamsazRvreli 11), niadags daerqmeva "mazi-kalcik vertisoli" ("qromik")

[Mazi-Calcic Vertisol (Chromic)].

niadagis saklasifikacio sistemebis samomavlo gamoyeneba

da misi gavrceleba

aRniSnuli sistema iZleva niadagis monacemebis maqsimaluri

gavrcelebis SesaZleblobas sxvadasxva qveynebSi, vinaidan sistemaSi

arsebul yvela gamsazRvrels aqvs erTaderTi mniSvneloba. mTlianobaSi

mniSvnelobebis raodenoba mcirea da amdenad maTi Seswavla da

damaxsovrebac advilia. sistemis safuZvelze momavalSi SevZlebT

SevadginoT legenda, romelic Semdgom gamoyenebuli iqneba niadaguri

rukebisTvis. yovelive aRniSnuli ki moiTxovs ramdenime gamsazRvrelis

gamartivebasa da erTad dajgufebas. magaliTad, gamsazRvrelebis siaSi

saxeli "Tionik" aerTianebs "protoTionik" (Protothionic) da "orTiTionik" (Orthitionic) saxelebs, meore magaliTia – gardamavali saxelebis ganxilva

wvrilmasStabiani rukisTvis.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom "gegp", "nns", "nsic" (ISRIC) da "fao"-s (Van Engelen da Wen, 1995; Nachtergaele, 1996) mier msoflio niadagebis monacemTa

bazis Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebuli kartografiuli erTeulebi Seicavs

niadagis profilis Sesaxeb informaciasac. am informaciis

klasificireba SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli sistemis meSveobiT.

cnobilia, rom niadaguri samuSaoebis warmarTvisTvis xSirad ufro

meti informaciaa saWiro. kerZod, niadagis saxnavi fenebis

maxasiaTeblebis da niadagis klimaturi pirobebis Sesaxeb.

SemoTavazebulia, rom am sakiTxebze gaTvaliswinebul iqnas rCevebi

arsebuli winadadebebiT. kerZod, "saxnavi miwebis daxasiaTeba" (Fitzpatrick, 1988; Spaargaren, 1992; Purnell et al., 1994) da globaluri agro-ekologiuri

zonebis meTodologiis klimaturi reJimebi (Fisher et al., 1996).

90

dabali donis erTeulebis

SeqmnisTvis saWiro elementebis gansazRvrebebi

qvemoT daxrili SriftiT ixilavT diagnostikur horizontebsa da

Tvisebebs (aseve daxrili Srifti gamoyenebulia me-3 TavSic).

umetes situaciaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba kombinaciebis mxolod

SezRuduli raodenobis gamoyeneba, radganac gansazRvrebebis umetesoba

urTierTgamomricxavia.

"abraptik" (Abruptic) gulisxmobs meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mkveTr

cvlilebas.

"aqerik" (Aceric) gulisxmobs pH (1:1 wyalSi) maCvenebels 3,5 da 5 Soris;

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi (mxolod

"solonCak"-ebSi) iarozitis laqebis arsebobas.

"aqrik" (Acric) gulisxmobs "feralik" horizontis arsebobas,

romelSic erTiandeba Tixis zrdis kriteriumebis

mqone "arjik" horizontic da masSi 50 % naklebi

fuZeebiT maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) SeiniSnebaB

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi (mxolod

"feralsol"-ebSi), B horizontis mcire nawilSi.

"aqroqsik" (Acroxic) gulisxmobs 2-ze nakleb santimolikkg-1 wvrilmiwa

gacvliT fuZeebs mimatebuli 1M KCl gacvliT aluminis

raodenoba im erT an met horizontSi, romelic unda

Segvxvdes niadagis zedapiridan (mxolod

"andosolebSi") 100 sm sisqeSi, 30 sm an meti sisqeebis

kombinaciiT.

"albik" (Albic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi "albik" horizontis arsebobas.

"hiperalbik" (Hyperalbic) gulisxmobs “albik” horizontis arse-

bobas niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm

sisqeSi da niadagis zedapiridan 100

sm sisqeSi ki mcire sazRvrian "albik"

horizontis arsebobas.

"glosalbik" (Glossalbic) gulisxmobs "arjik" an "natrik"

horizontebSi "albik" enebis gamoCenas.

"alkalik" (Alcalic) gulisxmobs pH (1:1 wyalSi) 8,5 an met

maCvenebels niadagis zedapiridan

50 sm sisqeSi.

"alik" (Alic) gulisxmobs "arjik" horizontis arsebobas, romelSic

mTlianad gacvliTi kaTionis tevadoba aris 24 an meti

santimolikkg-1 Tixa, xolo mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0,6

naklebia da Al maZRroba 50 % metia.

91

cxrili 3 niadagis dabali donis saxelebis sia

"abrapti" "feralik" "liqsik" "rodik"

"aqerik" "ferik" "luvik" "rabik"

"aqrik" "fibrik" "magnezik" "rafTik"

"aqroqsik" "folik" "mazik" "rasTik"

"albik" "fluvik" "melanik" "salik"

"alkalik" "frajik" "mezoTrofik" "safrik"

"alik" "fulvik" "molik" 100 "silik"

"alumik" "garbik" 70 "natrik" "silTik"

"andik" 40 "gelik" "nitik" "skeletik"

10 "anTraqvik" "gelistagnik" "oqrik" "sodik"

"anTrik" "gerik" "ombrik" "spodik"

"anTropik" "gibsik" "oqsiaqvik" "spolik"

"arenik" "glacik" "paCik" "stagnik"

arik "gleik" "pelik" "sulfatik"

"aridik" "glosik" "petrik" "Takirik"

"arzik" "greik" "petrokalcik" "tefrik"

"kalkarik" "grumik" "petrodurik" 110 "terik"

"kalcik" "gifsik" 80 "petrogifsik" "Tionik"

"karbik" 50 "gifsirik" "petroplinTik" "toqsik"

20 "karbonatik" "haplik" "petrosalik" "tarbik"

"Cernik" "histik" "placik" "umbrik"

"qloridik" "horTik" "plajik" "urbik"

"qromik" "humik" "planik" "vetik"

"qraik" "hidragrik" "plinTik" "vermik"

"kutanik" "hidrik" "pozik" '"vertik"

"densik" "hiperoqrik" "profondik" "vitrik"

"durik" "hiperskeletik" "proTik" 120 "qsanTik"

"distrik" "iragrik" 90 "redaqtik" "iermik"

"enTik" 60 "lamelik" "rejik" 30 "euTrik" "leptik" "renZik"

"euTrisilik" "liTik" "reik"

sadac qvemoT mocemuli prefiqsebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba Sesabamisi

saxelebis gansazRvra, magaliTad "epiglei"-, "protoTioni"-. Ggamosayenebeli

prefiqsebia:

"baTi" "epi" "orTi" "tafto" "kulumi" "hiper" "para" "endo" "hipo" "froto"

alumik" (Alumic) gulisxmobs B horizontis minimum ramdenime

nawilSi, niadagis zedapiridan 50-100 sm sisqeebs

Soris Al 50 % an met maZRrobas.

92

"andik" (Andic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi "andik" horizontis arsebobas.

"aluandik" (Aluandic) gulisxmobs iseTi "andik" horizontis

arsebobas, romelic Seicavs oqsalatis

mJavaSi (pH 3) eqstragirebad kaJmiwas 0,6 %

naklebi SemcvelobiT an Alpy31/Alox.32

fardoba

0,5 naklebia.

"silandik" (Silandic) gulisxmobs "andik" horizontis arsebobas,

romelic Seicavs oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3)

eqstragirebadi kaJmiwis 0.6 % mets an

Alpy./Alox < 0,5.

"anTraqvik" (Anthraquic) gulisxmobs "anTraqvik" horizontis arsebobas.

"anTrik" (Anthric) gulisxmobs adamianis gavlenis niSnebs,

rogoricaa kultivacia.

"anTrofik"(Anthropic) gulisxmobs "anTrofogeomorfik" niadagur

nivTierebas an aCvenebs niadagis Zireul Secvlas,

romelic gamowveulia adamianis zemoqmedebiT,

kerZod kultivaciiT (mxolod regosolebSi) an

sxva faqtorebiT.

"arik" (Aric) gulisxmobs diagnostikuri horizontebis mxolod

narCenebis arsebobas, rasac iwvevs ganmeorebiTi Rrma

xvna.

"arenik" (Arenic) gulisxmobs wvrilmarcvlovani qviSa Tixnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis arsebobas niadagis

zeda 50 sm sisqeSi mTlianad.

"aridik" (Aridic) gulisxmobs "aridik" Tvisebebis arsebobas "Takirik" an

"iermik" horizontebis gareSe.

"arzik" (Arzic) gulisxmobs sulfatebiT mdidari miwisqveSa wylis

dgomis siRrmes niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi,

wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer da Seicavs saSualod

15 an meti procentis odenobiT TabaSirs 100 sm

siRrmis zeviT (mxolod "gifsisol"-ebSi).

"kalkarik" (Calcaric) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan sul cota 20-50

sm siRrmeebs Soris kiris arsebobas.

31 Alpy: pirofosfatiT eqstragirebadi alumini

32 Alox: oqsalatis mJaviT (pH3) eqstragirebadi Al (Method of Blakemore et al, 1981)

93

"kalcik" (Calcic) gulisxmobs "kalcik" horizontis an meoradi

karbonatebis koncentraciebis arsebobas niadagis

zedapiridan 50-100sm Soris.

"hiperkalcik" (Hypercalcic) gulisxmobs "kalcik" horizontis

arsebobas, romelic Seicavs CaCO3

50 % an met eqvivalentur

raodenobas.

"hipokalcik" (Hypocalcic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan

100 sm sisqeSi mxolod meoradi

karbonatebis koncentraciebis arse-

bobas.

"orTikalcik" (Orthicalcic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi "kalcik" horizontis arsebobas.

"qarbik" (Carbic) gulisxmobs Secementebuli "spodik" horizontis

arsebobas, romelic ar Seicavs amorful rkinas

iseTi raodenobebiT, rom mkveTri wiTeli

Seferiloba miiRos (mxolod "podzolebSi").

"karbonatik"(Carbonatic) gulisxmobs niadagis xsnarSi pH > 8,5 (1:1

wyalSi) da HCO3 > SO4 >> Cl maCvenebelebs

(mxolod"solonCakebSi").

"Cernik" (Chernic) gulisxmobs "Cernik" horizontis arsebobas (mxolod

"CernoziomebSi").

"qloridik" (Chloridic) gulisxmobs niadagis xsnars (1:1 wyalSi) Cl >> SO4 > HCO3 (mxolod "solonCakebSi") maCveneblebiT.

"qromik" (Chromic) igulisxmeba, rodesac B horizontis garkveuli

nawili 7,5YR elferisaa an ufro wiTelia da feris

intensivoba notio mdgomareobaSi 4-ze metia. "qraik" (Cryic) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi

"qraik" horizontis arseboba.

"kutanik" (Cutanic) igulisxmeba "arjik" horizontSi Tixis afskebis

(mxolod "luvisolebSi") arseboba.

"densik" (Densic) igulisxmeba Secementebuli "spodik" horizontis

("ortSteini") arseboba (mxolod "podzolebSi").

"durik" (Duric) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi

"durik" horizontis arseboba.

"distrik" (Dystric) igulisxmeba 50 % naklebi fuZeebiT maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) niadagis zedapiridan sul cota

ramdenime nawilSi, 20-100 sm Soris an

"leptosolebSi" uSualod 5 sm sisqis fenis qanTan

Sexebis zeda nawilSi.

94

"epidistrik" (Epidystric) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan

20-50 sm siRrmeebs Soris 50 %

naklebi fuZeebiT maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT).

"hiperdistrik" (Hyperdystric) igulisxmeba 50 % naklebi fuZeebiT

maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT)

niadagis zedapiridan 20-50 sm Soris

yvela nawilSi da 20 % naklebi

fuZeebiT maZRroba niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqis ramdenime

nawilSi.

"orTidistrik" (Orthidystric) igulisxmeba 50 % naklebi fuZeebiT

maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT),

niadagis zedapiridan 20-50 sm

sisqeebs Soris yvela nawilSi.

"enTik" (Entic) gulisxmobs "albik" horizontis ar arsebobas da

fxvieri "spodik" horizontis (mxolod "podzol"-

ebSi) arsebobas.

"euTrik" (Eutric) gulisxmobs 50 % an met fuZeebiT maZRrobas (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) niadagis zedapiridan minimum 20-

100 sm Soris an "leptosolebSi" 5 sm sisqis fenis

"liTik"-Tan kontaqtis zeda nawilSi 50 % an met

fuZeebiT maZRrobas (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT).

"endoeuTrik" (Endoeutric) gulisxmobs 50 % an met fuZeebiT

maZRrobas (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT),


Soris yvela nawilSi.

"hipereuTrik"(Hypereutric) gulisxmobs 80 % an met fuZeebiT



Soris yvela nawilSi.

"orTieuTrik" (Orthieutric) gulisxmobs 50 % an met fuZeebiT



sisqeebs Soris yvela nawilSi.

"euTriksilik"(Eutrisilic) gulisxmobs "sil-andik" horizontis arsebobas

da 25 an met santimolikkg-1 wvrilmiwa gacvliTi

fuZeebis jams, niadagis zedapiridan 30 sm sisqeSi.

"feralik"(Ferralic) gulisxmobs "feralik Tvisebebis" arsebobas,


95

"hiperferalik"(Hyperferralic) gulisxmobs 16-ze naklebi

santimolikkg-1 Tixa kaTionis gacvlis

tevadobas (1M NH4OAc-is mixedviT),

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi,

zogierT siRrmiT horizontSi.

"hipoferalik"(Hypoferralic) gulisxmobs gacvliTi

kaTionis tevadobas (1M NH4OAc-is mixedviT) 4-

ze nakleb santimolikkg-1 wvrilmiwa odenobiT,

niadagis zedapiridan minimum 30 sm sisqeSi da

"mansel" skalis mixedviT feris intensivobas

(notio mdgomareobaSi) 5 an mets da/an 10 YR-ze (mxolod "arenosolebSi") ufro wiTel elfers.

"ferik" (Ferric) gulisxmobs "ferik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"hiperferik" (Hyperferric) gulisxmobs erT an met fenas,

romelTa mTliani sisqe 25 sm an

metia. isini unda Seicavdnen 40 % an

meti odenobis Fe/Mn-is oqsidebian

konkreciebs niadagis zedapiridan

100 sm sisqeSi.

"fibrik" (Fibric) gulisxmobs niadagis organuli nivTierebis

(moculobiT) 2/3 met odenobas, romelSic aSkarad

unda Candes mcenareuli narCeni (mxolod

"histosol"-ebSi).

"folik" (Folic) gulisxmobs "folik" horizontis (mxolod

"histosol"-ebSi) arsebobas.

"fluvik" (Fluvic) gulisxmobs "fluvik niadagis nivTierebebi"-s

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"frajik" (Fragic) gulisxmobs "frajik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis


"fulvik" (Fulvic) gulisxmobs "fulvik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis


"garbik" (Garbic) gulisxmobs "anTrofogeomorfik" niadaguri

nivTierebebis akumulaciebs, romlebic Seicaven

organuli nivTierebebis narCenebis (mxolod

"anTrofik" "regosol"-ebSi) 35 % met (moculobiT)

raodenobas.

96

"gelik" (Gelic) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 200 sm sisqeSi

mzralobis arseboba.

"gelistagnik" (Gelistagnic) gulisxmobs zedapiris wyliT gaJRenTvas

droebiT, rac gamowveulia gayinuli qveniadagiT.

"gerik" (Geric) gulisxmobs "gerik Tvisebebi"-is arsebobas niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi, minimum ramdenime

horizontSi.

"gibsik" (Gibbsic) gulisxmobs 30 sm meti sisqis fenis arsebobas,

romelic mdebareobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi da misi wvrilmiwa Seicavs 25 % met

TabaSirs.

"glacik" (Glacic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi 30 sm

an meti sisqis horizontis arsebobas, romelic

Seicavs 95 % an met (moculobiT) yinuls.

"gleik" (Gleyic) gulisxmobs "gleik Tvisebebi"-s arsebobas niadagis


"endogleik" (Endogleyic) gulisxmobs "gleik Tvisebebi"-s

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan

50-100 sm Soris.

"epigleik" (Epigleyic) gulisxmobs "gleik Tvisebebi"-s


50 sm sisqeSi.

"glosik" (Glossic) gulisxmobs "molik" da "umbrik" horizontis enebis

gamoCenas qveSmdebare B horizontSi an saprolitis

Semcvel qanSi.

"moliglosik" (Molliglosic) gulisxmobs "molik" horizontis

enis gamoCenas qveSmdebare B horizontSi an saprolitis

Semcvel qanSi.

"umbriglosik"(Umbriglosic) gulisxmobs "umbrik" horizontis

enis gamoCenas qveSmdebare B horizontSi an saprolitis

Semcvel qanSi.

"greik" (Greyic) gulisxmobs "molik" horizontSi (mxolod

"faeozom"-ebSi) struqturuli agregatebis

zedapirebze mtvrisa da qviSis marcvlebis arsebobas

safaris gareSe.

97

"grumik" (Grumic) gulisxmobs 3 sm an meti sisqis zedapiruli fenis

arsebobas, romelsac axasiaTebs mkveTrad

gamoxatuli wvrilmarcvlovani struqtura (mxolod

"vertisol"-ebSi).

"gifsik" (Gypsic) gulisxmobs "gifsik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis


"hipergifsik" (Hypergypsic) gulisxmobs 60 % an meti

Semcvelobis mqone TabaSiri-

ani "gifsik" horizontis

arsebobas.

"hipogifsik" (Hypogypsic) gulisxmobs 25 % an naklebi

Semcvelobis mqone TabaSiriani

"gifsik" horizontis arsebo-

bas.

"gifsirik"(Gypsiric) gulisxmobs "gifsirik niadaguri nivTierebis"

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan minimum 20 _ 50 sm

Soris.

"haplik" (Haplic) gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis tipur (tipurSi

igulisxmeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifiuri

Tvisebebi) gamoxatulebas.

"histik" (Histic) igulisxmeba "histik" horizontis arseboba niadagis


"fibrihistik" (Fibrihistic) gulisxmobs "histik" horizontis


40 sm sisqeSi, romelic 2/3 meti

(moculobiT) raodenobiT

Seicavs mcenareuli narCeniT

warmoqmnil organul nivTi-

erebas.

"saprihistik" (Saprihistic) gulisxmobs "histik" horizon-

tis arsebobas niadagis zedapi-

ridan 40 sm sisqeSi, romelic

1/6-ze naklebi (moculobiT) rao-

denobiT Seicavs mcenareuli

narCenebisgan warmoqmnil orga-

nul nivTierebas da aqvs Zalian

muqi Seferiloba, gardamavali

nacrisferidan Savamde.

"taftohistik" (Thaptohistic) gulisxmobs damarxuli "his-

tik" horizontis arsebobas

niadagis zedapiridan 40 da 100

sm Soris.

98

"horTik" (Hortic) gulisxmobs "histik" horizontis arsebobas:

"anTrosol"-ebSi 50 sm an meti sisqiT, xolo sxva

niadagebSi 50 sm naklebi sisqiT.

"humik" (Humic) gulisxmobs organuli naxSirbadis maRal

Semcvelobas: "ferasol"-ebsa da "nitisol"-ebSi, niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmis zeda nawilis

wvrilmiwaSi, saSualod (woniT) organuli

naxSirbadis 1,4 % met raodenobas; "leptosol"-ebSi,

niadagis zedapiridan 25 sm siRrmesTan wvrilmiwaSi,

organuli naxSirbadis (woniT) 2 % met Semcvelobas

da sxva danarCen niadagebSi ki zedapiridan 50 sm

siRrmesTan wvrilmiwaSi, organuli naxSirbadis

(woniT) 1 % met Semcvelobas.

"molihumik" (Mollihumic) gulisxmobs "molik" horizontis

arsebobas da organuli C gansa-

zRvrul raodenobas (ix. “humik”

gamsazRvreli).

"umbrihumik" (Umbrihumic) gulisxmobs "umbrik" horizontis

arsebobas da organuli C gansa-

zRvrul raodenobas (ix. “humik”

gamsazRvreli).

"hidragrik" (Hydragric) gulisxmobs "anTraqvik" horizonts da masTan

dakavSirebuli "hidragrik" horizontis arsebobas. es

ukanaskneli ki SeimCneva niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi (mxolod "anTrosol"-ebSi)

"hidrik" (Hydric) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi erTi

an meti fenis arsebobas, romelTa mTliani sisqe 35

sm an metia da maT mier wylis dakaveba 100 % an

metia 1500 kpa wnevis dros (aragamomSral nimuSebSi)

(mxolod "andosol"-ebSi).

"hiperskeletik" (Hyperskeletic) gulisxmobs 90 % meti (moculobiT)

odenobis xreSis an sxva msxvili fragmentebis

arsebobas 75 sm siRrmesTan an daurRvevel mkvriv

qanTan (mxolod "leptosol"-ebSi).

"iragrik" (Iragric) gulisxmobs "iragrik" horizontis arsebobas:


danarCen niadagebSi 50 sm naklebi sisqiT.

"lamelik" (Lamellic) gulisxmobs sul cota 15 sm sisqis

kombinirebul fenas iluviur Tixian SresTan,


99

"leptik" (Leptic) gulisxmobs daurRveveli mkvrivi qanis arsebobas

niadagis zedapiridan 25-100 sm sisqeSi.

"endoleptik" (Endoleptic) gulisxmobs daurRveveli

mkvrivi qanis arsebobas

niadagis zedapiridan 50 _ 100

sm Soris.

"epileptik" (Epileptic) gulisxmobs daurRveveli

mkvrivi qanis arsebobas

niadagis zedapiridan 25 _ 50

sm Soris.

"liTik" (Lithic) gulisxmobs daurRveveli mkvrivi qanis arsebobas


"paraliTik" (Paralithic) gulisxmobs niadagis zeda-

piridan 10 sm sisqeSi qanis

natexebTan kontaqts, romlis

napralebis zoma 10 sm

naklebia da swored maTi

gavliT xdeba mcenaris

fesvebis SeRweva qveS mdebare

qanSi.

"liqsik" (Lixic) gulisxmobs "feralik" horizontis arsebobas,

romelic SexebaSia "arjik" horizontTan (romlis

diagnostikuri kriteriumia Tixis raodenobis zrda)

da romelSic fuZeebiT maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-is mixedviT) mTlianad B horizontSi, niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmesTan, 50 % an metia.

"luvik" (Luvic) gulisxmobs "arjik" horizontis arsebobas, romelsac

axasiaTebs 24 an meti santimolikkg-1 Tixa gacvliTi

kaTionis tevadoba da 50 % an meti fuZeebiT

maZRroba (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) mTlian horizontSi,

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmesTan.

"hipoluvik" (Hypoluvic) gulisxmobs Tixis zrdas 3%

an meti odenobiT an Tixis

amave raodenobiT zrdas

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi (mxolod "arenosol"-

ebSi).

"magnezik" (Magnesic) gulisxmobs gacvliTi Ca/Mg-is 1-ze nakleb

fardobas niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

100

"mazik" (Mazic) gulisxmobs masiur struqturas da niadagis 20 sm

sisqis zeda nawilis mZime an Zalian mZime

konsistencias (mxolod "vertisol"-ebSi).

"melanik" (Melanic) gulisxmobs "melanik" horizontis (mxolod

"andosol"-ebSi) arsebobas.

"mezoTrofik" (Mesotrophic) gulisxmobs 75 % nakleb fuZeebiT

maZRrobas (1M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 20 sm siRrmesTan

(mxolod "vertisol"-ebSi).

"molik" (Mollic) gulisxmobs "molik" horizontis arsebobas.

"natrik" (Natric) gulisxmobs "natrik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis


"nitik" (Nitic) gulisxmobs "nitik" horizontis arsebobas niadagis


"oqrik" (Ochric) gulisxmobs "oqrik" horizontis arsebobas.

"hiperoqrik" (Hyperochric) gulisxmobs mSral mdgomareobaSi

Ria an gaxunebuli Seferilobis

(saerTod nacrisferi) mqone "oqrik"

horizontis arsebobas, romelic

datenianebisas ufro muqdeba ("gaxu-

nebuli zedapiruli horizontebi");

am horizonts axasiaTebs organuli

naxSirbadisa (Cveulebriv < 0,4 %;

samxreT afrikis Sedegebi) da

Sesabamisad Tavisufali rkinis

oqsidis dabali Semcveloba, msubuqi

meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, fiqalovani

struqturis niSnebi da Txeli ze-

dapiruli qerqi.

"ombrik" (Ombric) gulisxmobs pirobiT wylis reJims, romelsac iwvevs

naleqebis siWarbe wlis umetes periodSi (es

gansazRvreba mocemulia paul drisenis mier).

"oqsiaqvik" (Oxyaquic) gulisxmobs yinulis lRobis Sedegad niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqis (mxolod "qraisol"-ebSi)

wyliT gaJRenTvas da Jangva-aRdgeniTi Tvisebebis ar

arsebobas.

"paCik" (Pachic) gulisxmobs 50 sm meti sisqis "molik" an "umbrik"

horizontis arsebobas.

"pelik" (Pellic) igulisxmeba niadaguri masis 30 sm zeda nawilSi 3,5

an naklebi feris sidide da 1,5 an naklebi feris

101

intensivoba "manselis" mixedviT, notio mdgoma-

reobaSi (mxolod "vertisol"-ebSi).

"petrik" (Petric) igulisxmeba Zlieri cementacia an gamkvriveba


"endopetrik" (Endopetric) igulisxmeba Zlieri cementacia an

gamkvriveba zedapiridan 50 _ 100

sm Soris.

"epipetrik" (Epipetric) igulisxmeba Zlieri cementacia

an gamkvriveba, niadagis zeda-

piridan 50 sm sisqeSi.

"petrokalcik" (Petrocalcic) igulisxmeba P"petrokalcik" horizontis

arseboba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi.

"petrodurik" (Petroduric) igulisxmeba "petrodurik" horizontis


sisqeSi.

"petrogifsik" (Petrogypsic) igulisxmeba "petrogifsik" horizontis arseboba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi.

"petroplintik"(Petroplinthic) igulisxmeba "petroplintik" horizontis


sisqeSi.

"petrosalik" (Petrosalic) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi 10 sm an meti sisqis horizontis arseboba,

romelic Secementebulia TabaSirTan SedarebiT

ufro metad xsnadi marilebiT.

"plasik" (Placic) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi

"spodik" horizontis qvehorizontis arseboba,

romelic 1 sm an meti sisqisaa da romelic

daurRvevlad Secementebulia organuli nivTierebisa

da Al kombinaciebiT, rkiniT an mis gareSe ("Txeli

rkiniani fena") (mxolod "podzol"-ebSi).

"plajik"(Plaggic) gulisxmobs "plajik" horizontis arsebobas;



"flanik" (Planic) gulisxmobs eluviuri horizontis arsebobas,

romelic aSkarad faravs sustad wyalgamtar

horizonts niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

102

"plinTik" (Planthic) gulisxmobs "plinTik" horizontis arsebobas


"epiplinTik" (Epiplanthic) gulisxmobs "plinTik" hori-

zontis arsebobas niadagis


"hiperplinTik"(Hiperplanthic) gulisxmobs "plinTik" hori-

zontis arsebobas, romlis

rkina-qvian uwyvet safarSi

adgili aqvs Seuqcevadi

gamkvrivebis Sedegebs.

"orTiplinTik"(Orthiplinthic) gulisxmobs "plinTik" hori-

zontis arsebobas, romlis

xreSis zomis rkina-qvian fena-

Si adgili aqvs Seuqcevadi

gamkvrivebis Sedegebs.

"paraplinTik"(Paraplinthic) gulisxmobs horizontis arsebobas, romelic

dalaqulia minimum 10 % (moculobiT) ode-

nobis rkinis konkreciebiT. am niSniT es

horizonti emsgavseba "plinTik" horizonts,

magram masSi ganmeorebiTi gamoSrobisas

an dasvelebisas adgili ara aqvs Seuqcevad

gamkvrivebas.

"fosik" (Posic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmeSi, 30

sm an meti sisqis fenaSi delta pH-is nulis tol an

dadebiTi muxtis (pHKCl-pHH2O) mqone maCveneblebs

(mxolod "feralsol"-ebSi).

"profondik" (Profondic) gulisxmobs "arjik" horizontis arsebobas,

romelSic Tixis (Sesabamisad) maqsimaluri raode-

noba niadagis zedapiridan 150 sm sisqeSi 20 %.

"froTik"(Protic) gulisxmobs, rom niadagis horizonti jer kidev ar

aris sakmaod ganviTarebuli (mxolod "arenosol"-ebSi).

"redaqtik"(Reductic) gulisxmobs anaerobul pirobebSi "anTropo-

geomorfik" nivTierebebis akumulacias, rasac iwvevs

airebis emisia (mag: meTani, naxSirbadis dioqsidi da

a.S) (mxolod "anTrofik" "regosol"-ebSi). "rejik"(Regic) igulisxmeba, rom damarxuli horizontebis (mxolod

"anTrosol"-ebSi) garkveva SeuZlebelia.

"renZik" (Rendzic) gulisxmobs "molik" horizontis arsebobas,

103

romelic an TviTon Seicavs an mas zemodan faravs

40 % meti CaCO3 eqvivalenturi Semcvelobis kiriani

nivTierebebi (mxolod "leptosol"-ebSi).

"reik" (Rheic) gulisxmobs zedapiruli wyliT gamowveul pirobiT

wylis reJims (mxolod "histosol"-ebSi). "rodik" (Rhodic) gulisxmobs B horizontSi, "mansel"-is mixedviT 5YR

(3,5YR an ufro wiTeli) ufro wiTel elfers yvela

nawilSi (garda mcire nawilisa, romelic

gardamavalia A da C horizontebSi), 3,5-ze nakleb

notio feris sidides da mSrali feris sidide

maqsimum erTi erTeuliT meti unda iyos notio feris

sididesTan SedarebiT.

"rabik" (Rubic) gulisxmobs B horizontis (an iseT horizonts,

romelic pirdapir A horizontis qvemoT mdebareobs)

arsebobas, romelSic dominirebs "mansel"-is mixedviT

10 YR ufro wiTeli elferi da/an 5 an meti (mxolod

"arenosol"-ebSi) notio feris intensivoba. "rafTik"(Ruptic) gulisxmobs liTologiuri wyvetis arsebobas


"rasTik"(Rustic) gulisxmobs Secementebuli "spodik" horizontis

arsebobas, romelSic sakmarisi raodenobis

amorfuli rkinis Semcveloba iwvevs horizontis

mkveTr wiTel elfers. aseTi horizontis qveS

mdebareobs "albik" horizonti. "spodik" horizonts

ar gaaCnia qvehorizonti. igi aris 2,5 sm an meti

sisqis, uwyvetad Secementebuli organuli

nivTierebisa da Al kombinaciiT, rkiniT an mis gareSe

("rkiniani Txeli fena") (mxolod "podzoleb-Si").

"salik" (Salic) igulisxmeba "salik" horizontis arseboba niadagis


"endosalik" (Endosalic) gulisxmobs "salik" horizontis

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan 50 _

100 sm Soris.

"episalik"(Episalic) gulisxmobs "salik" horizontis

arsebobas, niadagis zedapiridan 25

_ 50 sm Soris.

"hiposalik"(Hiposalic) gulisxmobs maZRari eqstraqtis 4-ze

met deci simensi m-1 eleqtro

gamtarobas 25 0C temperaturis

dros, niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

104

sisqeSi, minimum ramdenime siRrmiT

horizontSi.

"hipersalik" (Hipersalic) gulisxmobs maZRari eqstraqtis 30-

ze met deci simensi m-1 eleqtro

gamtarobas 25 oC temperaturis dros,

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi,

minimum ramdenime siRrmiT

horizontSi.

"saprik" (Sapric) igulisxmeba 1/6-ze naklebi mcenareuli narCenebis

Semcveli organuli nivTierebis (moculobiT)

raodenoba (mxolod "andosol"-ebSi).

"silik"(Silic) igulisxmeba "andik" horizontis arseboba, romelic

Seicavs oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3) eqstragirebadi

kaJmiwis (Siox) 0,6 % an met raodenobas an 0,5-ze nakleb

Alpy/Alox fardobas (mxolod "andosol"-ebSi).

"silTik" (Siltic) igulisxmeba 40 % an meti mtvris Semcvelobis mqone

horizontis arseboba, romelic 30 sm meti sisqisaa da

mdebareobs niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"skeleTik" (Skeletic) gulisxmobs xreSis an sxva msxvili fragmentebis

(woniT) 40 _ 90 % raodenobiT arsebobas niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmesTan.

"endoskeleTik" (Endoskeltic) gulisxmobs xreSis an sxva msxvili

fragmentebis (woniT) 40 _ 90 %

raodenobiT arsebobas niadagis

zedapiridan 50 _ 100 sm Soris.

"episkeleTik" (Episkeltic) gulisxmobs xreSis an sxva msxvili

fragmentebis (woniT) arsebobas 40 _ 90% raodenobiT, niadagis zeda-

piridan 20 _ 50 sm Soris.

"sodik" (Sodic) igulisxmeba gacvliTi Na Semcveloba 15 % meti

raodenobiT an gacvliT kompleqsSi 50 % meti

odenobiT gacvliTi Na+Mg jami, niadagis


"endosodik" (Endosodic) gulisxmobs 15 % meti gacvliTi Na

Semcvelobas an gacvliT kompleqsSi

50 % meti odenobiT gacvliT Na+Mg jams, niadagis zedapiridan 50 _ 100

sm Soris.

"hiposodik" (Hiposodic) gulisxmobs 6 % met gacvliTi

natriumiT maZRrobas, minimum 20 sm

105

meti sisqis ramdenime siRrmiT

horizontSi, niadagis zedapiridan

100 sm sisqeSi.

"spodik" (Spodic) gulisxmobs "spodik" horizontis arsebobas.

"spolik"(Spolic) gulisxmobs "anTropogeomorfik" niadaguri

nivTierebis akumulaciebis arsebobas, romelic

Seicavs 35 % meti (moculobiT) odenobiT

industriul narCenebs (samTo niadagi, mdinaris

miwasaxapi, magistralis mSeneblobebi da a.S) (mxo-

lod "anTrofik" regosol"-ebSi).

"stagnik" (Stagnic) gulisxmobs "stagnik Tvisebebis" arsebobas niadagis


"endostagnik" (Endostagnic) gulisxmobs "stagnik Tvisebebis"

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan 50 _

100 sm Soris.

"sulfatik"(Sulphatic) gulisxmobs niadagis xsnars (1:1 wyalSi)

SO4>>HCO3>Cl maCveneblebiT (mxolod "solonCak"-ebSi).

"Takirik" (Takiryc) gulisxmobs "Takirik" horizontis arsebobas.

"tefrik"(Tephric) gulisxmobs "tefrik niadaguri nivTierebis"

arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan 30 sm an met

siRrmesTan.

"terik"(Terric) gulisxmobs "terik" horizontis arsebobas;



"Tionik"(Thionic) gulisxmobs "sulfurik" horizontis an "sulfidik

niadaguri nivTierebis" arsebobas, niadagis


"orTiTionik" (Orthithionic) gulisxmobs "sulfurik"

horizontis arsebobas,

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm

sisqeSi.

"protoTionik" (Protothionic) gulisxmobs" sulfidik ni-

adaguri nivTierebis" arse-

bobas, niadagis zeda-

piridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"toqsik" (Toxic) gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi Al, Fe, Na, Ca an Mg ionebis ar arsebobas da iseTi ionebis

arsebobas, romlebic toqsikuria mcenaris zrdisTvis.

106

"turbik" (Turbic) gulisxmobs krioturbaciul maxasiaTeblebs

[Sereuli niadaguri nivTiereba, darRveuli

niadaguri horizontebi, involuciebi (niadagis

horizontebSi morevis msgavsi niSnebi), organuli

intruziebi, yinulis borcvebi, niadagis msxvili

nivTierebebis dayofa wvril nivTierebamde,

napralebi, zedapiris iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa

burcobebi, qvargvalebi, badisebri ganlageba da

mravalwaxnagebi], an zedapirTan an niadagis

zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi (mxolod "qraisol"-ebSi). "umbrik" (Umbric) gulisxmobs "umbrik" horizontis arsebobas.

"urbik" (Urbic) gulisxmobs "anTropogeomorfik niadaguri

nivTierebis" akumulaciebs, romlebic Seicavs 35 %

meti (moculobiT) odenobiT RorRiTa da

“artifaqtebiT” Sereul miwanarev nivTierebebs

(mxolod "anTrofik" regosol"-ebSi).

"vermik" (Vermic) gulisxmobs 50 % an meti (moculobiT) odenobiT

Wiebis xvrelebis da mRrRnelebis soroebis

arsebobas, niadagis 100 sm sisqis zeda nawilSi an

qvemoT qanTan an mciresisqian "petrokalcik", "petrodurik", "petrogifsik", an "petroplintik"

horizontebTan.

"vertik" (Vertic) gulisxmobs "vertik" horizontis arsebobas


"vetik" (Vetic) gulisxmobs 6-ze nakleb santimolikkg-1 Tixa

gacvliTi fuZeebis da gacvliTi mJavianobis jams

niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi, B horizontis

minimum ramdenime qvehorizontSi.

"vitrik"(Vitric) igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi

"vitrik" horizontis arseboba da "vitrik"

horizontis zemoT "andik" horizontis ar arseboba.

"qsenTik"(Xenthic) igulisxmeba "feralik" horizontis arseboba,

romelic yviTeli an mkrTali yviTeli

Seferilobisaa (niadagis monatex nimuSs axasiaTebs

"mansel"-is mixedviT 7,5 YR an ufro yviTeli elferi,

4 an 4-ze meti feris sidide (notio mdgomareobaSi)

da 5 an 5-ze meti feris intensivoba (notio

mdgomareobaSi).

"iermik" (Yermic) igulisxmeba "iermik" horizontis arseboba, romelic

Seicavs udabnos qvafenils.

107

"nudiiermik" (Nudiyermic) gulisxmobs "iermik" hori-

zontis arsebobas udabnos

qvafenilis gareSe.

qvemoT mocemuli prefiqsebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas siRrmis

Cvenebis misaniSneblad an niadagis maxasiaTeblebisa da Tvisebebis

intensivobis aRsaniSnavad. isini kombinirebulia erT sityvaSi sxva

elementebiT, mag: "orTikalcik". ormagi kombinaciaa _ "epihiperkalcik".

"baTi" (Bathi) gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis

arsebobis dawyebas niadagis zedapiridan 100 _ 200 sm

Soris.

"kumuli" (Cumuli) gulisxmobs A horizontSi an zedapirze 50 sm an

meti sisqesTan niadaguri nivTierebis ganmeorebiT

akumulacias.

"endo" (Endo) gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis

arsebobis dawyebas qveda siRrmeebTan, zogadad,

niadagis zedapiridan 50 _ 100 sm Soris.

"epi" (Epi) gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis

arsebobis dawyebas niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm

sisqeSi.

"hiper" (Hyper) gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis Zlier an Warb

gamoxatulebas.

"hipo" (Hypo) gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis sust an msubuq

gamoxatulebas.

"orTi" (Orthi) gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis tipur

gamoxatulebas (tipurSi igulisxmeba mniSvnelovnad

damaxasiaTebeli).

"para" (Para) gulisxmobs garkveul TvisebebTan (mag: "paraliTik") msgavsebas.

"proto" (Proto) mianiSnebs garkveuli Tvisebebis (mag: "frotoTionik")

ganviTarebis winapirobas an adreul stadias.

"tafto"(Thapto) gulisxmobs damarxuli horizontis arsebobas

niadagis zedapiridan (mocemulia damarxul

diagnostikur horizontTan kombinaciaSi, mag:

"taftomolik") 100 sm sisqeSi.

108

ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi dabali donis saxelebis gamoyenebisa da

gansazRvrisTvis

diagnostikur horizontebTan kavSiri: diagnostikuri horizon-

tebis umetesoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas niadagis qveerTeulebis

dasaxelebisTvis, Semdegi axsna-ganmartebebiT:

"arjik" horizonti: dabal donesTan saxeli "luvik" mianiSnebs, rom

Cans "arjik" horizonti da ara "arjik" gamsazRvreli. "arenosol"-ebSi

termini "hipoluvik" gamoiyeneba "luvisol"-ebSi gadasvlisTvis, maSin

roca "arjik" horizonti ar gvxvdeba.

"kambik" horizonti: niadagis qveerTeulisTvis "kambik" saxelis

gamoyeneba zogadad rekomendirebuli ar aris.

"feralik" horizonti: saxeli "feralik" ar gamoiyeneba "feralik" horizontis arsebobis misaniSneblad. imitom, rom amgvarma gamoyenebam

SesaZloa gamoiwvios gaugebroba diagnostikuri Tvisebisa da

niadagis erTeulis `feralik ~ damatebiTi mniSvnelobis arsSi. Tumca

igi gamoiyeneba 100 sm sisqeSi "feralik" Tvisebebis mqone niadagis

qveerTeulebis dasayofad (mag: "hipoferalik").

"sulfurik" horizonti: niadagis "sulfurik" saxelis mqone

qveerTeulis gamoyeneba ar aris rekomendirebuli. "sulfuri-Tionik"-

is magivrad unda gamoviyenoT "orTi-Tionik" saxelwodeba.

diagnostikur TvisebebTan da niadagis nivTierebebTan kavSiri:

diagnostikuri kriteriumebis umetesoba gamoiyeneba dabali donis

danayofis gansazRvris an Sesabamisi damatebiTi saxelebis

Seucvlelad. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi SeniSvnebi:

feri: terminebis "rodik", "rabik", "qromik" da "qsenTik" gamosaxatavad

gamoiyeneba niadagis B horizontis Seferilobis sxvadasxva xarisxebi.

es terminebi gamoiyeneba im niadagebisTvisac, romelTac gaaCniaT

"arjik" da "feralik" horizontebi an gamosayenebelia "kambisolebsa"

da "arenosolebisTvisac". "vertisol"-ebSi termini "pelik" miuniSnebs

muq Seferilobas.

"distrik"/"euTrik": niadagis qveerTeulebis saxelebis gansazRvrisTvis

dadgenili wesebis Tanaxmad, "distrik" da "euTrik" gamsazRvrelebs

aqvT erTaderTi mniSvneloba, romelic SemdgomSi ar unda iqnes

gamoyenebuli mJave (mag: araviTari "distrik-orTiTionik fluvisoli")

an fuZeebiT (mag: araviTari euTri-petrik kalcisoli") maZRari

niadagebisTvis.

"fluvik niadaguri nivTierebebi": niadagis qveerTeulis "fluvik"

saxeli mniSvnelovania "gleisol"-isa da "kambisol"-ebis niadagis

monacemTa jgufebisTvis, raTa mieniSnos "fluvik" Tvisebebis arseboba.

axali masalis Txeli zedapiruli safarebi (50 sm naklebi sisqis)

miniSnebuli unda iyos fazis doneze.

109

"sodik Tvisebebi": niadagis qveerTeulis "sodik" saxeli maSin

gamoiyeneba, roca gacvliTi natriumis procentuli raodenoba (gnp) 15-

ze metia, niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi. gacvliTi natriumis 6-ze

meti procenuli Semcvelobis misaniSneblad gamoiyeneba termini

"hiposodik".

"sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebebi": termini "sulfidik niadaguri

nivTierebebi" gamoiyeneba diagnostikur "sulfurik" horizontTan,

raTa moxdes "Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis gamoyofa. Tu

aucilebelia "Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis qveerTeulebad dayofa,

maSin SemoTavazebulia prefiqs - "proto" -s gamoyeneba mxolod

"sulfik niadaguri nivTierebis" Semcveli niadagebisTvis. ar aris

rekomendirebuli "sulfik" an "sulfidik" saxelebis gamoyeneba

"Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis qveerTeulebad dasayofad.

ena (Tonguing): dasaSvebia enebis or tipad dayofa: erTi - rodesac

"albik" horizontis ena Sedis B horizontSi ("albiglosik" (Albiglossic)) da meore _ enebis ufro iSviaTi SemTxveva: rodesac A horizontis ena Sedis B an C horizontSi ("glosik" (Glossic), "moliglosik" (Molliglossic) da "umbriglosik" (Umbriglossic)).

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba:

prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba niadaguri jgufebis monacemebisTvis

mocemulia me - 4 cxrilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli niadaguri

jgufis monacemebis prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba iTvaliswinebs

damatebiTi saxelebis kombinaciebs yvela niadagis erTeulebisTvis,

romlebic niadagis monacemTa jgufs miekuTvneba. magram

TanmimdevrobaSi yvela aRniSvna ar aris vargisi jgufSi arsebuli

individualuri niadaguri erTeulis gansasazRvrelad, imitom rom

sistemis zogadi wesebi da gansazRvrebebi ugulebelyofs garkveul

kombinaciebs.

E

110

cxrili 4

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia

"histosolebi" "qraisolebi" "anTrosolebi" "leptosolebi" "vertisolebi"

"qraik" "histik" "hidragrik" "liTik" "Tionik"

"glacik" "liTik" "iragrik" "gleik' "salik"

"salik" "leptik" "terik" "renZik" "natrik"

"gelik" "turbik" "plajik" "umbrik" "gifsik"

"Tionik" "salik" "horTik" "iermik' "durik"

"folik" "natrik" "gleik" "aricik" "kalcik"

"fibrik" "gleik" "stagnik" "vertik" "alik"

"saprik" "andik" "spodik" "gelik" "gifsirik"

"ombrik" "molik" "feralik" "hiperskeletik" "pelik"

"reik" "gifsik" "luvik" "molik" "grumik'

"alkalik" "kalcik' "arenik" "humik" "mazik"

"toqsik" "umbrik" "rejik" "gifsirik"' "qromik"

"distrik" "iermik" "kalkarik" "mezoTropik"'

"euTrik" "aridik" "distrik" "hiposodik"

"glacik" "euTrik" "euTrik"

"Tionik" "haplik" "haplik"

"oqsiaqvik"

"stagnik"

"haplik"

"fluvisolebi" "solonCakebi" "gleisolebi" "andosolebi" "podzolebi"

"histik" "histik" "histik" "vitrik" "gelik"

"Tionik" "vertik" "Tionik" "euTrisilik" "gleik"

"salik" "gleik" "anTraqvik" "silik" "stagnik"

"gleik" "sodik" "endosalik"' "gleik"' "densik"

"molik" "molik" "andik" "melanik" "karbik"

"umbrik" "gifsik" "vitrik" "fulvik" "rasTik"

"arenik" "durik" "plinTik" "hidrik" "histik"

"Takirik" "kalcik" "sodik" "paCik" "umbrik"

"iermik" "petrosalik" "molik" "histik" "enTik"

"aridik" "Takirik" "gifsik" "molik" "placik"

"gelik" "iermik" "kalcik" "durik" "skeletik"

"stagnik" "aridik" "umbrik" "umbrik"' "frajik"

"humik"' "gelik" "arenik" "luvik" "lamelik"

"gifsirik" "stagnik" "Takirik"' "placik" "anTrik"'

"kalkarik" "hipersalik" "gelik"' "leptik" "haplik"

"sodik" "oqrik" "humik" "aqroqsik"

"tefrik" "acerik" "alkalik" "vetik"

"skeletik" "qloridik" "alumik" "kalkarik"'

"distrik" "sulfaTik" "toqsik" "arenik"

"euTrik" "karbonatik" "abraptik" "sodik"

"haplik" "haplik" "kalkarik" "skeletik"

"tefrik" "taftik"'

"distrik" "distrik"

"euTrik" "euTrik"

"haplik" "haplik"

111

cxrili 4 (gagrZeleba)

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia

"plinTosolebi" "feralsolebi" "solonecsebi" "planosolebi" "Cernoziomebi"

"petrik" "plinTik" "vertik"' "histik" "Cernik"

"alik" "gleik" "gleik" "vertik" "vertik"

"aqrik" "andik" "salik" "Tionik" "gleik"

"umbrik" "aqrik"' "molik" "endosalik" "luvik"

"albik" "liqsik"' "gifsik"' "plinTik" "glosik"

"stagnik" "arenik' "durik" "gleik" "kalcik"

"endoeuTrik" "gibsik" "kalcik" "sodik" "silTik"

"gerik" "gerik" "magnezik"' "molik" "vermik"

"humik" "humik" "Takirik" "gifsik" "haplik"

"endodurik" "histik" "iermik" "kalcik"

"vetik" "molik" "aridik" "alik"

"alumik" "umbrik" "stagnik" "luvik"

"abraptik" "endostagnik" "albik" "umbrik"

"paCik" "vetik" "humik" "arenik"

"glosik" "pozik" "haplik" "gelik"

"ferik" "alumik" "albik"

"haplik" "ferik" "gerik"

"hiperdistrik" "petroferik"

"hipereuTrik"' "alkalik"

"rodik" "alumik"

"qsanTik" "ferik"

"haplik" "kalkarik"

"rodik"

"qromik"

"distrik"

"euTrik"

"haplik"

"kaStanaziomebi" "faeoziomebi" "gifsisolebi" "durisolebi" "kalcisolebi"

"vertik" "leptik" "petrik" "petrik" "petrik"

"gifsik" "vertik" "leptik" "leptik" "leptik"

"kalcik" "gleik" "vertik"' "vertik" "vertik"

"luvik" "andik" "endosalik" "gifsik" "endosalik"

"hiposodik" "vitrik" "sodik" "kalcik" "gleik"

"silTik" "sodik" "durik" "luvik" "sodik"

"qromik" "luvik" "kalcik" "arenik" "luvik"

"anTrik" "albik" "luvik" "Takirik" "Takirik"

"haplik" "stagnik" "Takirik" "iermik" "iermik"

"greik" "iermik" "aridik" "aridik"

"paCik" "aridik" "qromik" "skeletik"

"abraptik" "arzik"' "hiperoqrik" "hiperoqrik"

"glosik" "skeletik" "haplik" "hiperkalcik"

"tefrik" "hiperoqrik" "hipokalcik"

"kalkarik" "hipergifsik" "haplik"

"skeletik" "hipogifsik"

"silTik" "haplik"

"vermik"

"qromik"

"haplik"

112

cx

ni

"a

"hi

"g

"g

"al

"u

"ar

"f

"s

"al

"en

"ab

"f

"s

"ha

"l

"l

"pl

"g

"an

"vi

"ka

"ar

"s

"g

"al

"hu

"ve

"ab

"pr

"l

"f

"r

"qr

"hi

"ha

rili 4 (gagrZeleba)

adagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia

lbeluvisolebi" "alisolebi" "nitisolebi" "akrisolebi" "luvisolebi"

stik" "vertik" "andik" "leptik" "leptik"

elik" "plinTik" "molik" "plinTik" "vertik"

leik" "gleik" "alik" "gleik" "gleik"

ik" "andik" "umbrik" "andik" "andik"

mbrik" "nitik" "humik" "vitrik" "vitrik"

enik" "umbrik" "vetik" "umbrik" "kalcik"

rajik" "arenik" "alumik" "arenik" "arenik"

tagnik" "stagnik" "rodik" "stagnik" "stagnik"

umik" "albik" "feralik" "gerik" "albik"

doeuTrik" "humik" "distrik" "albik" "hiposodik"

raptik" "abraptik" "euTrik" "humik" "profondik"

erik" "profondik" "haplik" "vetik" "lamelik"

ilTik" "lamelik" "abraptik" "ferik"

plik" "ferik" "profondik" "rodik"

"hiperdistrik" "lamelik" "qromik"

"skeletik" "ferik" "kutanik"

"rodik" "alumik" "hiperoqrik"

"qromik" "hiperdistrik" "distrik"

"haplik" "skeletik" "haplik"

"rodik"

"qromik"

"hiperoqrik"

"haplik"

iqsisolebi" "umbrisolebi" "kambisolebi" "arenosolebi" "regosolebi"

eptik" "gelik" "gelik" "gelik" "gelik"

inTik" "leptik" "leptik" "plinTik" "leptik"

leik" "gleik" "vertik" "gleik" "gleik"

dik" "arenik" "fluvik" "hipoluvik"' "taftoandik"

trik" "stagnik" "endosalik" "iermik" "taftovitrik"

lcik"' "albik" "plinTik" "aridik"' "arenik"

enik" "humik" "gelistagnik" "feralik" "Takirik"

tagnik" "feralik" "stagnik" "albik" "iermik"

erik" "skeletik" "gleik" "gifsirik" "aridik"

bik" "anTrik" "andik" "kalkarik" "gelistagnik"

mik" "haplik" "vitrik" "lamelik" "stagnik"

tik" "molik" "rubik" "anTrofik"

raptik" "Takirik" "frajik" "arik"

ofondik" "iermik" "hiposalik" "garbik"

amelik" "aridik" "tefrik" "redaqtik"

erik" "sodik" "hipodurik" "spolik"

odik" "feralik" "proTik" "urbik"

omik" "gifsirik" "distrik" "humik"

peroqrik" "kalkarik" "euTrik" "vermik"

plik" "skeletik" "haplik" "hiposalik"

"rodik" "hiposodik"

"qromik" "gifsirik"

"hiperoqrik" "kalkarik"

"distrik" "tefrik"

"euTrik" "skeletik"

"haplik" "hiperoqrik"

"distrik"

113

"euTrik"

"haplik"

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117

118

danarTi 1

niadagis horizontTa aRniSvnebi

ZiriTadi horizontebi da fenebi

didi asoebiT: H, O, A, E, B, C da R aRiniSneba ZiriTadi horizontebi

da fenebi. am ZiriTad simboloebs aRniSvnis srulyofisTvis emateba

sxva asoebic. umetesi horizontebisa da fenebisTvis mocemulia

calkeuli didi asoTi aRniSnuli simbolo, magram zogierTi

saWiroebs or asos. amJamad cnobilia 7 mTavari horizonti da fena.

ZiriTadi horizontebi da maTi qvedanayofebi warmoadgenen iseT

fenebs, romlebic ganicdian garkveul cvlilebebs, xolo zogierT

maTganSi ki es cvlilebebi SeumCnevelia. umetes SemTxvevaSi niadaguri

horizontebi genezisuria, romlebic asaxaven maTSi momxdar

Tvisobriv cvlilebebs. genezisuri horizontebi diagnostikuri

horizontebis ara eqvivalenturia, Tumca niadagis profilSi SeiZleba

identurebic iyvnen. diagnostikuri horizontebi raodenobrivad

gansazRvruli maxasiaTeblebia, romlebsac klasifikaciaSi iyeneben.

H horizontebi an fenebi: organuli nivTierebiT dominirebuli

fenebi, formirebuli niadagis zedapirTan dauSleli an nawilobriv

daSlili organuli masalidan, romelic SeiZleba iyos wylis qveSac.

yvela H horizonti wyliT gajerebulia drois xangrZlivi periodis

manZilze, an iJRinTeba mxolod erTxel, magram amJamad ar aris

xelovnurad drenirebuli. H horizonti SeiZleba arsebobdes

mineraluri niadagis zedapirze da Tu igi damarxulia, maSin

zedapiris qvemoT romelime siRrmesTan.

O horizontebi an fenebi: organuli nivTierebiT dominirebuli

fenebi, moicavs dauSlel an nawilobriv daSlil safars, romelic

Sedgeba foTlebisgan, wiwvebisgan, totebisgan, xavsisa da liqenisgan

(romlebic grovdeba zedapirze); isini SeiZleba akumulirebuli iyos

mineraluri an organuli niadagis zedapirze. O O horizontebi ar

aris wyliT xangrZlivad gaJRenTili. aseTi masalis mineraluri

fraqcia masalis moculobis mxolod mcire procents Seadgens da

zogadad misi wonis naxevarze bevrad naklebia.

O fena SeiZleba iyos mineraluri niadagis zedapirTan an Tu igi

damarxulia, zedapiris qvemoT romelime siRrmesTan. Tu horizonti

formirebulia mineralur qveniadagSi organuli nivTierebis

iluviaciiT, maSin igi O horizonti ar aris. Tumca amgvarad

formirebuli zogierTi horizonti bevr organul nivTierebas Seicavs.

A horizontebi: mineraluri horizontebi, romlebic formirdebian

O horizontis zedapirTan an mis qveS, romelSic pirveladi qanis

struqturis mTliani an umetesi nawili darRveulia da romelic

xasiaTdeba qvemoT moyvanili erTi an meti niSniT:

119

_ akumulirebuli humificirebuli organuli nivTiereba

farulad Sereulia mineralur fraqciasTan da ar

amJRavnebs E an B B horizontebisTvis damaxasiaTebel

Tvisebebs (ix. qvemoT).

_ damuSavebiT, ZovebiT an msgavsi zemoqmedebis Sedegad

miRebuli Tvisebebi; an

_ morfologia formirebulia zedapirze mimdinare

procesebiT da gansxvavdeba qveSmdebare B an C horizontebis morfologiisgan.

Tu zedapirul horizonts axasiaTebs rogorc A, aseve B horizontis Tvisebebi, magram dominanturi maxasiaTebeli aris

humificirebuli organuli nivTierebis akumulacia, maSin igi

aRiniSneba rogorc A horizonti. Tbili ariduli klimatis

pirobebSi, daurRveveli zedapiruli horizonti aris naklebad muqi

Seferilobis, vidre misi momijnave qveSmdebare horizonti, romelic

organuli nivTierebis mxolod mcire raodenobas Seicavs. mas

axasiaTebs C fenisagan gansxvavebuli morfologia, Tumca misi

mineraluri fraqcia SeiZleba ucvleli an odnav Secvlili iyos

gamofitvis Sedegad. amgvari horizonti aRniSnulia A asoTi, radganac

igi gvxvdeba zedapirze. zedapirze mimdinare procesebiT

ganpirobebuli gansxvavebuli struqturis an morfologiis mqone

niadagebia: "vertisol"-ebi an niadagebi gamkvrivebuli SreebiT an

brtyel aluviur sanapiro xmeleTze gavrcelebuli niadagebi mcire mcenareulobiTa da udabnos niadagebi. Tumca axali aluviuri an

eoluri naleqebi, romlebic moicavs wvrilmarcvlovan

stratifikacias, ar miiCneva A horizontad, Tu ar xdeba misi

damuSaveba.

E horizontebi: mineraluri horizontebi, romelTa mTavari

maxasiaTebelia silikaturi Tixis, rkinis, aluminis an maTi

kombinaciebiT gaRaribeba da qviSis an mtvris nawilakebis

koncentraciebis darCena da pirveladi qanis struqturis mTliani an

umetesi nawilis darRveva.

E horizonti Cveulebriv ufro Ria (magram aucilebeli piroba ar

aris) Seferilobisaa, vidre mis qveS mdebare B horizonti. zogierT

niadagebSi Seferilobas ganapirobebs qviSisa da mtvris nawilakebis

feri, xolo umetes SemTxvevaSi pirveladi nawilakebis feri

ganpirobebulia rkinis JangeulebiT an sxva SenaerTebis safariT.

niadagis erTi da imave profilSi E horizonti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

qveSmdebare B horizontisagan feris ufro maRali sididiT, xolo

feris intensivobis ufro dabali maCvenebliT, an feris orive

maCveneblis simciriT; msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobiT; an am

Tvisebebis kombinaciebiT. E horizonti, Cveulebrivad, zedapirTan

axlos mdebare horizontia anu mdebareobs O an A horizontebis qveS da B horizontis zemoT. E simbolo SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iyos

profilSi mdebareobis miuxedavad im horizontisTvis, romelic

120

akmayofilebs zemoT naxseneb kriteriumebs da warmoadgens niadagis

genezisis Sedegs.

B horizontebi: formirdebian A, E, O an H horizontebis qveS. am

horizontebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia pirveladi qanis struqturis

umetesi an mTeli nawilis rRveva, qvemoT CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime

kombinaciasTan erTad:

- silikaturi Tixis, rkinis, aluminis, humusis, karbonatebis,

TabaSiris an kaJmiwis an maTi kombinaciebis iluviuri koncentraciebi;

- karbonatebis gamotutvis niSani;

- erTnaxevari Jangebis koncentraciis narCeni;

- erTnaxevari Jangebis safarebi, romelTa gamoc horizontis feris

sidide rkinis iluviaciis gareSe SesamCnevad dabalia, xolo feris

intensivoba maRali da elferi ufro wiTelia, vidre mis qvemoT da

zemoT mdebare horizontebSi,;

- gardaqmna, romelic iwvevs silikaturi Tixis formirebas an

Jangeulebis gamonTavisuflebas an orive process erTad da romelic

ganapirobebs marcvlovan, beltovan an prizmul struqturas, Tu

tenianobis cvlilebebs Tan axlavs moculobis cvlilebebi;

- simyife.

yvela saxis B horizonti siRrmiTi horizontia. B horizonts ganekuTvneba karbonatebis, TabaSiris an kaJmiwis iluviuri

koncentraciebis fenebi, romlebic pedogenezisuri procesebis Sedegia

(fenebi SeiZleba iyos gamkvrivebuli an gaumkvrivebeli). da myife

fenebi, romlebsac aReniSneba Secvlis iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa

prizmuli struqtura an Tixis iluviuri akumulacia.

fenebi, romelebSic Tixis afskebi an qanis fragmentebis safari

mdebareobs wvrilad stratificirebul gaumkvrivebel naleqebze,

imisda miuxedavad es afskebi adgilzea warmoSobili Tu iluviuria;

agreTve fenebi, romlebSic xdeba karbonatebis iluviacia da ar aris

urTierTSemxebi zemoT mdebare genezisur horizontTan; da

galebebuli fenebi, romelTac ar axasiaTebs arc erTi sxva

pedogenezisuri cvlileba, ar miekuTvnebian B horizontebs. C horizontebi an fenebi: iseTi horizontebi an fenebia, romlebic ar

miekuTvnebian mkvriv qveSnafen qans, romelic naklebad ganicdis

pedogenezisuri procesebis zemoqmedebas da ar axasiaTebs H, O, A, E an B horizontebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. umetesi mineraluri

fenebi garda ramdenime siliciumiani da kiriani fenisa (niJarebis,

marjnis an miwa diatomituri (kaJovan wyalmcenareTa pigmenti))

miekuTvneba C horizonts. C fenebis masala msgavsia an ar aris msgavsi

im masalisa, romlidanac albaT niadagis zeda nawili (sadac

mimdinareobs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) warmoiSva. C horizontma

SesaZloa saxe icvalos maSinac ki, Tu pedogenezisis niSani ar

arsebobs. mcenareTa fesvebma SesaZloa SeaRwion C horizontebSi,

romlebic mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis SesaniSnav garemos

warmoadgenen.

121

C fenebs miekuTvneba sedimentebi, saproliti, aramkvrivi qveSnafeni

qani da sxva geologiuri masala, romelTa mSrali natexebi wyalSi

moxvedrisas lbeba 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da notio mdgomareobaSi

SesaZlebelia maTi damuSaveba bariT. zogierTi niadagi formirdeba

ukve Zlier gamofitul masalaze. Tu amgvari masala ar xasiaTdeba A, E an B horizontebis kriteriumebiT, maSin igi C simboloTi

aRiniSneba. cvlilebebi ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli pedogenezisurad,

Tu isini ar ukavSirdebian zemoT mdebare horizontebs. kaJmiwis,

karbonatebis an TabaSiris (gamkvrivebulic ki) akumulaciebis

Semcveli fenebi SeiZleba Sediodnen C horizontebSi, Tu fena ar

ganicdis pedogenezisuri procesebis aSkara zemoqmedebas. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi igi B horizonti iqneba.

R fenebi: niadagis qveSnafeni mkvrivi qani.

graniti, bazalti, kvarciti da gamkvrivebuli kirqva an qviSa-qva

qveSnafeni qanis magaliTebia da aRiniSneba R simboloTi. R fenis

ufro mSrali natexebi an haermSrali natexebi, romlebic wyalSi

xvdeba, ar lbeba 24 sT ganmavlobaSi. R fena notio mdgomareobaSi

sakmaod Secementebulia da misi bariT damuSaveba praqtikulad

SeuZlebelia, Tumca imtvreva patar-patara natexebad. zogierTi R fena

SeiZleba dairRves Zlieri iaraRis gamoyenebiT. qveSnafen qans mcire

raodenobiT SesaZlebelia hqondes patara zomis napralebi, ris gamoc

mcenaris fesvebi Znelad aRweven masSi. napralebi SesaZloa dafaruli

an Sevsebuli iyos TixiT an sxva masaliT.

122

danarTi 2

niadagis monacemTa jgufebisa da qveerTeulebisTvis saWiro kodebi

a) Nniadagis monacemTa jgufebisTvis saWiro kodebi

AC "akrisoli" DU "durisoli" NT "nitisoli"

AB "albeluvisoli" FR "feralsoli" PH "faeoziomi"

AL "alisoli" FL "fluvisoli" PL "planosoli"

AN "andosoli" GL "gleisoli" PT "plinTosoli"

AT "anTrosoli" GY "gifsisoli" PZ "podzoli"

AR "arenosoli"' HS "histosoli" RG "regosoli"

CL "kalcisoli" KS "kaStanaziomi" SC "solonCaki"

CM "kambisoli" LP "leptosoli" SN "solonecsi"

CH "Cernoziomi" LX "liqsisoli" UM "umbrisoli"

CR "qraisoli" LV "luvisoli" VR "vertisoli"

b) niadaguri erTeulebis damatebiTi kodebi

ap "abraptik" dy "distrik" gm "grumik"

ae "acerik" dye "epidistrik" gy "gifsik"

ac "aqrik" dyh "hiperdistrik" gyh "hipergifsik" ao "aqroqsik" dyo "orTidistrik" gyw "hipogifsik" ab "albik" gp "gifsirik"

abh "hiperalbik" et "enTik"

abg "glosalbik" eu "euTrik" ha "haplik"

ax "alkalik" eun "endoeuTrik" hi "histik"

al "alik" euh "hipereuTrik" hif "fibrihistik" au "alumik" euo "orTieuTrik" his "saprihistik" an "andik" es "euTrisilik" hib "taftohistik" ana "aluandik" ht "horTik"

ans "silandik" fl "feralik" hu "humik"

aq "anTraqvik" flw "hipoferalik" hum "molihumik" am "anTrik" frh "hiperferik" huu "umbrihumik" ah "anTrofik" fr "ferik" hg "hidragrik"

ai "arik" frh "hiperferik" hy "hidrik"

ar "arenik" fi "fibrik" hk "hiperskeletik"

ad "aridik" fo "folik"

az "arzik" fv "fluvik" ir "iragrik"

fg "frajik"

fu "fulvik" ll "lamelik"

ca "kalkarik"

cc "kalcik" le "leptik"

cch "hiperkalcik" ga "garbik" len "endoleptik" ccw "hipokalcik" ge "gelik" lep ""epileptik" cco "orTikalcik" gt "gelistagnik" li "liTik"

cb "karbik" gr "gerik" lip "paraliTik" cn ""karbonatik" gi "gibsik" lx "liqsik"

ch "Cernik" gc "glacik" lv "luvik"

cl "qloridik" gl "gleik" lvw "hipoluvik" cr "qromik" gln "endogleik"

cy "qraik" glp "epigleik" mg "magnezik"

ct "kutanik" gs "glosik" mz "mazik"

gsm "moliglosik" me "melanik"

dn "densik" gsu "umbriglosik" ms "mezoTrofik"

du "durik" gz "greik" mo "molik"

123

na "natrik" pf "profondik" st "stagnik"

ni "nitik" pr "proTik" stn "endostagnik" su "sulfatik"

oh "oqrik" rd "redaqtik"

ohh "hiperoqrik" rg "rejik" ty "Takirik"

om "ombrik" rz "renZik" tf "tefrik"

rh "reik" tr "terik"

oa "oqsiaqvik" ro "rodik" ti "Tionik"

ru "rubik" tio "orTiTionik" ph "paCik" rp "rafTik" tit "protoTionik" pe "pelik" rs "rastik" tx "toqsik"

pt "petrik" tu "turbik"

ptp "epipetrik" sz "salik"

pnt "endopetrik" szn "endosalik" um "umbrik"

pc "petrokalcik" szp "episalik" ub "urbik"

pd "petrodurik" szw "hiposalik"

pg "petrogifsik" szh "hipersalik"

pp "petroplinTik" sa "saprik" vt "vetik"

ps "petrosalik" si "silik" vm "vermik"

pi "placik"' sl "silTik" vr "vertik"

pa "plajik" sk "skeletik" vi "vitrik"

pn "planik" skn "endoskeletik"

pl "plinTik" skp "episkeletik" xa "qsanTik"

plp "epiplinTik" so "sodik"

plh "hiperplinTik" son "endosodik" ye "iermik"

plo "orTiplinTik" sow "hiposodik" yes "nudiiermik" plr "paraplinTik" sd "spodik"

po "pozik" sp "spolik"

niadagis erTeulebis specifiuri kodebi

d "baTi" h "hiper" r "para"

c "kulumi" w "hipo" t "proto"

n "endo" o "orTi" b "tafto"

p "epi"

124

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3. Report of the First Soil Correlation Seminar for Europe, Moscow, USSR, 16-28 July 1962.** 4. Report of the First Soil Correlation Seminar for South and Central Asia, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, USSR,

14 September-2 October 1962.** 5. Report of the Fourth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survery (Subcommission

on Land and Water Use of the European Commission on Agriculture), Lisbon, Portugal, 6-10 March 1963.**

6. Report of the Second Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Rome, 9-11 July 1963.**

7. Report of the Second Soil Correlation Seminar for Europe, Bucharest, Romania, 29 July-6 August 1963.**

8. Report of the Third Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Paris, 3 January 1964.**

9. Adequacy of Soil Studies in Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, November-December 1963.** 10. Report on the Soils of Bolivia, January 1964.** 11. Report on the Soils of Paraguay, January 1964.** 12. Preliminary Definition, Legend and Correlation Table for the Soil Map of the World, Rome, August

1964.** 13. Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Rome, 16-21 May

1964.** 14. Report of the Meeting on the Classification and Correlation of Soils from Volcanic Ash, Tokyo,

Japan, 11-27 June 1964.** 15. Report of the First Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification, Survey and Soil Resources of

the European Commission on Agriculture, Florence, Italy, 1-3 October 1964.** 16. Detailed Legend for the Third Draft on the Soil Map of South America, June 1965.** 17. Report of the First Meeting on Soil Correlation for North America, Mexico, 1-8 February 1965.** 18. The Soil Resources of Latin America. October 1965.** 19. Report of the Third Correlation Seminar for Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia,

29 August-22 September 1965.** 20. Report of the Meeting of Rapporteurs, Soil Map of Europe (Scale 1:1 000 000) (Working Party on

Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture), Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, 29 November-3 December 1965.**

21. Report of the Second Meeting on Soil Survey, Correlation and Interpretation for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-16 July 1965.**

22. Report of the Soil Resources Expedition in Western and Central Brazil, 24 June-9 July 1965.** 23. Bibliography on Soils and Related Sciences for Latin America (Ist edition), December 1965.** 24. Report on the Soils of Paraguay (2end edition), August 1964.** 25. Report of the Soil Correlation Study Tour in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina, June- August 1964.** 26. Report of the Meeting on Soil Correlation and Soil Resources Appraisal in India, New Delhi, India, 5-

15 April 1965.** 27. Report of the Sixth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European

Commission on Agriculture, Montpellier, France. 7-11 March 1967.** 28. Report of the Second Meeting on Soil Correlation for North America, Winnipeg-Vancouver, Canada,

25 July-5 August 1966.** 29. Report of the Meeting Fifth of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Moscow, USSR, 20-

28 August 1966.** 30. Report of the Meeting of the Soil Correlation Committee for South America, Buenos Aires, Argentina,

12-19 December 1966.** 31. Trace Element Problems in Relation to Soil Units in Europe (Working Party on Soil Classification and

Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture), Rome, 1967.** 32. Approaches to Soil Classification, 1968.** 33. Definitions of Soil Units for the Soil Map of the World, April 1968.** 34. Soil Map of South America 1:5 000 000, Draft Explanatory Text, November 1968.**

125

35. Report of a Soil Correlation Study Tour in Sweden and Poland, 27 September-14 October 1968.** 36. Meeting of Rapporteurs, Soil Map of Europe (Scale 1:1 000 000) (Working Party on Soil

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on Agriculture, Varna, Bulgaria, 11-13 September 1969.** 39. A Correlation Study of Red and Yellow Soils in Areas with a Mediterranean Climate.** 40. Report of the Regional Seminar of the Evaluation of Soil Resources in West Africa, Kumasi, Chana,

14-19 December 1970.** 41. Soil Survey and Soil Fertility Research in Asia and the Far East, New Delhi, 15-20 February 1971.** 42. Report of the Eighth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European

Commission on Agriculture, Helsinki, Finland, 5-7 July 1971.** 43. Report of the Ninth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European

Commission on Agriculture, Chent Belgium 28-31 August 1973.** 44. First Meeting of the West African Sub-Committee on Soil Correlation for Soil Evaluation and

Management, Accra, Ghana, 12-19 June 1972.** 45. Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Consultation on Land Evaluation, Rome, Italy, 6-8 January 1975.** 46. First Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation

Nairobi, Kenya, 11-16 March 1974.** 47. Second Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation,

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-30 October 1976. 48. Report on the Agro-Ecological Zones Project, Vol. 1-Methodology and Results for Africa, 1978. Vol.

2-Results for Southwest Asia, 1978. 49. Report of an Expert Consultation on land Evaluation Standards for Rainfed Agriculture, Rome, Italy,

25-28 October 1977. 50. Report of an Expert Consultation on land Evaluation Criteria for irrigation, Rome, Italy, 27 February-2

March 1979. 51. Third Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation,

Lusaka, Zambia, 18-30 April 1978. 52. Land Evaluation Guidelines for Rainfed Agriculture, Report of an Expert Consultation, 12-14

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valeur des terres, Lomé, Togo, 7-12 décembre 1981. 56. Fifth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Wad

Medani, Sudan, 5-10 December 1983. 57. Sixième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre Africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en

valeur des terres, Niamey, Niger, 6-12 février 1984. 58. Sixth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation,

Maseru, Lesotho, 9-18 October 1985. 59. Septième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en

valeur des terres, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10-17 novembre 1985. 60. Revised Legend, Soil Map of the World, FAO-Unesco-ISRIC, 1988. Reprinted 1990. 61. Huitième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en

valeur des terres, Yaoundé, Cameroun, 19-28 janvier 1987. 62. Seventh Meeting of the East and Southern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and

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valeur des terres, Cotonou, Bénin, 14-23 novembre 1988. 64. FAO-ISRIC Soil Database (SDB), 1989. 65. Eighth Meeting of the East and Southern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land

Evaluation, Harare, Zimbabwe, 9-13 October 1989. 66. World soil resources. An explanatory note on the FAO World Soil Resources Map at 1: 25 000 000

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3: Central and South America, Volume 4: Europe and West of the Urals. Volume 5: North East Asia. Volume 6: Near East and Far East. Volume 7: South East Asia and Oceania. Release 1.0, November 1991.

126

68. Land Use Planning Applications. Proceeding of the FAO Expert Consultation 1990. Rome, 10-14 December 1990.

69. Dixième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Bouaké, Odienné, Côte d'Ivoire, 5-12 novembre 1990.

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72. Computerized systems of land resources appraisal for agricultural development, 1993. 73. FESLM: an international framework for evaluating sustainable land management, 1993. 74. Global and national soils and terrain digital databases (SOTER), 1993. Rev. 1, 1995. 75. AEZ in Asia. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Agro-ecological Zones Mathodology and

Applications, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-23 November 1991. 76. Green manuring for soil productivity improvement, 1994. 77. Onzième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en

valeur des terres, Ségou, Mali, 18-26 janvier 1993. 78. Land degradation in South Asia: its severity, causes and effects upon the people, 1994. 79. Status of sulphur in soils and plants of thirty countries, 1995. 80. Soil survey: perspectives and strategies for the 2Ist century, 1995. 81. Multilingual soil database, 1995. 82. Potential for forage Legumes of land in West Africa, 1995. 83. Douzième réunion du Sous-Comite Ouest et Centre African de corrélation des sols pour la mise en

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** Out of print

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